Academic literature on the topic 'Brit Shalom'

Abstract This essay aims at exploring Zionist currents that resisted the establishment of a Jewish nation-state, their non-statist vision of Zionism and its roots in Jewish conditions and political traditions, as well as in European anti-statist ideologies and national patterns. First, the non-Zionist diaspora nationalism of Simon Dubnow will be examined, as an important point of reference of non-statist Zionisms; then, the reservations of Ahad Ha’am, founder of “spiritual Zionism”, from the vision of a nation-state and the Marxian anti-statism of Ber Borochov and his socialist followers will be observed. Thereafter, the anarchism of Martin Buber and his followers in the binational factions “Brit Shalom and Ihud” will be discussed; here anti-statism is manifestly theological. Lastly, the current manifestations of non-statist Jewish nationalism will be succinctly explored, focusing on two religious-Zionist rabbis, the late Menachem Fruman and Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, and the American historian David N. Myers.

The Chinese Educational Mission (CEM) was one of the �rst efforts at "self-strengthening," China's late nineteenth-century attempt at modernization. Beginning in 1872, the Qing government sent 120 boys to live and study in New England for extended periods. The mission was the brainchild of Yung Wing (1828-1912), known as a pioneering Chinese in America. This article contends that Zeng Laishun (ca. 1826-1895), the CEM's original interpreter, was no less a pioneer. It examines Zeng's education in Singapore, New Jersey, and New York; his early career as, successively, a missionary assistant, a businessman, and a teacher at a naval school in China; his concurrent roles as the English translator for the CEM in the United States and (with his family) as a cultural interpreter of China to New England's elite; and brie�y, following his return to China in 1874, his association with Li Hongzhang as his chief English secretary.

Martin Buber’s seminal work is his “I and Thou”. In I and Thou, Buber establishes a philosophical foundation for the creation of a dialogical society. Buber’s concept of I–Thou dialogue provides a framework for understanding the inherent connection between interpersonal encounters and social justice. As Buber elucidates, genuine dialogue is not confined to the encounter between two persons, but it manifests in the manner of a society organized on premises of social justice, freedom and compassion. In this regard, it is important to note that if we trace Buber’s personal and philosophical biography we will not find many instances of him engaging in what could be called social justice activism. Buber did found and join civic organizations that dealt with issues of peace and justice, and lent his support to many such political endeavors (see the organizations called Brith Shalom (Covenant of Peace) founded in 1925 in mandatory Palestine, and Ihud (Unity) founded in 1942, six years before Israel’s statehood). Nonetheless, a number of world prominent social justice advocates and activists found inspiration and guidance in Buber’s philosophy, and it is perhaps hereby, where Buber’s impact on social justice is most distinctly pronounced. What Buber aimed to achieve in his writings and political endeavors was to present a philosophy of relationships on which to found a society established on practices of social justice.

The purpose of the present paper is the formulation of the analytical version of the resonance coupled-channel model (RCCM) originally developed for D + T → 5He** → α + n nuclear fusion reaction. The integral in the denominator of the Breit-Wigner type is examined in the expression for S-matrix elements of binary processes in this model. Imaginary part of this integral determines the energy-dependent decay width for the near-threshold channel. It is demonstrated that this integral can be calculated explicitly with the Binet representation for the ψ-function (the logarithmic derivation of the gamma function). As the result the explicit expression for the S-matrix elements in the form of analytical functions of the channel momenta are obtained and the equivalence of the RCCM and the effective range approximation (Landau – Smorodinsky – Bethe approximation) is established on this basis. This allows expressing the parameters of the RCCM through the model independent system characteristics: the complex scattering length and the complex effective range. Several sets of model parameters of both approaches that provide a good description of the measured data on D + T → α + n reaction and D-T elastic scattering are derived. By this means we find the location of the S – matrix poles on different Riemann sheets which corresponds to Jπ = (3/2)+ state of 5He and 5Li nuclei. In particular, the location of the resonance (R) and shadow (S) poles is determined: 5He**: ZR = 46.9 – i37.2 (keV) ZS = 81.7 – i3.5 (keV) 5Li**: ZR = 205.7 – i146.8 (keV) ZS = 264.4 + i112.0 (keV). Our results agree well with previous findings. The possible generalizations of the results obtained are discussed.

