Relevant bibliographies by topics / British Africa

Academic literature on the topic 'British Africa'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "British Africa"

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FEDOROWICH, KENT. "GERMAN ESPIONAGE AND BRITISH COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA AND MOZAMBIQUE, 1939–1944." Historical Journal 48, no. 1 (March 2005): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x04004273.

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For most of the Second World War, German and Italian agents were actively engaged in a variety of intelligence gathering exercises in southern Africa. The hub of this activity was Lourenço Marques, the colonial capital of Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique). One of the key tasks of Axis agents was to make links with Nazi sympathizers and the radical right in South Africa, promote dissent, and destabilize the imperial war effort in the dominion. Using British, American, and South African archival sources, this article outlines German espionage activities and British counter-intelligence operations orchestrated by MI5, MI6, and the Special Operations Executive between 1939 and 1944. The article, which is part of a larger study, examines three broad themes. First, it explores Pretoria's creation of a humble military intelligence apparatus in wartime South Africa. Secondly, it examines the establishment of several British liaison and intelligence-gathering agencies that operated in southern Africa for most of the war. Finally, it assesses the working relationship between the South African and British agencies, the tensions that arose, and the competing interests that emerged between the two allies as they sought to contain the Axis-inspired threat from within.
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Blakemore, Richard J. "West Africa in the British Atlantic: Trade, Violence, and Empire in the 1640s." Itinerario 39, no. 2 (August 2015): 299–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115315000480.

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The importance of Africa and African agency in the formation of the Atlantic world is now widely acknowledged by historians, but Africa has drawn less attention than other regions in analyses of the British Atlantic. Drawing upon the nascent methodology of global microhistory, this article contributes to a scholarly rebalancing by examining two maritime lawsuits from the 1640s concerning British voyages to Senegambia and Sierra Leone, both of which resulted in conflict between British seafarers and with their African trading partners. A close study of the documents surviving from these lawsuits provides an unusually detailed glimpse of these particular moments of contact and violence across cultures. More fundamentally, such an approach illuminates the ocean-spanning networks within which these ventures took place, and reveals the ways in which British traders and sailors perceived trade in Africa within their own legal frameworks. This article argues that by the middle of the seventeenth century, as merchants and politicians in Britain began to imagine an Atlantic empire, trade in West Africa was an important part of their vision of the Atlantic world.
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Kirk-Greene, Anthony. "The Changing Face of African Studies in Britain, 1962-2002." African Research & Documentation 90 (2002): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00016794.

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Leaving to one side the sui generis Royal African Society, which in 2000 marked its centenary with a special history (Rimmer and Kirk-Greene, 2000), the formalised study of Africa in British academia may be said to be approaching its 80th year. For it was in 1926 that the International African Institute, originally the Institute of African Languages and Cultures, was founded in London, followed two years later by the maiden issue of its journal for practising Africanists, Africa, still among the flagship journals in the African field. Indeed, the 1920s were alive with new institutions promoting an interest in African affairs, whether it be the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (1924); the Phelps-Stokes Commission reports on education in British Africa (1920-24), culminating in the Colonial Office Memorandum on Education Policy (1925); the major contribution to public awareness made by the Empire Exhibition at Wembley, however politically incorrect some of its idiom seems today; or the attention generated by the League of Nations’ Mandates Commission, the bulk of whose remit was focused on Africa and whose British representative was no less than Lord Lugard, the biggest “Africanist” of his day.
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Crowder, Michael. "Tshekedi Khama, Smuts, and South West Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1987): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00007588.

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Ever since the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910, Jan Smuts, one of its principal architects, had visions of transforming it into a ‘Greater South Africa’,. The South Africa Act of 1909 which established the Union provided for the eventual incorporation of other African Territories. It madespecific reference to Southern Rhodesia and the neighbouring British dependencies of Basutoland, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Swaziland, Known collectively as a High Commission Terretories because, pending transfer to the Union, they were admitted by the British High Commissioner to South Africa.
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Aghem Hanson Ekori. "The Queen can do no Wrong: An Examination of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth II in Africa and the Position of the British Monarch with Regard to International Crimes." Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/polit.v3i1.833.

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Queen Elizabeth II would be remembered by many as a great queen who ruled and reigned for more than seven decades. Her seventy years of reigned as the British Monarch has imparted the world and the African continent whom she has visited more any other continent even before she was crowned as the British Queen. Indeed, Queen Elizabeth II was even proclaimed as British Queen while in Africa. Although many African leaders have hailed the Queen for the roles she played as the leader of the Commonwealth besides being the crowned Monarch, others have accused her for colonial crimes and harsh British practises administered by British colonial administration in Africa. Accordingly, the Queen ascended into the throne during the peak of decolonisation of Africa. International law protects the Queen in her capacity as the British Monarch and as the head of state or leader of the Commonwealth nations. This article examines reign of Queen Elizabeth II and argued that the British Monarch is protected by international law rule on immunities as the head of state of the Commonwealth nations and as a Constitutional Monarch of the United Kingdom (UK), despite many accusations from the African continent. Consequently, the immunities accorded by customary international to senior state officials also protects the Queen in her capacity as the British Monarch and as head of state to the Commonwealth nations. It further maintains that the position of the Constitutional Monarch exempts them for committing crimes unlike the British Prime Minister who exercises political power and could be charged and prosecuted for international crimes.
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L. Rappa, Antonio. "British Imperialism in Colonial Africa and the World." BOHR International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijsshr.014.

