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1

Kuiters, Willem G. J. "Reactions to Change: European Society in Bengal under the East India Company Flag, 1756-1773." Itinerario 23, no. 3-4 (November 1999): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300024554.

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Over the 1750s and 1760s, the East India Company became the principal ruler of Bengal. This rise to power was initially achieved by a limited use of military force combined with the clever manipulation of local politics and discontent in Bengal court circles provoked by the young and incautious Nawab Siraj-ud-daula. The Nawaby's army was defeated at Plassey after his most important generals conspired with the British against him. The British concluded a very advantageous treaty with his successor, Mir Jafar, who became increasingly dependent on their goodwill.
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Akehurst, Ann-Marie. "The Hospital de la Isla del Rey, Minorca: Britain’s Island Hospital." Architectural History 53 (2010): 123–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00003890.

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The small Spanish island of Minorca is the unexpected setting for a British naval hospital. It was constructed from 1711, during the first years of the British military occupation of the island, to provide medical care to mariners as they served in the strategically important Mediterranean. Scholars working in the fields of both medical and architectural history agree on the innovative importance of this hospital. Christine Stevenson, the foremost expert on early modern British hospital architecture, stated that: ‘the first of the purpose-built naval hospitals was at Port Mahon, Minorca […] [It] was, however, unique until the 1740s, when others were built on Jamaica and Gibraltar’. In terms of the history of hospital architecture, the Minorcan hospital’s role, as the sole purpose-built British naval hospital for over three decades, was a reflection of its exceptional setting, for it presented the British navy with an opportunity to create an infirmary that realized contemporary ideals of hospital design. The single-storey limestone edifice, which adopted the U-shaped plan already pioneered by Sir Christopher Wren (1635-1703) back in England, was located on an island in the middle of Mahon harbour, known by the name Isla del Rey. This was a highly significant location in Minorcan history, formerly called Ilia dels Conills (Rabbit Island), and was named for King Alfonso III of Aragon. It was from this island that Alfonso launched his reconquest of Minorca for Christendom from the Moors, and from this point in time Minorca was incorporated into Catalonia. No evidence has yet come to light of this important name in British usage; instead the occupiers referred to it as ‘Bloody Island’, or ‘Hospital Island’. Despite the informal and macabre renaming of the harbour island it was, however, a beautiful location, cooled by sea breezes, and was visible from all the surrounding cliffs.
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3

Roy, Kaushik. "The hybrid military establishment of the East India Company in South Asia: 1750–1849." Journal of Global History 6, no. 2 (June 13, 2011): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022811000222.

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AbstractDuring the seventeenth century, the East India Company (EIC) was a minor power in South Asia, repeatedly defeated in battle. However, this changed rapidly, beginning in the 1750s, as the EIC started projecting power from its coastal enclaves into the interior. One after other, the indigenous powers were defeated and destroyed. This article argues that the EIC’s military success was not merely the result of importing the military institutions that emerged in western Europe: there was no military revolution in early modern South Asia. Rather, the EIC blended imported British military institutions and techniques with South Asia’s indigenous military traditions, creating a hybrid military establishment in which South Asian manpower, animals, and economic resources were crucial. The article focuses on the construction of the EIC’s military establishment by concentrating on three spheres: military technology, manpower management, and logistics.
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4

Armitage, David. "A Patriot for Whom? The Afterlives of Bolingbroke's Patriot King." Journal of British Studies 36, no. 4 (October 1997): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386143.

