Journal articles: 'Broken Chains'

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Allison, Cliff. "The chains are broken." Nursing Standard 4, no. 27 (March 28, 1990): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.4.27.22.s28.

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Wilkinson, Michael, and Bernhard Mehlig. "Strength Distribution of Repeatedly Broken Chains." Journal of Statistical Physics 127, no. 6 (May 5, 2007): 1279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-007-9320-2.

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Liu, Zhi Yong, Chong Cui, and Li Li. "Study on Preparation and Dispersion Effect of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer with Broken Dentiform Structure." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.984.

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Based on the analysis of the chemical structure of polycarboxylate-type SPs grafted PEO side chains, as well as sulfonic and carboxylic acid groups, a kind of polycarboxylate-based SPs grafted varied PEO side chains were synthesized by using radical polymerisation techniques.The relative dispersing effectiveness of the SPs was evaluated in cement paste and concrete by measuring paste flow and concrete slumps. The test results indicat that the copolymers with shorter PEO side chains (with 9 and 14 EO units) give lower initial dispersing power but higher time retention,with the prolonging of PEO side chains the higher initial dispersing effect and the lower time retention can be received. The excellent dispersing property and time retention of synthesized SPs for cementious systems can be achieved by grafted long side chain(with 45 EO units) integrated with short side chain(9 or 14 EO) at the backbone of anionic polymer.

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Hammouda, Boualem, Jesus J. Garcia Molina, and Jose Garcia de la Torre. "Static scattering function for randomly broken chains." Journal of Chemical Physics 85, no. 7 (October 1986): 4120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.450883.

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Hafner, J. "Structure of liquid tellurium: entangled, broken chains." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2, no. 5 (February 5, 1990): 1271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/2/5/018.

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Swarup, Vimal P., Caitlin P. Mencio, Vladimir Hlady, and Balagurunathan Kuberan. "Sugar glues for broken neurons." BioMolecular Concepts 4, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2012-0042.

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AbstractProteoglycans (PGs) regulate diverse functions in the central nervous system (CNS) by interacting with a number of growth factors, matrix proteins, and cell surface molecules. Heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are two major glycosaminoglycans present in the PGs of the CNS. The functionality of these PGs is to a large extent dictated by the fine sulfation patterns present on their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. In the past 15 years, there has been a significant expansion in our knowledge on the role of HS and CS chains in various neurological processes, such as neuronal growth, regeneration, plasticity, and pathfinding. However, defining the relation between distinct sulfation patterns of the GAGs and their functionality has thus far been difficult. With the emergence of novel tools for the synthesis of defined GAG structures, and techniques for their characterization, we are now in a better position to explore the structure-function relation of GAGs in the context of their sulfation patterns. In this review, we discuss the importance of GAGs on CNS development, injury, and disorders with an emphasis on their sulfation patterns. Finally, we outline several GAG-based therapeutic strategies to exploit GAG chains for ameliorating various CNS disorders.

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Crouch, Alfred L. "Debugging and Diagnosing Scan Chains." EDFA Technical Articles 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2005-1.p016.

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Abstract Scan chains help detect and identify failures in integrated circuits, but they are also susceptible to failure themselves. When scan chains break, it does not necessarily render them useless. Normally, scan chains can be debugged and diagnosed so that they can be fixed or used while masking out vector bits associated with broken or corrupted portions of the chain. This article describes the different ways that scan chains can break and how it tends to affect their performance. It explains how to repair various types of scan chain failures or at least regain partial use for limited testing purposes.

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Janas, Michael, and Michel Janssen. "Broken Arrows: Hardy–Unruh Chains and Quantum Contextuality." Entropy 25, no. 12 (November 21, 2023): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25121568.

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Hardy and Unruh constructed a family of non-maximally entangled states of pairs of particles giving rise to correlations that cannot be accounted for with a local hidden-variable theory. Rather than pointing to violations of some Bell inequality, however, they pointed to apparent clashes with the basic rules of logic. Specifically, they constructed these states and the associated measurement settings in such a way that the outcomes satisfy some conditionals but not an additional one entailed by them. Quantum mechanics avoids the broken ‘if …then …’ arrows in such Hardy–Unruh chains, as we call them, because it cannot simultaneously assign truth values to all conditionals involved. Measurements to determine the truth value of some preclude measurements to determine the truth value of others. Hardy–Unruh chains thus nicely illustrate quantum contextuality: which variables do and do not obtain definite values depends on what measurements we decide to perform. Using a framework inspired by Bub and Pitowsky and developed in our book Understanding Quantum Raffles (co-authored with Michael E. Cuffaro), we construct and analyze Hardy–Unruh chains in terms of fictitious bananas mimicking the behavior of spin-12 particles.

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MUROGA, Yoshio. "Broken Rodlike Chain Model and Its Applicability to Conformational Analysis of Polymer Chains." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 60, no. 6 (2003): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.60.241.

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Luck, Jean-Marc. "An investigation of PT -symmetry breaking in tight-binding chains." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2022, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 013302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ac42ce.