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At first, my intention in this article was to write about imperialism and agency in sub-Saharan Africa with a focus on British Imperialism. However, as the article evolved over the months, it became gradually clearer that the idea of the agency was not only outdated, based on various reviews, but also unwarranted. This is because of the wide range of possibilities and prospects for agents in the colonial and postcolonial worlds. Therefore, the concept of agency was removed from the title, but it does not make the importance of agency as a recourse for resisting oppression, authoritarianism, and tyranny any less important. One might think that the narratives of imperial colonial Africa have become over-mined since the fin de siècle but the reality is that the consequences of those narratives continue to wreak havoc in the modern African worldview regardless of how many millions have died fighting against its largesse. This is sufficient motivation to continue our struggle in the search for authenticity and agency in postcolonial Africa and modern Africa itself. This article is about the cultural logic of African society and how the social construction of village identity is contingent on tribal elders and gate-keepers, shamanism, colonial authoritarianism, and oral traditions. The logic of the African village during the postcolonial era is defined as the skewed colonial rationale for the cartographization and control of the colonial subject as part of a larger western imperialist project and the imposition of alien White rule on Africa.
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Kumar, Ajit. "British Colonial Commonality: East Africa and India." International Journal of Community and Social Development 2, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516602620930947.

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This note examines aspects of colonial commonality between British colonised East Africa and India. Community development as a rural development programme, its presence in academic institutions and its use as an expression in development discourse are some of these commonalities. With the passage of time, British East Africa and India have diverged on some of these commonalities. In India, community development began with great developmental hopes in 1952, but it ended miserably and was soon abandoned as a rural development programme. While it vanished from India’s development lexicon, community development still retains a place in the development discourse of Botswana. It also seems to resonate in the mainstream life of some East African countries unlike in India. But one commonality still continues. Community development finds some place in the halls of academe in both Botswana and India today. To discuss these aspects of colonial commonality, this article moves back-and-forth among Botswana, India and British East Africa. This article needs to be read in the historical context of de-colonisation struggles over developmental ideas in British East Africa and India and the role of the native elites in this process.
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Banton, Mandy. "Africa in the Public Records." African Research & Documentation 78 (1998): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00014849.

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To attempt a discussion of ‘sources for African history in the Public Record Office’ immediately raises the question, ‘are there such sources?’. Or are there only sources for the history of the British encounter with Africa, or, indeed, as some would claim, the English encounter with Africa? The editor and compilers of the 1971 Guide to manuscripts and documents in the British Isles relating to Africa may have such questions in mind when they chose to use the title ‘documents relating to Africa’ rather than perhaps, ‘sources for the history of Africa’. In this volume you will find, in the section devoted to the Public Record Office, twenty-two closely printed pages listing in the region of one thousand record classes.
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Rappa, Antonio L. "British imperialism in colonial Africa and the world." BOHR International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijsshr.2022.14.

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At first, my intention in this article was to write about imperialism and agency in sub-Saharan Africa with a focus on British Imperialism. However, as the article evolved over the months, it became gradually clearer that the idea of the agency was not only outdated, based on various reviews, but also unwarranted. This is because of the wide range of possibilities and prospects for agents in the colonial and postcolonial worlds. Therefore, the concept of agency was removed from the title, but it does not make the importance of agency as a recourse for resistingoppression, authoritarianism, and tyranny any less important. One might think that the narratives of imperial colonia lAfrica have become over-mined since the fin de siècle but the reality is that the consequences of those narratives continue to wreak havoc in the modern African worldview regardless of how many millions have died fightingagainst its largesse. This is sufficient motivation to continue our struggle in the search for authenticity and agencyin postcolonial Africa and modern Africa itself. This article is about the cultural logic of African society and howthe social construction of village identity is contingent on tribal elders and gate-keepers, shamanism, colonialauthoritarianism, and oral traditions. The logic of the African village during the postcolonial era is defined as the skewed colonial rationale for the cartographization and control of the colonial subject as part of a larger westernimperialist project and the imposition of alien White rule on Africa.
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Afroz, Sultana. "The Role of Islam in the Abolition of Slavery and in the Development of British Capitalism." American Journal of Islam and Society 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v29i1.326.

