Journal articles: 'British economic decline'

1

Jeremy, David J., Bruce Collins, and Keith Robbins. "British Culture and Economic Decline." Economic History Review 44, no. 4 (November 1991): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597827.

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Martin, Ron. "Is British economic geography in decline?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 7 (May 27, 2018): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18774050.

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In this brief note on the movement (or should it be defection?) of UK economic geographers from geography departments into business schools, I argue that this movement is in fact part of a wider de-prioritization and emasculation of economic geography within many geography departments across the country. Yet this rundown of British economic geography has occurred precisely at a time when the importance and relevance of the subdiscipline have become increasingly recognized within national and local policy circles. Reversing the institutional decline of economic geography across the British university system is therefore imperative.

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Khesin, Efim. "Russian-British economic relations: from uprise to decline." Contemporary Europe, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope120177283.

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Kipping, Matthias. "British economic decline: Blame it on the consultants?" Contemporary British History 13, no. 3 (September 1999): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619469908581548.

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PEMBERTON, HUGH. "RELATIVE DECLINE AND BRITISH ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1960s." Historical Journal 47, no. 4 (November 29, 2004): 989–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x04004078.

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In explaining Britain's post-war relative economic decline, contemporary historians have concentrated upon ‘government failure’: not enough, too much, or too much of the wrong sort of government intervention. Implicitly, such explanations conceive the British state as both centralized and powerful. Recent developments in political science have questioned this traditional view. Using this insight to structure its historical analysis, this article examines the wide array of policy changes that flowed from the British government's adoption in the early 1960s of an explicit target for higher growth. It finds that the principal reasons for the failure of these policies can be found in the fragmentation and interdependence of Britain's economic institutions – the source of which lay in the particular historical development of Britain's polity. These issues of governance required new conceptions of both policy making and policy implementation able either to strengthen the power of the centre to impose change, or to promote consensus building. However, lacking a sufficient shock to the system, and imprisoned in a mindset in which the British state was conceived as both centralized and powerful, elites saw little need for fundamental institutional change.

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Tomlinson, Jim, Peter Clarke, and Clive Trebilcock. "Understanding Decline: Perceptions and Realities of British Economic Performance." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 31, no. 2 (1999): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052803.

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Crafts, Nicholas. "British relative economic decline revisited: The role of competition." Explorations in Economic History 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2011.06.004.

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Roy, Tirthankar. "Transfer of Economic Power in Corporate Calcutta, 1950–1970." Business History Review 91, no. 1 (2017): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680517000393.

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Between 1950 and 1970, the ownership of some of the largest business conglomerates in India changed from British to Indian hands. Almost without exception, the firms formerly under the management of British conglomerates saw bankruptcy, nationalization, relative decline in corporate ranking, and on rare occasions, reinvention of identity. In Indian business history scholarship, this episode is underresearched, even though hypotheses on the transfer-cum-decline exist. Combining a new source, legal documents, with conventional ones, this article revisits the episode and suggests revisions to current hypotheses.

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Kirby, M. W. "Institutional Rigidities and Economic Decline: Reflections on the British Experience." Economic History Review 45, no. 4 (November 1992): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597412.

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10

Corley, T. A. B., and William P. Kennedy. "Industrial Structure, Capital Markets and the Origins of British Economic Decline." Economic Journal 98, no. 391 (June 1988): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233409.

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McCloskey, Donald N., and William P. Kennedy. "Industrial Structure: Capital Markets and the Origins of British Economic Decline." Economic History Review 42, no. 1 (February 1989): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597065.

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Harley, C. Knick, and William P. Kennedy. "Industrial Structure, Capital Markets, and the Origins of British Economic Decline." American Historical Review 94, no. 5 (December 1989): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906416.

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Carrington, Selwyn H. H. "British West Indian Economic Decline and Abolition, 1775–1807: Revisiting Econocide." Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 14, no. 27 (January 1999): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08263663.1999.10816617.

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Rutherford, M. "Industrial structure, capital markets and the origins of British economic decline." History of Political Economy 21, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-21-2-402.

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Chase-Dunn, Christopher, Andrew K. Jorgenson, Thomas E. Reifer, and Shoon Lio. "The Trajectory of the United States in the World-System: A Quantitative Reflection." Sociological Perspectives 48, no. 2 (June 2005): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2005.48.2.233.

