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1
Matthews, Gavin. "The development of the British Broadcasting Corporation's broadcasting policy 1979-1992." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436635.
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In the years following the election of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister in 1979. the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) came under increasing pressure to adopt more free-market principles in its operations. At the same time, technological changes meant that the traditional justification of 'spectrum scarcity' for the BBC's protected position became redundant. These two factors combined to make the BBC's environment hostile to its established broadcasting policy, which had been developed over five decades. This thesis analyses how and why the broadcasting policy of the BBC developed between the years of 1979 and 1992. It does so primarily through 28 in-depth qualitative interviews with people involved in determining and implementing the Corporation's broadcasting policy during this time, such as Directors-General, Governors, Controllers, and a previous Home Secretary. Also used were the BBC's archives service at Caversham, and an important document donated by its author, Sir John Johnston (reproduced as an appendix). This thesis shows how, prior to 1987, the BBC's broadcasting policy was nonresponsive to its environment, with the Director-General Alasdair Milne and his Board of Management refusing to adopt a strategy of change. The thesis documents how a series of 'transformative forces' gradually built up throughout the 1980s which finally enabled Milne's successor, Michael Checkland, to initiate a raft of necessary reforms. As a result, the BBC started to reflect its environment after 1987, through the twin strategies of camouflage and flexibility, which enabled the BBC to retain its most essential qualities, and put the Corporation in a very strong position from which to be granted another Royal Charter in 1996. The research makes a number of contributions to our collective understanding of the BBC. Prior to this, there has been no published analysis of the Corporation's social character during this time, in the style of Tom Bums' seminal work, The BBC: Public Institution and Private World (1977), and this thesis addresses this deficit. Similarly. despite the importance of the subject to the British public as both audience and voters, no systematic analysis of the external and internal forces shaping BBC policy during the Director-Generalships of Ian Trethowan, Alasdair Milne and Michael Checkland exists. Again. this is a deficit that this thesis addresses.
2
Clemens, Sara Louise. "Broadcasting standards in New Zealand : the Broadcasting Standards Authority : policy, action, and repercussions." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Journalism, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2289.
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Public service broadcasting aims to serve the public good rather than
private gain. Advocates believe that the work of broadcasting should be
regarded as a public service for a social purpose. To achieve this purpose it
should fulfil a number of ideals: cater for all sections of the community,
service all geographic regions of a nation regardless of cost, be independent
from political or commercial interests, educate, inform, entertain and
improve the public it serves.
The public service model was used as an ideal, to examine the
performance of the Broadcasting Standards Authority in its first five years.
It was found that for the Authority to be equitable and efficient requires:
independence from political and broadcast industry influences, adequate
funding, revision of the complaints system to improve public accessibility,
and members with expert and specialised knowledge. Furthermore, there
needs to be recognition of the principle that programmes should be assessed
on individual merit, to increase the accountability of the Authority's
decisions to the public
The Broadcasting Standards Authority was instituted to retain public
service broadcasting obligations in a deregulated environment. If the above
issues are not addressed, then the credibility of the Authority's function as a
public forum for the consideration and discussion of broadcasting standards
must come into question.
3
D'Arma, Alessandro. "Broadcasting policy in Italy's 'second republic' 1994-2006." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2007. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9977w/broadcasting-policy-in-italy-s-second-republic-1994-2006.
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Based on extensive documentary research, this thesis provides an analysis of television policy in Italy’s Second Republic from 1994 to 2006, focusing on four distinct policy issues: the reform of broadcasting regulatory structures resulting in the establishment of a single communications authority (AGCom); the reform of ownership rules for terrestrial television; government approaches to public service broadcasting; and government policy on digital television.Drawing on the literature on comparative European broadcasting policy from social and political science, this thesis examines the ways in which a number of analytically distinct factors – technological change in the shape of digitalisation, the ascendancy of neo-liberalism in Western Europe, EU-level policies, and domestic politics – have interacted with each other and have contributed to shaping broadcasting policy in Italy in these years. The thesis assesses the record in office of the centre-left and centre-right governments and explains the key reasons for policy failure or success.‘Domestic Politics’, it is argued, remains a key factor that accounts for outcomes in broadcasting policy in Italy’s Second Republic. The analysis in particular shows that the governance of both RAI, the public broadcaster, and AGCom, the communications regulator, has been strongly party politicised in these years. The analysis also reveals the instrumentalisation by the centre-right governments led by Silvio Berlusconi (2001-2006) of industrial and socio-cultural policy goals associated with the transition to digital television to further sectional political and economic interests. Finally, ‘politics’ – referring in this case to Italy’s complex institutional structure of the highly fragmented party-system and executive-legislature relationships – is also a key factor to take into account in order to explain the key failures of the centre-left governments in the area of television policy between 1996 and 2001: both the failure to curb Mediaset’s dominant position in the television market through the enforcement of sector-specific media ownership regulation, and the failure to reform public service broadcasting.
4
Park, Kisung. "Korean policy making : the case of digital broadcasting policy (1989-June 2002)." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434275.
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5
Silke, Daniel. "The broadcasting of politics in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18271.
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Bibliography: pages 240-265.This dissertation studies the broadcasting of politics in South Africa from 1920 to the end of the P. W. Botha era in 1989; that is, the reaction of radio and television to the changing political environment. Since 1948 South Africa's broadcasting system has increasingly been influenced by the ruling National Party as they strengthened their authority. This follows the Lasswell communications model which emphasizes the role of the controller in the communications flow as well as Fagen's and Siebert's description of authoritarianism as a national political system. A study of the historical legacy of broadcasting in South Africa clearly shows an authoritarian orientation. This is accomplished through an investigation utilizing historical material including Tomaselli as well as press reports and Hansard. The advent of television has seen this maintained in a variety of forms. The key question confronting the reader is whether or not there exists change away from the authoritarian model to a more liberalistic trend. The author details a number of visible inconsistencies and anomalies that are present both within radio and television. These are shown to markedly contradict with the control model of the past and highlight fundamental shifts in the media orientation. These contradictions are a reflection of the socio-political pressures that have recently emerged to influence the National Party. This is a function of the reforming of their past ideology as well as of internal economic advances and political upheavals which increase the influence of non-State elements upon the electronic media as depicted in the De Fleur model. The broadcasting system is increasingly shown to reflect an inclusive picture adapting to the political and economic realities in which it operates. The emerging trend moves away from authoritarianism in a more liberal and pluralistic direction.
