Journal articles on the topic 'Broadcast journalism – technological innovations'

Technology will continue to develop and change how journalism is practice, it will bring with it new challenges and learning curves. What will not change is the public’s demand for news and information, the kind that helps them manage their personal lives and make decisions as educated citizens in the public realm. While much discussion focuses on how we read the news, technology is changing the way we report the news. The image of a reporter showing up to a scene with a pen and a pad is iconic but will soon lose to the vestiges of time. This paper argues that the Newspaper media will continue to satisfy this public demand using the new tools of technological innovation. They will expand their audiences and engage them in novel and exciting ways. Therefore, justice was done to the discussion by providing answers to the following guiding questions: In what form are social media projected / displayed in prints and electronic media? What use have they been put into? For what purpose are they being used for? These are the guiding questions that the study aims to answer in this study. The study concludes that the Nigeria media sector can now be said to be equally exploring new media to leverage on its activities. Finally, the paper recommends that other newspapers in Nigeria should emulate The Punch newspaper and Channel TV in capturing new media in their daily print and broadcast contents.

Abstract Indigenous journalism can facilitate the inclusion of Indigenous voices in the public sphere, thereby contributing to social change. Contemporary Indigenous journalism is in part facilitated by the introduction and diffusion of paradigmatic media innovations, including the Internet, mobile technology, and social media. Based on a literature review, we investigate how media innovations are understood to facilitate Indigenous journalism and find that few empirical studies directly address this question. Analyses of Indigenous journalism, reaching beyond the potential for increased access to media and for amplification of Indigenous voice, are lacking. Furthermore, little research investigates how the appropriation of new technological affordances influence the production of Indigenous journalism. Our review also indicates that while Indigenous political participation can be facilitated by media innovation, these innovations can also serve to reinforce existing power relations. We submit that more critical analytical approaches are required to investigate how media innovations might facilitate the potential of Indigenous journalism for social change.

Journalism has been going through several major technological changes during the past few years. The pace of these changes is breathtaking, altering the practice of the profession in ways on thought of just decades ago. These changes have impacted on a wide range of activities from news gathering to dissemination and are known to birth many benefits. However, the profession faces some negative impact too. The study was conducted to ascertain the influence of technological innovation on journalism practice amongst Journalists in Owerri Metropolis. The objectives of the study amongst others were to find out the degree to which media practitioners use new media technologies in their day-to-day reportage and examine the influence these technological innovations have had on their news reportage and other media activities. The study was anchored on Technological Determinism Theory. The population of this study comprised 121 registered registered practicing Journalists in Owerri metropolis and this formed the sample size of the study using the Census principle. The Questionnaire was used for data collection while statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to run the analysis of the data obtained. The study revealed that there is a positive significant impact of technological innovations on Owerri based media practitioners. The study recommends that orientation should be intensified at journalism schools and other allied training schools to educate Journalists to embrace new technological innovations.

Technological improvement in journalism is an important element for Media Platform. The Journalism new technology adoption is the highlighted activity and product of gathering, assessing, creating and presenting news and information would be utilized through 5G IoT network. The current technology about to Print and broadcast journalism are the move that we consumed news, but new technology is changing the way news presented over subscribers, many of the open medium to a technology updated of new online journalism platforms. Some of the new methods have been established to take over the journalism in different level of experience. The 5G technology with IoT is the main concept for disseminating the news. In worldwide the Journalism is considered as an important factor for government and public improvements. The brilliant writing, thinking, editing and presenting the news is very much appreciated for the perfect journalism.

As the journalism profession continues to reinvent itself, journalism professors struggle to keep up with technological advancements that provide their students with industry-relevant skills. This study seeks to understand how journalism professors find information about online tools for teaching, to learn about the efficacy of their current strategies for navigating the fractured information landscape. The diffusion of innovations perspective is applied to in-depth qualitative interviews with journalism professors. The study finds that early adopters are the most adept at seeking information about, and using, online tools. Consequently, they experience the least stress around information seeking about online tools.

The evolution of broadcast audio has been rapidly changing over the past 10–15 years with the advent of podcasts in the early 2000s. As with other media, podcast audio has been adapted for use within medical and specifically neurology education in the form of the Neurology Podcast since 2007. As podcasts were an initial step in the field of on-demand media, further technological evolution has resulted in increasing customization of a listener's audio experience. We believe a historical inflection point has been reached with the increasingly mainstream adoption of virtual assistant technology which allows for consumption of brief on-demand self-curated audio productions. As editors of the Neurology Podcast, we have introduced a new audio product to this technological landscape, the Neurology Minute. In doing so, we hope that curated on-demand educational audio will become a part of the daily routine of many practicing neurologists as we move into this new technological age.

Nigeria is among the African nations expected to migrate to digital transmission by 2020 as proposed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Existing media and communication studies have focused on the benefits and challenges of the digital migration process. However, scanty scholarly attention has been paid to the levels of awareness of, and preparedness for, digitization of broadcasting among broadcasters in Nigeria especially in Ibadan, Oyo State, being the host to the first television station in Africa. Driven by the Technological Determinism and Diffusion of Innovation theories as the framework, the study employed survey and in-depth interviews as the research methods to examine broadcast journalists’ levels of awareness, readiness for, and perception of, the challenges and benefits of digital switchover. A total of 300 copies of the questionnaire were administered to broadcasters (208 were returned in usable form and constitute the basis of analysis and discussion in the study) who were purposively and conveniently selected from ten broadcast stations in Ibadan. An Administrator from the National Broadcasting Commission Abuja and one Administrator each from the Broadcasting Corporation of Oyo State and Diamond FM, Ibadan were purposively selected as interview participants. Findings show that most broadcasters (57.7%) were aware of the digital switchover. However, 49.0% of the broadcasters confirmed that they were not adequately prepared for digital transition. Moreover, the broadcast journalists confirmed that, apart from skills, costs of content creation and procurement of digital technologies required by digital broadcast were the major impediments to digital switchover while they identified job creation, more revenue generation, richer contents, stronger bandwidths, and enhanced patronage as the benefits of digital broadcast. Relevant government agencies in charge of digital switchover in Nigeria should, through training and equipment procurement, motivate and empower broadcasters and broadcast stations to prepare them for a successful digital switchover.

As a result of the modernization of the information space and various information technologies, we have the opportunity to watch wars, natural disasters, sports events and others on television. Every day we receive international news from all over the world. A characteristic feature of the Internet today is media convergence, the technological fusion of content in various mass media. In recent years, the Internet has truly become a hub of convergence, a place where music, television shows, radio stations, newspapers, magazines, books, and movies are created, distributed, and presented. Today, computers and mobile phones are the most popular digital devices for online convergence, which can themselves create or stream books, movies, music, video games, and any other form of digital media. Today's global media market does not consist of any particular place, space or habit, it no longer has dimensions such as time and borders. It is permanently established in the digital world and cyberspace, on the screens of all computers and interactive televisions connected to the Internet, as well as mobile phones and still unbelievable inventions. In the digital age, where technologies are evolving every day, it is very important to adapt to innovations and news in time. In the modern world, the introduction of technological innovations in the means of mass communication is taking place rapidly, which has completely changed the forms of information dissemination. Today, accuracy, promptness, flexibility and interactivity are the key elements of modern multimedia journalism.

A theoretical perspective of technological determinism was used to assess what, if any, changes Twitter is causing in journalism news work. This change was assessed based on the responses of sports journalists around the country. Results indicated very little change in terms of the journalists’ perceptions, but different groups were using the new technology differently. Younger and broadcast journalists were more likely to see Twitter as having stand-alone value and use it in forward-thinking ways. Older and print journalists were more likely to use Twitter for traditional purposes such as promoting printed work on other platforms.

Convergence is a deep integration of knowledge, tools, and all relevant areas of human activities. As an inevitable condition, convergence has also changed a lot of aspects of mass media at the international, national, and local levels. This study elaborates how the local radios in Cirebon, namely Sindangkasih FM, Suara Gratia FM, and Cirebon Radio, are adapting to the convergence culture. This study seeks to demonstrate how the convergence culture can affect private broadcast media, which are not in the epicentrum of media in Indonesia. This study indicates that these three private radios in Cirebon have tried to adapt to the convergence culture in minimally three aspects, namely structural, information coverage, and news presentation or storytelling convergence. The structural convergence happened at the organizational structure of the radio, in which more direct and fluid coordination in the newsgathering and writing processes is applied. At the news coverage level, reporters and scriptwriters are responsible for managing news content for old radio broadcasts and new online media as well. At the news presentation level, the news is not only broadcasted but also reported on new online channels, such as websites and social media. These convergences have further created a more convergent newsroom, including integrating journalism workflows, applying multiskilled journalism and resource sharing, using various technological tools, creating interactivity with the audience, and expanding the audience reach. Keywords: journalism, convergence, broadcasting, interactivity, radio

Journalism faces increased uncertainty from an ever-shifting digital environment, fragmenting audiences and failing business models. Innovation has been touted as the only way to remain viable and the field now offers a range of professional awards for journalism innovation. This article investigates how the industry is navigating the uncertainty associated with innovation by analysing the judges’ comments from innovation awards. By analysing 45 judges’ comments from five Anglo-American award programmes and one international programme, this article finds that judges praised socially oriented themes, while technological and digital innovations are celebrated in relation to how well they support traditional journalism principles such as serving the public interest. This suggests that, in an uncertain environment, judges of innovation awards construct innovation in relation to traditional journalism principles.

Technological convergence has created an opportunity for journalists to navigate through the consequential media convergence and create their individual space in the market economy. New digital technology helps individuals to produce and broadcast different types of content encouraging varieties of entrepreneurial journalism. This study aims to explore the reasons and practices of digital entrepreneurial journalism in Pakistan and the role of mobile media technology nowadays. For this purpose, we conducted interviews with 30 entrepreneurs who are running their YouTube news channels. It was revealed that the layoffs of journalists from the media industry along with the filtering and priming of news by media conglomerates contributed to journalists looking for alternatives. Data collected about the role of smartphone technology disclosed that media convergence has made smartphones a primary and affordable means to reach the singular mega platform for information dissemination. Various smart applications provide economical broadcasting techniques to reach multiple online platforms. This research further exposes entrepreneurial journalism as an emerging need of Pakistani journalism rather than just an opportunity due to the possession of freedom of expression and economic independence.

This article is devoted to the study of the process of media convergence, its characteristics, its impact on journalism and education in the field. In this study, the author examines various scientific literature and sources, updates in journalistic practice, reveals that the convergence process changesthe structure of media editorials and the daily routine of journalists, analyzes the phenomenon of "universal journalist" and gives examples of national and foreign media practice.The concept of "convergent editorial" refers to the new technological and creative professional skills required of journalists. It is noted that the latest innovations in the field also place new demands on the organization of the educational process of journalism, the necessary conclusions are drawn on the subject.

