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Journal articles on the topic 'British Raj'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 May 2024

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1

Richman, Paula. "A Tamil Modernist's Account of India's Past: Ram Raj, Merchant Raj, and British Raj." Journal of Asian Studies 66, no. 1 (February 2007): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911807000058.

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The Ramayana, one of Hinduism's two preeminent epics, has been retold in diverse ways over the centuries, but one modern rendition is unique: Nārata-Rāmāyaṇam(?). Its author, C. Virudhachalam (1906–48), wrote in Tamil under the pen name Pudumaippittan, meaning “one who is mad about newness.” Nārata-Rāmāyaṇam(?) presents colonialism as a continuation of the Ramayana narrative, showing how an ancient South Asian narrative can serve as an imaginative framework for modern Indian writers. The text mounts an astute critique of the notion of perfect rule, Ram Raj, and suggests that such a utopian ideal fosters the veneration of a glorified past that never existed. The text's modernist literary ploys encourage scrutiny of culturally constructed concepts such as nationalism, consumerism, and narrative coherence. This unusual Ramayana reveals how narrative resources can be used to question both ancient and modern ideologies.

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2

Teodorescu, Ana. "Tiger Symbolism in the British Raj." Columbia Journal of Asia 1, no. 2 (December 9, 2022): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cja.v1i2.10126.

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This research paper explores representations of the tiger during British colonization of India, arguing that the symbolism embodied in these depictions started with the copying of Indian rulers’ ceremonial attachments to tigers and gradually merged into an approach which delineated class division and racial segregation. A brief history of British-Indian relations situates the period in question and paints a picture of the powers at play. Themes of power dynamics, racism, and gender roles are explored in relation to art and animal history, offering a comprehensive view of a phenomenon that was accepted but never openly discussed. The power of symbolic imagery in constructing cultural identities is emphasized and illustrations vividly support the thesis for the various stages.

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3

EHRLICH, JOSHUA. "ANXIETY, CHAOS, AND THE RAJ." Historical Journal 63, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1900058x.

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Chaos reigns – at least in the historiography of the Raj. It was once the consensus among historians that British imperial authority in the Indian subcontinent was secure for at least the century-and-a-half before the Second World War. Recently, however, this narrative has drawn a range of challenges. Prominently, Mark Condos and Jon Wilson have held that British imperial authority was chronically insecure. In their view, the irrational anxiety of generations of British officials produced a chaotic administration with minimal social purchase or ideological coherence. Instead of a confident state capable of acting as it chose, these historians have limned a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, small scale, or short term. Their bold revision succeeds in dispelling the aura of indomitability that has often surrounded the Raj, and in directing attention to its overlooked discontents and weaknesses. Yet their characterization of the British regime as constantly and pervasively anxious is more an article of faith than a conclusion warranted by evidence. Nor do they explain how, if the regime suffered from permanent ‘chaos’ or ‘insecurity’, it managed to survive for some two hundred years. At the heart of Condos's and Wilson's approach is an effort to bypass texts that results, instead, in misreading them. It is largely by re-emphasizing rigorous textual methods, therefore, that Durba Ghosh offers a compelling alternative approach to the history of state vulnerability and disorder.

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4

Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie. "THE BRITISH RAJ AND THE BRITISH MANDATE IN IRAQ." Asian Affairs 46, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2015.1037165.

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5

Taneti, James Elisha. "CANADIAN BAPTIST MISSIONARIES AND THE BRITISH RAJ." Baptist Quarterly 42, no. 6 (April 2008): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bqu.2008.42.6.004.

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6

Mishra, Saurabh. "Of poisoners, tanners and the British Raj." Indian Economic & Social History Review 48, no. 3 (July 2011): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946461104800301.

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7

Kryuchkov, Igor V., Natalia D. Kryuchkova, and Ashot A. Melkonyan. "Внешняя торговля Британской Индии на рубеже XIX–XX вв. (по материалам дипломатических представительств России)." Oriental studies 15, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-60-2-200-213.