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West Indian scholars have overlooked the role played by the Muslim leadership in West Africa in bringing an end to the transatlantic trade in Africans. The jihād movements in West Africa in the late eighteenth century gave political unity to West Africa challenging the collaboration of European trade in Africans with the pagan slave traders. West Indian historiography, while emphasizing European abolitionist movements, ignores the Islamic unity (tawhīd) of humankind, which brought together many ethnically heterogeneous enslaved African Muslims to successfully challenge the West Indian plantation system. The exploitation of the human resources and the immense wealth of the then Moghul India and Imperial China by British colonialism helped develop the British industrial capitalism, which controlled most of the world until the end of World War II. The security of the British industrial capitalist complex could no longer depend on the small-scale West Indian plantation economies but on the large-scale economies of Asia protected by the British imperial forces under the British imperial flag.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "British Africa"

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Rankin, John. "Healing the African Body: British Medicine in West Africa, 1800-1860." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/0826220541.

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This timely book explores the troubled intertwining of religion, medicine, empire, and race relations in the early nineteenth century. John Rankin analyzes the British use of medicine in West Africa as a tool to usher in a “softer” form of imperialism, considers how British colonial officials, missionaries, and doctors regarded Africans, and explores the impact of race classification on colonial constructs. Rankin goes beyond contemporary medical theory, examining the practice of medicine in colonial Africa as Britons dealt with the challenges of providing health care to their civilian employees, African soldiers, and the increasing numbers of freed slaves in the general population, even while the imperialists themselves were threatened by a lack of British doctors and western medicines. As Rankin writes, “The medical system sought to not only heal Africans but to ‘uplift’ them and make them more amenable to colonial control . . . Colonialism starts in the mind and can be pushed on the other solely through ideological pressure.”
https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1089/thumbnail.jpg
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Donkor, Kimathi. "Africana unmasked : fugitive signs of Africa in Tate's British Collection." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2015. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/12019/.

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Through painting, drawing, photography and digital design, I have investigated the relationship between, on the one hand, my fine art practice—with its interest in postcolonial African and diaspora identities (or, ‘Africana’)—and on the other hand, works at The Tate Gallery—with its remit to hold the National Collection of British Art. By interrogating iconological ‘conditions of existence’ for works by Fehr, Sargent and Brock, I created new artworks that indicated hidden (or, ‘fugitive’) African connections with the intention of disrupting complacent assumptions and reimagining unacknowledged (or, ‘masked’) themes. I considered concepts of Africa: described by Mudimbe as ‘discursive formations’ (after Foucault) and embodying postcolonial, transracial identities; in addition, I addressed the problematics of Tate’s British Art collection as a post-imperial brand of ‘cultural capital’. Unmasking fugitive Africana was a practical methodology designed to produce artworks. So,while aware of many theoretical interlocutors, I pursued a convoluted, sometimes intuitive path through the creative process by making drawings, digital designs, photographs and paintings. Nonetheless, Stuart Hall’s framework of an ‘oppositional code’ was key and so I suggest that, as practiced by artists, ‘unmasking Africana’ might be an inherently counter-hegemonic,critical project. My investigation embodied technical and conceptual problematics of critical enquiry as a mode of studio practice. I explored unmasking methodologies through reading, observation,reflection and painterly, synthesised appropriations—also witnessing an evolution in my imagery, from iconographically layered compositions to works in which identities and motifs seemed to fuse. As well as the studio investigation and writing, my project had a pedagogic element. In a series of seminars, I taught MA students at C.C.W. Graduate School the preliminary findings of my research. My interviews with students produced evaluations about their learning, which I later disseminated as part of UAL’s programme to reduce disparities between white and B.A.M.E. British undergraduate students.
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Coombes, A. E. S. "The representation of Africa and the African in England, 1890-1913." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291714.

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Dawe, Jennifer Ann. "A history of cotton-growing in East and Central Africa : British demand, African supply." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19673.

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Based on extensive UK and African archival research and a wide survey of secondary sources, this thesis examines various aspects of African cotton production from prehistoric to modern times. Its main emphasis is on the interaction of British demand and African supply during the twentieth century colonial period. The British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA), Empire Cotton Growing Corporation (ECGC), Malawi and Tanzania are studied in detail to observe the means by which the BCGA and ECGC articulated British needs and nurtured the African cotton industry and the extent to which East and Central African cotton-growing was directed by external wants, supported by outside input and met local desires. Also examined are the dynamics of competition, control and occasional cooperation between European planters, African smallholders, metropolitan government, various levels of local government administration, large-scale merchants, small traders, Departments of Agriculture and the Colonial Office (CO). Background data is provided in technical appendices and over fifty statistical tables, graphs and maps. Starting with a discussion on the origins of cultivated cottons, the first chapter describes the rise of the Lancashire cotton industry and its search for a regular, secure supply of raw cotton. The second chapter narrates the history of the BCGA, inaugurated in 1902 to meet British cotton requirements, and assesses its success, its inherent dichotomy as 'semi-philanthropic, semi-commercial' and its relationships with the CO, overseas governments and trading firms. It also introduces the ECGC, chartered in 1921, the main subject of the third chapter which spotlights the varied areas of ECGC activity and its role in agricultural research. Chapter 4 bridges the metropolitan-colonial divide with an examination of economics, agriculture and cotton in British territories in Africa, with specific sections on Zimbabwe, Zambia, Kenya and Uganda. Chapters 5 and 6 present overviews of cotton-growing in Malawi and Tanzania, touching on regional variations, constraints on expansion, means of encouragement, ecological effect and economic and production results.
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Coffey, Rosalind. "The British press, British public opinion, and the end of Empire in Africa, 1957-60." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3271/.