Abstract The ubiquitous Internet platform in Africa has given rise to a new set of non-state actors responding to protracted conflicts through the use of new media technology. As a departure from a state-centric approach to addressing conflict in Africa, this interdisciplinary study explores the contribution of the public in responding to armed conflicts through citizen journalism. To unearth non-violent African digital innovations, this research explored the Ushahidi platform, which emerged as a response to Kenya’s 2008 post-election violence. Using a qualitative method, data was gathered through unstructured in-depth interviews. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. The data showed the transformative role the Ushahidi platform played during Kenya’s electoral violence through crisis-mapping, the early warning multi-agent consortium, a constitutional referendum, and election monitoring. Evidence also emerged regarding the pioneer work of Ushahidi in other non-violent technological involvements in addressing crisis in Kenya.

The article considers the further growth of the role of big data in society, the widespread use of new practices and methods of obtaining information, such as profiling consumer information, biometric data, automation, new opportunities for news reporting. Modern journalistic practices of news information presentation journalism are discussed. Because big data-based algorithms, which have recently been widely implemented to «optimize the performance» of social networks and search engines, often determine what information will be displayed and which sites respond to search queries. By creating and training neural networks, our preferences are analyzed — likes, reposts, comments — and on this basis, an individual news feed is formed for each account. As a result, the views that users do not share are gradually disappearing from the feed, and those that they like are emerging. The news world is becoming comfortable and understandable. The combination of machine and journalistic selection results is particularly interesting through the prism of data journalism, as this type of journalistic activity can be seen as the result of journalistic and technological practices. Based on a qualitative statistical analysis of news sites, the study examines how data journalism works in the news cycle of professional newsrooms. In addition, the publication explores the innovations that data journalism brings to storytelling, news gathering, and dissemination. Through statistical analysis of the content of these Internet resources, a clear direction in the information policy of media companies to give preference to linear formats of information messages. This direction of consumer information is more effective compared to truly interactive and less paternalistic data journalism projects. Thus, paternalism is probably the best from a commercial point of view. Professional paternalism is an important source for maintaining journalistic autonomy, while in public debates and on technology platforms «bubble filters» and delegating decision-making to machines are considered negative paternalism. In an age when journalism merges with artificial intelligence and journalists and engineers create algorithms side by side to protect their immunity, journalists need to make sure that the audience is informed about the methodology, the validity of the choice of design in interactive programs, clearly motivated. In our opinion, problems arise only if the auditor (journalist or program / developer) does not pay attention to the difference between filtering and selection in different digital texts.

The current study investigated several innovations for drone technology adoption in journalistic expeditions for intelligence and news gathering purposes. The necessity to leverage technologies to improve the direct involvement of eyewitnesses especially in violence-prone areas where physical and direct human involvement would be impossible or with high risk of survivability expectations is the motivating factor that directed the current research. The paper surveys the adoption of autonomous sensing drone systems in internet of things journalism and amalgamated the theoretic ingredients from the academic standpoint with realistic technological advancements from the global perspective and eventually expanded the propositions for conceivable adoption in the credible societal applications. The paper envisioned the future journalism and mass media practices and how drone innovation can revolutionize the journalism profession for the purpose of news and intelligence gathering with practical and technical realism with reduction of journalistic casualties.

A variety of instructional and technological advances have increased the availability of graduate education to students living in remote rural areas. This article describes three innovative practices that were instituted to enhance graduate courses provided to students through interactive television. These innovations included: (1) collaborative planning and co-teaching over interactive television; (2) combining two courses with similar content into one broadcast timeslot; and (3) incorporating on-campus Saturday meetings into distance education courses. It also addresses findings and comments of the follow up with participants.

The impacts of digital technology on news media industry manifest itself in different parts of the world. Many big media organizations, in developed Western countries, are now using AI technology and automation in their newsrooms. This is somehow not the case in developing countries that confront multi-facet challenges to embrace AI-related technological advancements in their news ecologies. This study specifically focuses on the case of Pakistan’s mainstream news media. Despite economic and technological constraints, the country’s news media is considered as vibrant and vocal within South Asia with massive expansion in the past fifteen years. Nevertheless, it is still in nascent stage in terms of technological advancements in news media industry. Therefore, using diffusion of innovation theory, this study aims to address issues in the adoption of AI technology and automation by Pakistan’s mainstream news media. To achieve this aim, this study employs the qualitative method of in-depth interviews. Findings suggests that the adoption of AI technology and automation is not without potential challenges at various stages of the diffusion of technological innovation. The Pakistani journalists from the Urdu language’s newspapers, regardless of their age and gender, are substantially resistant to accept technological innovations as compared to their colleagues from television news channels and English-language’s newspapers. This study highlights that the Pakistani journalists’ lack of awareness and their limited interest into AI-driven transformations underpin their resistance and fear to adopt technological innovations in routine practice. Interviewed journalists, regardless of their gender and age, express their concern that the use of automated journalistic tools can result in job redundancy in local news media ecology. This study highlights other obstacles too for the adoption of AI-driven journalistic practice in Pakistan’s mainstream news media including: economic and technological constraints, a lack of journalists’ training and an absence of government’s strategies and policies to deploy AI technology in news media industry like other sectors in Pakistan, and the country’s existing digital divide.

The relevance of the study is caused by the continuous transformation and innovations of the digital environment, the undefined categorical apparatus of digital journalism, and national peculiarities of the process of creating online journalistic discourse. The main purpose of the study is to identify the conceptual features of digital journalism and to highlight the communication specificity of the designated type of media. Based on the studies of R. Salaverría, it is proposed to understand under digital journalism all types of journalism performed with the help of digital technologies, that is changeable social journalistic practice focused on a heterogeneous mass audience, presented in specific but at the same time changeable genres and formats. Thus, there are debates on the application of the terms ‘cyberjournalism’, ‘online journalism’, ‘multimedia journalism’, ‘computational journalism’, ‘algorithmic journalism’, ‘data-driven journalism’, and others to this type of media activity. The main research method applied in this study is discourse analysis, which made it possible to understand the problems of a modern digital environment, to trace the genesis of digital journalism, to carry out typological analysis of the existing digital media system, to determine the specifics of media products and audience participation in digital creation and consumption of news. The novelty of the study lies in an attempt to introduce a systematic definition of ‘digital journalism’ into the scientific discourse, to pay attention to such features as uncertainty and variability, a transformation of the traditional categorical apparatus, changing roles and functions of participants in the communicative process. The results of the study clarify the subject-object and structural characteristics of modern journalism as well as determine the organizational and technological transformations of digital media production.

Newsrooms are a social context in which numerous relationships exist and influence news work—be it with other journalists, the audience, and technology. As some of these relations change due to technological innovations, new hybrid contexts—technologies that are interwoven with newsroom values, routines, and socio-cultural experiences—can emerge. One key question is how journalists conceptualise and interact with such technologies, and to what degree they retain (creative) agency in the process. Therefore, this study evaluates the intersection of automated journalism and journalistic role conceptions. Using Hanitzsch’s and Vos’s circular model of journalistic roles (2017) and Deuze’s understanding of journalism as an ideology (2005) as a theoretical framework, this study examines some of the discursive aspects of automated journalism by asking: To what extent are journalistic roles (a) challenged or (b) advanced as a result of automated journalism? Our findings more closely align with the latter, pointing to a strong sense of discursive maintenance of journalists’ roles and their core skillset and thus suggesting a high degree of ideological continuity in the face of industrial disruption. It concludes with an agenda for future research and stresses that at times when journalism and automation intersect, the field would benefit from incorporating emerging conceptual frameworks such as human–machine communication.

The article is devoted to the objects of innovative infrastructure in the education system, which are designed to create conditions for the implementation of innovative projects and programs that are essential for the development of the education system in the Russian Federation. Organizations implementing innovative projects and programs are recognized as regional or federal innovation platforms. Moscow State Pedagogical University is working to create an innovative educational system and methodological mechanisms based on the active immersion of students in scientific and technological research, and providing a new level of quality in physical education for schoolchildren and training of physicists. The introduction of the results of the study into the process of preparing a university graduate to work in a modern school will allow him to form new types of professional activities that are in demand by society at the present time, and successfully solve the tasks set for the education system,including teaching physics. The model can be broadcast and replicated in any region of the Russian Federation. Ensuring the effective operation of new educational programs, educational technologies, mechanisms, forms and methods of education management is due to the opportunities provided by associations of universities with innovative companies.

Technological innovations like broadcast television and the internet challenge local newspapers’ business model of bundling their local content with third-party content, such as wire national news. We examine how the entry of television affected newspapers and news diets in the United States. We construct a dataset of newspapers’ economic performance and content choices from 1944 to 1964 and exploit quasi-random variation in the rollout of television to show its negative impact in the readership and advertising markets. Newspapers responded by reducing content, particularly local news. We tie this change to increased party vote share congruence between congressional and presidential elections. (JEL D72, L25, L82, M37, N42, N72)

Policy reforms aimed at improving access to and equity in tertiary education have meant that university classes are not only larger, but more diverse in terms of students’ competencies and experiences. Despite the increase in the size and diversity of student populations in universities, the financial, technological and human resources have not expanded at a similar rate, leaving academic programs struggling to improve the quality of educational experience, whilst teaching more students with less resources. This is particularly difficult in practice-based disciplines such as medicine, nursing and journalism, where coaching models and small-class learning experiences are seen as being the most effective way of nurturing work-ready graduates. Teaching journalism under these conditions is particularly problematic because of the dynamic changes being experienced across the media industries as a result of technological change and the changing media ecosystem. This article uses the University of Rwanda as a case study to examine the impact of tertiary education reforms on journalism education practices. Drawing on the ‘Practical Theory of Journalism Education’ and the ‘Educational Change Model’ perspectives, this paper calls for judicious implementation of educational reforms. It argues that by phasing the introduction of reforms, universities can better manage the change process in order to maintain quality educational experiences. However, this alone cannot ensure quality journalism education outcomes. Universities need to foster innovative teaching practices and approaches to learning in order to sustain quality when teaching large and diverse classes. Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the findings illuminate how journalism education in Rwanda has changed its original orientation and pedagogy to include strategic initiatives, teaching innovations and expanded opportunities for students in response to policy reforms aimed at promoting an all-inclusive education sector. How to cite this article: JJUUKO, Margaret; NJUGUNA, Joseph. Confronting the challenges of Journalism Education in Rwanda in the context of educational reforms Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South. v. 3, n. 2, p. 49-67, Sept. 2019. Available at: https://sotl-south-journal.net/?journal=sotls&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=92&path%5B%5D=46 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

As Internet accessibility and technological innovations continue to increase communication, new opportunities have emerged to leverage these tools to improve health promotion practice. Advances and utilization of collaborative Internet communication, or social media, have provided global connectivity on an unprecedented scale. Using these innovations to leverage the collective intellect of online communities for specific goals, crowdsourcing is an approach that has the potential to solve complex public health problems. Due to the novelty of crowdsourcing implementations and the relative infancy of its application within public health, it is necessary to examine examples to facilitate practitioner conceptualization and application. This article details the development and application of a crowdsourced effort leveraging social media and technology to assist in relief efforts during Hurricane Harvey. Furthermore, the article presents examples corresponding to a typology of crowdsourcing for public health, including Knowledge Discovery and Management, Distributed Human Intelligence Tasking, Broadcast Search, and Peer-Vetted Creative Production problems. Leveraging these innovative applications has positive implications for health promotion practice, including improved intervention development and evaluation, increased multidisciplinary collaboration, and enhanced facilitation of communication, information exchange, and support.