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The transformation of patriotism into nationalism has become one of the accepted grand narratives of eighteenth-century British history. From its first appearance in English in the 1720s, “patriotism” as a political slogan expressed devotion to the common good of the patria and hostility to sectional interests and became a staple of oppositional politics. Though it was attacked by ministerialist writers, it was a liability only for those like the elder Pitt, whose attachment to patriotism when in opposition was not matched by his behavior when in government. However, the Wilkesite agitations and the debate over the American War decisively tainted patriotism with the whiff of factious reformism, and it was in just this context, in 1775, that Dr. Samuel Johnson famously redefined patriotism as “the last refuge of a scoundrel.” In the following half century, both radicals and loyalists fought over the appropriation of patriotism: the radicals to rescue it from the contempt into which it had fallen in the 1770s, the loyalists and the government to harness its potent discourse of national duty for the cause of monarchical revivalism and aggressive anti-Gallicanism. It is now generally agreed that the conservatives won, as the oppositional language of the early and mid-eighteenth century was thereby transformed into “an officially constructed patriotism which stressed attachment to the monarchy, the importance of empire, the value of military and naval achievement, and the desirability of strong, stable government by a virtuous, able and authentically British elite.”
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ATKINS, GARETH. "CHRISTIAN HEROES, PROVIDENCE, AND PATRIOTISM IN WARTIME BRITAIN, 1793–1815." Historical Journal 58, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000338.

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AbstractThe use by British crowds of victorious admirals to articulate patriotic and libertarian ideas during the wars of the long eighteenth century is well known. But conflict also posed awkward questions about masculinity and issues surrounding it. Was military prowess compatible with politeness, with religiosity? During the 1790s, the fight to the death with revolutionary France made such questions hard to ignore, being compounded by the fact that Britain's most celebrated leader – Nelson – was not a paragon of virtue. This article shows how evangelicals sought to resolve these tensions by advancing a different set of ideals founded on piety and professionalism: by finding heroes of their own. This has crucial consequences for our understanding of how they and the ideas they championed became so prominent in late Hanoverian public life. In contradistinction to recent work suggesting that they exploited causes that were already popular – moral reform, antislavery – this article shows how they advanced a powerful providential narrative in which Christian heroes and godly policy were what made Britain great, a narrative whose veracity was ‘proven’ by wartime successes, especially in the navy, and which would remain highly influential well into the nineteenth century.
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6

Carey, Peter, and Christopher Reinhart. "British Naval Power and its Influence on Indonesia, 1795–1942: An Historical Analysis." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 5, no. 1 (August 21, 2021): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v5i1.9343.

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In Indonesian history, Britain has never been considered a prominent player in the politics of the archipelago. From an Indonesian perspective, the British presence only lasted a brief five years (1811–1816) during short-lived interregnum regime led by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781-1826). This began with the British seizure of Java from the Franco-Dutch administration of Marshal Daendels (1808-11) and his successor, General Janssens (May-September 1811), and ended with the formal return of the colony to the Netherlands on 19 August 1816. However, as this article demonstrates, Britain has had a long-lasting and decisive influence on modern Indonesian history, dating from the time when the archipelago entered the vortex of global conflict between Britain and Republican France in the 1790s. The presence of the British navy in Indonesian waters throughout the century and a half which followed Britain’s involvement in the War of the First Coalition (1792-97) dictated inter alia the foundation of new cities like Bandung which grew up along Daendels’ celebrated postweg (military postroad), the development of modern Javanese cartography, and even the fate of the exiled Java War leader, Prince Diponegoro. in distant Sulawesi (1830-55). This British naval presence had pluses and minuses for the Dutch. On the one hand, it was a guarantor of Dutch security from foreign seaborne invasion. On the other, it opened the possibility for British interference in the domestic politics of Holland’s vast Asian colony. As witnessed in the 20th-century, the existence of the Dutch as colonial masters in the Indonesian Archipelago was critically dependent on the naval defence screen provided by the British. When the British lost their major battleships (Prince of Wales and Repulse) to Japanese attack off the east coast of Malaya on 10 December 1941 and Singapore fell on 15 February 1942, the fate of the Dutch East Indies was sealed. Today, the vital role played by the Royal Navy in guaranteeing the archipelago’s security up to February 1942 has been replaced by that of the Honolulu-based US Seventh Fleet but the paradoxes of such protection have continued.
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7

BARROW, IAN J., and DOUGLAS E. HAYNES. "The Colonial Transition: South Asia, 1780–1840." Modern Asian Studies 38, no. 3 (July 2004): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03001203.