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Abstract We consider non-Hermitian PT -symmetric tight-binding chains where gain/loss optical potentials of equal magnitudes ±iγ are arbitrarily distributed over all sites. The main focus is on the threshold γ c beyond which PT -symmetry is broken. This threshold generically falls off as a power of the chain length, whose exponent depends on the configuration of optical potentials, ranging between 1 (for balanced periodic chains) and 2 (for unbalanced periodic chains, where each half of the chain experiences a non-zero mean potential). For random sequences of optical potentials with zero average and finite variance, the threshold is itself a random variable, whose mean value decays with exponent 3/2 and whose fluctuations have a universal distribution. The chains yielding the most robust PT -symmetric phase, i.e. the highest threshold at fixed chain length, are obtained by exact enumeration up to 48 sites. This optimal threshold exhibits an irregular dependence on the chain length, presumably decaying asymptotically with exponent 1, up to logarithmic corrections.

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Reeves, Matthew. "Broken Chains and Subverted Plans: Ethnicity, Race, and Commodities." Historical Archaeology 51, no. 4 (October 3, 2017): 584–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41636-017-0057-8.

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Jiang, Shoubo, Weijian Ren, Qinghua Mao, Qingliang Zeng, Pengfei Yu, Kuidong Gao, and Liang Wang. "Dynamic Analysis of the Scraper Conveyor under Abnormal Operating Conditions Based on the Vibration and Speed Characteristics." Shock and Vibration 2021 (February 6, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887744.

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The scraper conveyor is the key coal transportation equipment on the coal mining face. The conveyor often encounters the influence of abnormal working conditions, such as stuck chains, broken chains, and impact loads, which have a great effect on the smooth operation of the scraper chain and seriously affect the safety of coal production. If the chain breaks during the test, the broken link may fly out and hurt the tester. The test risk of the scraper conveyor under abnormal working conditions is relatively large; hence, the test research is impossible to carry out. The combination of experiment and simulation is used to carry out the research. The dynamic characteristic test bed of the chain drive system is created to collect the speed of the sprocket and the acceleration of the scraper. The two groups of data are obtained by simulation, and the accuracy of the simulation is verified by comparing the test data with the simulation data. The dynamic characteristics of the chain drive system under abnormal working conditions are analyzed by simulation. Results show that the longitudinal velocity of the link dramatically changes, the contact force increases by 5.4 times, and the link vibrates under impact loads. When the chain is stuck, the speed of the running direction suddenly changes, and the chainring vibrates. The contact force between the chainrings increases by 7.2 times compared with the smooth operation. When the chain is broken, the acceleration in the running direction of the link dramatically changes. This study provides a basis and reference for the further optimization design of the chain drive system and detection of the abnormal working conditions.

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FARBER, MICHAEL, JEAN-CLAUDE HAUSMANN, and DIRK SCHÜTZ. "The Walker conjecture for chains in ℝd." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 151, no. 2 (May 5, 2011): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500411100020x.

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AbstractA chain is a configuration in ℝd of segments of length ℓ1, . . ., ℓn−1 consecutively joined to each other such that the resulting broken line connects two given points at a distance ℓn. For a fixed generic set of length parameters the space of all chains in ℝd is a closed smooth manifold of dimension (n − 2)(d − 1) − 1. In this paper we study cohomology algebras of spaces of chains. We give a complete classification of these spaces (up to equivariant diffeomorphism) in terms of linear inequalities of a special kind which are satisfied by the length parameters ℓ1, . . ., ℓn. This result is analogous to the conjecture of K. Walker which concerns the special case d=2.

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RABHI, AZIZ, MARTA BRAJCZEWSKA, PETER SCHUCK, JOÃO DA PROVIDÊNCIA, and RAOUF BENNACEUR. "THE 1D HEISENBERG ANTIFERROMAGNET MODEL BY THE VARIATION AFTER PROJECTION METHOD." International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, no. 14 (May 19, 2013): 1350058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979213500586.

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The four site and eight site 1D anti-ferromagnetic Heisenberg chains in the Jordan–Wigner representation are investigated within the standard Hartree–Fock and random phase approximation (RPA) approaches, both in the symmetry unbroken and in the symmetry broken phases. A translation invariant groundstate, obtained by the projection method as a linear combination of a symmetry-broken HF state and its image under reflection, is also considered, for each chain type. It is found that the projection method considerably improves the HF treatment for instance as far as the groundstate energy is concerned, but also with respect to the RPA energies. The results are furthermore confronted with the ones obtained within so-called SCRPA scheme.

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15

Woodhouse, Keith Makoto. "Saving Nature and Ourselves." Current History 122, no. 847 (November 1, 2023): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.847.317.

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Hamed, Gary R. "Molecular Aspects of the Fatigue and Fracture of Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538689.