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Introduction. The history of British Raj’s foreign economic activity development at the turn of the 20th century remains somewhat understudied both in Russian and foreign historiography. Since the 1880s, India significantly increased foreign trade to become Asia’s leader in this regard. Goals. The paper aims at examining dynamics of India’s export-import operations and foreign trade by countries. Materials and methods. The article analyzes reports and accounts of Russian diplomats to have worked in British Raj, the Near East, and Great Britain. The employed research methods include the historical/genetic, comparative historical, and historical/typological ones. Results. Britain had been India’s dominating trading partner. However, gradually other states also increased trade operations with the latter, especially import ones. The paper emphasizes Russia failed to become a key foreign trade partner of British Raj (except for export of kerosene and import of tea). The identified reasons are contentious British-Russian relations in Central Asia in the 1860s–1890s, poor knowledge of the Indian market, and geographical remoteness. British Raj turned an outpost of Great Britain’s economic strength in the Persian Gulf. At the same time, Indian goods displaced products from other countries — including Britain manufactured ones — in many ports of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula. The article stresses that the bulk of India’s foreign economic relations were maintained via maritime transport. This was due to complicated natural and climatic factors along land borders, instability in frontiers (Afghanistan and Persia). Nonetheless, British Raj was increasing its economic presence in Afghanistan, Persia, Nepal, Ceylon, Siam, and western provinces of China. An important place in India’s foreign trade was occupied by transit trade and re-export of goods from other states, which makes it difficult to accurately determine the actual volume of its foreign trade. Conclusions. The specifics of India’s national economic development can thus be traced in the structure of its foreign trade. The exports were dominated by raw materials and foodstuffs; manufactured products were only making their way to foreign markets. The difficulties were largely associated with the Great Britain’s colonial policy in India since the former sought to keep using the latter as a market for industrial products produced in the British Isles. On the eve of WW I, British Raj was building up its economic potential through strengthening its positions in world trade.

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8

Marshall, P. J. "British Society in India under the East India Company." Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 1 (February 1997): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016942.

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The British in India have always fascinated their fellow countrymen. From the eighteenth century until the demise of the Raj innumerable publications described the way of life of white people in India for the delectation of a public at home. Post-colonial Britain evidently still retains a voracious appetite for anecdotes of the Raj and accounts of themores of what is often represented as a bizarre Anglo-Indian world. Beneath the welter of apparent triviality, historians are, however, finding issues of real significance.

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9

Lelyveld, David. "Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani." Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, no. 4 (October 1993): 665–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018661.

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Towards the end of Paul Scott's A Division of the Spoils, the final novel of The Raj Quartet, and in the television series as well, Indian people make an appearance and commit acts of unmotivated and horrible violence. The British heroine comments, “Such a damn, bloody, senseless mess … the mess the raj had never been able to sort out.” Making sense, sorting out, was supposed to be the special vocation of British rule, yet here were all the seething, primordial conflicts rising to the surface again in the Hindu versus Muslim partition of India in 1947.

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10

Harnetty, Peter, S. M. Burke, and Salim Al-Din Quraishi. "The British Raj in India: An Historical Review." American Historical Review 102, no. 4 (October 1997): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170750.

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11

Burton, Antoinette. "The British Raj in India: An Historical Review." History: Reviews of New Books 25, no. 1 (July 1996): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1996.9952643.

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12

Ovais, Hira. "Architectural styles during the British Raj in Lahore." International Journal of Environmental Studies 73, no. 4 (June 30, 2016): 616–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2016.1192407.

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13

Mahajan, Sneh. "Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India." Indian Historical Review 28, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360102800225.

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14

Bryant, G. J. "Pacification in the early British Raj, 1755–85." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 14, no. 1 (October 1985): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086538508582701.

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15

Zins, Max-Jean. "Rites et protocole du British Raj en Inde." Revue française de science politique Vol. 45, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1001–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.456.1001.

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16

Mehta, Ramesh, Buddhdev Pandya, and Soumit Dasgupta. "Editorial; Colonial India." Sushruta Journal of Health Policy & Opinion 13, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.38192/13.3.25.