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The seven papers in this special issue focus primarily on the development of British colonial rule between the 1780s and the 1840s. Over the course of these decades, the East India Company extended and consolidated its political and military control throughout much of the Indian subcontinent. Many of the crucial developments in the formation of the colonial state occurred during this period. These include the conquest of Mysore and the defeat of the Marathas, the implementation of the Permanent Settlement, the reforms undertaken during the Viceroyalty of Lord Bentinck, the introduction of Utilitarianism and missionary activity, the establishment of the Trigonometrical Survey, the development of the systems of control based upon indirect rule in the ‘princely states’, the emergence of new concepts of ‘race’ and social hierarchy, and the reshaping of British social life in South Asia. Outside of India, Ceylon's maritime provinces were captured from the Dutch and, in 1815, the interior Kandyan kingdom was annexed, paving the way for the island's transformation into a Crown colony focused on plantation production. In Britain, too, there was a growing interest among the public in the British territorial possessions in South Asia and an increasing awareness that this empire helped to define Britain as a great national power within Europe. For these reasons alone, this period, which begins when the Company was seeking to entrench itself as the de facto ruler of Bengal and ends shortly before the 1857 rebellions and the formal end of the Company rule, requires serious attention by historians.
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8

Steilen, Matthew. "The Legislature at War: Bandits, Runaways and the Emergence of a Virginia Doctrine of Separation of Powers." Law and History Review 37, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 493–538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000597.

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The politics of war severely divided the Virginia Southside during the American Revolution. Laborers, ship pilots and other landless men and women bitterly resented the efforts of the patriot gentry to stop trade with Great Britain and to establish a military force. Planters feared that the presence of the British Navy would encourage slaves to flee or attack their masters. What role did law play in the patriot response to these conditions? This essay uses the case of Josiah Philips, who led a banditti residing in the Great Dismal Swamp, to show how law intersected with class and race in patriot thinking. The gentry's view of the landless as dependent and lacking in self-control and its view of black slaves as posing a constant threat of violence supported the application of special legal regimes suited to these dangers. In particular, Philips was “attainted” by the General Assembly, a summary legislative legal proceeding traditionally employed against offenders who threatened government itself. While the attainder was uncontroversial when it passed, the significance of the Assembly's intervention changed over time. By the late 1780s, some among the state's legal elite regarded the Assembly as having unnecessarily interfered in the ordinary course of justice, which they were then seeking to reform. This opened the way to recharacterize the Assembly's extraordinary legal jurisdiction as an arbitrary exercise of lawmaking power.
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9

Bredikhin, A. V., and A. O. Babik. "THE “FOLKLAND ISSUE” EVOLUTION: FROM THE ORIGINS TOWARD BRITISH COLONIZATION (1740s - 1843)." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-1-93-100.

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The article is devoted to the origins and evolution of the “Falkland issue” in the system of international relations, which is discussion about the nationality of the eponymous archipelago, as well as the islands of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands with adjacent marine areas. According to the study, the “Falkland issue” is a term of the equation, where the numerator contains the territorial ambitions of Great Britain and Argentina, and the denominator shows the value of the resources access to which is represented by the archipelago of the same name. It is argued that the foundation for the “Falkland issue” was laid half a century before the appearance of Argentina on the political map of the world- in the 1740s, when the creators of British foreign policy for the first time in practical terms raised the question of creating a military base in the Southern Atlantic. The British Empire, which had the imperative of constant territorial expansion, needed a bridgehead to strengthen its influence in the Latin American region, which was subordinate to the Spanish and Portuguese crowns competing with the Windsor.
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10

Frykman, Niklas. "Connections between Mutinies in European Navies." International Review of Social History 58, S21 (September 6, 2013): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000230.

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AbstractDuring the revolutionary 1790s, an unprecedented number of mutinies tore through the British, French, and Dutch navies. This simultaneous upsurge of lower-deck militancy in both allied and belligerent fleets was not coincidental, nor was it simply a violent expression of similar pressures making themselves felt on ships under different flags but all engaged in the same conflict. Instead, through manifold personal connections, men who circulated back and forth across the frontline, and through the gradual emergence of a common political ideology, mutinies across navies constituted a single radical movement, a genuine Atlantic revolution in this so-called age of Atlantic revolutions.
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11

Barua, Pradeep, and Peter Stanley. "White Mutiny: British Military Culture in India." Journal of Military History 62, no. 4 (October 1998): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120196.