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Abstract This short review highlights molecular mechanisms controlling the fracture of rubber and rubber reinforcement, with emphasis on the importance of mechano-chemistry. The manuscript is an extension and update of a previous short review published in Rubber Chemistry and Technology in 1991. All solids, including vulcanizates, contain inevitable ubiquitous flaws of various shapes and sizes. When a solid is subjected to a global stress, the local stresses at the tips of these flaws are magnified and can be many times larger than the average applied stress. Generally, there will be a single flaw at which the stress is magnified to the greatest degree and where fracture begins. Macroscopic fracture of vulcanized rubber is a process in which network chains are broken and new free surface area is created as a result of mechanical loading. Loading may be continuously increasing up to fracture (monotonic fracture) or it may be applied periodically, typically at much lower levels, until fracture ensues (fatigue fracture). For example, a specimen which breaks at, say, 20 MPa when loaded monotonically in tension may fracture, nonetheless, at only 5 MPa, if this load is repeatedly applied. In many rubber articles, two important types of fatigue fracture are fatigue crack growth and abrasion. With the former a (bulk) crack initiates (perhaps at an included impurity or microvoid) and grows as a result of “far-field” loading, whereas, with abrasion, fracture is caused by the direct action of frictional, sliding forces. The events occurring at the tip of a crack are quite important in controlling its growth. In particular, if a crack tip becomes blunted during deformation, or if there are other processes occurring which reduce the load borne by the molecular chains at the crack tip, then stress concentration will be reduced and fracture inhibited. If an elastomeric network is capable of dissipating input energy into heat through irreversible molecular motions, less elastic nergy will be available to break network bonds apart, and fracture energy is increased. More on the role of energy dissipation in fracture is given later. Both fatigue crack growth and abrasion are the culmination of accumulated damage due to mechano-chemical processes. Consider a rubbery article which contains a distribution of chain lengths between crosslink points, and which is subject to fatigue. When deformed, chains align, and the load is inequitably carried by the network strands. The network strives to distribute the stress among the chains, but it is limited from completely doing so because of the complex topology. At sufficiently low elongation, no chains are broken, but as deformation progresses, one network chain eventually ruptures. The force that the chain was carrying prior to breakage is quickly distributed among neighboring chains. This results in the overloading and rupture of some of these chains. (Electron spin resonance spectroscopy has been used to detect free radicals resulting from homolytic cleavage of network chains.) At this point, there has been molecular chain breakage (network damage), but no macroscopic fracture (creation of new free surface area). Chain breakage is not random, but rather is more prevalent in those “elements” where chains broke in the first place. If deformation were monotonously continued to a high level, there would be a particular element which experienced more chain rupture than any other, and a macroscopic crack would open there (far-field loading) or a portion of the material would be removed (frictional loading). However, in (mild) fatigue the article is unloaded well before sufficient damage has occurred in the first cycle to cause crack growth or abrasive loss. After the first cycle, the article contains elements with varying degrees of damage. In subsequent cycles there is more chain rupture (damage accumulation) and eventually macroscopic fracture ensues. It is interesting to calculate the number of chains which must break at one location in order to create 1 µm2 of fracture surface. Assuming a chain cross-sectional area of 0.5 nm2, this would require the rupture of 2(106) chains. Nonetheless, the number of localized molecular chain ruptures necessary to constitute the onset of macroscopic fracture is unclear.

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Johnson, Robert C. "Measuring Global Value Chains." Annual Review of Economics 10, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053600.

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Recent decades have seen the emergence of global value chains (GVCs), in which production stages for individual goods are broken apart and scattered across countries. Stimulated by these developments, there has been rapid progress in data and methods for measuring GVC linkages. The macro approach to measuring GVCs connects national input–output tables across borders by using bilateral trade data to construct global input–output tables. These tables have been applied to measure trade in value added, the length of and location of producers in GVCs, and price linkages across countries. The micro approach uses firm-level data to document firms’ input sourcing decisions, how import and export participation are linked, and how multinational firms organize their production networks. In this review, I evaluate progress in these two approaches, highlighting points of contact between them and areas that demand further work. I argue that further convergence between these approaches can strengthen both, yielding a more complete empirical portrait of GVCs.

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He, Yang Ming, Yan Qiu He, Guang Yao Xiong, and Ming Feng Zhu. "A Robust Algorithm for Multiple Moving Targets Tracking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 2638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.2638.

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An algorithm for multiple moving targets tracking in computer vision is put forward in this paper. The association between the tracking chains and new targets detected is mainly discussed. There are four situations. Among them, the most complicated is that several tracking chains exist and several new targets are detected. The distance between new targets and old targets is used to determine whether they are the same targets. When the tracking chain is found broken, it is seen that the target has passed the monitoring area, and begins to count. In the paper, the program code is shown, too. In the end of the paper, real images on the spot are used to test the algorithm. Its good effect can be proved from practical spot.

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HU, ZHAN-NING. "KASHIWARA-MIWA MODEL AND OPERATORS ACTING ON SPIN CHAINS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 09, no. 27 (October 30, 1994): 4701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x94001874.

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In this paper, the Kashiwara-Miwa broken ZN model is discussed and a proof of the Yang-Baxter equation (YBE) is given, which shows that the YBE obtained by Hasegawa and Yamada is a special case. The Q operators acting on spin chains have a structure which is similar to that of the ordinary Hopf algebra, and the quantum algebra sl q(2) with qN=1 can be obtained from these operators as a limit of the elliptic case.

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Shen, Zizhen, Gennian Tang, Zhenpao Lin, Jinggang Wang, and Yueting Gao. "Mechanism of strategic remoulding of high-dimensional industrial eco-economy and the reconstruction of carbon neutral industrial chain." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, no. 6 (July 1, 2024): 4519. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i6.4519.