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Using improved estimates of world and country GDPs, population, and GDP per capita published by Angus Maddison (2001), we report findings of a quantitative study of the trajectory of the United States in world historical perspective. We compare the U.S. economic hegemony of the twentieth century with the seventeenth-century Dutch hegemony and the British hegemony of the nineteenth century. We also track the trajectories of challengers and discuss the future of hegemonic rivalry and global governance. Our findings support the existence of a sequence of hegemonic rises and declines. Despite a recent plateau in the decline of U.S. economic hegemony, we contend that the United States will continue to decline.

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Towers, Brian. "Running the Gauntlet: British Trade Unions under Thatcher, 1979–1988." ILR Review 42, no. 2 (January 1989): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398904200201.

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This article describes and appraises the difficulties experienced by British unions since 1979. During that period, union membership has declined over 20 percent and three successive Conservative governments have enacted labor legislation opposed by unions. The author views the government's strongly unfavorable treatment of unions as a powerful force, but argues that economic and structural changes, such as the growth of temporary and part-time workers and the decline of the manufacturing sector, are likely to have more lasting adverse effects. Unions are adopting various strategies to try to counteract the decline of their membership, including innovative organizing methods and expanded services for members. The fate of the unions will depend, the author concludes, on the success of those strategies, changes in the British economy, and the Labour Party's fortunes in future general elections.

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Luke, David Fashole, and Stephen P. Riley. "The Politics of Economic Decline in Sierra Leone." Journal of Modern African Studies 27, no. 1 (March 1989): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00015676.

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The fact that Sierra Leone is one of Africa's little-known states is an acknowledgement of its marginalisation and reversal of fortunes since independence from Britain in 1961. But this observation is also a reminder that under colonial rule, Sierra Leone had received considerable notoriety for several reasons: an important naval base, commercial centre, and seaport; a hot-bed of political agitation and perennial challenge to British authority; and a centre of education – the so-called ‘Athens of West Africa’.1 In more recent times, however, Sierra Leone jas not caught the attention of international commentators and the world press. It has not achieved the strategic or international political significance of such major African states as Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Nigeria, Zambia, or Zimbabwe. And looking back to the 1950s and 1960s, it was not led to independence by the charismatic persona of a Kwame Nkrumah, who hoped to achieve the rapid transformation of Ghana to a modern industrial economy and society, ot by a romantic like Julius Nyerere, who hoped to turn Tanzanian peasants into citizens of modern communes.

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18

Soyer, Daniel. "Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London, 1880–1914: Enterprise and Culture. By Andrew Godley. Basingstoke, England, and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. xii, 187. $60.00." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 1 (March 2003): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070359180x.

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In this imaginative and readable book, Andrew Godley argues that culture matters in economics, and that some cultural traits encourage entrepreneurship, and therefore material prosperity, more than others. More specifically, he joins debates among British historians over the causes for Britain's relative economic decline around the turn of the twentieth century. He argues that British culture was in fact anti-entrepreneurial and concludes that this was likely to have had a negative impact on the country's economic fortunes. This is, therefore, really a book about Britain and its economic culture. Though it certainly has interesting insights into Jewish history as well; the author uses the Jews primarily as a “control group” in his historical “experiment.”

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Pontusson, Jonas. "Explaining the Decline of European Social Democracy: The Role of Structural Economic Change." World Politics 47, no. 4 (July 1995): 495–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100015197.

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Using a number of different quantitative measures, this article demonstrates that variations in the degree of social democratic decline in nine European countries can be viewed in large measure as a product of two structural economic changes: (1) the shift to smaller units of production; and (2) the growth of private nonindustrial employment. The article explores several causal arguments linking these variables to social democratic decline, and it marshals Swedish and British time-series data to show that the distribution of manufacturing employment by production unit helps explain both the rise and the decline of social democracy.

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20

Speich, Daniel. "The use of global abstractions: national income accounting in the period of imperial decline." Journal of Global History 6, no. 1 (February 23, 2011): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022811000027.

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AbstractThis article explores the history of a conceptual world economic order of nations created by statistically minded economists over the last seventy years. Drawing upon work by Colin Clark, Richard Stone, and Simon Kuznets from the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, it reconstructs the rise of new economic indicators referring to economic inequality. Two forms of intellectual practice can be identified that characterized a remarkable shift in knowledge production in Anglo-American economics in the period of French and British imperial decline. One was new methods of counting and comparing income, which produced a sensational new view of the world as a place of enormous poverty. The other was the belief that these issues could be solved by applying a limited set of policy recommendations to all economies in the world.