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12

Moss, M. S. "British Military and Naval Medicine, 1600-1830." English Historical Review CXXV, no. 515 (July 26, 2010): 1001–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceq205.

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13

Watson. "‘A strong desire to get into the bands’: Small Group Formation in 1740s British Methodism." Wesley and Methodist Studies 13, no. 2 (2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/weslmethstud.13.2.0109.

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14

Prior, Robin, and Brian Bond. "The First World War and British Military History." Journal of Military History 56, no. 4 (October 1992): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986178.

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15

Glete, Jan. "Military Migration and State Formation: The British Military Community in Seventeenth-Century Sweden." Scandinavian Journal of History 28, no. 2 (July 2003): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00855910310000323.

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16

Finn, Margot C. "MATERIAL TURNS IN BRITISH HISTORY: I. LOOT." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 28 (November 2, 2018): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440118000026.

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ABSTRACTThis address explores the writing of history in Britain during the Georgian and Victorian eras, arguing for the need both to trace British historiographical genealogies along routes that extend from Europe to the Indian subcontinent and to acknowledge the importance of material histories for this evolution. Focusing on military men who served in the East India Company during the Third Anglo-Maratha and Pindari War (1817–18), it examines the entangled histories of material loot, booty and prize on the one hand, and archival and history-writing practices developed by British military officers on the other. Active in these military campaigns and in post-conflict administration of conquered territories, a cadre of Company officers (assisted by ‘native’ interlocutors trained in Indian historical traditions) elaborated historical practices that we more conventionally associate with the Rankean historiographical innovations of the Victorian era. The Royal Historical Society's own history is shaped by these cross-cultural material encounters.
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17

Charters, E. "British Military and Naval Medicine, 1600-1830." Social History of Medicine 22, no. 3 (November 3, 2009): 629–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkp073.

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18

Cell, John W., and Peter Stanley. "White Mutiny: British Military Culture in India." American Historical Review 104, no. 3 (June 1999): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651015.

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19

Jackson, Ashley. "The Evolution of the Division in British Military History." RUSI Journal 152, no. 6 (December 2007): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840701863190.

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20

Demers, Paul A. "“Crestspeak”: British Military Crested Ceramics, Military Socialization, and Collective Memory." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13, no. 3 (May 5, 2009): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-009-0085-y.

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21

Busch, Briton C., and Yigal Sheffy. "British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918." Journal of Military History 63, no. 3 (July 1999): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120527.

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Wetzel, David, and Stephen M. Harris. "British Military Intelligence in the Crimean War, 1854-1856." Journal of Military History 63, no. 4 (October 1999): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120578.

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23

LLOYD, SARAH. "THE RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF METHODIST TICKETS, AND ASSOCIATED PRACTICES OF COLLECTING AND RECOLLECTING, 1741–2017." Historical Journal 63, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000244.

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ABSTRACTAmong all the paper ephemera surviving from eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain, the humble Methodist ticket has attracted little attention from scholars and collectors. Issued quarterly to members as a testimonial to religious conduct, many still exist, reflecting the sheer quantity produced by 1850, and the significance of keeping practices, where Methodist habits were distinctive. This article explores first the origin and spread of tickets primarily within British Methodism, but also noting its trans-oceanic contexts. Apparently inconsequential objects, they shaped experience and knowledge, illuminating eighteenth-century religious life, female participation, and plebeian agency. Discussion then turns to patterns of saving and memorialization that from the 1740s preserved Methodists’ tickets. Such practices extended the lifecycle of the individual ticket and created the accidents of its survival, giving it new uses as an institutional resource. In recovering the dead, it acquired nostalgic value, but other capacities were lost and forgotten. The ticket's origins, uses, and preservation intersect with major historical and historiographical currents to complicate established narratives of print, urban association, and commerce, and to present alternative understandings of collecting.
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24

Marshall, Tabitha. "Book Review: British Military and Naval Medicine, 1600–1830." International Journal of Maritime History 20, no. 1 (June 2008): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140802000167.