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17

Saleem, Fahad, Safia Siddiqui, and Zuha Najeeb. "Echoes of Empire: Unveiling the Postcolonial Tapestry in Paul Scott's Staying On." Global Social Sciences Review IX, no. I (March 30, 2024): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2024(ix-i).10.

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Paul Scott's Staying On (2005) is one of the few novels that depict the lives of British leftovers who decided to stay in India even after the Independence. Unlike The Raj Quartet (1965-75), Scott's Staying On (2005), highlights the struggle of the White and Euro-Asians in independent India. This paper will investigate the White Men and Women's burden by keeping the themes of identity crisis, socio-cultural displacement, and womanhood in view. Staying On (2005) uses alienation and mimicry to display the hybrid culture of India. It connects the story of the Quartet through the characters of Tusker and Lucy Smalley and how these British remainders struggled to maintain their identity in India. This paper will also study the residual impacts of the British Raj to display the inversion of the roles between the Occident (West) and the Orient (East).

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18

Roy, Himanshu. "Book review: Narendra Shukla, British Raj aur Abhivyakti ki Swatantrata: Aupniveshik Bharat Mein Pratibandhit Sahitya." Indian Journal of Public Administration 66, no. 2 (June 2020): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120922190.

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19

Mitra, Chaiti. "Ravished Angels:." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 7 (December 1, 2016): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v7i.155.

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In the ideology of the British Raj, the “civilized” and “refined” Englishwoman, in sharp contrast to the veiled and “degraded” Indian woman in need of rescue, was seen as a marker of British superiority. The memsahib or the colonial Englishwoman out on her “civilizing mission” has been considerably visible in Indian cinema…

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20

Hutchins, Francis G., and Dane Kennedy. "The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj." American Historical Review 102, no. 4 (October 1997): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170749.

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21

Suleri, Sara, David Rubin, and Meenakshi Mukherjee. "After the Raj: British Novels of India since 1947." Modern Language Review 84, no. 3 (July 1989): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3732464.

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22

Kenny, Judith, and Dane Kennedy. "The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj." Geographical Review 87, no. 1 (January 1997): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215675.

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23

Knapp, Robert S., and David Rubin. "After the Raj: British Novels of India since 1947." Journal of the American Oriental Society 109, no. 3 (July 1989): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604173.

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24

Rocher, Rosane, and Dane Kennedy. "The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj." Journal of the American Oriental Society 118, no. 2 (April 1998): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/605923.

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25

Sarkar, Kalyan Kumar, and David Rubin. "After the Raj: British Novels of India Since 1947." Pacific Affairs 60, no. 4 (1987): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759215.

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26

Kumar, Sharat. "The British Raj : A Historical Case Study in Management." Paradigm 2, no. 1 (July 1998): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890719980116.

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27

Palit, Chittabrata. "Science and the Raj: A Study of British India." Indian Historical Review 33, no. 2 (July 2006): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360603300230.

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28

Goodman, Sam. "Spaces of Intemperance & the British Raj 1860–1920." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 48, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 591–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2020.1741840.

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29

Durrans, Brian. "The Raj: India and the British, 1600-1947 and Arts of India, 1550-1900.:The Raj: India and the British, 1600-1947." Museum Anthropology 16, no. 2 (June 1992): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mua.1992.16.2.40.

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30

Sharma, Natasha, and Naveen Kumar Mehta. "A Critical Study of Minor Characters in the Select Short Stories of Mulk Raj Anand." Acta Marisiensis. Philologia 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amph-2022-0046.

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Abstract In the short stories of Mulk Raj Anand, the character’s psyche is revealed to the readers. Anand focuses on the psyche of a character and relatively develops the character’s outer world. Mulk Raj Anand was born and brought up in and around the British Camps in India as his father was an administrator in the Indian Army, which was a transferable job. These experiences of his childhood, of moving around, of meeting new people, of adjusting, etc, gave him an introduction of the varied behavior of human and an insight in the human mind. This paper discusses role and contribution of minor characters in the select short stories of Mulk Raj Anand.