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White, N. J. "The Survival, Revival and Decline of British Economic Influence in Malaysia, 1957-70." Twentieth Century British History 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 222–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/14.3.222.

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22

Kendrick, Stephen, and David McCrone. "Politics in a Cold Climate: The Conservative Decline in Scotland." Political Studies 37, no. 4 (December 1989): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb00290.x.

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An important feature over the last 30 years has been the increasing shortfall in the Conservative vote in Scotland compared with England. The Conservative Party, despite social structural disadvantages in terms of housing tenure and social class, did unusually well until the mid-1950s, particularly among Unionists and Protestants. After considering the historical and religious factors explaining earlier Conservative political strength, it is argued that two factors help to explain the changing politics of the state in Scotland: the establishment of Scotland as a separate unit of economic management in popular perception and the greater dependence on direct state involvement. The Scottish economic dimension has made Scotland an ideological category largely incompatible with Conservative English/British national rhetoric as employed by Mrs Thatcher.

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23

Heyck, Thomas William. "The Decline of Christianity in Twentieth-Century Britain." Albion 28, no. 3 (1996): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052171.

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The history of religion in Britain—as distinct from church or ecclesiastical history—is making an impressive comeback in the consciousness of historians, with important implications for British cultural and social history. Not least affected is the history of Britain in the twentieth century. Fifteen years ago, the well-known social historian Alan Gilbert published his The Making of Post-Christian Britain, which soon became the standard account of the secularization of British society since the eighteenth century. Taking off from careful statistical surveys of Christian church membership and participation that he had done in two earlier books, and looking for explanation to a very broad range of cultural, economic, and social factors, Gilbert presented an argument that has seemed so powerful as to be an almost irresistible account of the apparent fact of the secularization of Britain. More recently, however, both religious historians and sociologists of religion have begun to question not only Gilbert's premises and argument, but also the very concept of secularization. The result of this questioning, exemplified by the books here reviewed, is a major controversy concerning the recent history of religion in Britain.

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24

Tsokhas, Kosmas. "Dedominionization: the Anglo-Australian experience, 1939–1945." Historical Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1994): 861–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015120.

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ABSTRACTThe role of decolonization in the decline of the British empire has received a great deal of attention. In comparison there has been little research or analysis of the process of dedominionization affecting Australia and the other dominions. During the Second World War economic ties were seriously weakened and there were substantial conflicts over economic policy between the British and Australian governments. Australia refused to reduce imports in order to conserve foreign exchange, thus contributing to the United Kingdom's debt burden. The Australian government insisted that the British guarantee Australia's sterling balances and refused to adopt the stringent fiscal policies requested by the Bank of England and the British treasury. Australia also took the opportunity to expand domestic manufacturing industry at the expense of British manufacturers. Economic separation and conflict were complemented by political and strategic differences. In particular, the Australian government realized that British military priorities made it impossible for the United Kingdom to defend Australia. This led the Australians towards a policy of cooperating with the British embargo on Japan, only to the extent that this would be unlikely to provoke Japanese military retaliation. In general, the Australians preferred a policy of compromise in the Far East to one of deterrence preferred by the British.

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Bacon, William. "Economic Systems and Their Impact on Tourist Resort Development: The Case of the Spa in Europe." Tourism Economics 4, no. 1 (March 1998): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669800400102.

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This paper examines the impact of two contrasting economic systems upon the development of the European spa resorts. These are British systems of market capitalism and continental European systems of state-managed capitalism. The author identifies factors facilitating the success of spa resorts and also those associated with their business failure. He challenges conventional explanations that the rise in fashionability of seaside resorts led to the demise of the inland British spa resort and develops an alternative explanation. He demonstrates that the root of the explanation for their decline is an economic one, namely a failure of public and private investment to renew the British tourist product to a level where it could compete effectively in the international marketplace. This happened because British structures of capitalism were ill adapted to facilitate the levels of investment and innovation required for British spas to modernize sufficiently to enable them to compete effectively against emerging continental European rivals benefiting from substantial public-sector support. Visiting spas remained popular amongst the English-speaking upper classes into the twentieth century; the significant change was that, whereas once they preferred to patronize British resorts, from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, they chose to visit more modern and attractive continental European destinations.