6
Sahota, Anu. "Sermon and surprise: the meaning of scheduling in broadcast radio history /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2006. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2659.
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Extended Essays (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2006.Theses (School of Communication) / Simon Fraser University. Senior supervisor : Dr. Catherine Murray. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.
7
Kung, Chun-fai Frederick. "Influx of Western media to Asia and response of Asian governments /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1796314X.
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Vos, Timothy P. "Explaining media policy American political broadcasting policy in comparative context (The Netherlands, Canada) /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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龔振輝 and Chun-fai Frederick Kung. "Influx of Western media to Asia and response of Asian governments." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267191.
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Cheung, Wing-lim Gloria. "An analysis of the broadcasting regulatory system and programme quality in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21036743.
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11
Havard, Sophie. "La construction d'une Europe audiovisuelle : l'adequation des politiques menées." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56812.
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In the 80's, European broadcasting changed dramatically. The rising of new technologies resulted into a growing number of TV programmes' demand while the amount of supply stays unchange.There are two European strategies: (1) A regulation policy, with the European directive "Television without frontiers"; (2) A promotion of European programmes industry, with MEDIA and EUREKA.
The challenge is beyond the means implemented until now. The building of European audiovisual industry is a slow process, since cultural union and economic union are linked.
12
Young, David Andrew. "Discourses on communication technologies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/NQ42890.pdf.
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Edwards, Natalie. "Queer British television : policy and practice, 1997-2007." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11113/.
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Representations of gay, lesbian, queer and other non-heterosexualities on British terrestrial television have increased exponentially since the mid 1990s. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer characters now routinely populate mainstream series, while programmes like Queer as Folk (1999-2000), Tipping the Velvet (2002), Torchwood (2006-) and Bad Girls (1999-2006) have foregrounded specifically gay and lesbian themes. This increase correlates to a number of gay-friendly changes in UK social policy pertaining to sexual behaviour and identity, changes precipitated by the election of Tony Blair’s Labour government in 1997. Focusing primarily on the decade following Blair’s installation as Prime Minister, this project examines a variety of gay, lesbian and queer-themed British television programmes in the context of their political, cultural and industrial determinants, with the goal of bridging the gap between the cultural product and the institutional factors which precipitated its creation. Ultimately, it aims to establish how and why this increase in LGBT and queer programming occurred when it did by relating it to the broader, government-sanctioned integration of gays, lesbians and queers into the imagined cultural mainstream of the UK. Unlike previous studies of lesbian, gay and queer film and television, which have tended to draw conclusions about cultural trends purely through textual analysis, this project uses government and broadcasting industry policy documents as well as detailed examination of specific television programmes to substantiate links between the cultural product and the wider world. The main body of the thesis comprises five chapters, including three industrial case studies examining the four main terrestrial broadcasters- Channel 4, Channel 5, ITV and the BBC- and their gay, lesbian and queer output between 1997 and 2007. Again by analysing policy documents and the distinct public service obligations of each broadcaster, these case studies link the brand identities and imagined audiences of each with the range and volume of LGBT and queer programming they produced within the ten year period studied. In doing so, they also consider the effect of digitisation and the multi-channel environment on the specific types of queer and LGBT programming provided by each broadcaster, and the impact of niche-market broadcasting on the presentation of sexual difference within the contemporary UK context.
14
Lane, Karen Lesley. "Broadcasting, democracy and localism : a study of broadcasting policy in Australia from the 1920s to the 1980s." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl2651.pdf.
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Rennie, Elinor Mary. "The future of community broadcasting : civil society and communications policy." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15829/1/Elinor_Rennie_Thesis.pdf.
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Will community television one day be lamented in the same way as the Glenn Valley Bridge Club in Pennsylvania, where no one remains 'who can tell us precisely when or why the group broke up' (Putnam, 2000: 15)? Robert Putnam's bestseller Bowling Alone proposed that people 'need to reconnect with one another' and rebuild their communities for the good of society. Although he may not have succeeded in instigating a revival of lawn bowls and bridge, Putnam did spark a debate about the meaning of "community" today and its role in bringing about positive social change. At a time when the communications landscape is set to transform with the introduction of digital broadcasting technology, this thesis looks at the status of community broadcasting and its role within civil society. Taking Australia's community television sector as its starting point, it aims to define the pressures, public philosophies and policy decisions that make community broadcasting what it is. This thesis is structured thematically and geographically. The introductory chapters establish the research question in relation to Australia's community broadcasting sector. As well as tracing the intellectual path of community media studies, it sets out to locate community broadcasting within broader intellectual debates around notions of community, governance and the media. These are brought back to the "on-the-ground" reality throughout the thesis by means of policy analysis, interviews and anecdotal evidence. Chapters Three to Five map out the themes of access, the public interest and development by reference to community broadcasting in different regions. In North America I explore notions of free speech and first-come-first served models of access. In Europe, notions of "quality", public service broadcasting and the difficult relationship that community broadcasting has with public interest values. Through the Third World and the Third Way I examine how community broadcasting is implicated within development discourse and ideas of social change. The final chapter of the thesis moves into the virtual region of the Internet, looking at changing notions of access and the relevance of new communications rationales to the community broadcasting project. At the intersection of the various themes and models discussed throughout the thesis exists a strong rationale for the future of community broadcasting. Although new technologies may be interpreted as the beginning of the end of community broadcasting, I have argued that in fact it is an idea whose time has come.