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31

Makala, Melissa Edmundson. "BETWEEN TWO WORLDS: RACIAL IDENTITY IN ALICE PERRIN'S THE STRONGER CLAIM." Victorian Literature and Culture 42, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150314000114.

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Like many Anglo-Indian novelists of her generation, Alice Perrin (1867–1934) gained fame through the publication and popular reception of several domestic novels based in India and England. However, within the traditional Anglo-Indian romance plot, Perrin often incorporated subversive social messages highlighting racial and cultural problems prevalent in India during the British Raj. Instead of relying solely on one-dimensional, sentimental British heroes and heroines, Perrin frequently chose non-British protagonists who reminded her contemporary readers of very real Anglo-Indian racial inequalities they might wish to forget. In The Stronger Claim (1903), Perrin creates a main character who has a mixed-race background, but who, contrary to prevailing public opinion of the time, is a multi-dimensional, complex, and perhaps most importantly, sympathetic character positioned between two worlds. Even as Victorian India was coming to an end, many of the problems that had plagued the British Raj intensified in the early decades of the twentieth century. Perrin's novel is one of the earliest attempts to present a sympathetic and heroic mixed-race protagonist, one whose presence asked readers to question the lasting negative effects of race relations and racial identity in both India and England.

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32

Kapoor, Punita. "The Punjab Exhibition of 1881 and Politics of the British Raj." Past and Present: Representation, Heritage and Spirituality in Modern India 4, Special Issue (December 25, 2021): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crjssh.4.special-issue.05.

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In 1849, Punjab was annexed by the English East India Company. This paper deals with the Punjab Exhibition of 1881, where along with textiles, arts and other local handicrafts of India were put on display. Claiming to revive the indigenous Indian arts, crafts and textiles, the exhibition represents the politics of selected exhibits that catered to the taste1 and choice of the British. The exhibition helps in understanding the objective and importance of conducting imperial exhibitions, as exhibitions were also redefining the European homes. A detailed analysis of the exhibition foregrounds how colonial rule redefined the idea and representation of indigenous handicrafts and art. The indigenous handicraft was also immensely being guided by the European market. Thus, the paper focuses on the aspects and strategy adopted by the British at promoting and preserving Indian art and textile. Moreover, efforts at preservation of the arts got institutionalised in the form of art schools. These were set up for the purpose of promoting and building taste for Indian traditional art in the British markets. The paper attempts to understand how the British shaped the notion of heritage and cultural difference between the coloniser and colonised and the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ through the exhibition. By analyzing the Punjab Exhibition 1881, the paper aims to deal with some pertinent issues such as strategic organisation and representation of the exhibits, as well as the legacy of the exhibition during colonial rule. The paper argues that though the British took to organising exhibitions to promote and preserve Indian art and textile, but in reality, it was a disguise aimed at establishing imperial supremacy over the colonised and maintain a hierarchical relationship of aesthetic and traditional culture between the ruler and the ruled.

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33

Kumar, Mr Sudhansu, and Dr Manvender Singh. "Role of Panchayati Raj in Rendering Social, Political and Economic Justice: A Study of Kuturachuan Gram Panchayat, Odisha Paper." Journal of Psychology and Political Science, no. 21 (January 11, 2022): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jpps.21.7.18.

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Panchayati Raj plays a vital role in Indian democracy. In Panchayati Raj systems, the Gram Panchayats are the units of administration. The people’s socio, political, and economic development at the grass-root level is realized through Panchayati Raj System. It is not only improving the economic conditions of the people but also aims at developing selfreliance among them. It is seen in the olden days that people used to meet together to solve village problems under the leadership of village elders. This system reflected the spirit of participatory democracy. Our Father of Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, advocated for ‘Gram Swaraj’ or village self-rule. The motto was the decentralization of powers. It is a well-known fact that Panchayats have existed in India for a long. During the Vedic period, Medieval Period, and In British rule, we witnessed local self-government. After independence, the draft Constitution added a mention of panchayat in Article 40 under Directive Principles of State Policy. The Community Development Programs for local development was introduced in 1950. After realizing the poor function of the Community Development Program by the study team under the chairmanship of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, the Panchayati Raj system was launched in 1959. The 73rd amendment Act 1992 comprises provisions for the devolution of powers. Decentralisation of power became tools to design many development plans and programmes for various grassroots level scheme. The Constitutional status clear the path of the Panchayati Raj system to improve the infracturer and implementation of developmental programmes for the needy rural and tribal areas. Sustainability and inclusivity in development of the people living below poverty line and marginally poor and as a result that the deram the Millennieum Development Goals can be achieved.