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25

Höbelt, Lothar. "The First World War and British Military History. Brian Bond." Journal of Modern History 67, no. 1 (March 1995): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/245043.

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26

Murphy, Terence R., and Elizabeth A. Muenger. "The British Military Dilemma in Ireland: Occupation Politics, 1886-1914." Journal of Military History 57, no. 2 (April 1993): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944069.

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27

Zimmermann, H. "British Military Planning for the Defence of Germany, 1945-50." German History 15, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/15.3.448.

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28

Hendrickson, Ken, and Scott Hughes Myerly. "British Military Spectacle from the Napoleonic Wars through the Crimea." Journal of Military History 61, no. 2 (April 1997): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953987.

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29

Dubrulle, Hugh. "A Military Legacy of the Civil War: The British Inheritance." Civil War History 49, no. 2 (2003): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2003.0032.

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30

Casino. "Panic in Philadelphia, 1777: Civilian Behavior and British Military Failure." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 88, no. 4 (2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.88.4.0447.

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31

Leeson, D. M. "Playing at War: The British Military Manoeuvres of 1898." War in History 15, no. 4 (November 2008): 432–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344508095448.

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32

CHARTERS, ERICA. "THE CARING FISCAL-MILITARY STATE DURING THE SEVEN YEARS WAR, 1756–1763." Historical Journal 52, no. 4 (November 6, 2009): 921–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09990306.

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ABSTRACTThis article re-examines the concept of the fiscal-military state in the context of the British armed forces during the Seven Years War (1756–63). This war, characteristic of British warfare during the eighteenth century, demonstrates that British victory depended on the state caring about the wellbeing of its troops, as well as being perceived to care. At the practical level, disease among troops led to manpower shortages and hence likely defeat, especially during sieges and colonial campaigns. During the 1762–3 Portuguese campaign, disease was regarded as a sign of ill-discipline, and jeopardized military and political alliances. At Havana in 1762, the fear, reports, and actual outbreaks of disease threatened American colonial support and recruitment for British campaigns. Throughout the controversial campaigns in the German states, disease was interpreted as a symptom of bad governance, and used in partisan criticisms concerning the conduct of the war. Military victory was not only about strategy, command, and technology, but nor was it solely a question of money. Manpower could not simply be bought, but needed to be nurtured in the long term through a demonstration that the British state cared about the welfare of its armies.
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Vlami, Despina, and Ikaros Mandouvalos. "Entrepreneurial forms and processes inside a multiethnic pre-capitalist environment: Greek and British enterprises in the Levant (1740s–1820s)." Business History 55, no. 1 (January 2013): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.687541.

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Walker, Julian. "BETWEEN TRAGEDY AND IRONY: MILITARY REALITIES IN BRITISH ADS 1914–1918." Ural Historical Journal 64, no. 3 (2019): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2019-3(64)-65-74.

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Swain, Richard M., and Brian Holden Reid. "Studies in British Military Thought: Debates with Fuller and Liddell Hart." Journal of Military History 62, no. 4 (October 1998): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120211.

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Fraser, K. C. "A Guide to British Military History: The Subject and The Sources." Reference Reviews 30, no. 8 (October 17, 2016): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-06-2016-0175.

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Holden Reid, Brian. "From Liddell Hart to Joan Littlewood: Studies in British Military History." RUSI Journal 162, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2017.1301656.

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Daddow, Oliver. "Facing the future: History in the writing of British military doctrine." Defence Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702430212331391958.

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39

Thomas, Megan C. "Securing Trade: The Military Labor of the British Occupation of Manila, 1762–1764." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (March 26, 2019): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000051.