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Considerable changes in the international society, fierce international competition and unpredictable economic changes are currently observed. Since then, the epidemic has had a far-reaching impact, and many industrial and supply chains have suffered from ‘broken chains’, ‘blocked chains’ and ‘poor chains’. The European Union (EU) has also sounded the alarm on China’s ‘card neck’ restrictions and ‘entity list’. Therefore, pursuing the integration of dual carbon landscape planning and industrial chain and addressing the key high-dimensional ecological economy ‘neck-choking’ problem path have become important tasks. National ministries and commissions have issued a number of documents to promote the integration and innovation of the industrial chain, high-, medium- and low-dimensional enterprises, and guide such industries to take the road of ‘high dimensional’ development. This paper takes eco-economic strategy as the starting point to reshape the systematic theoretical analysis framework of economic strategy mechanism. In response to the high-dimensional industrial transformation adaptation path and carbon neutral industry chain development model of the academic inquiry, the ‘profit model’ is set as the core and configuration complementary, alternative management thinking analysis path and model. Simultaneously, the high-dimensional industrial eco-economic industrial chain adaptation path is identified. The effects of high-dimensional industry ‘five forces’, ‘colouring map’ and ‘new tools’ are explored and then integrated and refined to improve the implementation efficiency of the carbon neutral industrial chain. Finally, focusing on the high-dimensional ecological economic strategy reshaping mechanism, the formation of sustainable development of the ‘carbon neutral’ industrial chain, unified standards and the realisation of the chain length system is investigated.

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Cowan, N., H. A. Gritsch, N. Nassiri, J. Sinacore, and J. Veale. "Broken Chains and Reneging: A Review of 1748 Kidney Paired Donation Transplants." American Journal of Transplantation 17, no. 9 (June 9, 2017): 2451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14343.

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Vousden, George H., and Amy L. Milton. "The chains of habits: too strong to be broken by reconsolidation blockade?" Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 13 (February 2017): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.010.

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Rising, William. "Applications of generalized inverses to Markov chains." Advances in Applied Probability 23, no. 2 (June 1991): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427749.

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First it is shown that any generalized inverse of the infinitesimal generator of an irreducible Markov chain can be used to compute the exact stationary distribution and all the expected first-passage times of the chain. In the special case of a single-server queue this allows all computations to be done with upper-triangular matrices.Next it is shown that the effect of a perturbation of the infinitesimal generator on the stationary distribution and expected first-passage times can also be computed using generalized inverses. These results extend and generalize Schweitzer's [9] original work using fundamental matrices. It is then shown that any perturbation can be broken up into a series of perturbations each involving a single state.

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Rising, William. "Applications of generalized inverses to Markov chains." Advances in Applied Probability 23, no. 02 (June 1991): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800023508.

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First it is shown that any generalized inverse of the infinitesimal generator of an irreducible Markov chain can be used to compute the exact stationary distribution and all the expected first-passage times of the chain. In the special case of a single-server queue this allows all computations to be done with upper-triangular matrices. Next it is shown that the effect of a perturbation of the infinitesimal generator on the stationary distribution and expected first-passage times can also be computed using generalized inverses. These results extend and generalize Schweitzer's [9] original work using fundamental matrices. It is then shown that any perturbation can be broken up into a series of perturbations each involving a single state.

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Škrbić, Tatjana, Artem Badasyan, Trinh Xuan Hoang, Rudolf Podgornik, and Achille Giacometti. "From polymers to proteins: the effect of side chains and broken symmetry on the formation of secondary structures within a Wang–Landau approach." Soft Matter 12, no. 21 (2016): 4783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sm00542j.

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Protein-like systems are studied using models of increasing complexity starting from a tangent-beads chain and gradually adding the possibility of overlapping for consecutive beads, as well the presence of additional smaller beads mimicking side chains, using Wang–Landau techniques.

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Škrbić, Tatjana, Trinh Xuan Hoang, Amos Maritan, Jayanth R. Banavar, and Achille Giacometti. "Local symmetry determines the phases of linear chains: a simple model for the self-assembly of peptides." Soft Matter 15, no. 28 (2019): 5596–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00851a.

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Romanov, Vasily, Irina Bagryanskaya, Dmitry Gorbunov, Nina Gritsan, Elena Zaytseva, Dominique Luneau, and Evgeny Tretyakov. "A Crystallographic Study of a Novel Tetrazolyl-Substituted Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical." Crystals 8, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8090334.

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Spin-labelled compounds are widely used in chemistry, physics, biology, and material sciences, but the directed synthesis of some functionalized organic radicals is still a challenge. We succeeded in the preparation of a tetrazolyl-substituted nitronyl nitroxide radical in pure crystalline form. According to the single-crystal X-ray data, intra- (NH…O, 2.43 Å) and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds (NH…O, 1.91 Å) are formed between NH groups of the tetrazole cycles and O atoms of the paramagnetic moieties. The intermolecular H-bonds connect the molecules forming chains along the a-axis. Moreover, there are short intermolecular contacts between the O atoms (3.096 Å) and between the O and C atoms (3.096 Å) of the nitronyl nitroxide moieties within the chain. The spin-unrestricted broken-symmetry calculations performed at the BS-UB3LYP/def2-TZVP level of theory predicted a sufficient ferromagnetic interaction (J ≈ 20 cm–1) between the adjacent radicals inside the chain, but a weak antiferromagnetic interaction (−J ≤0.2 cm−1) between the nearest radicals belonging to the different chains. Thus, a rare case when stable radicals, the tetrazolyl-substituted nitronyl nitroxides, are ordered into ferromagnetic chains was revealed; an investigation of the magneto-structural correlations inherent in the nitroxide radical will demand a special experiment in the sub-Kelvin regime.