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34

Bailkin, Jordanna. "The Boot and the Spleen: When Was Murder Possible in British India?" Comparative Studies in Society and History 48, no. 2 (March 8, 2006): 462–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041750600017x.

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Could Britons in India commit murder? More precisely, could they be prosecuted and sentenced for doing so? As these epigraphs suggest, the Raj was deeply preoccupied with elaborating minute taxonomies of violence and death. In a variety of ways, British violence toward indigenes was made an object of policy initiatives by the Government of India. Defining violence, both indigenous and foreign, was one key task of the Raj, along with clarifying the boundary between legitimate and illegitimate violence. But this boundary shifted constantly over the colonial period, and indeed, it has continued to do so ever since. Given the extensive legal violence of colonial conquest, when and why were specific acts of white violence defined as murder?

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35

PURUSHOTHAM, SUNIL. "Federating the Raj: Hyderabad, sovereign kingship, and partition." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 157–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000981.

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AbstractThis article explores the idea of federation in late-colonial India. Projects of federation sought to codify the uncodified and fragmented sovereign landscape of the British Raj. They were ambitious projects that raised crucial questions about sovereignty, kingship, territoriality, the potential of constitutional law in transforming the colonial state into a democratic one, and India's political future more broadly. In the years after 1919, federation became a capacious model for imagining a wide array of political futures. An all-India Indian federation was seen as the most plausible means of maintaining India's unity, introducing representative government, and overcoming the Hindu–Muslim majority–minority problem. By bringing together ‘princely’ India and British India, federation made the Indian states central players in late-colonial contestations over sovereignty. This article explores the role of the states in constitutional debates, their place in Indian political imaginaries, and articulations of kingship in late-colonial India. It does so through the example of Hyderabad, the premier princely state, whose ruler made an unsuccessful bid for independence between 1947 and 1948. Hyderabad occupied a curious position in competing visions of India's future. Ultimately, the princely states were a decisive factor in the failure of federation and the turn to partition as a means of overcoming India's constitutional impasse.

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36

Putti, Joseph M., and Ang Chin Tong. "Effects of Leader Behavior on Subordinate Satisfaction in a Civil Service-Asian Context." Public Personnel Management 21, no. 1 (March 1992): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609202100105.

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One of the greatest contributions of British Colonialism in the Asian Countries is the establishment of Civil Service Administration. While political, economic and cultural systems and values have changed over the years, the Civil Service Administration has been preserved intact in most of these countries. The continuity of most of these nations since the British Raj can be attributed very well to their Civil Service systems.

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37

Banerjee, Amitav. "The British Raj and rise and fall of tropical medicine." Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University 6, no. 2 (2013): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-2870.110284.

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38

Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan. "‘Longing for the British Raj’: Imperial/colonial nostalgia and tourism." Hospitality & Society 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/hosp.8.3.253_1.

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39

Grigor, Talinn. "Persian Architectural Revivals in the British Raj and Qajar Iran." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 36, no. 3 (2016): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-3698959.

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40

PINKERTON, ALASDAIR. "Radio and the Raj: broadcasting in British India (1920–1940)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 18, no. 2 (April 2008): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186307008048.