16
Rennie, Elinor Mary. "The Future of Community Broadcasting: Civil Society and Communications Policy." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15829/.
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Will community television one day be lamented in the same way as the Glenn Valley Bridge Club in Pennsylvania, where no one remains 'who can tell us precisely when or why the group broke up' (Putnam, 2000: 15)? Robert Putnam's bestseller Bowling Alone proposed that people 'need to reconnect with one another' and rebuild their communities for the good of society. Although he may not have succeeded in instigating a revival of lawn bowls and bridge, Putnam did spark a debate about the meaning of "community" today and its role in bringing about positive social change. At a time when the communications landscape is set to transform with the introduction of digital broadcasting technology, this thesis looks at the status of community broadcasting and its role within civil society. Taking Australia's community television sector as its starting point, it aims to define the pressures, public philosophies and policy decisions that make community broadcasting what it is. This thesis is structured thematically and geographically. The introductory chapters establish the research question in relation to Australia's community broadcasting sector. As well as tracing the intellectual path of community media studies, it sets out to locate community broadcasting within broader intellectual debates around notions of community, governance and the media. These are brought back to the "on-the-ground" reality throughout the thesis by means of policy analysis, interviews and anecdotal evidence. Chapters Three to Five map out the themes of access, the public interest and development by reference to community broadcasting in different regions. In North America I explore notions of free speech and first-come-first served models of access. In Europe, notions of "quality", public service broadcasting and the difficult relationship that community broadcasting has with public interest values. Through the Third World and the Third Way I examine how community broadcasting is implicated within development discourse and ideas of social change. The final chapter of the thesis moves into the virtual region of the Internet, looking at changing notions of access and the relevance of new communications rationales to the community broadcasting project. At the intersection of the various themes and models discussed throughout the thesis exists a strong rationale for the future of community broadcasting. Although new technologies may be interpreted as the beginning of the end of community broadcasting, I have argued that in fact it is an idea whose time has come.
17
Ritlewski, Kristoff M. "Pluralismus als Strukturprinzip im Rundfunk : Anforderungen aus dem Funktionsauftrag und Regelungen zur Sicherung in Deutschland und Polen /." Frankfurt, M. ; New York : Lang, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018618006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Bartley, Allan 1950. "Ottawa ways : the state, bureaucracy and broadcasting, 1955- 1968." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74328.
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The dissertation develops a theory-based, state-centered revisionist explanation of the development of Canadian broadcasting policy during the years 1955 to 1968. The hypothesis contends that state officials seek their own preferred policy outcomes rather than reflecting the preferences of societal actors. The concept of decision points is used to explore the origins of the 1958 Broadcasting Act and the 1968 Broadcasting Act. The evidence suggests the content of these measures was largely determined by bureaucratic actors. Two aspects of the 1968 legislation (the power to approve broadcasting licenses and extension of broadcasting regulatory jurisdiction to cable television) are examined in detail. In both cases, the evidence points to the decisive role of state rather than societal actors in the policy process. Confirmation of the central hypothesis raises questions about society-centered theories of the democratic state.
19
Raboy, Marc 1948. "Broadcasting and the idea of the public : learning from the Canadian experience." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=76908.
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Sakr, Naomi. "The making and implementation of Egyptian policy towards satellite television broadcasting." Thesis, University of Westminster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323130.
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Smith, Phillip H. (Phillip Hoit) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "The Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation and the Manley government 1972-1980; conflicting views of national development." Ottawa, 1988.
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22
Sümer, Burcu. "The impact of Europeanisation on policy-making in Turkey : controversies, uncertainties and misfits in broadcasting policy, 1999-2005." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2007. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/92063/the-impact-of-europeanisation-on-policy-making-in-turkey-controversies-uncertainties-and-misfits-in-broadcasting-policy-1999-2005.
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The recognition of Turkey’s candidacy for European Union (EU) membership at Helsinki European Council Summit in December 1999 marked a profound shift in EU-Turkey relations, which has been difficult and turbulent for decades. Turkey started undergoing a drastic transformation after the Helsinki Summit and was successful in clinching a date from the EU in October 2004 to launch accession talks. In between these two dates the two consecutive governments issued a series of new legislations in order to comply with EU conditionality, particularly with political criteria also known as the ‘Copenhagen criteria’ and finally started membership negotiations in October 2005. This study aims to investigate and analyse the impact of the EU on policy-making processes in Turkey between 1999 and 2005 by focusing on a specific policy area: broadcasting. At the simplest level, it is motivated by an academic interest in the complexity of Turkey’s everlasting association with Europe and seeks to explore the dynamics of the post-Helsinki candidacy process by employing various theoretical tools offered by research on Europeanisation. Thus, although it questions the whole rationale of the pre-accession process in Turkey, it looks into the domestic arena of broadcasting policy-making to explore how ‘EU accession conditionality’ is translated into domestic policy responses. It concludes that Turkey’s response to EU conditionality was not unified across different issues of broadcasting policy. Its response to ‘democratic conditionality’ was directly influenced by prevailing ideas about ‘the credibility of the EU’ as well as calculations of the ‘costs of compliance’, and its response to ‘acquis conditionality’ resulted in a regulatory chaos. Overall, this research reveals that where broadcasting policy-making is concerned, changes as a result of the EU’s impact on Turkey were limited. Rather than transformation, the outcome of this process was a minimal degree of adaptation.
23
Wang, Jiangang. "Building socialist broadcasting with Chinese characteristics : the substance and contradictions of China's broadcasting policy in the Reform Era (1978-1994)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0005/MQ39937.pdf.
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Castells-Talens, Antoni. "The negotiation of indigenist radio policy in Mexico." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004365.