In the era of distinctly new media-marked social reality, the process of dissemination of disinformation is becoming an increasingly common phenomenon. As one of the technological innovations that stands out in this field is the deepfake phenomenon – a hyper-realistic digital falsification of video and audio formats. Since it is based on the most sophisticated technology, supported by achievements in the field of artificial intelligence, deepfake unequivocally represents a kind of turning point in the context of production and distribution of fake audio-visual content. To poly perspective point to the multiple repercussions of this phenomenon, the paper provides a deeper insight into the very definition and the specific factors that contribute to the acceptance of deepfake, with special emphasis on its implications on reliable journalism and its social function. The text articulates the role of deepfake in the process of creating and receiving media content, as well as the problem of the emergence of erosion of public trust within a hyperreal media environment.

This research investigates the landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in Pakistani journalism, exploring perceived benefits, challenges, ethical considerations, and the overall outlook on this transformative process. Drawing on interviews with industry professionals, the study contributes theoretical insights to the Diffusion of Innovations theory, unveiling varying degrees of AI integration awareness and perspectives within the Pakistani news industry. A human-centric ethical perspective is introduced, emphasizing concerns about job displacement and the evolving role of journalists. The delicate balance between AI’s efficiency gains and ethical considerations is explored, with practical implications highlighting the need for targeted education, transparent communication, and cost-effective solutions to overcome barriers and foster widespread AI adoption. The research underscores the significance of continuous adaptation to technological advancements for seamless integration. As Pakistan cautiously navigates the AI landscape in news production, this study lays the groundwork for theoretical frameworks and practical strategies, providing valuable insights for the ethical, efficient, and responsible integration of AI technologies.

Although scholars have examined numerous facets of broadcast sports, limited research has explored the use of statistics in these broadcasts. Reference to statistical summaries of athlete or team performance have long been a component of sport broadcasts, and for some viewers the rise of fantasy sport has led to even greater interest in quantitative measures of athlete or team performance. To examine the presence and nature of statistical references in sport broadcasts, this study examines National Football League telecasts over time to identify changes in the frequency, type, and presentation form of statistics. Findings revealed an emphasis on individual player statistics over team statistics, as well as an increase in on-screen graphics over time. The study also revealed a simultaneous decrease in statistical references relayed orally by broadcasters. These findings illustrate the importance of statistics as a storytelling tool, as well as reflecting technological innovations in sports broadcasting. In addition, they suggest a possible evolution in audience consumption habits and desires.

ArgumentI argue through an analysis of spectacle that the relationship between wildlife documentary films’ entertainment and educational mandates is complex and co-constitutive. Accuracy-based criticism of wildlife films reveals assumptions of a deficit model of science communication and positions spectacle as an external commercial pressure influencing the genre. Using thePlanet Earth(2006) series as a case study, I describe spectacle's prominence within the recent blue-chip renaissance in wildlife film, resulting from technological innovations and twenty-first-century consumer and broadcast market contexts. I connect spectacle in contemporary wildlife films to its relevant precursors within natural history, situating spectacle as a central feature of natural history display designed to inspire awe and wonder in audiences. I show that contemporary documentary spectacle is best understood as an opportunity for affective knowing rather than a constraint on accuracy; as a result, spectacle contributes to the virtuous inter-reinforcement of entertainment and education at work in blue-chip wildlife films.

Changes in the media environment always lead to changes in the media system, which reflects a different quality of communication. The nature of actors, channels, effects becomes an object of attention of researchers of mass communications. The article deals with the problem of the transformation of the mass communication system, which includes both cinematography and fiction, which can be freely broadcast through various channels, including digital channels. The article considers a new concept, i.e. "communication product". It is understood as a result of professional activity in the field of public and mass communications for the production of a media product, an event product, an advertising and PR product. The media environment is currently characterized by its own messages. They can be built both in traditional newsmaking models (both in journalism and public relations), and in storytelling, narrative (both in advertising and media communications). The article considers such trends in the media environment as the use of hype content, memes and various fakes. The reasons for the emergence of media communications are revealed. There are technological reasons, as modern communication technologies can open access to information to all comers. There are social ones, as new media allows Internet users to actively participate in communications and selectively treat messages they receive. The characteristics of the phenomenon of media communications are distinguished, separating it from journalism, advertising and public relations. The notion of media communications as a process of creation, processing and broadcasting, as well as information exchange in individual, group, mass format through various channels of mass communication (mainly online) is being introduced into scientific circulation through various communication tools - verbal / non-verbal; auditory, audiovisual, visual.

Online learning in Thailand during the situation of COVID-19 pandemic is appropriate for current educational management. This learning method has been shown good prevention of COVID-19 pandemic, and it was being a measure to control the situation effectively. The purpose of this academic paper was to propose technological innovation for online learning during the situation of COVID-19 pandemic. Documentary study was used for data collection and data were analyzed and presented by descriptive writing. Results of the study indicated that educational technology has played important role for teaching and instruction during COVID-19 pandemic. Active learning and collaborative activities have been using for the learners to have the opportunity to study from home during the situation of COVID-19 pandemic. Various technological platforms were used for online learning consisted of Google meet, Google Classroom, Google Hangout Meet, Live Streaming, Tencent Live Broadcast, Microsoft teams, and Zoom. These teaching instruments are required and all educational personnel should be able to use with effectively in order to encourage their learners on teaching and instruction. Therefore, technological innovations for online learning are developed for teaching and learning in New Normal not only in Thailand, but also all over the world. Blended learning was also being used and teachers need to adjust how to manage their classroom in online platform and how to moderate or mentor with online learning during the situation of COVID-19 pandemic.

Este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa desenvolvida a nível de mestrado e busca apresentar propostas de atividades que promovam o aprendizado do fazer telejornalismo visto o contexto atual das inovações tecnológicas e não tecnológicas realizadas no telejornalismo brasileiro. Parte-se do pressuposto que as inovações estão ocorrendo de forma cada vez mais acelerada e que as universidades necessitam ampliar as possibilidades de ensino para que os futuros jornalistas cheguem ao mercado de trabalho com amplo conhecimento prático e teórico, não só técnico, mas dos processos de produção de imagens que são alterados constantemente por consequência das inovações. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Telejornalismo; inovação; academia; produção; imagem. ABSTRACT This article is part of a research developed at the masters level and seeks to present proposals of activities that promote the learning of telejournalism, considering the current context of technological and non - technological innovations carried out in Brazilian television journalism. It is assumed that innovations are occurring in an increasingly accelerated way and that universities need to expand the possibilities of teaching so that future journalists reach the labor market with a broad practical and theoretical knowledge, not only technical but of the processes Images that are constantly altered as a result of innovations. KEYWORDS: Telejournalism; innovation; academia; production; image. RESUMEN Este artículo es parte de una investigación desarrollada a nivel de maestría y busca presentar propuestas de actividades que promueven el aprendizaje de las noticias de televisión ya que el contexto actual de las innovaciones tecnológicas y no tecnológicas realizadas en el periodismo de la televisión brasileña. Esto es en el supuesto de que las innovaciones se están produciendo cada vez más acelerado camino y que las universidades necesidad de ampliar las posibilidades de educación para los futuros periodistas que llegan al mercado de trabajo con un amplio conocimiento teórico y práctico, no sólo técnico, sino los procesos producción de imágenes que cambian constantemente como resultado de las innovaciones. PALABRAS CLAVE: Periodismo television; de innovación; de salud, de producción, de imagen.

революция искусственного интеллекта (ИИ), вызванная такими крупными моделями, как серия GPT, охватывает различные отрасли промышленности, особенно сектор цифровых потребителей, где искусственный интеллект стал мощным двигателем инноваций. Несмотря на принадлежность к разным отраслям, как игровая индустрия, так и журналистика играют роль информационных носителей и стали важной частью удовлетворения духовных потребностей людей в развлечениях в эпоху цифровой информации. Прогресс в обеих отраслях стал результатом технологического развития. В игровой индустрии искусственный интеллект способствовал развитию игровой экосистемы, увеличивая эффективность разработки игр и обеспечивая лучший опыт игроков, что привело к революции в производительности в секторе игровой индустрии. В журналистике технологии искусственного интеллекта применяются во всех аспектах производства и распространения новостей. Анализируя применение технологий искусственного интеллекта в различных аспектах двух отраслей, статья раскрывает взаимосвязь между игровой и журналистской индустриями в контексте новых технологий и рассматривает проблемы, возникающие при их применении. Также обсуждаются новые тенденции в интеграции двух отраслей и пути применения технологий искусственного интеллекта. the AI revolution catalyzed by major models such as the GPT series has permeated diverse industries, particularly in the digital consumer sector, where AI has emerged as a potent catalyst for industry innovation. Despite their distinct domains, both the gaming industry and journalism serve as conduits of information and have evolved into pivotal elements for fulfilling people's entertainment needs in the digital age. The advancement of both sectors has been propelled by technological strides. Within the gaming industry, AI has bolstered the gaming ecosystem by enhancing game development efficiency and delivering enhanced player experiences, heralding a productivity revolution within the gaming sector. In journalism, AI technologies have been integrated across all facets of news production and dissemination to foster intelligent innovations in journalistic practices. Through an analysis of AI technology applications across various facets of these industries, this paper unveils the interplay between the gaming and journalism sectors within the framework of new technologies and elucidates the challenges encountered during their application. Furthermore, it delves into emerging trends in the integration of these industries and outlines avenues for the application of AI technologies.

The article is devoted to the author consideration of creating technologies of scree life fiction and documentaries. Its creators consider it to have a new form of visual comprehension and storytelling suitable for Web 2.0 epoch. More than 20 Timur Bekmambetov’s interviews, workshops and speeches are analysed in the article. The authors of the article try to find out and structure screen life features as a new digital epoch language in its creators’ understanding. These features are considered in the context of topical media communication problem of Web 2.0 epoch. The social changes as a consequence and as a cause of technological innovations are on the analysis focuses. The declarations of the creators of screenlife are compared with the key provisions of the digital ethics of the new era: humanisation of the Internet, accessibility, openness of the creative process, efficiency (journalism). In the same way, new threats to privacy, identity, the clash of traditional and newly emerging ethical paradigms as the basis of intergenerational and interpersonal conflicts are also considered. It is concluded that the concept of screenlife as a new language of fine art in its author's interpretation and current research in the field of ethics of modern media communications is significantly matched.