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Mastbaum, M. "About the literary design of scientific works." Kazan medical journal 32, no. 4 (September 20, 2021): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80504.

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Our generation is an active participant in a magnificent historical process. Capitalist economic forms are being broken, the chains of religion are thrown off, the old, superstitious, dark is burnt in the fire of the class struggle. A new socialist culture is born, a new communist morality, a new person.

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Siriorn, Isarankura Na Ayutthaya, Bunyarak Munchumart, Boondeacha Natanicha, Sangrawee Nut, Markmee Nopparat, and Haaian Suchart. "Viscosity improvement of recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) from waste bottles by adding antioxidants and chain-extender." E3S Web of Conferences 302 (2021): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130202019.

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This research work is focused on the viscosity improvement of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) from waste bottles by adding antioxidants and multi-functional reactive polymer (Joncry ADR 4468, chain extender). The achieve the objective of this work the investigated was broken into two parts. The first part studied the effect of rPET viscosity after adding various types of antioxidants and stabilizer such as Irgafos®168, Tinuvin® 770, Irganox®1010. The second part observed the effect of viscosity after it was blended with chain extender at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 pph. rPET was then dried in the oven at 120 oC for 12 hrs, to deplete the moisture. Then, the dried rPET (mixed with the chemicals above) was extruded into a compound using a twin screw extruder. The shear viscosity of the extruded compound was then measured using a rotational rheometer at 270 oC. The results revealed that the addition of chain extender increased the shear viscosity and the tensile strength at break of rPET. Therefore, the chain extender interacted with chains, which could change the structure to be the longer chains, branching or network structures. These structures are entangled and interrupt the movement of the molecular chains. It can be concluded that the viscosity of rPET can be improved by adding a chain extender at 0.6 pph, and the antioxidants of Irgafos®168, Tinuvin®770 and Irganox®1010 at 0.2, 0.1 and 0.5 pph, respectively.

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Molina, J. J. García, M. C. López Martínez, and J. García De La Torre. "Computer simulation of hydrodynamic properties of semiflexible macromolecules: Randomly broken chains, wormlike chains, and analysis of properties of DNA." Biopolymers 29, no. 6-7 (May 1990): 883–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360290603.

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Jing, Ran, Long Tang, XiangYang Hou, Xiao Wang, JiJiang Wang, and Ping Ju. "The 3D supramolecular architecture of copper(II) 6-methyl-2-pyridone-4-carboxylate: synthesis, structure, magnetic behavior and DFT studies." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 73, no. 8 (August 28, 2018): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2018-0050.

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AbstractThe reaction of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O and 6-methyl-2-pyridone-4-carboxylic acid (Hhmpca) under hydrothermal condition produced a new copper(II) coordination polymer [Cu(hmpca)2(H2O)2]·4H2O (1), which has been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Cu(II) ions are linked by coordinating water molecule bridges to generate a polymeric chain, and adjacent chains are connected to form a layer structure through interchain N–H···O hydrogen bonding. Because of the strong hydrogen bonds of free water molecules, ladder-shaped water chains are produced. Further, the layers and the water chains are linked into a three-dimensional supramolecular structure through strong O–H···O hydrogen bonds. Magnetic susceptibility measurements have indicated that compound 1 shows antiferromagnetic interactions between the adjacent Cu(II) ions. Based on the crystal structure data, compound 1 was analyzed using hybrid density functional theory (DFT) methods at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level, and a DFT-broken symmetry approach was applied to study the magnetic coupling behavior. The calculated exchange coupling constant J is in good agreement with the experimental data.

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Mou, WeiMing, Wing-Keung Wong, and Michael McAleer. "Financial Credit Risk Evaluation Based on Core Enterprise Supply Chains." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 3699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103699.

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Supply chain finance has broken through traditional credit modes and advanced rapidly as a creative financial business discipline. Core enterprises have played a critical role in the credit enhancement of supply chain finance. Through the analysis of core enterprise credit risks in supply chain finance, by means of a ‘fuzzy analytical hierarchy process’ (FAHP), the paper constructs a supply chain financial credit risk evaluation system, making quantitative measurements and evaluation of core enterprise credit risk. This enables enterprises to take measures to control credit risk, thereby promoting the healthy development of supply chain finance. The examination of core enterprise supply chains suggests that a unified information file should be collected based on the core enterprise, including the operating conditions, asset status, industry status, credit record, effective information to the database, collecting related data upstream and downstream of the archives around the core enterprise, developing a data information system, electronic data information, and updating the database accurately using the latest information that might be available. Moreover, supply chain finance and modern information technology should be integrated to establish the sharing of information resources and realize the exchange of information flows, capital flows, and logistics between banks. This should reduce a variety of risks and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of supply chain finance.

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Weitzer, Ronald. "Interaction Rituals and Sexual Commerce in Thailand’s Erotic Bars." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 50, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 622–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08912416211017253.

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This article explores bar prostitution as a distinct sexual arena. Drawing on fieldwork in six red-light districts in Thailand, the article identifies key structural and interactional features of the bars located in these areas. The analysis draws on an “interaction rituals” framework to elucidate scripted encounters between workers and customers, successive ritual chains, and the way departures or “broken chains” help to confirm the existence and vitality of normative chains. I argue, further, that the bars are organized around a distinctive moral economy—a courting-and-dating model—that allows sex workers and their clients to simultaneously downplay their involvement in prostitution and form affective ties with one another. Due to this framing, bar prostitution can be distinguished from most other types of prostitution, where opportunities for destigmatization are either minimal or nonexistent.