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Thomas, Suzanne Lynne. "Heroes, assassins, mobsters, and murders martial arts TV and the popular Chinese imagination in the PRC /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3112189.
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Holden, Windsor John. "The history of the development of British satellite broadcasting policy, 1977-1992." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/552/.
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This thesis traces the development of British satellite broadcasting policy, from the early proposals drawn up by the Home Office following the UK's allocation of five direct broadcast by satellite (DBS) frequencies at the 1977 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC), through the successive, abortive DBS initiatives of the BBC and the "Club of 21", to the short-lived service provided by British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB). It also details at length the history of Sky Television, an organisation that operated beyond the parameters of existing legislation, which successfully competed (and merged) with BSB, and which shaped the way in which policy was developed. It contends that throughout the 1980s satellite broadcasting policy ceased to drive and became driven, and that the failure of policy-making in this time can be ascribed to conflict on ideological, governmental and organisational levels. Finally, it considers the impact that satellite broadcasting has had upon the British broadcasting structure as a whole.
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Goro, Heni. "The search for a broadcasting and communication policy in Papua New Guinea." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1993. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36395/1/36395_Heni_1993.pdf.
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The effects of colonial imperialism are still evident in many aspects of
Papua New Guinea's development; broadcasting developments being no
exception. PNG has yet to develop its own official broadcasting and
communication policy. The situation since Independence seventeen
years ago has not changed very much. The government has been unable
to initiate broadcasting policies or a general policy on communication.
The general lack of policy guideline in PNG has resulted in unauthorised
entreprenural broadcasting activities.
Radio and television, together with other major broadcasting issues form
the basis or arguments in the study. The socio-cultural, economic and
political impacts of broadcasting are also examined in a uniquely
heterogeneous society. The relevance of various contemporary theories of
Third World media are discussed, in particular, 'control' and the notion
of 'public interest' are the two key functions which the study attempts to
address in its search for a broadcasting or a communication policy for
PNG.
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Chikunkhuzeni, Francis Chim'ndomo. "Towards an understanding of the role of commercialisation in programming at the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation from 1995 to 1998 : a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002875.
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Competition in many market-driven media systems in advanced industrial countries can sometimes compromise traditional public service broadcast values such as programming for diversity, citizenship, minority interests and national identity. This study investigates the presence and effects of commercial-logic in a state-owned broadcaster in a developing country: the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. Using indepth interviews and analysis of records on finance and programme schedules, the study finds overwhelming indicators of the presence of commercial logic, not driven by competition, but a commitment to provide a public service under deteriorating financial conditions. Distinguishing between the impacts of advertising and sponsorship markets on media output, the study finds contradictory effects of commercialisation. Some effects confirm some of the adverse effects of commercialisation such as heavy sponsorinfluence on programme content, self-censorship among programme producers who avoid injuring sponsors and producers paying more attention to sponsored programmes at the expense ofthe quality of some non-sponsored public service programmes. However, effects are not always contrary to public service broadcasting but may Indeed reinforce such broadcasting. Commercialisation in some instances has led to the sustenance of a range of non-sponsored public service programmes including programmes to promote culture and civic rights. In general, this study highlights the need to focus on what is realistically possible within the dynamics of the Malawi Society as a precondition for a proactive and elaborate strategy for commercialisation ofthe country's public broadcaster.
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Wagman, Ira. "From spiritual matters to economic facts : recounting problems of knowledge in the history of Canadian audiovisual policy, 1928-61." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102229.
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Using a theoretical model incorporating recent work in the field of historical epistemology and Michel Foucault's concept of governmentality this dissertation reconsiders key moments in the history of Canadian audiovisual policy as sites for examining the production of knowledge about national cultural activity. Drawing upon archival records, interdisciplinary research and a discursive analysis of policy documents, I argue that the resolution of questions regarding the nature of cultural expertise and the evidentiary value of different forms of knowledge accompanied changing state rationale towards film and broadcasting and foreshadowed the refashioning of Canada's audiovisual sector.To illustrate, I focus on a period between the establishment of the first Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting in 1928 and the institution of Canadian content regulations for television in 1960. During this period there are important shifts in the ways the federal government conceived of and administered the audiovisual sector. In the 1920s and 30s, broadcasting and film production were nationalized and placed within publicly funded institutions such as the CBC and NFB. However, less than twenty-five years later, policy rationale towards the audiovisual sector had shifted, with measures put in place to support the development of the cultural industries. The CBC's dominance over broadcasting and regulation had been replaced by a new structural arrangement involving both public and private broadcasters regulated by independent agencies using content quotas to ensure Canadian programming on the airwaves. In Canada's film sector, the NFB's expansion into feature film and television production was halted through policy shifts encouraging the development of the independent film production sector.
Using case studies that explore the historical context behind the emergence of key administrative techniques I document the declining influence of cultural nationalists and humanistic approaches to cultural issues and the rising influence of accountants, statisticians, and scholars from the nascent field of communication studies in the policy process. These developments run concurrently to shifting government rationale towards the audiovisual sector away from developing "national consciousness" towards the creation of a "national economy" for broadcasting and film drawing on previous industrial development models borrowed from the automotive sector and 19th century National Policy.
Although scholarly attention in the field of cultural policy studies has generally focused upon understanding why these shifts occurred, this thesis is devoted primarily towards understanding how such shifts took place. Attention to these questions moves the field of study away from the pragmatic issues of policymaking and towards larger questions surrounding the triangulation between knowledge, state, and cultural production.
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Potschka, Christian. "Towards a market in broadcasting : a comparative analysis of British and German communications policy." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6324.