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This thesis examines the role of British newspaper coverage of Africa in the process of decolonisation between 1957 and 1960. It considers events in the Gold Coast/Ghana, Kenya, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, South Africa, and the Belgian Congo/Congo. It offers an extensive analysis of British newspaper coverage of Africa during this period. Concurrently, it explores British journalists’ interactions with one another as well as with the British Government, British MPs, African nationalists, white settler communities, their presses, and African and European settler governments, whose responses to coverage are gauged and evaluated throughout. The project aims, firstly, to provide the first broad study of the role of the British press in, and in relation to, Africa during the period of ‘rapid decolonisation’. Secondly, it offers a reassessment of the assumption that the British metropolitan political and cultural context to the end of empire in Africa was extraneous to the process. Thirdly, it aims to contribute to a growing literature on non-governmental metropolitan perspectives on the end of empire.
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Cumming, Gordon. "French and British aid to Africa : a comparative study." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321886.

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Kark, Daniel History &amp Philosophy Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "Equivocal empire: British community development in Central Africa, 1945-55." Publisher:University of New South Wales. History & Philosophy, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41225.

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This thesis resituates the Community Development programme as the key social intervention attempted by the British Colonial Office in Africa in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A preference for planning, growing confidence in metropolitan intervention, and the gradualist determination of Fabian socialist politicians and experts resulted in a programme that stressed modernity, progressive individualism, initiative, cooperative communities and a new type of responsible citizenship. Eventual self-rule would be well-served by this new contract between colonial administrations and African citizens. The thesis focuses on the implementation of the Mass Education programme in Nyasaland, and, more specifically, on a small but significant Mass Education scheme at Domasi, that operated between 1949 and 1954 in Nyasaland??s south. The political and social context in which the Mass Education scheme was implemented in Nyasaland is important. The approach taken by the government of the Protectorate before the mid-1940s is discussed, and previous welfare interventions described and critically assessed. The initial approach to Mass Education in Nyasaland is also dwelt upon in some detail. The narrative concentrates upon the scheme itself. Three themes emerge and are discussed successively ?? the provision of social services adapted to the perceived needs of Africans, the enforcement of environmental restrictions and inappropriate social and agricultural models, and the attempted introduction of representative local government. All three interventions were intended to promote the precepts of Mass Education, but instead resulted in the extension of state administrative power. The manner in which this occurred is explored throughout the thesis. Mass Education at Domasi did not result in the creation of a new form of citizenship in Nyasaland. It contributed instead to a breakdown in the narrative of social development and eventual self-rule that had legitimised British rule. The riots that occurred in 1953 tore at the precepts that underpinned the Mass Education programme. The immediacy of self-rule and independence resulted in a shift in emphasis within the Colonial Office and the colonial government in Nyasaland from social intervention and to constitutional reform and political development. There simultaneously emerged a new rural transcript, one that privileged open opposition to the colonial social prescription over subtle and hidden rural resistance. At a time when nationalist politics was in disarray in Nyasaland, rural Africans spoke back to colonial power.
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Linke, Caroline. "Regression or progression? : aspects of British fiction set in Africa /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl756.pdf.

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Jennings, Mark. "The British trade union movement and South Africa 1953-1985." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357591.

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Chambers, Marisa Joanne. "Responses to yellow fever in British West Africa, 1900-1948." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367644.

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Books on the topic "British Africa"

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Brightfield, Rick. African safari: British East Africa, September 1909. New York: Bantam Books, 1992.

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Brightfield, Rick. African safari: British East Africa, September 1909. New York: Bantam Books, 1993.

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Spillman, Deborah Shapple. British Colonial Realism in Africa. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230378018.

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British Industry Committee on South Africa., ed. British industry in South Africa. London: BICSA, 1986.

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Hamilton, Johnston Harry. Handbook to British Central Africa. Blantyre [Malawi]: Rotary Club of Blantyre, 1985.

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A, Smith Frederick. White roots in Africa: The experiences of a white African. London: Janus Pub., 1997.

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Hughes, H. G. A. Chronology of education in British Africa. Afonwen, Mold, Clwyd: Gwasg Gwenffrwd, 1992.

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John, Mack, ed. Africa: Arts and cultures. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press, 2000.

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James, Hadfield. We went to Africa. Worthing, West Sussex, Great Britain: Lantern Press, 1987.

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Morris, G. A. Marching over Africa. Lewes, East Sussex, England: Book Guild, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "British Africa"

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Davenport, T. R. H. "British Colonies." In South Africa, 88–108. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21422-8_6.

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Davenport, T. R. H., and Christopher Saunders. "British Colonies." In South Africa, 101–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230287549_6.

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Hargreaves, John D. "Towards British Nigeria." In West Africa Partitioned, 101–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02825-2_3.

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Alborn, Timothy. "British South Africa Company." In British Shareholder Meetings in the Long Nineteenth Century, 177–96. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003177715-17.