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AbstractMilitary labor played a key role in conquering and preserving ports as nodes in trading networks. This article treats the military labor of the British occupation of Manila from 1762 to 1764, during the Seven Years War. It examines the motley crew that formed the British forces, exploring British categories of military laborers sent from Madras. The particular combination of forces composed for this expedition had more to do with the East India Company's concerns in Madras than with what was thought to be needed to take and hold Manila. These military laborers were sometimes unruly, insisting on better pay, and deserting when it was not forthcoming. The story of the British occupation of Manila highlights how ideas about desertion traveled along with military laborers from one port city to another in the Indian Ocean world, and what happened when they did.
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Vicinus, Martha, and Anne Summers. "Angels and Citizens: British Women as Military Nurses, 1854-1914." American Historical Review 95, no. 2 (April 1990): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163828.

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Hachey, Thomas E., and Elizabeth A. Muenger. "The British Military Dilemma in Ireland: Occupation Politics, 1886-1914." American Historical Review 97, no. 4 (October 1992): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165581.

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42

Beckett, Ian F. W., and Scott Hughes Myerly. "British Military Spectacle: From the Napoleonic Wars through the Crimea." American Historical Review 103, no. 3 (June 1998): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650616.

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43

Khruleva, Irina Yur'evna. "The Theological Polemics of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield: Differences in Their Understanding of the "Great Awakening" of the 1740s in New England." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 1 (January 2020): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.30503.

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The first "Great Awakening" took hold of all British colonies in North America in the 1730s-1750s and developed contemporaneously with the Enlightenment movement, which had a significant impact on all aspects of life in the colonies, influencing religion, politics and ideology. The inhabitants of the colonies, professing different religious views, for the first time experienced a general spiritual upsurge. The colonies had never seen anything like the Great Awakening in scale and degree of influence on society. This was the first movement in American history that was truly intercolonial in nature, contributing to the formation of a single religious and partially ideological space in British America. The beginning of the Great Awakening in British America was instigated by both the colonial traditions of religious renewal (the so-called "revivals") and new ideas coming from Europe, hence this religious movement cannot be understood without considering its European roots nor not taking into account its transatlantic nature. The development of pietism in Holland and Germany and the unfolding of Methodism on the British Isles greatly influenced Protestant theology on both sides of the Atlantic. This article explores the differences in understanding the nature of the Great Awakening by its two leaders - J. Edwards and J. Whitefield.
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Manu-Osafo, Manuel J. "‘The Days of their Heedless Power Were Over and Done’: Dynamics of Power in the Military Structures of the Precolonial Asante State, 1874–1900." Journal of African History 62, no. 2 (July 2021): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853721000281.

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AbstractThe British surprisingly faced no military resistance when they captured Asante in 1896. Previous works have focused on the agency of actors like Prempe and Frederick Hodgson to explain why. This paper, in contrast, approaches this epoch in Asante history from the context of the sociopolitical power structure within which the precolonial Asante state operated. It asserts that Asante's independence was contingent on having a strong military. But since it had no standing army, the state used Asante's ‘social contract’ to coerce its subjects into ad hoc armies to meet military threats. Starting from the 1874 Sagrenti War, however, the state disregarded the social contract. This unleashed a series of events that undermined the state's power to coerce Asantes into military service. The article posits further that this erosion of the state's coercive power ultimately prevented it from countering the British with armed resistance in 1896 to maintain independence.
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45

Butler, William. "“The British Soldier is no Bolshevik”: The British Army, Discipline, and the Demobilization Strikes of 1919." Twentieth Century British History 30, no. 3 (December 13, 2018): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwy044.

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Abstract This article considers the breakdown in discipline in the British Army which occurred in Britain and on the Western Front during the process of demobilization at the end of the First World War. Many soldiers, retained in the army immediately after the Armistice, went on strike, and some formed elected committees, demanding their swifter return to civilian life. Their perception was that the existing demobilization system was unjust, and men were soon organized by those more politically conscious members of the armed forces who had enlisted for the duration of the war. At one stage in January 1919, over 50,000 soldiers were out on strike, a fact that was of great concern to the British civilian and military authorities who miscalculated the risk posed by soldiers. Spurred on by many elements of the press, especially the Daily Mail and Daily Herald, who both fanned and dampened the flames of discontent, soldiers’ discipline broke down, demonstrating that the patriotism which had for so long kept them in line could only extend so far. Though senior members of the government, principally Winston Churchill, and the military, especially Douglas Haig and Henry Wilson, were genuinely concerned that Bolshevism had ‘infected’ the army, or, at the very least, the army had been unionized, their fears were not realized. The article examines the government’s strategy regarding demobilization, its efforts to assess the risk of politicization and manage the press, and its responses to these waves of strikes, arguing that, essentially, these soldiers were civilians first and simply wanted to return home, though, in the post-war political climate, government fears were very real.
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46