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Political structures and the evolution of late capitalism in liberal Western democracies lend a common frame to the development of national media systems. However, whereas media policy from the post-war period to the mid-1980s was largely driven by socio-political concerns and coextensive with policy for public service television, this model has been vehemently challenged. Key factors were the convergence of erstwhile-separated industries and infrastructures, as well as the ambitions of the corporate sector and governments alike, to benefit from the economic opportunities offered by the communications revolution. By assessing the changing relationship between the role of the state, economic structures and technological innovation, this research investigates these processes in the UK and Germany. Both countries have the two key public service systems but also feature striking differences such as the antithetic political systems and democratic processes (majoritarian vs. consensus democracy). The basic assumption suggests that a genuine understanding of contemporary developments is only possible if political/economic as well as historic/sociological perspectives are incorporated into the holistic approach applied. Thereby this study gives consideration to key processes and events which have determined transitions between communications policy paradigms and regulatory regimes. Given the Anglo-Saxon tradition of regulating, key processes and events in the UK are often indicated by the appointment and report of a committee of enquiry. For the purpose of this study the most crucial of these is the Committee on Financing the BBC (1986), which first applied market-driven politics onto British broadcasting, and whose recommendations still serve as a blueprint for current communications policy-making. In Germany the KtK Report (1974) formed the basis for decisive reforms in broadcasting and communications. Apart from that, however, Germany features the characteristic of administering state interventions in as detailed a manner as possible through legislation. Of central importance are, therefore, the rulings of the Federal Constitutional Court, which continuously set decisive parameters for the development of the broadcasting system. The thesis follows two driving themes which have been identified as crucial in terms of the comparative dimension and are elaborated continuously in more detail. First, the focus is on the interdependencies between public and private sector. Second, implications and responses of the central vis-à-vis federal characteristic of state formation are investigated. In doing so, the thesis draws on vast sources of archival documents as well as exclusive material from a series of elite interviews with a purposively-selected sample of very high-level sources, including Chairmen, Director-Generals, ministers, very senior civil servants and so on. The thesis demonstrates how communications policy-making is carried out in both countries and how these processes are determined by national regulatory frameworks which are rooted within the borders of the nation state. As such the research findings have broader implications for commercial and public sector regulation.
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Onwochei, Gil. "U.S. television coverage of Africa : geopolitical, economic, and strategic policy implications /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1987.
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Kim, Ju Young. "Rethinking media flow under globalisation : rising Korean wave and Korean TV and film policy since 1980s." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1153/.
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The rising popularity of Korean contents in Asia known as Hanryu ('Korean Wave'), which was partly supported by Korean cultural policy, has many implications with regard to cultural policy in periphery countries under globalisation and the open-door versus cultural diversity debate. This thesis assesses how recent cultural opening under globalisation in Korea has affected Korea's cultural industries both quantitatively in terms of economic performance and qualitatively in terms of cultural content, identity and diversity. These questions are examined in the context of the changing relationship between the cultural industries and cultural policy in Korea since the end of the 1990s. The research draws upon statistical data, historical material and interviews. By researching how the Korean experience has developed, this thesis attempts to look at Hanryu not just as a phenomenon in its own right, but also considers the secondary impact of this phenomenon on perceptions of culture and identity. In particular the thesis considers Hanryu in terms of the cultural influence on neighbouring countries manifest through tourism and a new interest in Korean language and culture. Such cultural effects are less easily measured than economic data but are important to an understanding of causes and effects of Hanryu. Finally this thesis places the Korean experience in the broader context of cultural policy in periphery countries responding to globalisation and the relationship between national cultural policy and the global cultural economy. It is still too early to reach conclusions on the future of Korean cultural industries based simply on the recent trends However, since the mid 1990s, the Korean cultural industries have been transformed dramatically. Cultural policy has contributed to this trend and strengthened the competitiveness of Korea's cultural industries. At the same time the thesis considers some of the limitations and criticisms of Hanryu, including potential loss of cultural diversity and an anti- Korean backlash in some other Asian countries. The Korean cultural industries have benefited from imitating the Hollywood system and developing a distinctive hybrid cultural content and business model. This has made possible an alternative approach to policy and management which lies between two extremes of protectionism and free market ideology. The thesis comments on some of the difficulties and limitations in sustaining such a balance and concludes by considering the sustainability of Hanryu both in Korea and in the broader Asian context.
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Niebler, Julia. "Die Stärkung der Regionalfensterprogramme im Privaten Rundfunk als Mittel zur Sicherung der Meinungsvielfalt durch den Achten Rundfunkänderungsstaatsvertrag /." Frankfurt am Main : Lang, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017070441&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Amin, Hussein Yousry. "An Egypt-based model for the use of television in national development." Connect to resource, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1279569182.
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Westerway, Peter. "A THOUSAND THOUSAND CAMPFIRES: Policy change and Aboriginal broadcasting in Australia 1967-1990." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24718.
Full textAbstract:
Between 1967 and 1990 Ministers directed a succession of Commonwealth
interdepartmental Committees (IDCs) to make recommendations for an Aboriginal
broadcasting policy.
Part A: Context establishes historical context and nominates the starting
point for development of an Aboriginal broadcasting policy. I suggest that since the
activities of IDCs are confidential, the bulk of the policy cycle is effectively hidden
from public view. Reviewing the literature on major policy change, I suggest that
work based upon Thomas Kuhn’s seminal notion of paradigms provides an heuristic
basis for analysing developments in the area. In particular, subsequent speculation
by Peter Hall about policy paradigms, by Baumgartner and Jones on punctuated
equilibrium (PE) theory and the multiple streams approach developed by Kingdon,
Mintrom and others, provide a strong theoretical basis for analysis.
Part B: Case Studies provides a detailed historical account of what actually
happened on the Other side of the Moon — inside the black boxes that are the venues
for policy work in the Australian Public Service (APS). It records that in our
Westminster-based system the official experts of the Australian Public Service (APS)
normally wield substantial influence. However, in this area they experienced
significant policy failure.