Le Pb est omniprésent dans les échantillons terrestres et sa relation avec ses ascendants radioactifs, l’U et le Th, en fait un marqueur de choix des processus géodynamiques.L’équipe lyonnaise de Janne Blichert-Toft et Francis Albarède a démontré, à travers une vaste compilation de données bibliographiques accompagnée de la production de nouvelles mesures, une correspondance entre la répartition des valeurs de composition isotopique du Pb dans la croûte continentale et la localisation de figures tectoniques majeures sur plusieurs continents (Bouchet et al., 2014 ; Blichert-Toft et al., 2016 ; Delile et al., 2014). L’existence de ces "provinces géochimiques" démontre l’intérêt des isotopes du Pb comme outil pour mieux comprendre comment l’histoire tectonique d’une région façonne la géochimie de ses continents. Un premier volet de ces travaux de thèse visait à compléter la base de données existante des compositions isotopiques du Pb dans la croûte continentale européenne, grâce à l’analyse de 104 échantillons de feldspaths potassiques issus de granites principalement originaires de Catalogne, de Corse, de Galice et de Kabylie, jusqu’ici restées en blanc sur les cartes précédemment établies. Les cartes ainsi obtenues, illustrant la répartition à travers l’Europe et le bassin méditerranéen des valeurs des "paramètres géochimiques" définis par Albarède et al. (2012), exprimant à partir des rapports isotopiques du Pb mesurés l’âge modèle de la roche et les fractionnements entre l’U, le Th et le Pb enregistrés en son sein, confirment le potentiel des isotopes du Pb comme traceurs robustes de l’héritage tectonique d’une région.Mais le cœur de cette thèse a été d’appliquer cet outil reliant chimie et histoire géodynamique que sont les isotopes du Pb à un type d’échantillon géologique pour lequel des analyses de haute précision de la compositions isotopique en Pb n’avaient jamais été entreprises jusqu’à maintenant : les pétroles bruts. Pour cela, il a fallu développer une méthode analytique novatrice permettant d’extraire le Pb de quelques millilitres de pétrole brut vers une solution aqueuse adaptée aux protocoles habituels de purification indispensables à des analyses isotopiques du Pb à haute précision par MC-ICP-MS (Fetter et al., 2019). Cette méthode a ensuite été appliquée à un total de 211 échantillons de pétrole brut issus de partout dans le monde. Des échantillons de roches mères d’hydrocarbures (schistes noirs) ont également été analysés afin de compléter les premières interprétations des résultats. Ce jeu de données unique met en évidence que le Pb contenu dans les pétroles bruts résultait du mélange d’au moins trois composantes d’âges modèles distincts : le pôle le plus radiogénique a été identifié comme associé aux roches mères des pétroles, tandis que les deux autres, d’âges modèles paléozoïque et protérozoïque, suggèrent des interactions conséquentes entre le pétrole et les roches encaissantes et sous-jacentes. Un nouveau modèle de migration du pétrole depuis sa roche mère a donc été proposé (Fetter et al., soumis), prenant en compte la forte implication des eaux circulant en profondeur dans les bassins sédimentaires en faisant intervenir un phénomène grandement négligé jusqu’à maintenant : la solubilité mutuelle de l’eau et du pétrole à haute température.La mise en évidence d’une dynamique complexe du Pb dans les pétroles bruts invalide une utilisation de ces derniers comme alternative aux feldspaths potassiques pour obtenir des données isotopiques en Pb fiables sur la croûte continentale européenne située sous les bassins sédimentaires. Cependant, elle ouvre de nouvelles portes quant à l’utilisation jusqu’ici inexplorée des isotopes du Pb comme traceurs de phénomènes de pollution associés à une prospection pétrolière peu responsable
Lead is ubiquitous in terrestrial samples and its relationship to its radioactive ascendants, U and Th, makes it a prime tracer of geodynamic processes.The team of Janne Blichert-Toft and Francis Albarède, based in Lyon (France), has demonstrated on several continents, through large compilations of literature data supplemented by new measurements, a correspondence between the distribution of Pb isotopic compositions in the continental crust and major tectonic features (Bouchet et al., 2014 ; Blichert-Toft et al., 2016 ; Delile et al., 2014). The existence of these "geochemical provinces" has firmly established the potential of Pb isotopes as a tool for understanding how the tectonic history of a given region shaped its geochemistry. A first aspect of this PhD aimed at complementing the existing database of Pb isotopic compositions of the European continental crust through the analysis of 104 K-feldspar samples separated from granites originating mainly from Catalonia, Corsica, Galicia, and Kabylie, up until this PhD blank areas on the compiled map. The resulting updated maps showing the distribution throughout Europe and the circum-Mediterranean area of the "geochemical parameters" defined by Albarède et al. (2012), which derive a model age and fractionations between U, Th, and Pb from measured Pb isotopic ratios, confirm the potential of Pb isotopes as powerful tracers of the tectonic heritage of a given region.The core of this PhD, however, was to apply this tool connecting chemistry and geodynamic history to a type of geological sample so far never analyzed for high-precision Pb isotopic compositions: crude oil. To achieve this goal, a novel analytical method was developed which allows the extraction of Pb from a few milliliters of crude oil into an aqueous solution suitable for the standard Pb purification protocol essential for high-precision Pb isotope analysis by MC-ICPMS (Fetter et al., 2019). This method was then applied to a total of 211 crude oil samples from around the world. Hydrocarbon source rocks (black shales) also were analyzed. This unique data set reveals that Pb in crude oil results from the mixing of at least three endmembers of distinct model ages: the more radiogenic endmember is identified as the oil source rocks, while the other two components, of Paleozoic and Proterozoic ages, suggest considerable interactions between crude oil and the surrounding and underlying rocks. A new model was hence proposed for oil migration (Fetter et al., submitted), taking into account the key role of deep-seated waters circulating through the sedimentary basin by calling on a long-neglected phenomenon: mutual solubility of water and oil at high temperatures.Bringing to light the complex dynamics of Pb in crude oil invalidates the use of crude oil as an alternative to K-feldspars to obtain the Pb isotopic signature of the continental crust underlying sedimentary basins. However, it opens up new promising avenues for the yet unexplored use of Pb isotopes as tracers of irresponsible oil prospection related pollution