The objective of the article is to represent the experience of conducting the practicals during the study of professional discipline “Agency journalism” by the first year students, as well as to generelaize it and to evaluate its effectiveness with regard to introduction of different teaching methods and techniques that will help future journalists to understand this subject more thoroughly and its significance in the process of creating media product. A number of methods, which are implemented during the classes and which contribute to creative expression of students and approaches are analyzed, the examples of their works performed in the audience are given. The current role of news agencies in the Ukrainian society is difficult to overestimate, since they are in fact considered to be the main “players” in shaping public information flows. Therefore, a wide network of these agencies – world, nationwide and regional – makes it possible to observe the so-called “agency boom” and influences significantly the expansion of their activities. This recovery is caused not only by the huge number of events that take place during an information day, but also by the great capacities of agencies to cover them with the use of various technological “innovations”, in particular audio and video materials, which was previously impossible. In recent years, there have been many changes in our society that have had a significant impact on the development of domestic media, which have a significant impact on the public. During the course of studying the discipline (and this is a whole semester), the students usually work out at least 10-15 events, as well as visit the leading news agencies of the country “Ukrinform”, “UNIAN”, “Interfax”, participate in the events, that take place on the platforms of these agencies; prepare about 25 notes during the semester, which the lecturer analyzes, write two module tests – one theoretical and creative test and one research test.

Over the past 20 years, technological innovations have caused tremendous disruption to the traditional media sector. A plethora of new opportunities and challenges have arisen as a result of the development and widespread use of AI technology. On the one hand, widespread use of these technologies may open up new avenues for media service expansion, disinformation suppression, and data-centric journalism advancement. Some approaches, such as algorithmic content selection and user customization, have the potential to cause social risks and should thus be implemented with caution. Finding a balance between the benefits and the downsides of these options highlights the need for additional research in the field of responsible media technology. This article's first portion provides a thorough analysis of the most pressing issues brought about by contemporary media technology, with a particular emphasis on how these issues affect society's dynamics and the media industry. We first acknowledge the need for further research, better technical methods, and a technology infrastructure that can sustain moral editorial standards and practices. Then, we go on to outline a number of areas within the media production and distribution spectrum. The argument that is made is that quick action is required to create a thorough framework for media technology research. This strategy is anticipated to integrate interdisciplinary approaches and promote robust cooperation between media companies and educational establishments.

The article considers the process of organization and development of television in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in USSR from the establishment of the fi rst TV studio to the collapse of the USSR (1961-1991). It is the fi rst attempt to describe the factors of the appearance of television, the organization of infrastructure and activities of a television studio in the national republic in the conditions of party-state policy. The purpose of the article is to identify the conditions, stages, features of the organization and development of Yakut television. Also we have a goal to determine the content and forms of information policy implementation in the Soviet period. To achieve the goal, empirical research methods were used: analysis of archival documents, statistical and literary sources, periodical materials.Basing on archival documents, we identifi ed three stages of technological development of regional television: the 1960s - material and technical base establishment, training, mastering television genres, techniques and technologies of live broadcasting; the 1970s‒1980s – infrastructure development, Union-wide centralized broadcasting network establishment, the emergence of satellite and color television, the introduction of video recording and linear installation, organization of belt broadcasting throughout the country; The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the abandonment of fi lm news technologies, the use of linear and nonlinear editing, and the testing of new video formats.In Soviet times, television employees were tasked with the ideological, political, cultural and aesthetic education of the population by promoting achievements in all areas of the country’s life. According to archival data, Yakut television sought to cover various socially signifi cant topics in the fi eld of foreign and domestic policy, labor achievements, history, culture, art, health and sports. The broadcast was conducted in Yakut and Russian. The main genres were news, reports and conversations in the studio. For 30 years, the creative teams of the TV studio have managed to create samples of serious TV journalism, art productions, documentaries and feature fi lms. During the years of “perestroika”, the Yakut TV Studio set a course to strengthen regional identity and form national culture.

The article presents the outcomes of studying the transformation of audiovisual content in a new technological environment, which is one of the stages of the research project conducted by the Department of Television and Radio Broadcasting of the Journalism Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University. This stage held in July 2019 aims to identify the technological features of the work of the cultural and educational TV channel portals – “Russia K” (domestic channel) and ARTE (French-German channel). Both “Russia K” and ARTE are important media players that have been setting trends in their field for more than 10 years. The reason for comparing these channels was their thematic focus and a certain similarity of projects. The TV channel “Russia K” is the only non-for-profit channel dedicated to the cultural and educational topics in R SMAI, and ARTE TV channel is one of the most popular media specialized in this subject in Europe. During this stage the total amount of analyzed materials is 251 (145 publications on the “Russia K” and 106 on ARTE websites). The analysis of materials published on the Internet is based on following criteria: the number of materials, the nature of the content (broadcast / special), thematic and genre.The analysis of the amount of materials enables tracing the frequency of publication of new articles; data on the nature of the content helps to conclude which materials on the sites are more – on-air or special. Defining thematic and genre originality provides a complete picture of the content being posted.The author concludes that nowadays the Internet versions of the channels have their own faces but are inseparably bound with their television counterparts. The website of the TV channel “Russia K” is a vibrant media with recognizable style and creative presentation. However, in order to strengthen its position, the editors of the site should increase the number of copyright off-air materials and use new interactive genres (tests, quizzes, etc.).The site of the ARTE channel fits into the modern digital space while maintaining the classic presentation. Since most ARTE channel programs are timeless, they correlate very well with the consumer nature of the Internet and the need for educational content. Documentary films – the most common form of ARTE channel programs is in great demand by the audience in the digital environment that wants to quickly learn something important in a simple, vivid and understandable form.The difference between the on-air and non-air versions is largely exaggerated, because sites and channels do not compete with each other but are adjacent and complement each other. Websites enable access to the channel’s content anytime, anywhere, by selecting the desired program. Sites act not only as electronic repositories but also as individual units in the media world providing unique information.

Purpose: The media sector comprises diverse modes of communication, such as print, broadcast, and digital platforms. The emergence of digital media has resulted in substantial changes, posed challenges to conventional media platforms, and presented novel prospects. Notwithstanding, the media sector encounters impediments such as copyright infringement apprehensions and the imperative to generate revenue from digital material. In addition, the industry has been disrupted by technological advancements and competition from digital behemoths such as Google and Facebook. The utilization of digital technology capability and digital innovation has become essential in augmenting operational performance. The significance of digital innovation in the media industry is increasingly being acknowledged. However, there is a dearth of literature concerning the impact of digital tech on performance in this sector. Methodology: The present study endeavors to bridge the existing research lacuna by undertaking a systematic review of literature to investigate the correlation between digital technology proficiency, digital innovation, and operational efficacy in the media sector. The PRISMA protocol was employed to conduct a search across four databases, and a content-based research methodology was utilized to analyze the collected studies. The search strategy involved the integration of controlled vocabulary terms and keywords, as well as the application of Boolean operators to enhance the precision of the search across multiple databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria comprise studies that were conducted subsequent to the year 2010, authored in the English language, and have undergone peer-review. In accordance with the established inclusion criteria, a cumulative total of 23 studies (n =23) were deemed eligible for analysis. Findings: The findings of the systematic review show the significant impact of digital technology proficiency on the functional efficiency of the media sector. The capacity of digital technology, which includes proficiency, assets, and skills, is of paramount importance in propelling digital advancement and augmenting operational efficacy. The integration of digital technologies within the media industry has resulted in the democratization of content, the convergence of media platforms, and the emergence of novel hybrid media formats. The impact of digital capabilities on business performance can change, but in order to increase business performance, digital capabilities must lead to new digital innovations, which in turn can boost business performance. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: In order to achieve success in the contemporary digital landscape, media entities must strategically confront technological challenges, adopt digital advancements, and adjust to evolving market dynamics.

Introduction:in the article the authors turn to the question of the development of the social competence of the teacher on the basis of media education. In the society at the present stage there are many changes concerning the sphere of education, which put forward new and higher requirements for students, teachers and the educational process. In an information society focused on innovation, the rapid introduction of technological innovations, data exchange, students of schools and universities carry out through the Internet, various social media and various information resources. They can easily receive various information that they need to be able to correctly assess and interpret, and they can easily check the information they have received from the teacher, who in this situation ceases to be the only source of knowledge. These circumstances justify the increased demands on the teacher. Trained in their professional careers and in the process of life in the modern society will need to be constantly involved in the processes of consciousness, processing, rethinking and broadcasting (transfer) media texts. For this reason, media education is of paramount importance in modern society. In the current reality, the educator must have media literacy and train the students within the framework of the media education paradigm, in order to be successful in a professional way. The authors have considered the possibility of developing social competence of a teacher on the example of a state in South-East Asia - Indonesia, since this country shows a steady growth of those who want to get a higher education.Materials and methods: The methods of investigation were determined based on the tasks of the problem being solved. We used methods such as analysis of scientific sources, comparative analysis, a method of comparison and generalization.Results:the carried out research has allowed to reveal essence of concept of social competence; quality of the teacher; the role of media culture in the educational process; the role of spiritual and emotional intelligence; key aspects of emotional intelligence; Characteristics of a teacher with spiritual intelligence.Discussion and Conclusions: emotional and spiritual intelligence are interrelated with communicative ability of teachers. The social competence of the teacher in a modern, informative society, focused on innovation, in which students spend their free time with the involvement of various media, is possible in full on the platform of media education. The teacher should correspond to the time and self-improvement, be able to build literate communications in society, and also transfer skills to critically think, comprehend, create and broadcast various media texts. These qualities, in turn, will help them to fully adapt in the society and realize their professional career trajectory.

The article highlights the role of universities as centres of intercultural communication in the broader context of analysing the reformist experience of the Russian Empire in the 60s and 70s of the nineteenth century on the basis of the study of memoirs, periodicals of the nineteenth century, as well as documents of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv, which were first introduced into scientific circulation. The conclusions emphasise that despite the implementation of peasant, judicial and military reforms, and the introduction of elected local government, the Russian empire did not undergo a radical modernisation of socio-political life, and the authoritarian principles of state governance remained unchanged. Attempts to implement liberal reforms remained half-hearted and incomplete, and the idea of establishing a constitutional monarchy proved unviable in the realities of an autocratic police state. At the same time, during the nineteenth century, in the Russian empire, the role of universities as factors of modernisation and a wide range of socio-cultural processes related to the development and implementation of scientific ideas, scientific and theoretical support for economic development, the formation of staff potential and the cultivation of social consciousness focused on political emancipation was established. The development of a university corporate culture based on the principles of autonomy was in sharp contrast to the foundations of the russian imperial autocracy. Despite the fact that imperial universities were founded to implement the autocratic (in particular, Russification) policy, they became the source and catalyst of modernisation processes, ensuring the rise of the educational and cultural level of society by training personnel for the most important spheres of social life – science, pedagogy, public administration, various sectors of the economy, legal activities, medicine, literature, journalism, etc. Universities were powerful instruments of westernisation processes, centres for the development of international scientific and educational cooperation, and conductors of scientific knowledge, technological innovations, and ultimately the legal principles and socio-cultural values of European civilisation. Representatives of the teaching corporation and university graduates were actively engaged in educational activities, popularising scientific knowledge among the general public, giving public speeches and open lectures, participating in the development of book publishing, periodicals and public scientific organisations, thus influencing public consciousness and developing the scientific and theoretical basis for modernisation reforms. The university environment provided fertile ground for the rise of opposition to the autocracy, national and cultural movements, and the cultivation of socio-political thought consonant with the European ideological trends of the time.