Cultural myopia — an inability to see that Aboriginal cultures worked
differently and that Aboriginal peoples had to be consulted — was the root cause of
failure, fatally undermining successive attempts to devise a policy. The First Working
Party (1976-1979) objected to ministerial directions not to consult and concluded that
the parameters set by Ministers were faulty. When it provided contrary advice its recommendations were ignored. By 1980 the Second Working Party (1980-1981)
was facing an Australian Broadcasting Commission determined to run its own race,
pressure from a number of Aboriginal communities now seeking to establish
community controlled public broadcasting (including television) and Ministers who
still wanted neither. Its attempt to straddle all schools of thought resulted in a
confusing interim report that was again ignored. The Third Working Party (1982)
was a futile rump formed after Ministers had refused to act and soon disappeared into
oblivion.
In 1984 a resurgent Labor Government reiterated its support for selfdetermination
and invited strong Aboriginal participation in a Task Force on
Aboriginal and Islander Broadcasting and Communications (TFAIBC). The TFAIBC
provided a comprehensive description of developments to that point and nominated a
series of policy options. Its recommendations were fully adopted. Nevertheless, its
report (¿2/// o f the Si/ent Land) was flawed. The TFAIBC consulted widely and
attempted to support almost any suggestion but it also avoided prioritisation, cost
estimates and recommendations regarding migratory paths. Significantly, it then left
implementation in the hands of settler bureaucrats in the Department of Aboriginal
Affairs, whose notion of consultation with Aboriginal broadcasters and communities
proved to be quite manipulative. Some valuable developments, such as the
Broadcasting for Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme (BRACS), resulted from
Out o f the St/ent Land. Yet the flaws in its recommendations did little to dispel
conceptual confusion and eventually led to significant under funding, particularly in
supporting Aboriginal communities for operations and maintenance as well as
training.Part C: Conclusions analyses the case studies. In each succeeding case there is
a consistent theme — the difficulties experienced by settler policymakers in coming
to terms with Aboriginal community control. The two interlocking and overlapping
policy paradigms: statutory regulation (broadcasting) and assimi/ation (Aboriginal
affairs) were both under strong pressure. In the case of broadcasting there was rapid
and major policy change. The prevailing paradigm was swiftly replaced by diversity
of c/ioice. Yet in Aboriginal affairs the prevailing paradigm proved highly resistant
and the proffered alternative — seif-determination — was consistently rejected in
favour of re-badged versions of assimilation. I call this very different path ‘the
boomerang trajectory’.
Most case studies cover situations in which paradigm change has already
occurred and consequently provide only limited insights into causation. Noting that
experienced practitioners seek to calculate resistance to change utilising a rough
calculus based upon the notion of policy inertia, I suggest that in order to make the PE
framework more effective it is necessary more consciously to focus upon this concept.
Finally I suggest that a better understanding of causation depends upon deployment of
Multiple Streams theory with its related notion of policy entrepreneurs.
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Stiegler, Zachary Joseph. "The policy and practice of community radio: localism versus nationalism in U.S. broadcasting." Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1086.
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While localism is a particularly important aspect of Congress' mandate that broadcasters serve "the public interest, convenience or necessity," the history of US radio broadcasting exhibits persistent tensions between nationalism and localism, which have intensified in recent decades. Current concerns about the loss of localism in US radio broadcasting invite us to reinterpret US radio history from a local perspective. This dissertation traces the tensions between localism and nationalism in US radio broadcasting through four forms of radio broadcasting constructed specifically to serve localism and the public interest: the 10-watt Class D license, full power public radio as typified by National Public Radio, the Low Power FM (LPFM) license established in 2000, and the controversial use of low power radio by religious broadcasters.
The Class D license, US public radio, and LPFM all originated with the stated objective of serving the public in meaningful ways which commercial broadcasting cannot. Yet to date, each of these has failed to meet this goal, whether due to legislative action, organizational failure or conflict amongst broadcast entities. Further, each of these case studies illustrates the conflict between nationalism and localism ever-present in efforts to establish radio broadcasting services that adequately and meaningfully serve local publics. Through a critical-historical analysis of the tensions between nationalism and localism in US radio broadcasting, this dissertation offers an understanding for the reasons and implications of the continued failure of radio's ability to serve local communities in the United States. In doing so, I look to the failures of the past to suggest how we may revise the current LPFM license to effectively serve local publics.
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Rahayu, Titik Puji. "Industrial Convergence and Communication Policy Reform in Indonesia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16935.
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The digitalization of communication technologies, with the Internet as a catalyst, has radically altered the business models and industrial structures of the media and telecommunication industries. These technological and industrial developments have driven regulatory reform in the communication sectors towards regulatory convergence. However, silo regulatory models, that distinctly govern the media and telecommunication sectors, continue to be enacted in many countries globally, including Indonesia. This study focuses on efforts taken to regulate industrial convergence in the Indonesian media, telecommunication and Internet sectors, which to date has not been thoroughly studied. It examines a series of policies proposed by the Indonesian executive and legislature between the period of 2009 and 2015, including the Telematics Convergence Bill, the amendment of the Broadcasting Law and Ministerial Regulations on digital TV migration. Following a qualitative research tradition, this research conducted interpretive policy analysis. Primary data was gathered from semi-structured interviews with figures of regulatory bodies and relevant policy documents related to the Indonesian media, telecommunication and Internet sectors. Meanwhile, secondary data was gathered from academic and empirical literature. This research poses questions: What problems or issues of industrial convergence are considered as critical in the proposed policies? How are these problems or issues going to be regulated? What problems or issues have been overlooked? How do the proposed policies address the issues of public interest, competition, media diversity and universal services as the main regulatory concerns related to industrial convergence? Finally, what factors have inhibited the policy process of the proposed policies? The findings suggest the policies that have been proposed to respond to industrial convergence in Indonesian tend to target the emerging new players and protect the existing incumbents. Through licensing mechanisms, new business opportunities, such as multiplexing business, have been won by mostly incumbents. Emerging new players are positioned in policy so as to further economically benefit the incumbents. With these policy directions, the status quo in the Indonesian media and telecommunication industries is sustained. With a lack of concern about cross-industry (vertical) expansions, we are witnessing increased ownership concentration in the Indonesian media, telecommunication and Internet sectors. In addition, there is a lack of commitment from both the government and the parliament to establish a single independent regulatory agency governing the Indonesian communication sectors. While the parliament opts to maintain the currently segmented regulatory bodies, the government aims to gain even more control over the Indonesian communication sectors through the Ministry of Communication and Informatics. In summary, the findings of this study confirm that bureaucratic and political factors have been the main obstacles to regulatory reform towards regulatory convergence in Indonesia.