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Ryden, David Beck. "Does Decline Make Sense? The West Indian Economy and the Abolition of the British Slave Trade." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, no. 3 (January 2001): 347–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219500551569.

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Most historians describe the moral distaste for slavery as the sole reason for the cessation of the British slave trade. Data from the Caribbean, however, along with contemporary commentary, show that an economic crisis faced by sugar planters was critical to the timing of abolition in 1807.

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Carreras, Miguel, Yasemin Irepoglu Carreras, and Shaun Bowler. "Long-Term Economic Distress, Cultural Backlash, and Support for Brexit." Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 9 (March 4, 2019): 1396–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830714.

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Economic and cultural factors are often presented as alternative explanations of Brexit. Most studies have failed to recognize the interplay between contextual economic factors and individual attitudes such as nativism and Euroscepticism. We argue that both economic and cultural factors matter to explain the outcome of the referendum. Economic factors are critical because they shape cultural attitudes. British citizens who live in economically depressed and declining districts are more likely to develop anti-immigrant and Eurosceptic views. These cultural grievances, in turn, explain support for Brexit. Using both aggregate economic and electoral data at the local level (380 districts) and data from the 7th wave of the British Election Study 2014-2017 panel, we find strong support for our argument that cultural grievances mediate the effect of long-term economic decline on support for Brexit. Our results have important policy implications, and suggest targeted economic policies are necessary to protect the “losers of globalization.”

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Frankema, Ewout, Jeffrey Williamson, and Pieter Woltjer. "An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885." Journal of Economic History 78, no. 1 (March 2018): 231–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000128.

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We use a new trade dataset showing that nineteenth century sub-Saharan Africa experienced a terms of trade boom comparable to other parts of the “global periphery.” A sharp rise in export prices in the five decades before the scramble (1835–1885) was followed by an equally impressive decline during the colonial era. This study revises the view that the scramble for West Africa occurred when its major export markets were in decline and argues that the larger weight of West Africa in French imperial trade strengthened the rationale for French instead of British initiative in the conquest of the interior.

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Storm, Ingrid. "Does Security Increase Secularity? Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey on the Relationship between Income and Religious Service Attendance." Journal of Religion in Europe 10, no. 3 (October 6, 2017): 328–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748929-01003004.

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Material security has been associated with lower religious attendance both between and within countries and has been proposed as one of the mechanisms causing long term religious decline in economically developed countries. Using a British panel study, this article examines (a) whether change to household incomes can incite individual religious change and (b) whether religion can buffer against the stress of economic loss. The main trend in Britain is that of religious stability or decline, and income change does nothing to reverse this trend. Increases in household income are associated with religious disengagement, but income reduction has no effect on religious attendance. However, religious activity may still act as a ‘buffer’ by improving and maintaining life satisfaction in the face of economic loss.

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Binkley, Clark S. "Creating a knowledge-based forest sector." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69294-3.

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Traditionally an industry based on plentiful natural resources, the forest sector in British Columbia must be transformed to include a far higher amount of technology if its prosperity is to be sustained. Only by embodying a larger technological component in its products and processes can the forest sector offset the economic decline usually associated with the transition from old-growth to secondary, managed forests. Research will also increase the contribution the forests themselves can make to our economic and environmental well-being. Because of its position as a large producer of forest products, effective research strategies for British Columbia (and probably for Canada more broadly) will differ substantially from those pursued by major consuming nations such as the United States or Japan.

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Cumbers, Andrew. "What is a ‘person’ like you doing in a ‘place’ like that? Reflections on the business school migration from economic geography." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 7 (July 3, 2018): 1519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18782704.

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The decline of economic geography in British geography departments and schools is a cause for concern, given its historic importance as a seedbed for critical and alternative thinking. While there are attractions and opportunities for economic geographers such as myself in working in management departments and business schools, particularly those that have a critical social science culture, it is vital that geography itself, as a discipline, retains a commitment to heterodox economic enquiry and understanding. At a time of multiplying global political, economic and ecological crises, the disappearance of economic geography from the mainstream teaching curriculum and research agenda would be a regrettable loss for the broader academic project.