Cet submission envisage les webdocumentaires selon la diversité des compétences des professionnels qu’ils réunissent et selon les motivations des médias qui diffusent, voire soutiennent, ces créations. Ces productions émanent d’une part, d’un travail collectif et sont d’autre part, portées par des initiatives technologiques qui participent au renouvellement et à la reconfiguration des pratiques médiatiques. Dès lors, les webdocumentaires sont un terrain privilégié d’expérimentation numérique à deux échelles : pour les professionnels et pour les médias. Cette problématique se construit dans la continuité de travaux en sociologie des professions (sociologie du journalisme, de l’art, de la culture) et en socio-économie des médias et des industries culturelles. Elle s’éloigne d’une perspective exclusivement sémiotique qui interroge les webdocumentaires en termes de pluralité de formes et de contenus. La méthodologie repose sur une série de 24 entretiens semi-directifs menés entre 2013 et 2015 auprès de journalistes, de réalisateurs, de producteurs, de game designers, de développeurs et de graphistes. Elle prend également appui sur l’analyse de 50 et 75 webdocumentaires diffusés respectivement sur Le Monde. fr et Arte.tv, deux médias ayant mis l’accent sur leur investissement dans le numérique et notamment, dans leur soutien aux webdocumentaires. La réflexion s’organise ainsi en deux temps. Nous verrons d’abord que les pratiques professionnelles, individuelles et collectives, impliquées dans la création de webdocumentaires, s’organisent autour de relations de « coopération ». Puis nous montrerons comment Arte et Le Monde.fr se saisissent de ces productions comme opportunité pour explorer des dispositifs numériques. This submission considers web documentaries according to both the diversity of professional competences that they bring together and the reasons that motivate media outlets to broadcast, and sometimes support, these creations. These productions are, on one hand, the fruit of collective work and, on the other hand, the result of technological initiatives that take part in the renewal and reconfiguration of media practices. As such, web documentaries are a favourable field for digital experimentation on two levels: for the professionals and for the media. This research question is raised in the continuity of works in sociology of professions (sociology of journalism, art, culture) and in socio-economy of media and cultural industries. This work is distanced from exclusively semiotic perspectives that question web documentaries according to their plurality of forms and content. The methodology consists in a series of 24 semi-structured interviews led between 2013 and 2015 with journalists, web documentary directors, producers, game designers, computer programmers and graphic designers. It also incorporates the analysis of 50 and 75 web documentaries published by Le Monde.fr and Arte.tv, two media outlets that have put emphasis on their investment in the digital, and moreover in their support of web documentaries. Our reflection is organized according to two stages. First we focus on professional practices, both individual and collective, that are involved in the creation of web documentaries, and organised according to “cooperative” relations. We then develop how Arte and Le Monde.fr use these productions as an opportunity to explore digital devices. Este artigo analisa os webdocumentários em termos de diversidade de competência dos profissionais que integram esse tipo de produção e também de acordo com as motivações das mídias que os difundem, ou mesmo que os apoiam. Essas produções emergem, por um lado, de um trabalho coletivo; por outro, são resultado de iniciativas tecnológicas que participam da renovação e da reconfiguração das práticas midiáticas. Dessa forma, os webdocumentários constituem um terreno privilegiado de experimentação digital em duas escalas: para os profissionais e para as mídias. O problema de pesquisa deste artigo se constrói na continuidade dos trabalhos de sociologia das profissões (sociologia do jornalismo, da arte, da cultura) e de socioeconomia das mídias e das indústrias culturais. Ele se distancia de uma perspectiva exclusivamente semiótica, que analisa os webdocumentários apenas em termos de pluralidade de formas e conteúdos. Sua metodologia está baseada em uma série de 24 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas entre 2013 e 2015 com jornalistas, diretores, produtores, game designers, desenvolvedores e artistas gráficas. Ele também está fundamentado na análise de 50 e 75 webdocumentários difundidos respectivamente pelo Le Monde.fr e Arte.tv, duas mídias que têm se destacado pelo seu investimento no meio digital, sobretudo no apoio dado aos webdocumentários. A reflexão também está organizada em dois momentos. Primeiro, veremos que as práticas profissionais, individuais e coletivas, implicadas na criação de webdocumentários se orga- nizam em torno de relações de “cooperação”. Em seguida, mostraremos como Arte e Le Monde.fr se utilizam dessas produções como uma oportunidade de explorar os dispositivos digitais.

This paper analyzed how the sampled farmers use online applications to exploit the opportunities along the agricultural value chain. More specifically, the study considered how access to digital credit, online market platforms, youtube tutorials and the social economic characteristics of the sampled farmers influence their agri-enterprise development at the various stages of the agricultural supply chain. Multinomial logistic regression was employed as the regress and was a categorical variable consisting of three mutually exclusive choices. The study identified gender, online tutorials and household income as the key variables towards the development of different agricultural enterprises along the agricultural supply chain. With agricultural processing reporting the highest audience in the online tutorials, value addition of agricultural produces would be a milestone in agricultural industrialization. While the multiplier effect of value addition cannot be underestimated, the direct impact of this is a catalyst towards a turnaround investment in agriculture and agricultural technological innovations. Introduction According to Okello (2017), agricultural enterprises (agri-enterprise) are businesses which derive most of their revenue from agricultural based activities either directly or indirectly and they include; farmers, individual traders, shops and kiosks, brokers, processors, marketers and input firms among others. With the advancement in technology and intelligence based production techniques, the survival of agriculture in Kenya relies on how actors will integrate modern technologies in the entire value chain. Agribusiness innovations in Kenya are emerging albeit marred by various challenges. Like any other enterprises, entrepreneurs in the agricultural value chain find challenges in accessing capital to venture into marketing and value addition of agricultural commodities. A study by Okirigiti and Raffey (2015) on entrepreneurship challenges in Kenya found that one of the major challenges towards innovations is the start-up capital. Such capital would be expected to come in the form of a loan. Mwangi and Ouma (2012) notes that to qualify for a loan in a commercial bank in Kenya, one needs collateral or a pay slip from a reputable organization where one needs to have worked for a minimum of six months. In the adoption of digital credit, the perceived ease by borrowers in accessing credit as opposed to traditional methods has increased the rate of borrowing. The time involved before getting a loan from a commercial bank has also acted as a catalyst to drive thousands away. Banks in Kenya often require the borrower to offer them security and have a sound financial record as an assurance that they will be able to service the loan if granted (Gichukiet al., 2014). For agri-enterprise development in the country, startup capital is a prerequisite. Accessing this has been revised through digital credit where no collaterals and securities are required. The obstacles towards accessing loans have been minimized through digital lending and therefore providing lucrative opportunities for the youths who previously had been disadvantaged when accessing loans due to lack of collaterals and other securities. Social media and online platforms have captured the youths by blast where millions engage without realizing the potential of this blossoming sector. Facebook, twitter,whatsup, youtube and other online platforms provides an easy market for both raw and final agricultural products. A study by Kibet et al., (2018) indicates that over 2 million youths Kenya have access to online platforms at the palm of their hand on a daily base. This study conceptualized agri-enterprise development at two stages in the agricultural value chain; marketing/broker and value addition/processing. Marketing in this study was conceptualized as the process in which the individuals link the producers with the final consumers of agricultural products. In other words, these stakeholders are deemed to create a career from buying the raw produces from the farmers and selling the same product to the final consumer in the value chain. Processing was conceptualized as any action that increases the value and the shelf life of raw agricultural products . Conceptual Framework This describes how credit access, online marketing, YouTube tutorials, and the social economic characteristics of the youths influence enterprise development along the agricultural value chain. Figure 1: Authors’ Conceptualization Materials and Methods To achieve the research objectives, both primary and secondary data were used to answer the research questions. Primary data collection was done using questionnaires as this is an efficient and convenient way of gathering the data within the resources and time constraints. Questionnaires consisting of structured and non-structured questions were used to collect data from the farmers and actors along the agricultural value chain in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. Structured questions were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a sample size of 357 farmers. A multinomial logistic regression (MNL) was used to predict the impact of mobile online applications (independent variables) on agri-enterprise development (dependent variable). The choice of MNL was as a result of dealing with dependent variable that is categorical or dichotomous in nature as adopted from Wooldridge (2015). The primary question that this model answers is how the chooser’s characteristics affected their choosing of a particular alternative in the given sets of alternatives in the dependent variable. The MNL model was expressed as follows: P(y=j/x) = (x / [1+ (x ], j=1, 2…J Where, y denotes a random variable taking on the values (1, 2…, J) for a positive integer J and x denote a set of conditioning variables. X is a 1xK vector with first element unity and βj is a K×1 vector with j = 2…, J. In this study, y represents the agri-enterprise options and x represents the online application options used and the social economic characteristics of the sampled farmers. The response probabilities P(y = j/x), j = 1, 2 …, J was therefore determined by the change in online application options and the farmers characteristics. However, since the probabilities must sum to unit, P(y = j/x) will be determined once the probabilities for j = 1, 2 …, J are known. Results and DiscussionsDescriptive statisticsGender The subject of gender is considered fundamental in this study largely because it could help the researcher get Figure 2: Gender composition of the sampled farmers The findings imply that the views expressed in these findings are gender sensitive and can be taken as representative of the opinions of both genders. Usage of YouTube tutorials The sampled farmers were asked to indicate how they use YouTube videos to advance their knowledge in farming with three choices given. From the reported results in table 1 below, 25.8% of the farmers indicated that they use online platforms to learn how to maximize the storage of their outputs. This has a great implication to food security in the country as literature suggests that farmers report over 33% of post-harvest losses due to lack of knowledge of the best storage practices. Processing knowledge acquisition by the farmers constituted 44.6% indicating that many farmers in the country are willing to add value on their raw agricultural products. Branding presented 29.7% indicating the desire to increase the output value of their outputs along the agricultural supply chain. Figure 3: Online knowledge acquisition Regression Analysis In the study, the second category of the dependent variable, “Broker,” was taken as the baseline category, while the first category of the independent variables was taken as the baseline category and the results were interpreted accordingly. As the validity of the multinomial logistic regression model was examined with the Odds Ratio Test, the model was found to be significant for ?2=57.23 and (?< 0.0000) values. For each category of the models, it is seen that ? coefficients take different values and hence the odds ratios of the variables for each category varies. The effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable in the multinomial logistic regression model is different from each other for each category. In the multinomial logistic regression model, the categories that include significant coefficients can be interpreted in terms of the how much they increase or decrease the odds ratios with respect to the second category, which was taken as the baseline category. The results of multinomial logistic regression analysis are given in Table 1 Table 1: Multinomial Login Results A positive coefficient of a regressor suggests increased odds for marketer over broker, holding all other regressors constant. Thus, from table 1 above, we observe that if the income level increases, the odds of engaging in marketing increases by 0.99 compared to being a broker, holding all other variables constant. Similarly, the significant gender variable implies that the odds in favor of being a male are greater than that of being a female when engaging in different agri-enteprise choices,again holding all other variables constant. In the second choice, the odds in favor of YouTube tutorials and household income are higher in processing option compared to being a broker in the agricultural supply chain. These findings have a great implication in exploiting the opportunities along the agricultural supply chain. Specifically, if farmers can have access to internet, there is high marginal propensity towards self-learning on how to increase the value of the agricultural products as well as mediating between producers and the final consumers of agricultural products. Conclusions Agriculture in Kenya has been viewed for a long time as something that one does when he or she has nothing else left to However, technological innovations have modernized agriculture along the value chain from production to Consumption. With high unemployment rate among the youths in Kenya, enterprise development in marketing and value addition can ease in pulling the unemployed and hence contributing to decreasing the alarming rate of unemployment among the youths in the country. Aligning agricultural management practices with emerging issues like ICT and Artificial Intelligence based production techniques is the next sustainable frontier in Kenyan agriculture. However, as the study indicates, one of the significant variables that complement online apps in fostering the development of agri-enterprises is the level of income. If farmers can be empowered financially, there is a possibility of exploiting the infinite opportunities along the agricultural supply chain. References Gichuki, J. A. W.; Njeru, A.; Tirimba, O. I. Challenges facing micro and small enterprises in accessing credit facilities in Kangemi Harambee market in Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2014, 4(12), 1-25. Kibet, Amos.; Stephen Ward."Socially networked heterogeneity: the influence of WhatsApp as a social networking site on polarisation in Kenya." African Journalism Studies. 2018, 39(4), 42-66. Wooldridge, J. M. Control function methods in applied econometrics. Journal of Human Resources. 2015, 50(2), 420-445. Kisumu Ndogo Slums in Eldoret Municipality Kenya. European Open Business & Management Journal. 2015, 1 (1), Mwangi, I. W., & Ouma, S. A. Social capital and access to credit in Kenya. American Journal of Social and Management Sciences. 2012, 3(1), 8-16. Okello, D. O. Effect of ICT use on performance of Agri-enterprises.A case of smallholder pineapple farmers in Kiambu County, Kenya(Doctoral dissertation, Egerton University). 2017. Okirigiti, C.A. and Rafey, M.A. Challenges Facing Youth Entrepreneurs in Slums in Kenya: A Case. 2015, 1-10.