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Dunn, Anne, and n/a. "Manufacturing audiences?: policy and practice in ABC radio news 1983-1993." University of Canberra. Professional Communicaton, 2005. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20051123.132051.
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This thesis sheds light on the ways in which audiences are made through the relationships between organisational policy and news production practice. It explores the relationships between news practitioners� perceptions and definitions of audiences, production, and organisational policies, using the radio news service of the Australian national public broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). In so doing, the thesis demonstrates that production, in its institutional context, is a crucial site for the creation of audiences in the study of news journalism. In the process, it illuminates the role of public service broadcasting, in a world of digital media The conceptual framework utilises a new approach to framing analysis. Framing has been used to examine the news "agenda" and to identify the salient aspects of news events. This thesis demonstrates ways in which framing can be used to research important processes in news production at different levels, from policy level to that of professional culture, and generate insights to the relationship between them. The accumulated evidence of the bulletin analysis - using structural and rhetorical frames of news - field observation and interviews, shows that a specific and coherent audience can be constructed as a result of newsroom work practices in combination with organisational policies. The thesis has increased knowledge and understanding both of how news workers create images of their audiences and what the institutional factors are that influence the manufacture of audiences as they appear in the text of news bulletins.
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Hall, Richard 1957. "The CRTC as a policy-maker, 1968-1982 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74264.
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The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommission Commission (CRTC) is the body which regulates communications activity in Canada. It has become almost a cliche to say that in addition to simply formulating regulations, the Commission has also been the dominant policy-maker in the communications field. The allegation has been made that the CRTC is "out of control", usurping a policy-making role more properly exercised by elected government officials, while also defying their attempts to constrain its behaviour. It has further been argued that this Commission usurpation and defiance has meant that both the minister and Parliament have little or no influence to direct the agency.The study demonstrates that the Commission has often acted as a policy-maker but that this role has been in response to the existence of a policy vacuum and lack of leadership from elected government. Furthermore, the agency has assumed a policy-making role not through an act of usurpation but with the tacit consent of elected officials. For these officials, the CRTC performs a useful function "insulating" them from the need to make a decision (and accept responsibility) on policy issues which often involve difficult political choices. The study also shows that the agency's "political masters", Cabinet and Parliament, possess a variety of both formal and informal control mechanisms which effectively prevent the CRTC from maintaining a policy position independent from government.
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Jjuuko, Denis Charles. "Understanding editorial independence and public accountability issues in public broadcasting service : a study of the editorial policies at the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/261/.
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Cheung, Wing-lim Gloria, and 張詠廉. "An analysis of the broadcasting regulatory system and programme quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965763.
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Hibberd, Lynne A. "Creative industries policy and practice. a study of BBC Scotland and Scottish Screen." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/683/.
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This thesis examines creative industries policy in film and television in Scotland. It explores the impact that different approaches to creative industries policy have on creative practice in two media industries, BBC Scotland and Scottish Screen, and reflects on how each of these bodies articulates its role as a „national‟ institution. BBC Scotland is the Scottish branch of the UK‟s largest public service broadcaster, while Scottish Screen exists on a far smaller scale, to serve the screen industries in Scotland. The thesis examines the role of BBC Scotland in sustaining the creative economy and contributing to the cultural life of Scotland. The study of Scottish Screen examines a key early aim of the agency, that of establishing a national film studio. The work investigates the connections between UK and Scottish levels of creative industries policy in light of the debates over the future of public service broadcasting and the Scottish Executive‟s cultural policy framework. The study outlines how ideas of cultural creativity and its economic significance have developed, charts how these ideas have affected policy debate, and explores the extent to which devolution has affected film and television policy. By mapping the historical, sociological and political terrain, the research analyses the specificity of Scotland within the UK context and explores areas in which ideas of „the national‟ become problematic. In order to investigate how policy has impacted on the production of creative goods, a further three case studies are explored. These are the feature film Red Road (Arnold, 2006), an independent production company called The Comedy Unit, and a BBC Scotland television series, River City (BBC, 2002-date). The work concludes with an examination of the impact of contemporary policy developments, including the establishment of Creative Scotland and the Scottish Broadcasting Commission.
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Yull, Tandy Kate Carleton University Dissertation Communication. "Triune nationalism: cultural, political and techno-economic discourses in Canadian telecommunications and broadcasting policy." Ottawa, 1993.
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Jääsaari, Johanna. "Consistency and change in Finnish broadcasting policy : the implementation of digital television and lessons from the Canadian experience /." Åbo : Åbo Akademis Förlag, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0804/2007462323.html.
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Al-Garni, Ali Dhafer A. "Broadcasting in Saudi Arabia in the era of globalization : a study of local constraints on television development." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2276.