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Surmacz, Tomasz, and Wiesław Szopiński. "Overview of supply chain management challenges." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, no. 174 (2023): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2023.174.22.

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Purpose: The article aims at presenting possible challenges faced by supply chains in the upcoming years. Design/methodology/approach: The article employs analysis of the literature on the subject. Findings: As a result of the critical analysis of the literature, the authors have highlighted what they consider to be the most significant challenges facing supply chain managers in the coming years. These include meeting increasing customer demands for on-time delivery, the skillful use of new technologies and an increasing emphasis on environmental issues in supply chain management. These are challenges arising from changes in the business environment. The last few years, and many examples of broken supply chains, have shown that changes in the way we think about how supply chains operate are required in many areas. Trends in the environment are forcing the challenges listed above to be addressed urgently. These challenges are closely interconnected. For example, changes in purchasing behaviour are also increasingly concerned with environmental issues, which translates into the need to 'green' supply chains. Also, customer expectations for greater visibility of processes in supply chains and increasing pressure to deliver as quickly as possible (which is linked to the growth of e-commerce), are driving the need for new technologies, including automation. Research limitations/implications: The authors have focused on the most important trends and challenges and the article certainly does not cover all the topics studied. It is to some extent a subjective selection made by the authors. In addition, it should be noted that dynamic changes in the environment may influence the emergence of new challenges that are not presented in the article. Practical implications: The supply chain management challenges presented in the article may be of interest to those responsible for the operations of supply chains within companies. Originality/value: The article is a subjective indication of the most important trends in supply chain management and stems from a review of the literature on the subject. Although the issues analysed are present in other research papers, here we have the authors’ choice. Keywords: supply chain management, smart logistics, GSCM. Category of the paper: Viewpoint.

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Black, Stephanie, and Daniel Glaser-Segura. "Supply Chain Resilience in a Pandemic: The Need for Revised Contingency Planning." Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mdke-2020-0021.

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Abstract Organizations have worked over the years to develop efficiencies to their supply chains, which includes efforts to reduce waste, lower costs, consolidate suppliers and distributors, better manage costs of goods sold and inventory, develop efficiencies in packaging, storage, and shipping of product, as well as utilizing digital analytics to manage consumer choices and demands. These are all by-products of world-class manufacturing which have promoted systematic organizational and supply chain efficiencies. However, under economic shocks that are sustained over longer periods of time (e.g., Covid-19 Pandemic) and that affect supply chains from a variety of disruptions, a supply chain that is not prepared or adaptable may be broken or at a minimum weigh down the organization. Therefore, the ability to manage and control risk is a key aspect of effective supply chain management. However, the literature on pandemic risk mitigation is nascent. Thus, this paper offers a review of the extant literature, provides a strategic mitigation model covering five dimensions: leadership, preparedness, digitalization, resilience, and pivoting. These dimensions are designed to help organizations in the future to be more adaptive to events such as global pandemics and other large-scale disruptions and discuss implications for future research.

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Destrade, Michel, Giuseppe Saccomandi, and Ivonne Sgura. "Methodical fitting for mathematical models of rubber-like materials." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2198 (February 2017): 20160811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0811.

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A great variety of models can describe the nonlinear response of rubber to uniaxial tension. Yet an in-depth understanding of the successive stages of large extension is still lacking. We show that the response can be broken down in three steps, which we delineate by relying on a simple formatting of the data, the so-called Mooney plot transform. First, the small-to-moderate regime, where the polymeric chains unfold easily and the Mooney plot is almost linear. Second, the strain-hardening regime, where blobs of bundled chains unfold to stiffen the response in correspondence to the ‘upturn’ of the Mooney plot. Third, the limiting-chain regime, with a sharp stiffening occurring as the chains extend towards their limit. We provide strain-energy functions with terms accounting for each stage that (i) give an accurate local and then global fitting of the data; (ii) are consistent with weak nonlinear elasticity theory and (iii) can be interpreted in the framework of statistical mechanics. We apply our method to Treloar's classical experimental data and also to some more recent data. Our method not only provides models that describe the experimental data with a very low quantitative relative error, but also shows that the theory of nonlinear elasticity is much more robust that seemed at first sight.

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Belim, Sergey V. "Study of ordering in 2D ferromagnetic nanoparticles arrays: Computer simulation." AIMS Materials Science 10, no. 6 (2023): 948–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2023051.

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<abstract> <p>This article describes ordering in a 2D ferromagnetic nanoparticles array by computer simulation. The Heisenberg model simulates the behavior of spins in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles interact using dipole-dipole forces. Computer simulations use the Monte Carlo method and Metropolis algorithm. Two possible types of ordering for the nanoparticles' magnetic moments are detected in the system. The magnetic anisotropy direction for the nanoparticles determines the type of ordering. If the anisotropy direction is oriented perpendicular to the substrate plane, then a superantiferromagnetic phase with staggered magnetization is realized. If the magnetic anisotropy is oriented in the nanoparticle plane, the superantiferromagnetic phase has a different structure. The nanoparticle array is broken into chains parallel to the anisotropy orientations. In one chain of nanoparticles, magnetic moments are oriented in the same way. The magnetic moments of the nanoparticles are oriented oppositely in neighbor chains. The temperature of phase transitions is calculated based on finite dimensional scaling theory. Temperature depends linearly on the intensity of the dipole-dipole interaction for both types of superantiferromagnetic transition.</p> </abstract>

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Dale, Amelia. "Prophetic Collage: Bella Li’s Lost Lake." Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53397/hunnu.jflc.202002007.