Alfred Hermida recently posited ‘ambient journalism’ as a new framework for para- and professional journalists, who use social networks like Twitter for story sources, and as a news delivery platform. Beginning with this framework, this article explores the following questions: How does Hermida define ‘ambient journalism’ and what is its significance? Are there alternative definitions? What lessons do current platforms provide for the design of future, real-time platforms that ‘ambient journalists’ might use? What lessons does the work of Brian Eno provide–the musician and producer who coined the term ‘ambient music’ over three decades ago? My aim here is to formulate an alternative definition of ambient journalism that emphasises craft, skills acquisition, and the mental models of professional journalists, which are the foundations more generally for journalism practices. Rather than Hermida’s participatory media context I emphasise ‘institutional adaptiveness’: how journalists and newsrooms in media institutions rely on craft and skills, and how emerging platforms can augment these foundations, rather than replace them. Hermida’s Ambient Journalism and the Role of Journalists Hermida describes ambient journalism as: “broad, asynchronous, lightweight and always-on communication systems [that] are creating new kinds of interactions around the news, and are enabling citizens to maintain a mental model of news and events around them” (Hermida 2). His ideas appear to have two related aspects. He conceives ambient journalism as an “awareness system” between individuals that functions as a collective intelligence or kind of ‘distributed cognition’ at a group level (Hermida 2, 4-6). Facebook, Twitter and other online social networks are examples. Hermida also suggests that such networks enable non-professionals to engage in ‘communication’ and ‘conversation’ about news and media events (Hermida 2, 7). In a helpful clarification, Hermida observes that ‘para-journalists’ are like the paralegals or non-lawyers who provide administrative support in the legal profession and, in academic debates about journalism, are more commonly known as ‘citizen journalists’. Thus, Hermida’s ambient journalism appears to be: (1) an information systems model of new platforms and networks, and (2) a normative argument that these tools empower ‘para-journalists’ to engage in journalism and real-time commentary. Hermida’s thesis is intriguing and worthy of further discussion and debate. As currently formulated however it risks sharing the blind-spots and contradictions of the academic literature that Hermida cites, which suffers from poor theory-building (Burns). A major reason is that the participatory media context on which Hermida often builds his work has different mental models and normative theories than the journalists or media institutions that are the target of critique. Ambient journalism would be a stronger and more convincing framework if these incorrect assumptions were jettisoned. Others may also potentially misunderstand what Hermida proposes, because the academic debate is often polarised between para-journalists and professional journalists, due to different views about institutions, the politics of knowledge, decision heuristics, journalist training, and normative theoretical traditions (Christians et al. 126; Cole and Harcup 166-176). In the academic debate, para-journalists or ‘citizen journalists’ may be said to have a communitarian ethic and desire more autonomous solutions to journalists who are framed as uncritical and reliant on official sources, and to media institutions who are portrayed as surveillance-like ‘monitors’ of society (Christians et al. 124-127). This is however only one of a range of possible relationships. Sole reliance on para-journalists could be a premature solution to a more complex media ecology. Journalism craft, which does not rely just on official sources, also has a range of practices that already provides the “more complex ways of understanding and reporting on the subtleties of public communication” sought (Hermida 2). Citizen- and para-journalist accounts may overlook micro-studies in how newsrooms adopt technological innovations and integrate them into newsgathering routines (Hemmingway 196). Thus, an examination of the realities of professional journalism will help to cast a better light on how ambient journalism can shape the mental models of para-journalists, and provide more rigorous analysis of news and similar events. Professional journalism has several core dimensions that para-journalists may overlook. Journalism’s foundation as an experiential craft includes guidance and norms that orient the journalist to information, and that includes practitioner ethics. This craft is experiential; the basis for journalism’s claim to “social expertise” as a discipline; and more like the original Linux and Open Source movements which evolved through creative conflict (Sennett 9, 25-27, 125-127, 249-251). There are learnable, transmissible skills to contextually evaluate, filter, select and distil the essential insights. This craft-based foundation and skills informs and structures the journalist’s cognitive witnessing of an event, either directly or via reconstructed, cultivated sources. The journalist publishes through a recognised media institution or online platform, which provides communal validation and verification. There is far more here than the academic portrayal of journalists as ‘gate-watchers’ for a ‘corporatist’ media elite. Craft and skills distinguish the professional journalist from Hermida’s para-journalist. Increasingly, media institutions hire journalists who are trained in other craft-based research methods (Burns and Saunders). Bethany McLean who ‘broke’ the Enron scandal was an investment banker; documentary filmmaker Errol Morris first interviewed serial killers for an early project; and Neil Chenoweth used ‘forensic accounting’ techniques to investigate Rupert Murdoch and Kerry Packer. Such expertise allows the journalist to filter information, and to mediate any influences in the external environment, in order to develop an individualised, ‘embodied’ perspective (Hofstadter 234; Thompson; Garfinkel and Rawls). Para-journalists and social network platforms cannot replace this expertise, which is often unique to individual journalists and their research teams. Ambient Journalism and Twitter Current academic debates about how citizen- and para-journalists may augment or even replace professional journalists can often turn into legitimation battles whether the ‘de facto’ solution is a social media network rather than a media institution. For example, Hermida discusses Twitter, a micro-blogging platform that allows users to post 140-character messages that are small, discrete information chunks, for short-term and episodic memory. Twitter enables users to monitor other users, to group other messages, and to search for terms specified by a hashtag. Twitter thus illustrates how social media platforms can make data more transparent and explicit to non-specialists like para-journalists. In fact, Twitter is suitable for five different categories of real-time information: news, pre-news, rumours, the formation of social media and subject-based networks, and “molecular search” using granular data-mining tools (Leinweber 204-205). In this model, the para-journalist acts as a navigator and “way-finder” to new information (Morville, Findability). Jaron Lanier, an early designer of ‘virtual reality’ systems, is perhaps the most vocal critic of relying on groups of non-experts and tools like Twitter, instead of individuals who have professional expertise. For Lanier, what underlies debates about citizen- and para-journalists is a philosophy of “cybernetic totalism” and “digital Maoism” which exalts the Internet collective at the expense of truly individual views. He is deeply critical of Hermida’s chosen platform, Twitter: “A design that shares Twitter’s feature of providing ambient continuous contact between people could perhaps drop Twitter’s adoration of fragments. We don’t really know, because it is an unexplored design space” [emphasis added] (Lanier 24). In part, Lanier’s objection is traceable back to an unresolved debate on human factors and design in information science. Influenced by the post-war research into cybernetics, J.C.R. Licklider proposed a cyborg-like model of “man-machine symbiosis” between computers and humans (Licklider). In turn, Licklider’s framework influenced Douglas Engelbart, who shaped the growth of human-computer interaction, and the design of computer interfaces, the mouse, and other tools (Engelbart). In taking a system-level view of platforms Hermida builds on the strength of Licklider and Engelbart’s work. Yet because he focuses on para-journalists, and does not appear to include the craft and skills-based expertise of professional journalists, it is unclear how he would answer Lanier’s fears about how reliance on groups for news and other information is superior to individual expertise and judgment. Hermida’s two case studies point to this unresolved problem. Both cases appear to show how Twitter provides quicker and better forms of news and information, thereby increasing the effectiveness of para-journalists to engage in journalism and real-time commentary. However, alternative explanations may exist that raise questions about Twitter as a new platform, and thus these cases might actually reveal circumstances in which ambient journalism may fail. Hermida alludes to how para-journalists now fulfil the earlier role of ‘first responders’ and stringers, in providing the “immediate dissemination” of non-official information about disasters and emergencies (Hermida 1-2; Haddow and Haddow 117-118). Whilst important, this is really a specific role. In fact, disaster and emergency reporting occurs within well-established practices, professional ethics, and institutional routines that may involve journalists, government officials, and professional communication experts (Moeller). Officials and emergency management planners are concerned that citizen- or para-journalism is equated with the craft and skills of professional journalism. The experience of these officials and planners in 2005’s Hurricane Katrina in the United States, and in 2009’s Black Saturday bushfires in Australia, suggests that whilst para-journalists might be ‘first responders’ in a decentralised, complex crisis, they are perceived to spread rumours and potential social unrest when people need reliable information (Haddow and Haddow 39). These terms of engagement between officials, planners and para-journalists are still to be resolved. Hermida readily acknowledges that Twitter and other social network platforms are vulnerable to rumours (Hermida 3-4; Sunstein). However, his other case study, Iran’s 2009 election crisis, further complicates the vision of ambient journalism, and always-on communication systems in particular. Hermida discusses several events during the crisis: the US State Department request to halt a server upgrade, how the Basij’s shooting of bystander Neda Soltan was captured on a mobile phone camera, the spread across social network platforms, and the high-velocity number of ‘tweets’ or messages during the first two weeks of Iran’s electoral uncertainty (Hermida 1). The US State Department was interested in how Twitter could be used for non-official sources, and to inform people who were monitoring the election events. Twitter’s perceived ‘success’ during Iran’s 2009 election now looks rather different when other factors are considered such as: the dynamics and patterns of Tehran street protests; Iran’s clerics who used Soltan’s death as propaganda; claims that Iran’s intelligence services used Twitter to track down and to kill protestors; the ‘black box’ case of what the US State Department and others actually did during the crisis; the history of neo-conservative interest in a Twitter-like platform for strategic information operations; and the Iranian diaspora’s incitement of Tehran student protests via satellite broadcasts. Iran’s 2009 election crisis has important lessons for ambient journalism: always-on communication systems may create noise and spread rumours; ‘mirror-imaging’ of mental models may occur, when other participants have very different worldviews and ‘contexts of use’ for social network platforms; and the new kinds of interaction may not lead to effective intervention in crisis events. Hermida’s combination of news and non-news fragments is the perfect environment for psychological operations and strategic information warfare (Burns and Eltham). Lessons of Current Platforms for Ambient Journalism We have discussed some unresolved problems for ambient journalism as a framework for journalists, and as mental models for news and similar events. Hermida’s goal of an “awareness system” faces a further challenge: the phenomenological limitations of human consciousness to deal with information complexity and ambiguous situations, whether by becoming ‘entangled’ in abstract information or by developing new, unexpected uses for emergent technologies (Thackara; Thompson; Hofstadter 101-102, 186; Morville, Findability, 55, 57, 158). The