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India offers special opportunities for the development of broadcasting. Its distances and wide spaces alone make it a promising field. In India's remote villages there are many who, after the day's work is done, find time hangs nearly enough upon their hands, and there must be many officials and others whose duties carry them into out-of-the-way places where they crave for the company of their friends and the solace of human companionship. There are of course, too, in many households, those whom social custom debars from taking part in recreation outside their own homes. To all these and many more broadcasting will be a blessing and a boon of real value. Both for entertainment and for education its possibilities are great, and yet we perhaps scarcely realise how great they are. Broadcasting in India is today in its infancy, but I have little doubt that before many years are past, the numbers of its audience will have increased tenfold, and that this new application of science will have its devotees in every part of India.

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41

Ovais, Hira. "COMMUNITY AND ARCHITECTURE: CONTRIBUTION RETROSPECT IN KARACHI DURING THE BRITISH RAJ." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 15, no. 2 (December 25, 2013): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap1522013_5.

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Communities play a vital role in the development of any society, both in terms of political and commercial ambiance and culture and social character which contributes in the city formation. Karachi is an excellent example of it. Over the years the city has evolved from wilderness to being the most populous city of the world. It houses many imported traditions, which have mixed with local values over the years. Karachi, in 1900s was dominated by many ethnic communities, which resulted in the rise of a class system, which in turn lead to the emergence of communal enclaves to create a sense of communal values. Until independence of the sub-continent in 1947, these communities worked together and flourish Karachi. Saddar Bazaar, the city centre of Karachi was mainly occupied by these communities. Saddar was laid as a camp by the British in the late nineteenth century and was later used not only as a marketplace, but also consisted supporting functions like storage facilities, religious places, schools, coffee houses, cinemas, bars, billiard rooms, restaurants and residential areas. The merchants who came from India started their commercial activities here. During the Colonial rule, Saddar flousrished not only in terms of trade and commerce, but also in terms of architecture. By the 19th century the British had already established a design language for the architecture of the public buildings of the sub-continent. But after the involvement of the localcommunities, this language was transformed and either hybrid forms were created (i.e. blending of European features with balconies and chajjas of different proportions) or purely local architectural forms based on the requirement of the locals were constructed. The transformation of European architectural language and its ornamentation into local buildings were observed in many structures. Some of them were built by British architects and engineers and others by the local firms under the British influence. This paper documents and analyses two such hybrid design buildings, which reflect the lifestyles of the communities through the built form characteristics, details and formal and spatial characteristics.

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42

Sherpa, Diki. "The Transformation of the Indo-Tibetan Trade in Wool, 1904–1962." China Report 55, no. 4 (November 2019): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519875245.

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During the first half of the twentieth century, the wool trade articulated new political and economic relationships between Tibet and the British Raj in India and the world beyond. Kalimpong, the Eastern Himalayan town in North Bengal, flourished on the basis of India’s frontier trade with Tibet for about five decades. By placing the trans-frontier wool trade of colonial India at the centre of analysis, this article seeks to highlight the material history that existed on its landed periphery. An attempt will be made to understand the emergence, pattern and significance of India’s trans-frontier trade with Tibet in the light of major geopolitical changes in this region and the world in the twentieth century. The article will argue that the channelling of trade through the Kalimpong–Lhasa route was driven by multiple colonial interests, as well as commercial considerations. In particular, safeguarding the empire and producing a unified sovereign space in the newly established Himalayan frontier constituted a major concern of the British Raj.

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JACKSON, ISABELLA. "The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 6 (February 29, 2012): 1672–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000078.

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AbstractSikh policemen were an indelible part of the landscape of Shanghai in the first decades of the twentieth century, and have left their mark in the ways in which the city is remembered up to the present day. Yet their history has never been told and historians of the period have, at best, simply referred to them in passing. This paper redresses this gap in the literature by accounting for the presence of the Sikh branch of the Shanghai Municipal Police and exploring their role in the governance and policing of the International Settlement. This enriches our understanding of the nature of the British presence in China and the ways in which Indian sub-imperialism extended to China's treaty ports, for on the streets of Shanghai, and not Shanghai alone, British power had an Indian face.