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With an eye to the workings of collage – in particular its prophetic temporality – I explore the collage practice of the Australian poet Bella Li, with a focus on her second book, Lost Lake (2018). Taking my cue from movements of broken or disjunctive association in Li’s work, I seek to mirror Li’s poetic collages with a reading that is itself both exploratory and associative. Beginning by commenting on the circularity of collage, this article itself becomes a kind of collage. Li’s surrealist practice, layering evocative object (word, image, idea) over evocative object, instigates a chain of associations. Via such sequences’ ellipses and associative chains, Li writes poetry as transtemporal collage, as a surrealist dream, and as prophecy of what was and is and is yet to come.

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Hirschhorn, Michael D., and James A. Sellers. "On recent congruence results of Andrews and Paule for broken k-diamonds." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 75, no. 1 (February 2007): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700039010.

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In one of their most recent works, George Andrews and Peter Paule continue their study of partition functions via MacMahon's Partition Analysis by considering partition functions associated with directed graphs which consist of chains of hexagons. In the process, they prove a congruence related to one of these partition functions and conjecture a number of similar congruence results. Our first goal in this note is to reprove this congruence by explicitly finding the generating function in question. We then prove one of the conjectures posed by Andrews and Paule as well as a number of congruences not mentioned by them. All of our results follow from straightforward generating function manipulations.

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Zhibo, Wang. "Temperature effect on rubber gasket under high-frequency load." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 36, no. 3 (April 9, 2020): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477760620918593.

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The performance degradation of rubber gaskets under vibration compression is faster than that under static load, and the degree of performance degradation will continue to increase under humidity and thermal environment. For rubber gaskets under a long-term service, the mechanical properties of rubber gaskets were measured after accelerated aging process with different temperature in the temperature box. The precipitates of rubber structures were detected by energy-dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Molecular chain of silicon rubber gasket quickly breaks to form free radicals under high-frequency stress, which initiate oxidation chain reaction and mechanochemical process. Surface leakage of silicon (Si) and magnesium (Mg) indicates that a larger percent of macromolecular chains are broken and decomposed. High temperature activates the molecular chain cracking or cross-linking, while high-frequency stress leads to transport leakage on chain decomposition. The oxygen diffusion rate and activation oxidation reaction were accelerated by the residual stress to rubber oxidation reaction rate.

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Szufel, Przemysław. "On planning production and distribution with disrupted supply chains." Przegląd Statystyczny 69, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0364.

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This paper presents a model for short-term time-horizon production and distribution planning of a manufacturing company located in the middle of a supply chain. The model focuses on an unbalanced market with broken supply chains. This reflects the state of the current post-COVID-19 economy, which is additionally struggling with even more uncertainty and disruptions due to the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The manufacturer, operating on the post-pandemic and post-war market, on the one hand observes a soaring demand for its products, and on the other faces uncertainty regarding the availability of components (parts) used in the manufacturing process. The goal of the company is to maximise profits despite the uncertain availability of intermediate products. In the short term, the company cannot simply raise prices, as it is bound by long-term contracts with its business partners. The company also has to maintain a good relationship with its customers, i.e. businesses further in the supply chain, by proportionally dividing its insufficient production and trying to match production planning with the observed demand. The post-COVID-19 production-planning problem has been addressed with a robust mixed integer optimisation model along with a dedicated heuristic, which makes it possible to find approximate solutions in a large-scale real-world setting.

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Zhang, Pengfei, Shao-Kai Jian, Chunxiao Liu, and Xiao Chen. "Emergent Replica Conformal Symmetry in Non-Hermitian SYK2 Chains." Quantum 5 (November 16, 2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-11-16-579.

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Recently, the steady states of non-unitary free fermion dynamics are found to exhibit novel critical phases with power-law squared correlations and a logarithmic subsystem entanglement. In this work, we theoretically understand the underlying physics by constructing solvable static/Brownian quadratic Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev chains with non-Hermitian dynamics. We find the action of the replicated system generally shows (one or infinite copies of) O(2)×O(2) symmetries, which is broken to O(2) by the saddle-point solution. This leads to an emergent conformal field theory of the Goldstone modes. We derive the effective action and obtain the universal critical behaviors of squared correlators. Furthermore, the entanglement entropy of a subsystem A with length LA corresponds to the energy of the half-vortex pair S∼ρslog⁡LA, where ρs is the total stiffness of the Goldstone modes. We also discuss special limits with more than one branch of Goldstone modes and comment on interaction effects.

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Luo, Ming Chao, Xiao Xue Liao, Shuang Quan Liao, and Yan Fang Zhao. "Review on the Broken Three-Dimensional Network Modification Methods of Waste Rubber Powder." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.181.

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The modification methods of waste rubber powder(WRP) which contain mechanochemical, microwave, ultrasonic, devulcanization in supercritical material and microbial devulcanization method through cutting off three-dimensional network are described. More emphasis is put on devulcanization mechanism and the defects of each method as the devulcanization process is often accompanied with the main rubber chains degradation are also discussed. When modified WRP is added into rubber matrix, the mechanical properties of composite and compatibility between virgin rubber and WRP are improved. So the mode of core modification on WRP is built, through the broken three-dimensional network modification methods of WRP.