recursive and reflective capacities of human consciousness imposes its own epistemological frames. It’s still unclear how Licklider’s human-computer interaction will shape consciousness, but Douglas Hofstadter’s experiments with art and video-based group experiments may be suggestive. Hofstadter observes: “the interpenetration of our worlds becomes so great that our worldviews start to fuse” (266). Current research into user experience and information design provides some validation of Hofstadter’s experience, such as how Google is now the ‘default’ search engine, and how its interface design shapes the user’s subjective experience of online search (Morville, Findability; Morville, Search Patterns). Several models of Hermida’s awareness system already exist that build on Hofstadter’s insight. Within the information systems field, on-going research into artificial intelligence–‘expert systems’ that can model expertise as algorithms and decision rules, genetic algorithms, and evolutionary computation–has attempted to achieve Hermida’s goal. What these systems share are mental models of cognition, learning and adaptiveness to new information, often with forecasting and prediction capabilities. Such systems work in journalism areas such as finance and sports that involve analytics, data-mining and statistics, and in related fields such as health informatics where there are clear, explicit guidelines on information and international standards. After a mid-1980s investment bubble (Leinweber 183-184) these systems now underpin the technology platforms of global finance and news intermediaries. Bloomberg LP’s ubiquitous dual-screen computers, proprietary network and data analytics (www.bloomberg.com), and its competitors such as Thomson Reuters (www.thomsonreuters.com and www.reuters.com), illustrate how financial analysts and traders rely on an “awareness system” to navigate global stock-markets (Clifford and Creswell). For example, a Bloomberg subscriber can access real-time analytics from exchanges, markets, and from data vendors such as Dow Jones, NYSE Euronext and Thomson Reuters. They can use portfolio management tools to evaluate market information, to make allocation and trading decisions, to monitor ‘breaking’ news, and to integrate this information. Twitter is perhaps the para-journalist equivalent to how professional journalists and finance analysts rely on Bloomberg’s platform for real-time market and business information. Already, hedge funds like PhaseCapital are data-mining Twitter’s ‘tweets’ or messages for rumours, shifts in stock-market sentiment, and to analyse potential trading patterns (Pritchett and Palmer). The US-based Securities and Exchange Commission, and researchers like David Gelernter and Paul Tetlock, have also shown the benefits of applied data-mining for regulatory market supervision, in particular to uncover analysts who provide ‘whisper numbers’ to online message boards, and who have access to material, non-public information (Leinweber 60, 136, 144-145, 208, 219, 241-246). Hermida’s framework might be developed further for such regulatory supervision. Hermida’s awareness system may also benefit from the algorithms found in high-frequency trading (HFT) systems that Citadel Group, Goldman Sachs, Renaissance Technologies, and other quantitative financial institutions use. Rather than human traders, HFT uses co-located servers and complex algorithms, to make high-volume trades on stock-markets that take advantage of microsecond changes in prices (Duhigg). HFT capabilities are shrouded in secrecy, and became the focus of regulatory attention after several high-profile investigations of traders alleged to have stolen the software code (Bray and Bunge). One public example is Streambase (www.streambase.com), a ‘complex event processing’ (CEP) platform that can be used in HFT, and commercialised from the Project Aurora research collaboration between Brandeis University, Brown University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. CEP and HFT may be the ‘killer apps’ of Hermida’s awareness system. Alternatively, they may confirm Jaron Lanier’s worst fears: your data-stream and user-generated content can be harvested by others–for their gain, and your loss! Conclusion: Brian Eno and Redefining ‘Ambient Journalism’ On the basis of the above discussion, I suggest a modified definition of Hermida’s thesis: ‘Ambient journalism’ is an emerging analytical framework for journalists, informed by cognitive, cybernetic, and information systems research. It ‘sensitises’ the individual journalist, whether professional or ‘para-professional’, to observe and to evaluate their immediate context. In doing so, ‘ambient journalism’, like journalism generally, emphasises ‘novel’ information. It can also inform the design of real-time platforms for journalistic sources and news delivery. Individual ‘ambient journalists’ can learn much from the career of musician and producer Brian Eno. His personal definition of ‘ambient’ is “an atmosphere, or a surrounding influence: a tint,” that relies on the co-evolution of the musician, creative horizons, and studio technology as a tool, just as para-journalists use Twitter as a platform (Sheppard 278; Eno 293-297). Like para-journalists, Eno claims to be a “self-educated but largely untrained” musician and yet also a craft-based producer (McFadzean; Tamm 177; 44-50). Perhaps Eno would frame the distinction between para-journalist and professional journalist as “axis thinking” (Eno 298, 302) which is needlessly polarised due to different normative theories, stances, and practices. Furthermore, I would argue that Eno’s worldview was shaped by similar influences to Licklider and Engelbart, who appear to have informed Hermida’s assumptions. These influences include the mathematician and game theorist John von Neumann and biologist Richard Dawkins (Eno 162); musicians Eric Satie, John Cage and his book Silence (Eno 19-22, 162; Sheppard 22, 36, 378-379); and the field of self-organising systems, in particular cyberneticist Stafford Beer (Eno 245; Tamm 86; Sheppard 224). Eno summed up the central lesson of this theoretical corpus during his collaborations with New York’s ‘No Wave’ scene in 1978, of “people experimenting with their lives” (Eno 253; Reynolds 146-147; Sheppard 290-295). Importantly, he developed a personal view of normative theories through practice-based research, on a range of projects, and with different creative and collaborative teams. Rather than a technological solution, Eno settled on a way to encode his craft and skills into a quasi-experimental, transmittable method—an aim of practitioner development in professional journalism. Even if only a “founding myth,” the story of Eno’s 1975 street accident with a taxi, and how he conceived ‘ambient music’ during his hospital stay, illustrates how ambient journalists might perceive something new in specific circumstances (Tamm 131; Sheppard 186-188). More tellingly, this background informed his collaboration with the late painter Peter Schmidt, to co-create the Oblique Strategies deck of aphorisms: aleatory, oracular messages that appeared dependent on chance, luck, and randomness, but that in fact were based on Eno and Schmidt’s creative philosophy and work guidelines (Tamm 77-78; Sheppard 178-179; Reynolds 170). In short, Eno was engaging with the kind of reflective practices that underpin exemplary professional journalism. He was able to encode this craft and skills into a quasi-experimental method, rather than a technological solution. Journalists and practitioners who adopt Hermida’s framework could learn much from the published accounts of Eno’s practice-based research, in the context of creative projects and collaborative teams. In particular, these detail the contexts and choices of Eno’s early ambient music recordings (Sheppard 199-200); Eno’s duels with David Bowie during ‘Sense of Doubt’ for the Heroes album (Tamm 158; Sheppard 254-255); troubled collaborations with Talking Heads and David Byrne (Reynolds 165-170; Sheppard; 338-347, 353); a curatorial, mentor role on U2’s The Unforgettable Fire (Sheppard 368-369); the ‘grand, stadium scale’ experiments of U2’s 1991-93 ZooTV tour (Sheppard 404); the Zorn-like games of Bowie’s Outside album (Eno 382-389); and the ‘generative’ artwork 77 Million Paintings (Eno 330-332; Tamm 133-135; Sheppard 278-279; Eno 435). Eno is clearly a highly flexible maker and producer. Developing such flexibility would ensure ambient journalism remains open to novelty as an analytical framework that may enhance the practitioner development and work of professional journalists and para-journalists alike.Acknowledgments The author thanks editor Luke Jaaniste, Alfred Hermida, and the two blind peer reviewers for their constructive feedback and reflective insights. References Bray, Chad, and Jacob Bunge. “Ex-Goldman Programmer Indicted for Trade Secrets Theft.” The Wall Street Journal 12 Feb. 2010. 17 March 2010 ‹http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703382904575059660427173510.html›. Burns, Alex. “Select Issues with New Media Theories of Citizen Journalism.” M/C Journal 11.1 (2008). 17 March 2010 ‹http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/30›.———, and Barry Saunders. “Journalists as Investigators and ‘Quality Media’ Reputation.” Record of the Communications Policy and Research Forum 2009. Eds. Franco Papandrea and Mark Armstrong. Sydney: Network Insight Institute, 281-297. 17 March 2010 ‹http://eprints.vu.edu.au/15229/1/CPRF09BurnsSaunders.pdf›.———, and Ben Eltham. “Twitter Free Iran: An Evaluation of Twitter’s Role in Public Diplomacy and Information Operations in Iran’s 2009 Election Crisis.” Record of the Communications Policy and Research Forum 2009. Eds. Franco Papandrea and Mark Armstrong. Sydney: Network Insight Institute, 298-310. 17 March 2010 ‹http://eprints.vu.edu.au/15230/1/CPRF09BurnsEltham.pdf›. Christians, Clifford G., Theodore Glasser, Denis McQuail, Kaarle Nordenstreng, and Robert A. White. Normative Theories of the Media: Journalism in Democratic Societies. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009. Clifford, Stephanie, and Julie Creswell. “At Bloomberg, Modest Strategy to Rule the World.” The New York Times 14 Nov. 2009. 17 March 2010 ‹http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/business/media/15bloom.html?ref=businessandpagewanted=all›.Cole, Peter, and Tony Harcup. Newspaper Journalism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2010. Duhigg, Charles. “Stock Traders Find Speed Pays, in Milliseconds.” The New York Times 23 July 2009. 17 March 2010 ‹http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/business/24trading.html?_r=2andref=business›. Engelbart, Douglas. “Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework, 1962.” Ed. Neil Spiller. Cyber Reader: Critical Writings for the Digital Era. London: Phaidon Press, 2002. 60-67. Eno, Brian. A Year with Swollen Appendices. London: Faber and Faber, 1996. Garfinkel, Harold, and Anne Warfield Rawls. Toward a Sociological Theory of Information. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2008. Hadlow, George D., and Kim S. Haddow. Disaster Communications in a Changing Media World, Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington MA, 2009. Hemmingway, Emma. Into the Newsroom: Exploring the Digital Production of Regional Television News. Milton Park: Routledge, 2008. Hermida, Alfred. “Twittering the News: The Emergence of Ambient Journalism.” Journalism Practice 4.3 (2010): 1-12. Hofstadter, Douglas. I Am a Strange Loop. New York: Perseus Books, 2007. Lanier, Jaron. You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto. London: Allen Lane, 2010. Leinweber, David. Nerds on Wall Street: Math, Machines and Wired Markets. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Licklider, J.C.R. “Man-Machine Symbiosis, 1960.” Ed. Neil Spiller. Cyber Reader: Critical Writings for the Digital Era, London: Phaidon Press, 2002. 52-59. McFadzean, Elspeth. “What Can We Learn from Creative People? The Story of Brian Eno.” Management Decision 38.1 (2000): 51-56. Moeller, Susan. Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York: Routledge, 1998. Morville, Peter. Ambient Findability. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Press, 2005. ———. Search Patterns. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Press, 2010.Pritchett, Eric, and Mark Palmer. ‘Following the Tweet Trail.’ CNBC 11 July 2009. 17 March 2010 ‹http://www.casttv.com/ext/ug0p08›. Reynolds, Simon. Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984. London: Penguin Books, 2006. Sennett, Richard. The Craftsman. London: Penguin Books, 2008. Sheppard, David. On Some Faraway Beach: The Life and Times of Brian Eno. London: Orion Books, 2008. Sunstein, Cass. On Rumours: How Falsehoods Spread, Why We Believe Them, What Can Be Done. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. Tamm, Eric. Brian Eno: His Music and the Vertical Colour of Sound. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995. Thackara, John. In the Bubble: Designing in a Complex World. Boston, MA: The MIT Press, 1995. Thompson, Evan. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Science of Mind. Boston, MA: Belknap Press, 2007.