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Renwick, Robin. "A British Governor." In Unconventional Diplomacy in Southern Africa, 63–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25399-9_8.

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Berridge, Geoffrey. "Britain, South Africa and African Defence, 1949–55." In British Foreign Policy, 1945–56, 101–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10078-1_6.

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Danby, Colin. "Discovering economies in British Africa." In The Known Economy, 82–102. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315648811-7.

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Killick, Tony. "Understanding British aid to Africa." In Eastern and Western Ideas for African Growth, 53–70. London: Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203555644-3.

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Crowder, Michael. "British administration in West Africa." In West Africa Under Colonial Rule, 198–216. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003437529-13.

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Thompsell, Angela. "Guns and Reeds: Africanizing British Big Game Hunting." In Hunting Africa, 73–100. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137494436_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "British Africa"

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Spracklen, Timothy, Thomas Aldersley, Nicole Saacks, Bianca de Koning, John Lawrenson, Paul Human, James Eales, et al. "BS26 The partnerships in congenital heart disease in africa study (PROTEA): clinical characteristics and genetic findings from a South African congenital heart disease cohort." In British Cardiovascular Society Virtual Annual Conference, ‘Cardiology and the Environment’, 7–10 June 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2021-bcs.224.

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Hudson, Jonathan. "43 ST-elevation myocardial infarction in sub-Saharan Africa: the need for better data." In British Cardiovascular Society Virtual Annual Conference, ‘Cardiology and the Environment’, 7–10 June 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2021-bcs.43.

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Calderwood, CJ, E. Marambire, D. Banze, C. Nhamuave, A. Mfinanga, LT Minja, C. Khosa, J. Mutsvanga, N. Heinrich, and K. Kranzer. "S81 Chronic diseases and TB risk factors among TB household contacts in Southern Africa." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2022, QEII Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE, 23 to 25 November 2022, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2022-btsabstracts.87.

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Яблонская, О. В. "British Migrant Children: From Deported Street Children to the Builders of "Great Britain"." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.019.

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Статья посвящена миграции несовершеннолетних детей из Англии в Канаду, Австралию, Южную Африку. Анализируются причины, указаны основные этапы детской миграции, рассмотрены цели и задачи, которые преследовали организаторы программ переселения, миссии, которые возлагались на юных британцев вне метрополии. Автор приходит к выводу, что выезд был обусловлен потребностями детей и потребностями Великобритании, как метрополии, так и ее заокеанских владений. Начиная с XVII века, несовершеннолетних отправляли в колонии в качестве работников. Депортация из Англии являлась также альтернативой тюремному заключению. В XIX веке прекращается организованный ввоз преступников в колонии. Миграция позволяла сэкономить социальные расходы британского правительства. Филантропы разрабатывали планы массового переселения детей за океан с целью их спасения от голода и преступлений, на которые они были обречены в нищих кварталах британских городов. Доминионы предоставляли большие возможности для повышения социального статуса детей бедняков. Со второй половины XIX века в юных мигрантах начинают видеть большой имперский потенциал. Они рассматривались строителями империи «Великая Британия». Несовершеннолетние работники помогали фермерам осваивать земли. Миграция увеличивала «белое» население колоний и доминионов. Дети укрепляли политические связи между отдельными странами, распространяли политические и культурные ценности европейцев. На них возлагались задачи создания глобальной британской нации, физического и нравственного оздоровления британцев. Потомки британских «домашних детей» составляют значительный процент населения современной Канады и Австралии. The article is devoted to the migration of minors from England to Canada, Australia, South Africa. The reasons are analyzed, the main stages of child migration are indicated, the goals and objectives pursued by the organizers of resettlement programs, the missions assigned to young Britons outside the metropolis are considered. The author comes to the conclusion that the departure reasons were the needs of children and the needs of Great Britain, both the metropolis and its overseas possessions. Since the XVIIth century, minors were sent to colonies as workers. Deportation from England was also an alternative to imprisonment. In the XIX-th century, the organized deportation of criminals into the colonies stopped. Migration allowed saving the social expenses of the British government. Philanthropists developed plans for the mass relocation of children overseas in order to save them from hunger and crimes to which they were doomed in the impoverished quarters of British cities. The dominions provided great opportunities to improve the social status of the children of the poor. Since the second half of the XIXth century, young migrants began to see great imperial potential. They were considered as the builders of the empire "Great Britain". Underage workers helped farmers develop land. Migration increased the "white" population of colonies and dominions. Children strengthened political ties between countries, spread European political and cultural values. They were entrusted with the task of creating a global British nation, physical and moral recovery of the British. Descendants of British "home children" make up a significant percentage of the population of modern Canada and Australia.
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Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.

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English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.
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Mphahlele, REM, M. Lesosky, and R. Masekela. "S31 The prevalence, severity, and risk factors for asthma in school-going adolescents in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2022, QEII Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE, 23 to 25 November 2022, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2022-btsabstracts.37.