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Magee, Gary B. "Competence or Omniscience? Assessing Entrepreneurship in the Victorian and Edwardian British Paper Industry." Business History Review 71, no. 2 (1997): 230–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116159.

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In the literature on British economic decline entrepreneurship is typically assessed by its outcome. By contrast, this paper argues that the soundness of entrepreneurship is best tested by viewing it ex ante. In other words, it is the process, and not the product, of entrepreneurship that is important in determining its quality. When this is accepted, competence, rather than infallibility, becomes the criterion by which entrepreneurship is best judged. In the latter half of the article, this approach is applied to the British paper industry's search for a new source of cellulose in the second half of the nineteenth century.

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BROAD, MATTHEW. "Keeping your Friends Close: British Foreign Policy and the Nordic Economic Community, 1968–1972." Contemporary European History 25, no. 3 (April 5, 2016): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000175.

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AbstractThe Nordic Economic Community (Nordek) was a short-lived and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to strengthen cooperation between the four Nordic states. While the importance of the project to Britain has often been overlooked, this article suggests that Whitehall took considerable interest from the start. It demonstrates how, although officially neutral, London sought first to mitigate the effects of Nordek, then to undermine its establishment and, finally, in the wake of Nordek's collapse, to guard against its re-emergence. The aim throughout was to protect three central tenets of British foreign policy: EFTA unity in light of the second veto, Britain's own application for EEC membership and a cohesive Western Europe militarily integrated in NATO. However, the article highlights the absence of a coherent strategy towards tentative Nordic integration and the mixed success this brought, the interdependency of Anglo-Nordic relations in the pursuit and success of British foreign policy goals and the relative decline of the Britain's influence in the Nordic region.

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Potofsky, Allan. "Paine’s Debt to Hume?" Journal of Early American History 6, no. 2-3 (November 16, 2016): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00603008.

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It has been famously argued that Tom Paine was not much of an economic thinker. Indeed, in his published work, we see relatively scarce systematic commentary on the subject. But, as befitting his origins in a mercantile family, Paine as a young man had prepared for a career as an excise officer. He later fully participated in a broader Enlightenment conversation about the new world of credit, trade, commercial and monetary policies, among other fiscal issues of early globalization. In particular, Paine formulated a systematic critique of public debt as a compelling way to discuss political sovereignty, the social contract, and the true wealth of nations – among other issues. In 1796, in France, Paine published a critique of wartime funding of the British economy with the publication of The Decline and Fall of the English System of Finance inspired by the title of Gibbon’s The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776). Paine’s denunciation of the economic self-mutilation caused by British wartime expansionism focused on a reform by the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, who partially privatized the public debt of Britain. The British pound sterling was henceforth sustained by mysterious private loans whose very terms were obscured from public opinion. This article argues that the pamphlet had many parallels to David Hume’s 1752 essay Of Public Debt which Hume revised after the Seven Years War with a radical critique of public debt. The Humean origins of many of Paine’s arguments are manifest in the corrupting nature of public debt tied to military expenditure. To Hume and Paine, gimmicky forms of state borrowing in times of war lead to the bankruptcy of expansionist absolutism and to the eventual “decline and fall” of belligerent empires.

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Kostelka, Filip, and André Blais. "The Generational and Institutional Sources of the Global Decline in Voter Turnout." World Politics 73, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 629–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887121000149.

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ABSTRACTWhy has voter turnout declined in democracies all over the world? This article draws on findings from microlevel studies and theorizes two explanations: generational change and a rise in the number of elective institutions. The empirical section tests these hypotheses along with other explanations proposed in the literature—shifts in party/candidate competition, voting-age reform, weakening group mobilization, income inequality, and economic globalization. The authors conduct two analyses. The first analysis employs an original data set covering all post-1945 democratic national elections. The second studies individual-level data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and British, Canadian, and US national election studies. The results strongly support the generational change and elective institutions hypotheses, which account for most of the decline in voter turnout. These findings have important implications for a better understanding of the current transformations of representative democracy and the challenges it faces.

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Wallis, Patrick, Justin Colson, and David Chilosi. "Structural Change and Economic Growth in the British Economy before the Industrial Revolution, 1500–1800." Journal of Economic History 78, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 862–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000396.