He had expected to find Undine still out; but on the stairs he crossed Mrs Shallum, who threw at him from under an immense hat-brim: ‘Yes, she’s in, but you’d better come and have tea with me at the Luxe. I don’t think husbands...

I believe that’s the last bit of bric-à-brac I shall ever buy in my life (she said, closing the Renaissance casket) — that and the Chinese dessert set we have just been using. The passion seems to have left me utterly. And I...

Abstract This chapter retraces the emergence of cities and local governments as sites and actors of international development. A friction exists between two seemingly competing understandings of global development: the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The SDGs are the most important multilateral articulation of ideas of development today. They are considerably shaped by the long shadow of the post-Cold War era as well as the shifting priorities of influential actors. The BRI follows a different idea of international development, built around the notions of non-interference and ‘win–win cooperation’. What unites these two blueprints for global development is that international law, as traditionally understood, does not seem to take centre stage. This chapter argues that it may be a new type of international law which emerges from these global constellations of international development which comes not only, but also from below.

In her seminal essay, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, Gayatri Spivak deconstructs the very Eurocentric figure of the human as depicted in the discourses of postcolonial historiography and subaltern studies. By re-presenting the figure of the subaltern as a woman, she argues “[I]f in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern as female is even more deeply in shadow…” (Spivak, 1988). A close reading of her text through the critical framework of ‘thing theory’ could offer us new directions in employing the subaltern as a “cartographic tool” involved in processes of “undoing the human” and the figure of the “Man/Anthropos” in postcolonial scholarships and narratives often dominated by men (Braidotti, 2018). The ‘shadow’ here – where Spivak argues the “subaltern as female” is further pushed into – can refer to “the balmy elsewhere beyond theory” where lurks the metaphorical figure of the woman as the thing-in-itself problematizing the binary between subject and object (Brown, 2001). Focusing on the works of Romila Thapar, in the context of ancient Indian history, and Brij V. Lal, regarding the history of indentured labour in Indo-Fijian Diaspora, this paper presents an analysis of some of the documented narratives of female self-immolation (sati) and suicide (both committed and attempted) and how the same constructed the subject position of women as objects of colonialist historiography. My paper will also offer a comparative reading of the biographical account of Bhubaneswari Bhaduri’s suicide, that Spivak refers to, in ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, for deconstructing the question of agency of women, against the fictional depiction of Mangala Bibi in Amitav Ghosh’s Calcutta Chromosome who subverts the colonial systems of knowledge by transitioning from being an object of investigation to becoming the one who studies the erstwhile investigating (colonialist) subject. I argue here that Bill Brown’s ‘thing theory’ is useful in interrogating established modes of reading informed by Eurocentric/anthropocentric discourses to subvert the position of the woman as the subaltern in colonialist historiography.