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This study examines the reasons for the Saudi media mdustry's dependence on imported foreign productions. In a departure from traditional dependency theory, which emphasises the role of external factors in the context of the world system, this study explains the state of dependency and underdevelopment in a more locally grounded analysis which evaluates the role of Saudi media policies and regulatory functions in perpetuatmg this dependency status. Two methodologies were applied, firstly, content analyses of a two-week period of Saudi television programming on Channel 1 were earned out to examine the quantity and quality of both local and imported television fare in terms of genre and format, Secondly, mterviews were conducted with Saudi media officials, media pohcy makers, and mdependent local producers to ascertain, from their perspective, what exactly constrains the Saudi media industry and limits its potential, and why the Saudi media is dependent on imported television fare. The results of the content analyses and interviews showed that political, professional and economic constraints handicap STV's performance. This has led to output which is considered to be irrelevant to the needs and mterests of the Saudi viewing population. It has also led to an increase in imported foreign programming and DBS populanty, thus creating a cause of concern among culturalists and Islamists who object to content which, they argue, conflicts with the basic principles of the Islamic faith. Recommendations are proposed to Saudi media policy makers in order to counteract the foreign competition and enhance mdigenous, self-reliant development.
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Schaap, Rob, and n/a. "Pay television : overseas experiences and Australian options." University of Canberra. Communication, 1991. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.171016.
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The issue of pay television has generated a plethora of reports and
submissions from politicians, bureaucrats and industrialists for a decade.
That the issue is not yet resolved is the result of many factors, all of which
serve to highlight the structural complexities of the Australian electronic
media system. At the political level, social policy is in a state of transition
and broadcasting policy has reflected this. The Australian Broadcasting
Corporation (ABC) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) have been
forced to reappraise their roles as public broadcasters. The commercial
networks have seen their reserves and their profitability deteriorate
drastically in an environment of poor management, fluctuating government
policy and a depressed national economy. The Australian Broadcasting
Tribunal (ABT), the federal regulator of commercial broadcasting, is
struggling to adapt to these new circumstances, and is confronted by new
challenges to its powers and responsibilities.
Ideally, a discussion on the introduction of pay television would be conducted
within the context of a comprehensive and established federal broadcasting
policy. Basic to this thesis is the perception that no such policy exists. It is
left to the analyst to speculate as to the intentions evident in Government
initiatives, suggest the potential impact of pay television in that light, and
offer constructive criticism accordingly.
This thesis recognises that pay television seems inevitable as both major
political parties are committed, in principle at least, to its introduction. This
thesis sets itself the following objectives: to identify the salient components
that serve to define pay television; to develop and employ a methodology to
extract lessons from the experiences of others with pay television, whilst
remaining sensitive to historical and structural context; to apply those
lessons to the Australia condition; and to make recommendations on the
introduction of pay television, based on both the definitional and comparative
work of this thesis, within the context of contemporary Government
deliberations, as evident in the Report from the House of Representatives
Standing Committee on Transport, Communications and Infrastructure of
November 1989.
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Milter, Katalin S. "The impact of politics on post-communist media in Eastern Europe : an historical case study of the 1996 Hungarian Broadcasting Act /." View abstract, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3316361.
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Knoll, Eva. "The public value notion in UK public service broadcasting : an analysis of the ideological justification of public service broadcasting in the context of evolving media policy paradigms." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/530/.
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The thesis investigates the application of the public value notion in UK public service broadcasting (PSB). In the context of technological change from analogue to digital broadcasting and the reduction of applicable market failures, the notion has been used to describe the remit and assess the performance of PSB, thus providing sustained justification of PSB in the digital age. The overall research interest is to investigate the public value notion in the context of evolving media policy paradigms to examine whether its institutionalisation represents a paradigm shift in the ideological justification of PSB. The ideological justification is investigated in the form of economic and noneconomic regulatory rationales as different academic approaches to market intervention and public service provision. As a fundamental type of policy change, the paradigm shift concept is operationalised by devising an analytical framework that consists of two analytical strands; an ideological shift and a policy process analysis. Based on a case study approach of the notion’s application at the BBC and Channel 4, the research design employs interpretative textual analysis of documents and expert interviews to investigate the ideological composition of the public value notion and its wider policy process. The research finds that no paradigm shift has taken place in the justification of PSB as the public value notion continues the overall more economic than non-economic focus of the incumbent media policy paradigm. These findings contribute to media and public policy studies with regard to the understanding and classification of (media policy) paradigm shifts as a fundamental type of policy change and the use of economic and non-economic rationales as different ideologies in informing policy ideas and decisions-making in media policy.
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Arjomandi, Gholamreza. "Direct broadcasting satellite (DBS) policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran : popular, religious and state discourse." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30578.
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The new communication technology and its implications on national and international relations has been one of the key debates during the last two decades. This received a new impetus with the emergence of Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) together with the convergence of electronic information processing, data bank and telecommunication networks in a single system known as telematic. The DBS system has received increasing attention since it offers a wide range of choice to people. However, in many countries it is also suspected of ravaging culture and sovereignty, while undermining national broadcasting. This sentiment is not shared by all societies and governments, since some believe it has also enhanced freedom and democracy. The penetration of DBS in Iran began since 1993, when people in the capital and other major cities began to receive images transmitted by dozens of foreign broadcasters. Within a short period of time, satellite became one of the most focal points of interest of the Iranian people and continued alongside the installation of satellite dishes. In April 1994, the state fired the first volley as a warning to the viewers and demonstrated that the period of tolerance was over. This reaction deeply involved government, Majles (Parliament), press and people in an intensive course of satellite discourse followed by fuqaha (pl. Faqih - jurisconsultant in Islamic law) intervention. Here, each group of participants branched out and took different stances; some appeared in favour, while others stood against foreign satellites. Accordingly, the Islamic Republic of Iran passed a bill which prohibited the reception of satellite signals. However, at the same time it put forward a project for developing national radio and television. In this study, the introduction, penetration and the impact of DBS on the Iranian media sphere, particularly on the broadcasting system, within the context of globalisation, will be discussed. It will also focus on the responses of the Islamic Republic to DBS, by looking at their perspectives and the measures they have taken since the popularisation of DBS in Iran from 1993 until 1997.
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Monk, Lisa. "Beyond polarity : Campus-Community-Radio and new relations of power in radio broadcasting policy in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ44893.pdf.
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