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Structural transformation is a key indicator of economic development. We present the first time series of male labor sectoral shares for England and Wales before 1800, using a large sample of probate and apprenticeship data to produce national- and county-level estimates. England experienced a rapid decline in the share of workers in agriculture between the early seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries, associated with rising agricultural and especially industrial productivity; Wales saw few changes. Our results show that England experienced unusually early structural change and highlight the mid-seventeenth century as a turning point.

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Decker, Stephanie. "Building Up Goodwill: British Business, Development and Economic Nationalism in Ghana and Nigeria, 1945–1977." Enterprise & Society 9, no. 4 (December 2008): 602–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700007540.

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Contemporary sub-Saharan Africa presents a puzzle to many observers, and has generally been perceived as a hostile environment to modern business. It is indeed difficult to make sense of politics and business on the continent without understanding how African colonies turned into independent countries since the late 1950s, and how they evolved into postcolonial states from the 1970s onwards. Imperial business was witness to these fundamental changes in African societies and deeply affected by it. Although some economic indicators in the 1970s were relatively favorable (many commodity prices were high), this was the decade when the severe decline of Africa, both in relative and absolute terms, began.

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Binkley, Clark S., and Daowei Zhang. "Impact of timber-fee increases on British Columbia forest products companies: an economic and policy analysis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-032.

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On 14 April 1994, the British Columbia government announced a new stumpage formula that, at then-expected product prices, increased the average charge by about $12/m3 and more than doubled the rate at which stumpage fees change when lumber prices change. Most of the increased revenues are reinvested in the forest sector by a new organization, Forest Renewal British Columbia (FRBC), created specifically for that purpose. Using standard event-study methodologies, this paper documents the net effect of the fee increases and new policy direction on British Columbia forest products companies. After controlling for firm-specific risk and the decline in the Toronto Stock Exchange that occurred at about the same time, the new stumpage policy extracted about $1.0 billion from shareholders of the firms studied, and perhaps $2.4 billion from all licencees (an amount roughly equal to the capitalized after-tax cost of the higher fees). The impact on individual firms is highly correlated with the allowable annual cut (AAC) in replaceable licenses each holds, with an average impact of about $33.3/m3 of AAC. The market appears to have discounted both the good news about offsets in impending timber-supply reductions that the creation of FRBC implies and the reductions in earnings risk that the new stumpage system provides. When added to the increased regulatory costs associated with the new provincial Forest Practice Code, the timber-fee increases appear to have fully depleted the value of holding British Columbia timber quotas.

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McALLISTER, IAN, and ANTHONY MUGHAN. "Attitudes, Issues, and Labour Party Decline in England, 1974-1979." Comparative Political Studies 18, no. 1 (April 1985): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414085018001002.

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This article critically examines the argument that the Labour party's poor performance in the 1979 general election reflects a long-term decline that is largely the result of its own natural support groups, Labour identifiers and the working class, developing political attitudes that serve increasingly to estrange them from the party's traditional principles. This argument further holds that issues emerged in the 1979 campaign that, deriving from these same principles, compounded the tendency for Labour supporters to defect at the polls. We argue that these findings are conceptually and methodologically flawed and that the evidence does not, in fact, support this explanation of Labour party decline. We conclude, instead, that what the evidence does suggest is that Labour suffered from a widespread voter “backlash” as a result of having been in office during a particularly difficult period in British social, economic, and political history.

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TØNNESSON, STEIN. "The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2006): 1–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06001727.

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The history of the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands in the period 1930–56 will be analysed here within a context of regional political and strategic developments. The focus will be on how French and British authorities estimated the economic and strategic value of the two island groups in various periods. The Paracels and Spratlys are studied the way one would examine the pawns in a game of chess. In themselves they are unimportant, but in certain situations they gain significance, and mediocre players may pay inordinate attention to their protection. There is also the faint possibility that a pawn can be changed into a queen, for instance if oil is discovered. In order to understand the constellations that push simple pawns into the limelight, they must be seen in relation to the general balance of forces on the chessboard, and the strategies of all players.

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Ruggerone, Gregory T., and Brendan M. Connors. "Productivity and life history of sockeye salmon in relation to competition with pink and sockeye salmon in the North Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 6 (June 2015): 818–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0134.