In recent years, radical changes in journalism due to political developments and technological innovations have accelerated the debate on the quality and future of journalism education. Today, as in the rest of the world, journalism academics in Turkey are faced with the need to restructure journalism education in line with the transformation of journalism and the problems as well as needs that come with it. Considering the structural problems of the media sector in Turkey and the need for quality journalism, the role of journalism academics in this process becomes even more important. On the other hand, in Turkey, where journalism education is a field with multifaceted problems because of neoliberal policies, how communication faculties and journalism departments can respond to the current needs of journalism education constitutes a critical issue. Based on these evaluations, this study focuses on the current needs and the pursuits for future journalism education of journalism academics in Turkey and their experiences under current conditions. With a qualitative research approach, interviews were conducted with seven faculty members of different backgrounds working in journalism departments affiliated to public and foundation universities in Turkey. According to the results, journalism academics had practices to structure training programs in line with the developments and needs in journalism and there were inequalities in this regard, especially in newly established departments. It was also revealed that the ongoing problems arising from higher education policies in journalism education generally complicate the efforts of journalism academics to respond to current needs.

Whereas personal expression has become a core practice of journalism whose merits can include greater attention to context and interpretative analysis, these freedoms from the constraints of traditional broadcast conventions can pose serious risks, including the ideological hijacking of journalism by partisan actors. In popular right-wing podcasts, such as those hosted by Ben Shapiro and Dan Bongino, the element of opinion amplifies the tendency of the podcast medium to relegate news to a secondary concern behind the emotional impact. Not only do podcasters like Shapiro and Bongino contribute to a fractured media environment of hyper-partisan news and commentary, but they also utilize social media platforms and transmedia networks to undermine traditional journalism and replace it with an alternative conservative media ecosystem—a multiplatform, full-service clearinghouse of news and commentary afforded by the publishing capabilities of the internet and the distribution algorithms of social media platforms like Facebook. This study charts the evolution of conservative audio production, from the influential work of talk radio star Rush Limbaugh through the latest innovations by conservative podcasters, as exemplified by Shapiro and Bongino. Our study builds on previous scholarship on metajournalistic discourse to examine how right-wing podcasters use exclusionary language to delegitimize the institution of journalism and offer a self-contained, ideologically conservative version of journalism as a replacement.

The Google News Initiative (GNI) aims to collaborate closely with the news industry and financially support the creation of quality journalism in the digital age. It also aims to bring technological advancements and innovation into newsrooms’ operations. Drawing on journalism innovation and responsible innovation theories, this study examines GNI beneficiaries in Africa and the Middle East. To address this, we analysed GNI projects’ descriptions combined with thirteen (<em>n </em>= 13) in-depth interviews with leading actors and beneficiary news organisations to answer two main questions: (a) What are the main characteristics of the technological innovations proposed by GNI Innovation Challenge grantees in Africa and the Middle East? and (b) How are these news media organisations becoming increasingly dependent on these platforms’ technological and financial aspects? Anchored in journalism innovation, responsible innovation, and platformisation theories, our findings show that funded organisations heavily depend on Google’s technological and financial infrastructure to innovate. Furthermore, we note that some projects do not offer a clear path for sustainability in the future. We further argue that this initiative builds an infrastructure of power and dependency that poses risks to responsible innovation in journalism. Our study contributes to extant scholarship on digital platforms and their role in the infrastructure of news organisations, creating power asymmetries between those who serve as the backbone for data flows and technological processes and those dependent on these institutions.

Journalism is a historic profession. A target of criticism and the result of technological adaptations, it is used by the film industry to create characters who use journalistic skills, verify sources or create exclusives, to therefore promote a democratic society with truth and independence, as part of their plots. To do this, a quantitative and qualitative content analysis is carried out on six representative American comedies in the last half century - Network (Sidney Lumet, 1976), Broadcast News (James L. Brooks, 1987), The Paper (Ron Howard, 1994), Chicago (Rob Marshall, 2002), Morning Glory (Roger Michell, 2010), and Don't Look Up (Adam McKay, 2021)- based on humor theories and agenda setting theory. By using humorous resources and journalistic praxis, an overview is made of how journalism is portrayed on the big screen through satire, which results in an image rooted in frivolous stereotypes, jokes and sharp responses denouncing sensationalism and infotainment. It is a debate that makes viewers aware of the importance of journalism and that, though laughter, a critical vision fluctuates by satirizing their skills under the deconstructive capacity of humor that reflects American society.

Different forms of communication have emerged throughout history and most of them have been linked to technological innovations. This fact has allowed the development, since the 1950s, of a powerful theoretical tradition specialized in the analysis of communication processes, which has resulted in the formulation of different communication theories. Recently, the emergence of Virtual Reality and 360-degree video has opened new analytical perspectives in relation to communication mediated by these technologies. Precisely, this article analyzes the narrative elements that are modified by the intervention of Virtual Reality and the peculiarities caused by the introduction of this technology in the communication process within a specific context such as journalism. This area of study has been selected because Virtual Reality and 360-degree video technologies are increasingly being used in the creation of journalistic content, which has resulted in the emergence of the so-called ‘immersive journalism’. Based on this analysis, the article proposes a new model for ‘immersive communication’ and a model for ‘the structure of immersive journalism’, which is totally novel in the journalistic context.

Abstract. Media owners take advantage of technological advances. Social media is a means to disseminate news and other information to the public. The existence of social media causes the spread of news quickly and has negative or positive effects. This makes audiences more selective in choosing the media they access. Presenting the issue of marginalized discrimination attracts attention for researchers. Marginalization is a phenomenon of imbalance in obtaining opportunities in economic, social, and educational aspects by a group of people. Unisba Journalism students are active users of social media. They chose Remotivi as a trusted medium. Not only do they actively use Twitter and access Remotivi, they are also active in writing comments in the column provided by Remotivi. The purpose of this study was to find out the hypothetical position of the Unisba Fikom Journalistic Students regarding Remotivi's broadcast, namely discrimination against marginalized communities. The method used in this research is qualitative with Stuart Hall's reception analysis approach and the theory used is Stuart Hall's meaning theory. The results of this study show that how the reception and mortgage positions of UNISBA journalism students are after watching Remotivi's shows. Media owners take advantage of technological advances. Social media is a means to disseminate news and other information to the public. The existence of social media causes the spread of news quickly and has negative or positive effects. This makes audiences more selective in choosing the media they access. Presenting the issue of marginalized discrimination attracts attention for researchers. Marginalization is a phenomenon of imbalance in obtaining opportunities in economic, social, and educational aspects by a group of people. Unisba Journalism students are active users of social media. They chose Remotivi as a trusted medium. Not only do they actively use Twitter and access Remotivi, they are also active in writing comments in the column provided by Remotivi. The purpose of this study was to find out the hypothetical position of the Unisba Fikom Journalistic Students regarding Remotivi's broadcast, namely discrimination against marginalized communities. The method used in this research is qualitative with Stuart Hall's reception analysis approach and the theory used is Stuart Hall's meaning theory. The results of this study show that how the reception and mortgage positions of UNISBA journalism students are after watching Remotivi's shows. Abstrak. Keberadaan media sosial tersebut menimbulkan tersebarluasnya berita secara cepat dan menimbulkan efek negative ataupun positif. Hal tersebut membuat khalayak lebih selektif dalam memilih media yang diaksesnya. Menampilkan isu tentang diskriminasi kaum marjinal menarik perhatian bagi peneliti Marjinalisasi adalah fenomena ketidakseimbangan dalam memperoleh peluang dalam aspek ekonomi, social, dan pendidikan oleh sekumpulan masyarakat. Mahasiswa Jurnalistik unisba merupakan pengguna aktif media sosial. Mereka memilih Remotivi sebagai media yang terpercaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui posisi hipotekal Mahasiswa Jurnalistik Fikom Unisba mengenai tayangan milik remotivi yaitu diskriminasi masyrakat marjinal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu kualitatif dengan pendeketan analisis resepsi Stuart Hall dan teori yang digunakan adalah teori pemaknaan Stuart Hall. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa bagaimana resepsi dan posisi hipotekal mahasiswa jurnalistik unisba setelah menonton tayangan milik remotivi.

The study explores uses of algorithmic techniques in journalists’ working environments and investigates newsroom managers’ negotiations of automation as innovation process aimed at ensuring partial or full replacement of human labour with technology. Drawing from 15 qualitative interviews with representatives of newsroom management from legacy news institutions in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States, the study analyses their (cl)aims to maintain the newsroom as a stable, but dynamic working environment and reveals three dualist propositions when negotiating automation novelties – human journalistic agency stands in contrast to technology, skills are separated from newsworkers, and the creation of news contrasts with its presentation. The results show the interviewees re-articulate the dominance of human agency over technology, re-establish technological innovations as liberating newsworkers rather than subordinating them, and standardise news by re-evaluating the concept as both a civic bond and a commodity. Such considerations are detached from recent concerns about automation of human labour and closer to what we call algorithmic sublime, maintaining the newsroom management’s loyalty to both the professional values of journalism and the corporate goals of management.