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7

Deane, Saul. "The Sandstone Squarehouses of Macarthur: The Ultra Vires Blockhouses of Sydney Basin’s Dispossession." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3997pwac2.

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South of Campbelltown, wedged between Sydney’s two great rivers, where the Georges and the Nepean almost meet is Macarthur. In the early 1810s, to go beyond Campbelltown was to leave the authority of colonial Sydney - a colonial ultra vires frontier. Here are squarehouses that date from the mid-1810s, some were built during the height of Sydney’s frontier wars, before the 1816 Appin Massacre, which secured colonial control over all of Macarthur. These squarehouses are archaeologically intriguing as they are almost square, not large, have thick sandstone walls, some have ‘slot openings’ and others small openings. Were these squarehouses built with a defensive premise in mind, the openings for use as ‘gunloops’ as much as ventilation? If so they would be architectural evidence of the frontier wars. The suggestion is that these small squarehouses, often overlooked as just an outbuilding in the homestead aggregation, were among the first buildings built on a property. If built on contested land, its presence would have acted as notification of a land claim, while its physical structure provided a bolthole from which one could defend life and property - a private blockhouse. Blockhouses existed right across the British settler empire, with common standards constructed for defence in frontier areas from South Africa to New Zealand, Canada and the United States. So it should be no surprise to find them at the beginning of colonial NSW and yet it is, and this raises questions as to why this distinctive colonial structure is missing in Australia. The placement of these squarehouses and the prospect of their loops - their surveillance isovists over creeks and valleys, would provide historical insight into the colonial consolidation of these landscapes.
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8

Dahi Falah Al-Hajri, Nasser. "Kuwaiti families' documents and their importance in documenting the history of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century." In IV. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress4-2.

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The history of Kuwait and the Arab Gulf states in the early period of modern history depends on several official sources, the most prominent of which are: British and Ottoman documents and official correspondence between the rulers of the region and foreign powers. However, these documents express the viewpoint of their writers and the orientations of their countries. A dilemma represented in the absence of mechanisms for preserving documents, and this led to a gap in the documentation of the history of the Gulf, especially the economic, social and cultural history. To fill this gap, the cultural institutions in Kuwait began collecting and organizing Kuwaiti families' documents, most notably: the maritime calendars, which are notebooks and books in which Kuwaiti sailors used to record their notes and observations during the sailing ships’ voyages, and the accounts and correspondence books of commercial families, especially since the commercial families in Kuwait They had established trade centers in India and East Africa, and they corresponded with each other to learn about the movement of buying and selling, and the conditions in the Arab Gulf at all levels, and then this study will address the importance of these documents in documenting the history of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf in the nineteenth century and the first half of Twentieth century. The study will be divided into three axes: The first axis will deal with the maritime calendars, their types and their usefulness, the most famous sailors’ notebooks, and the information they contain about the history of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. Correspondence and notebooks, and the third axis will present the role of Kuwaiti cultural institutions in preserving civil documents, the Kuwaiti Research and Studies Center as exemplar
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9

Smith, D. C. "Project management lessons from the British Lions rugby tour." In the 2009 Annual Conference of the Southern African Computer Lecturers' Association. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1562741.1562763.

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10

Métais, Thomas, Stéphan Courtin, Manuela Triay, François Billon, Pascal Duranton, Rudy Briot, Florent Bridier, Cédric Gourdin, and Jean-Pascal Luciani. "An Assessment of the Safety Factors and Uncertainties in the Fatigue Rules of the RCC-M Code Through the Benchmark With the EN-13445-3 Standard." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65397.

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The RCC-M code [1] is a well recognized international code and provides rules for the design and the construction of mechanical equipment for pressurized water reactors. It is used today for the nuclear industry exclusively, in countries such as France, South Africa and China and it is the basis for the design of the UK EPR to be built in Hinkley Point. The RCC-M code’s fatigue rules emanate from the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and are hence very similar, albeit they have evolved in their own way over time to include some R&D results and other evolutions. These rules are published by AFCEN which involves a wide range of international organizations from the nuclear industry such as Apave, Areva, Bureau Veritas, CEA, DCNS, EDF, EDF Energy, ONET-MHI, Rolls-Royce and Westinghouse. The EN-13445-3 [2] is a European standard which is mostly in use today in the conventional industry. Its fatigue rules are a compilation of rules from various national European codes, such as the German AD-Merkblatt, the British Standards, the Eurocodes for civil works and the French CODAP. The rules for fatigue are compiled in Chapters 17 and 18 of EN-13445-3 and have been the result of the work of contributors from major European organizations from the nuclear, oil and gas, chemical and mechanical industries: these include, among others, Areva, the Linde Group, CETIM, TÜV, and the TWI (The Welding Institute). Since the beginning of 2015, AFCEN has created a technical Working Group (WG) on the topic of fatigue with the objective of identifying the Safety Factors and Uncertainties in Fatigue analyses (SFUF) and of potentially proposing improvements in the existing fatigue rules of the code. Nevertheless, the explicit quantification of safety factors and uncertainties in fatigue is an extremely difficult task to perform for fatigue analyses without a comparison to the operating experience or in relation to another code or standard. Historically, the approach of the code in fatigue has indeed been to add conservatism at each step of the analyses which has resulted in a difficult quantification of the overall safety margin in the analyses. To fulfill its mission, the working group has deemed necessary to lead a benchmark with the EN-13445-3 standard given its wide use through other industries. Two cases were identified: either the comparison with EN-13445-3 is possible and in this case, the identification of safety factors and uncertainties is performed in relation to this standard; either the comparison is not possible, in which case the overall conservatism of the RCC-M code is evaluated in relation with operating experience, test results, literature, etc... This paper aims at describing the overall work of the group and focuses more specifically on the results obtained through the benchmark with the EN-13445-3 standard.
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Reports on the topic "British Africa"