Dockrill, Michael. "British attitudes towards France as a military ally." Diplomacy & Statecraft 1, no. 1 (March 1990): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592299008405782.

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47

Jackson, Ashley. "Military Migrants: British Service Personnel in Ceylon during the Second World War." Britain and the World 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2013.0075.

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Across the territories that comprised the British Empire, the Second World War caused many migrations, some great and some small, but all traumatic and formative for the people involved. Civilians, both local and expatriate, fled in great numbers from the threat of German or Japanese invasion; in some colonies civilians were evacuated from cities threatened by bombing or deemed militarily important; hundreds of thousands of servicemen and women moved around the world and spend significant periods of time in foreign lands – African troops resided in Asia, Indians in the East Indies and Middle East, and British servicemen and women found themselves billeted all over the Empire. Also, forming a fascinating subcategory, were the many thousands of American service personnel who served in British colonial territories. After reviewing the phenomenon of migration within the British Empire during the war, this article focuses on a case study – the experience of British (and some Australian) service personnel based in Ceylon for a range of military purposes, including office work, jungle training, and naval operations. It examines the methods used to acclimatize young service personnel, often going abroad for the first time in their lives, to the strangeness of a foreign, ‘exotic’ land. It describes the impressions the people and environment left on these wartime immigrants, before considering the recreational provisions made for them, and the sexual opportunities that sometimes arose. The article concludes that the experience of these European migrants deserves study as much as the experience of non-European servicemen and women, which has received significant attention in the scholarly literature relating to the Empire at war.
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48

Porter, Patrick. "Military Orientalism? British Observers of the Japanese Way of War, 1904–1910." War & Society 26, no. 1 (May 2007): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/072924707791591901.

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49

Won, Tae Joon. "Britain's Retreat East of Suez and the Conundrum of Korea 1968–1974." Britain and the World 9, no. 1 (March 2016): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2016.0215.

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This article examines the discussions and decisions which occurred within the British government concerning Britain's military involvement in the Korean peninsula at a time when Britain was pulling out of its military obligations in Asia – colloquially known as the ‘retreat East of Suez’ – in the late 1960s and the early 1970s. After the end of the Korean War, Britain created the Commonwealth Liaison Mission in Seoul and provided a frigate for use in Korean waters by the American-led United Nations Command and British soldiers for the United Nations Honour Guard. When relations between North and South Korea reached crisis point at the end of the 1960s, London was concerned that Britain could be entangled in an unaffordable military conflict in the Korean peninsula. The Ministry of Defence therefore argued for the abolition of the commitment of the British frigate, but the Foreign Office opposed this initiative so as to mitigate the blow to Anglo-American relations caused by Britain's refusal to commit troops to Vietnam. When Edward Heath's government negotiated a Five Power Defence Agreement with Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand in April 1971, the Ministry of Defence was, despite the objections of the Foreign Office, finally successful in repealing the frigate commitment for reasons of overstretching military resources. Furthermore, the Ministry of Defence then called for the abolition of the Commonwealth Liaison Mission altogether when it was then discovered that the British contingent of the United Nations Honour Guard would have to fight under the command of the United Nations Commander in case of a military conflict in the Korean peninsula. But this proposal too was rebuffed by the Foreign Office, concerned that such a move would greatly damage Anglo-Korean relations at a time when Britain was considering establishing diplomatic relations with North Korea.
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White, Luise, Anthony Clayton, and David Killingray. "Khaki and Blue: Military and Police in British Colonial Africa." African Economic History, no. 18 (1989): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601778.

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