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Gelinck, Gerwin H., Emiel G. J. Staring, Do-Hoon Hwang, George C. W. Spencer, Andrew B. Holmes, and John M. Warman. "The effect of broken conjugation and aggregation on photo-induced charge separation on polyphenylenevinylene chains." Synthetic Metals 84, no. 1-3 (January 1997): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(96)04067-2.

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Si, Wei, Hua-Shen Xu, Ming Sun, Chao Ding, and Wei-Yi Zhang. "Transformation Mechanism of Fluormica to Fluoramphibole in Fluoramphibole Glass Ceramics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5640545.

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During isothermal sintering at 820°C, the transformation mechanism of fluormica to fluoramphibole in powder compacts of fluormica and soda-lime glass was investigated using differential thermal analysis, infrared reflection spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and so forth. Results show that an interaction between fluormica and glass occurred during isothermal heating; O2−, Na+, and Ca2+ions were diffused from glass to fluormica. This diffusion facilitates the transformation of the sheet structures of fluormica crystals to double-chain structures by the breakage of bridge oxygen bonds in the sheet. Subsequently, the broken two parallel double chains were rearranged by relative displacement along thec-axis direction of the fluormica crystal and were linked by Na+and Ca2+ions to form fluoramphibole. A crystallography model of fluormica-fluoramphibole transformation was established in this study.

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Lei, Jincheng, and Zishun Liu. "A network mechanics method to study the mechanism of the large-deformation fracture of elastomers." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 13 (October 7, 2022): 135101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0106445.

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This work presents a network mechanics method to reveal the fracture mechanism of the inhomogeneous polymer network of elastomers. The polymer network in elastomers is abstracted as a network model composed of cross-linkers, polymer chains, and volume elements. The hyperelastic deformation of the network model is characterized using the total energy composed by the free energy of all polymer chains and the volumetric deformation energy of all volume elements. The fracture behavior of the network model is described by the fracture criterion of polymer chains. By comparing the large-deformation fracture simulations of homogeneous and inhomogeneous network models, we find that the network inhomogeneity is one important fundamental cause of the ductile fracture and the low notch sensitivity of elastomers. We also find that the widely used Lake–Thomas model underestimates the intrinsic fracture energy of elastomers, because the intrinsic fracture energy of an elastomer network includes the elastic energy stored not only in the broken polymer chains, but also in the newly created dangling chains on a crack surface. Our simulations show that the intrinsic fracture energy of a four-armed elastomer network is about three times of that predicted by the Lake–Thomas model. This result agrees quite well with the previous experimental results.

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FU, SHISHUO. "COMBINATORIAL PROOF OF ONE CONGRUENCE FOR THE BROKEN 1-DIAMOND PARTITION AND A GENERALIZATION." International Journal of Number Theory 07, no. 01 (February 2011): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042111004022.

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In one of their recent collaborative papers, Andrews and Paule continue their study of partition functions via MacMahon's Partition Analysis by considering partition functions associated with directed graphs which consist of chains of diamond shape. They prove a congruence related to one of these partition functions and conjecture a number of similar congruence results. In this note, we reprove this congruence by constructing an explicit way to group partitions. Then we keep the essence of the method and manage to apply it to a different kind of plane partitions to get more general results and several other congruences.

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Azrem, Ahmad Azmi, N. Z. Noriman, and M. N. Razif. "The Effects of Carbon Black and Calcium Carbonate as a Filler on Cure Characteristic and Physical Properties of SBR/CRr Blends." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.867.

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Filler are compounding ingredients added to a rubber compound for the purpose of iether reinforcing or cheapening the compound. Despite that, fillers can also be used to modify the physical properties of both unvulcanized and vulcanized rubbers. Typically filler materials include carbon black, calcium silicate, calcium carbonate and clay [. The mechanism of reinforcement of elastomers by fillers has been reviewed by several workers. They considered that the effect of filler is to increase the number of chains, which share the load of a broken polymer chain. It is known that in the case of filled vulcanizates, the efficiency of reinforcement depends on a complex interaction of several filler related parameters. They include particle size, particle shape, particle dispersion, surface area, surface reactivity, structure of the filler and the bonding quality between the filler and the rubber matrix [.

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WHITESIDE, TAD S., and LIONEL A. CARREIRA. "PREDICTION OF THE ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS USING SPARC." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 04, no. 02 (June 2005): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633605001623.

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Standard enthalpies of formation of halogenated hydrocarbons were calculated from models developed for the computer program SPARC. SPARC uses computational algorithms based on chemical structure theory to calculate molecular properties. Molecular structures are broken into simple functional units (reactophores) with intrinsic properties. Each reactophore is analyzed and the effects of appended molecular structures are quantified through perturbation theory. The halohydrocarbons modeled include multi-branched chains, simple conjugated rings, and aromatic compounds. SPARC calculates an RMS deviation of 5.18 kJ mol-1 for these 202 compounds.

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Muroga, Yoshio. "Conformational analysis of broken rodlike chains. 1. Scattering function of rods joined together by flexible coils." Macromolecules 21, no. 9 (September 1988): 2751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00187a019.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Broken Chains'

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