1

Atkinson,, A. B. The distribution of top incomes in former British West Africa. Unknown, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii178.

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2

Chaves, Isaías, Stanley Engerman, and James Robinson. Reinventing the Wheel: The Economic Benefits of Wheeled Transportation in Early British Colonial West Africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19673.

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Swannack, Robyn, Alys Young, and Claudine Storbeck. A scoping review of deaf sign language users’ perceptions and experiences of well-being in South Africa. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0082.

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Background: This scoping review concerns deaf adult sign language users from any country (e.g. users of South African Sign Language (SASL), British Sign Language (BSL), American Sign Language (ASL) and so forth). It concerns well-being understood to include subjective well-being and following the WHO’s (2001) definition of well-being as “mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realises his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.” Well-being has three components (Steptoe, Deaton, and Stone, 2015; Stewart-Brown, Tennant, Tennant, Platt, Parkinson and Weich, 2009): (i) Live evaluation, also referred to life satisfaction, which concerns an individual’s evaluation of their life and their satisfaction with its quality and how good they feel about it; (ii) hedonic well-being which refers to everyday feelings or moods and focuses on affective components (feeling happy); (iii) eudaimonic well-being, which emphasises action, agency and self-actualisation (e.g. sense of control, personal growth, feelings of purpose and belonging) that includes judgments about the meaning of one’s life. Well-being is not defined as the absence of mental illness but rather as a positive state of flourishing that encompasses these three components. The review is not concerned with evidence concerning mental illness or psychiatric conditions amongst deaf signers. A specific concern is deaf sign language users’ perceptions and experiences of well-being.
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Sarafian, Iliana. Key Considerations: Tackling Structural Discrimination and COVID-19 Vaccine Barriers for Roma Communities in Italy. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.014.

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This brief highlights how structural discrimination and social exclusion shape attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines among Roma communities in Italy, and the role trusted communal and public authorities can play in supporting vaccine uptake and tackling broader exclusions. Contradictions in the Italian state’s response to COVID-19, alongside ongoing forms of exclusion can increase Roma mistrust in state initiatives and prevent vaccine participation. This brief aims to aid and inform local government and public health authorities in Italy that serve populations inclusive of Roma communities. This brief is based on research conducted in-person and remotely from November 2021 to January 2022 with Roma and Sinti communities in Milan, Rome and Catania, Italy, which have distinct historical, linguistic, geographical, religious, and other forms of identification. Similarities in how the different Roma communities experience the COVID-19 pandemic, and in their vaccine decisions were identified. This brief was developed for SSHAP by Iliana Sarafian (LSE) with contributions and reviews from Elizabeth Storer (LSE), Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), Dr Marco Solimene (University of Iceland) and Dijana Pavlovic (Upre Roma). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210058). Research was based at the Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa, London School of Economics. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Atkinson, A. B. The colonial legacy: Income inequality in former British African colonies. Unknown, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii184.

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Vallerani, Sara, Elizabeth Storer, and Costanza Torre. Key Considerations: Equitable Engagement to Promote COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Undocumented Urban Migrants. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.013.

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This brief sets out key considerations linked to the promotion of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among undocumented migrants residing in Rome, Italy. We focus on strategies to equitably distribute COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence from Italy is applicable to other contexts where vaccine administration is tied to “vaccine passports” or “immunity passes”. Undocumented migrants have been considered as some of the “hardest to reach” groups to engage in COVID-19 vaccination outreach. This brief uses the term undocumented migrant or migrant for brevity, but we refer to people living without formal Italian citizenship, refugee status or right to remain in Italy. This brief explores the everyday context of undocumented migrants lives, and how experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated difficult conditions. It links emerging vulnerabilities to perceptions of vaccines, and we suggest that migrants orientate themselves towards the vaccines within frameworks which prioritise economic survival. In many cases, migrants have accepted a COVID-19 vaccine to access paid employment, yet this has often generated mistrust in the state and healthcare system. Accordingly, this brief considers how vaccines can be distributed equitably to boost trust and inclusion in the post-pandemic world. This brief draws primarily on the ethnographic evidence collected through interviews and observations with undocumented migrants in Rome, along with civil society representatives and health workers between December 2021 and January 2022. This brief was developed for SSHAP by Sara Vallerani (Rome Tre University), Elizabeth Storer (LSE) and Costanza Torre (LSE). It was reviewed by Santiago Ripoll (IDS, University of Sussex), with further reviews by Paolo Ruspini (Roma Tre University) and Eloisa Franchi (Université Paris Saclay, Pavia University). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210058). Research was based at the Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa, London School of Economics. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Sarafian, Iliana. Considerazioni chiave: affrontare le discriminazioni strutturali e le barriere al vaccino covid-19 per le comunità rom in italia. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.024.