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Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations from Southeast Alaska through British Columbia to Washington State have experienced similar declines in productivity over the past two decades, leading to economic and ecosystem concerns. Because the declines have spanned a wide geographic area, the primary mechanisms driving them likely operate at a large, multiregional scale at sea. However, identification of such mechanisms has remained elusive. Using hierarchical models of stock–recruitment dynamics, we tested the hypothesis that competition between pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye salmon for prey has led to reduced growth and productivity and delayed maturation of up to 36 sockeye populations spanning the region during the past 55 years. Our findings indicate the abundance of North Pacific pink salmon in the second year of sockeye life at sea is a key factor contributing to the decline of sockeye salmon productivity, including sockeye in the Fraser River where an increase from 200 to 400 million pink salmon is predicted to reduce sockeye recruitment by 39%. Additionally, length-at-age of Fraser River sockeye salmon declined with greater sockeye and pink salmon abundance, and age at maturity increased with greater pink salmon abundance. Our analyses provide evidence that interspecific competition for prey can affect growth, age, and survival of sockeye salmon at sea.

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Johnson, Howard. "Bahamian Labor Migration to Florida in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." International Migration Review 22, no. 1 (March 1988): 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838802200104.

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In the period 1880–1920 wage-labor migration of Bahamians, unlike that of other British West Indians, was primarily to the nearby State of Florida. This article examines the economic structure of the Bahamas which, with the decline of major agricultural export staples, promoted this outward migration particularly to Miami in the early years of the twentieth century. It discusses the implications of oscillating and permanent migration for the sending area. This discussion involves a consideration of the effects of labor migration on the family and out-island agriculture and the impact of remittances on economic development in the Bahamas.

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Shimizu, Hiroshi. "The Japanese Fisheries Based in Singapore, 1892–1945." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (September 1997): 324–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340001448x.

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This paper examines the main factors behind the rise and decline of the Japanese fisheries based in Singapore before the Pacific War, and shows that, as the fisheries contributed greatly to the Singapore economy, they did not constitute a foreign economic enclave in the British colony. It also describes how the Japanese and local fishermen conducted fisheries during the period from 1942 to 1945, and argues that the legacy of the Japanese fisheries outlived the Japanese occupation.

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Cameron, David R. "Distributional coalitions and other sources of economic stagnation: on Olson's Rise and Decline of Nations." International Organization 42, no. 4 (1988): 561–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033981.

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One of the most important recent contributions to the field of comparative political economy is Mancur Olson's The Rise and Decline of Nations. In that work, Olson deduces, from his logic of collective action, a series of implications regarding the impact of social organizations—in particular, “distributional coalitions”—on economic growth that can explain variations in national growth rates across a wide range of time and space. This article considers the assumptions upon which that logic is founded, the plausibility of the several implications drawn from that logic, and the application of the theory to account for differences among five nations in rates of economic growth in the post-World War II era. The analysis suggests that the characteristics of group activity emphasized by Olson represent, at best, only a small— perhaps negligible—part of the explanation of cross-national differences in growth. Instead, it suggests that an important source of the variation among nations in growth rates is the international political and economic system. In particular, the discussion of the German, Japanese, and British cases suggests that stagnation (or growth) is, to a considerable extent, the product of a nation's position in the world economy, the policy responses through which governments seek to perpetuate or improve that position, and the constraints upon (or opportunities for) growth-oriented domestic economic policy posed by that position.

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SCHENK, CATHERINE R. "Decline to fall: the making of British macro-economic policy and the 1976 IMF crisis - By Douglas Wass." Economic History Review 62, no. 4 (November 2009): 1021–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00501_15.x.

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Bruce, Steve, and David Voas. "Do Social Crises Cause Religious Revivals? What British Church Adherence Rates Show." Journal of Religion in Europe 9, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00901001.

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A 2014 sociology of religion conference invitation asserted that it is ‘A long-standing assumption in the sociology of religion … that there is a correlation between religious resurgence and intense moments of political, economic and socio-cultural crisis.’ We test this proposition against various post-1900 British or uk church adherence data and find no evidence to support the claim. On the contrary, the trajectories of decline are remarkably smooth. We suggest that such smoothness better supports the sociological view of secularization as a long-run process with amorphous and deep causes than it supports the claim that religious change is a response to specific events.

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Godfrey, Sarah. "‘I'm a casualty, but it's cool’: 1990s British Masculinities and Twenty Four Seven." Journal of British Cinema and Television 10, no. 4 (October 2013): 846–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2013.0183.