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Anuradha, V. "18TH CENTURY URBANIZATION IN SOUTH INDIA AND TRANSFORMATION INTO BRITISH IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON URBAN SPACES OF BANGALORE." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 10, no. 1 (October 25, 2017): 1995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v10i1.6600.

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The colonial structures that still stand today in India are the product of careful fabrication of British thought. The British government was afraid of what kind of legacy they would leave behind when exiting India in 1947. Today, years after the independence of India, one is still able to see such a legacy in stone: the colonial architecture and cities that are still in existence. The styles of architecture employed by the British Raj were systematically chosen, dependent on the location and utilization of a given city. The British were trying to consecrate their power through architectural representation. Trying to legitimize British rule, architects wanted to tie the architecture of the British with former Indian rulers, yet still create an effect of British grandeur. The examples illustrate that location and utilization were indeed crucial determinants of colonial style.

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Jalal, Ayesha. "Inheriting the Raj: Jinnah and the Governor-Generalship Issue." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 1 (February 1985): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00014542.

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In 1947 the British partitioned India and transferred power to two separate Dominions. Partition, however, did not mean the division of India between two ‘successor’ states. ‘India’ inherited British India's unitary centre, while ‘Pakistan’ consisted of areas with Muslim majorities which were merely seen as ‘contracting out’ of the ‘Union of India’. Congress's inheritance of the existing union centre gave it effective control over the joint assets of the two Dominions. The notion of a common Governor-General was, on the face of it, intended to safeguard Pakistan's share in the division of assets. The Indian Independence Bill was drafted on the implicit assumption that Mountbatten would remain as Governor-General for both Dominions until the division of the Indian army had been completed. As common Governor-General, Mountbatten could supervise the reallocation of assets and at the same time encourage co-operation between the two Dominions. But the reallocation of assets could not take place until a new centre had been created for the ‘seceding’ areas. The implication was that if a Pakistan centre was not formed, the assets would not be divided, and a Governor-General with a common touch could guide the Muslim areas back into the ‘Union of India’. Mohammad Ali Jinnah clearly recognized what might happen if there was a common Governor-General for two Dominions, one of which was to be regarded as the ‘successor’ and the other as the ‘seceder’.

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Eason, Andrew M. "Religion versus the Raj: The Salvation Army’s “Invasion” of British India." Mission Studies 28, no. 1 (2011): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016897811x572195.

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AbstractEmerging as a mission in East London in 1865, the Salvation Army quickly became known for its militant and unconventional evangelism on the streets of British towns and cities. Convinced that unrepentant souls were headed for hell, Salvationists employed sensational tactics to attract the attention of the lower working classes. This strategy did not change when the Salvation Army sent a small party of missionaries to Bombay in 1882. They not only arrived in Indian dress but held noisy processions through the city’s streets. While these methods reflected the Salvation Army’s revivalist theology, they brought Salvationists into collision with the colonial authorities. Fearing that the Army’s aggressive and sensational evangelism would lead to religious rioting and reduce the religion of the ruling race to ridicule, the Bombay police arrested the Salvationists on several occasions between September 1882 and April 1883. Although the city’s British residents generally approved of the actions of the police, many Indians and missionaries came to the defence of the evangelical organization, believing that imperial officials had acted unjustly towards the Army’s missionaries. Bolstered by this support, Salvationists repeatedly defied colonial authority for the sake of religious liberty, demonstrating through their words and actions that the Salvation Army could be anything but a benefit to imperial stability and prestige on the subcontinent.

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Chiriyankandath, James. "‘Democracy’ under the Raj: Elections and separate representation in British India." Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 30, no. 1 (March 1992): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662049208447624.

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Ellinwood, Dewitt C., and Robert W. Stern. "The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj." Pacific Affairs 63, no. 4 (1990): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759942.

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Cook, G. C. "Medicine and the Raj: British medical policy in India, 1835–1911." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, no. 3 (May 1999): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90042-1.

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Roy, Sameer. "Medicine and the Raj: British Medical Policy in India, 1835–1911." Indian Historical Review 29, no. 1-2 (January 2002): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360202900239.

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