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Questo rapporto evidenzia come le discriminazioni strutturali e l'esclusione sociale influenzino le percezioni e gli atteggiamenti nei confronti del vaccino per il COVID-19 tra le comunità rom in Italia. Uno degli obiettivi è mettere in luce il ruolo che le autorità pubbliche e le comunità possono svolgere nel sostenere l'adozione del vaccino e nel contrasto ai più ampi processi di esclusione sociale.1 Le risposte contraddittorie che lo Stato italiano ha fornito durante la pandemia di Covid-19, insieme alle forme di esclusione già in atto, hanno comportato un aumento della sfiducia delle comunità rom nei confronti delle iniziative statali, impattando anche sull’adesione alla campagna vaccinale.2 Questo documento si propone di supportare e informare le amministrazioni locali e le istituzioni sanitarie pubbliche coinvolte nell’assistenza e nei processi di inclusione delle comunità rom in Italia. Il presente documento si basa su una ricerca condotta di persona e a distanza dal novembre 2021 al gennaio 2022 in Italia con le comunità rom e sinti di Milano, Roma e Catania. Sebbene queste comunità si caratterizzino per diversità storica e per differenti forme di identità linguistica, geografica, religiosa, sono state individuate delle somiglianze nel modo in cui hanno vissuto la pandemia di COVID-19 e nelle decisioni a proposito del vaccino. Questo documento è stato sviluppato per SSHAP da Iliana Sarafian (LSE) con i contributi e le revisioni di Elizabeth Storer (LSE), Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), Marco Solimene (University of Iceland), Dijana Pavlovic (Upre Roma) e Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica). La ricerca è stata finanziata dalla British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210058) e si è svolta presso il Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa, London School of Economics. La sintesi è di responsabilità di SSHAP.
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Vallerani, Sara, Elizabeth Storer, and Costanza Torre. Considerazioni chiave: equità e partecipazione nella promozione della vaccinazione per il covid-19 tra le persone razzializzate e senza documenti. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.025.

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Questo documento espone alcune considerazioni a proposito della promozione dei vaccini per il SARS-CoV-2 e delle strategie per garantirne un’equa distribuzione tra gli immigrati senza documenti residenti in Italia e, in particolare, a Roma. Quanto emerge dal caso italiano può essere in parte applicabile ad altri contesti in cui la somministrazione del vaccino è stata legata al dispositivo del “passaporto vaccinale”, ovvero il certificato COVID digitale dell'UE, in Italia Green Pass. Nell’organizzazione della campagna vaccinale alcune categorie sociali sono state identificate come “difficili da raggiungere” (hard to reach) e per cui è necessario immaginare interventi specifici.1 In questo testo si sceglie di parlare di persone razzializzate e illegalizzate poiché senza documenti per riferirsi a persone immigrate che non hanno cittadinanza, permesso di soggiorno e status di rifugiato. Questo documento esplora il contesto quotidiano delle vite delle persone illegalizzate e come l’esperienza della pandemia di COVID-19 abbia esacerbato le difficoltà che queste persone incontrano, 23 mettendo in luce il collegamento tra le vulnerabilità, consolidate ed emergenti, con la percezione dei vaccini. Si suggerisce come l’orientamento e la percezione dei vaccini si inseriscano all’interno dei contesti di vita delle persone, in cui molto spesso la priorità è data al sostentamento economico. In molti casi, l’accettazione della vaccinazione è motivata dalla necessità di continuare ad avere un lavoro retribuito piuttosto che a una preoccupazione connessa alla salute o a una fiducia nei confronti delle istituzioni sanitarie. Il seguente documento si pone l’obiettivo di esaminare come i vaccini possano essere distribuiti in modo equo e capace di aumentare la fiducia e i processi di inclusione nella società post-pandemica. Il testo si basa principalmente sulla ricerca etnografica e le testimonianze raccolte attraverso interviste e osservazioni con persone razzializzate e illegalizzate nella città di Roma, insieme a rappresentanti della società civile e operatori socio-sanitari tra dicembre 2021 e gennaio 2022. Questo documento è stato sviluppato per SSHAP da Sara Vallerani (Università di Roma Tre), Elizabeth Storer (LSE) e Costanza Torre (LSE). È stato revisionato da Santiago Ripoll (IDS, Università del Sussex), con ulteriori revisioni da parte di Paolo Ruspini (Università Roma Tre) ed Eloisa Franchi (Université Paris Saclay, Università di Pavia). La ricerca è stata finanziata dalla British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210058). La ricerca si è svolta presso il Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa, London School of Economics. La sintesi è di responsabilità di SSHAP.
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