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Released in 1997, Shane Meadows’ debut feature film, Twenty Four Seven, offers a striking evocation of contemporaneous debates about white, working-class male dispossession. Focusing on two generations of men living in a downtrodden community paralysed by economic decline, the film sets up a number of tropes, ideas and themes that become central to Meadows’ oeuvre. This article explores the conjoined questions of authorial authenticity and male subjugation with Twenty Four Seven and analyses the representations of white, working-class masculinity within the context of both Meadows’ own directorial persona and the wider socio-historical landscape of Britain during the latter part of the 1990s.

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Elgin, Ceyhun. "A THEORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WITH ENDOGENOUS FERTILITY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 16, no. 5 (June 2, 2011): 686–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000842.

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In this paper I build a unified model of economic growth to account for the time-series evolution of output, fertility, and population in the industrialization of an economy. Specifically, I merge the unified growth models of Galor and Weil [American Economic Review 90 (2000), 806–828] and Hansen and Prescott [American Economic Review 92 (2002), 1205–1217] to capture the importance of human capital formation, fertility decline, and the transition from agriculture to industry in transition from stagnation to growth. Moreover, I also incorporate young adult mortality into the model. Initially, the aggregate human capital and return to education are low and the mortality rate is high; therefore parents invest in quantity of children. Once sufficient human capital is accumulated and mortality rates are reduced, thanks to increasing life expectancy, with the activation of the modern human capital–intensive sector, parents start to invest in the quality of their children. The simulation of the model economy improves upon the quantitative performance of the existing literature and successfully captures the evolution of fertility, population, and GDP in the British economy between 1750 and 2000.

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Bissell, Gavin. "Spencer’sPrinciples of Psychologyand the Decline of Utilitarian Premises in British psychology." History & Philosophy of Psychology 10, no. 1 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2008.10.1.1.

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Despite the revival of interest in nineteenth century psychology and ethics in Britain during the 1980s, and the current debate around Utilitarian ethics in medicine (Buckle, 2005) and care (Offer, 2004), Utilitarian premises, understood as a psychological theory rather than as a moral philosophy, remain largely dormant in contemporary British Psychology. This is so despite their apparent survival in Behaviourism (Plaud & Vogeltanz, 1994).This article examines aspects of their decline within Victorian psychology, by focussing upon the relatively neglected psychological writings of Herbert Spencer. In doing so, it seeks to make a modest contribution to unravelling the complex changes in the nature of nineteenth-century psychology. In particular it is argued that, whilst some explanations of the decline of Utilitarian premises in the Victorian development of psychology focus upon the later part of the century and cultural or institutional factors, an examination of Spencer’s works at the mid-century supports the view that changes were under way earlier. Whilst several explanations might be offered for this, changes in economic organisation and in the experience of individual agency are highlighted.The relation between Utilitarian psychology and Utilitarian ethics will then be considered. Finally, at this stage it should be possible to comment upon the significance of the marginalization of Utilitarian premises within the development of Victorian psychology for the contemporary debate about health resource allocation.

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Binkley, Clark S., and Susan B. Watts. "The status of and recent trends in forest sector research in British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75607-4.

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In the decade between 1988 and 1998, expenditures on forest sector research in British Columbia have increased substantially in absolute terms but have fallen in relation to the scale of the province's forestry enterprise. These aggregate trends mask important shifts in funding sources and in the specific fields of research that have been supported. The crown corporation Forest Renewal BC has emerged as the dominant source of support for forestry research, clearly displacing appropriated funds with-in the B.C. Ministry of Forests. As a result of falling stumpage fees and changes in forest policy, this source of support is now declining and the long-term security of the Forest Renewal BC research program is in question. At present, expenditures on forestry research are more or less consistent with expenditures on forestry research in other advanced forested jurisdictions, but the anticipated decline in Forest Renewal BC research support belies this otherwise favourable finding. Expenditures on forest products research in the province have not matched their counterparts elsewhere in the world, and recently have declined precipitously. Forestry – forest conservation, management, products and production processes – is becoming ever more complex. Research activity in the province does not appear adequate to sustain the flow of economic and ecological wealth from forests that British Columbians have always enjoyed and have come to expect.

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Journal articles on the topic 'British economic decline'

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