Abstract The growing mobility demand on large and medium world’s cities has been continually pressing transport authorities and urban planners to provide transit solutions with the required capacity, reliability & service level, safety and affordability. Matching all these requirements in a dense and constrained urban environment has not been an easy task, as the higher capacity solutions (i.e. rapid rail transit - RRT) often face technical (alignment constraints) and/or funding issues, while lower capacity solutions (both light rail transit - LRT and Bus Rapid Transit - BRT) generally face capacity and reliability constraints. While the former — generally underground — might counteract alignment and public utilities infrastructure incompatibilities, the latter often faces space (traffic interference), reliability and environmental constraints, that ultimately results in a constrained capacity and an unsatisfying service level. Monorail technology is a transport system whose vehicles run on or suspended from a single track or beam, which is usually on an elevated and segregated structure. This technology was initially utilized to provide passenger transportation solutions for amusement parks and convention centers, but has now become a mature medium capacity transit solution for high density areas in cities around the world. Given its aerial concept, generally running above or bellow linear beams and, hence, above the ground, its structure is generally supported on vertical columns (poles), spaced up to 30 m (98.4 ft) along its alignment, requiring a reduced right of way (RoW), compared to conventional alternatives, which ultimately enables it to be fit in the median strip between the opposite lanes in the road system. Moreover, given the monorail’s technology vertical (grade) and horizontal (curve radius) alignment flexibility, it is able to provide medium capacity & high service level transit solutions, with a reduced land expropriation requirement, compared to the traditional transit solutions. Furthermore, its segregated right of way, associated with a driverless approach, makes feasible the use of smaller headways, with an inherent operational flexibility, in terms of capacity and service level, with lower operational costs. Monorail operational features — generally running on rubber tires in contact with concrete or steel structures — provide a smooth and externally silent ride, for both passengers and the neighborhood. Moreover, the lighter vehicles allow the possibility of both a lighter support infrastructure and an improved energy performance. Finally, different from the bulky and noisy elevated rail structures, the monorail’s elevated structure is thin and light, which ultimately avoids the well known shadow effect, allowing an aesthetic friendly (or less intrusive) structure, to cope with the urban environment. This work presents an overview of the monorail technology, with a review of its technical and operational features, based on the current available technical literature, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of this promising technology for transit applications. The work also presents case studies, reporting some of the well known and successful monorail projects implemented around the world.

ABSTRACT The physical properties and mechanical behaviour of planetary rocks are critical parameters in the design of asteroid mining. Rock samples obtained by sample-return missions via spacecraft and meteorites collected in the earth are usually rare, fragmented and arbitrarily shaped. These samples are difficult to be processed into standard cylinders required by traditionally macroscale rock mechanics testing methods (e.g., MTS tests), leading to the use of microscale rock mechanics experiments to derive the macroscale Young's modulus of these samples. These microscale experiments have to then be upscaled to obtain macroscale values. The performances of three upscaling methods are considered, two are based on effective medium theory and the third is the computational method of accurate grain-based modeling (AGBM). These methods are compared in the context of granitic samples, and the errors these three methodologies are quantified. The AGBM is found to be the most accurate, and is subsequently extended to measure the mechanical properties of unconventional rock samples, Hammadah al Hamra 346 (HaH 346) asteroid meteorites. The microstructure, mineral composition and mechanical properties of rock-forming minerals and interphase in HaH 346 meteorites are measured using microscale rock mechanics experiment (micro-RME). Then, the macroscale Young's modulus of HaH 346 meteorites is upscaled and estimated using the validated AGBM method. The work is helpful for the characterization of the unconventional rock samples during asteroid mining. INTRODUCTION Asteroid mining involves the hypothetical exploration of materials from asteroids and other minor planets, including near-Earth objects. Metal-rich near-Earth asteroids provide the intriguing possibility that ferrum (Fe), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) could someday be mined for use on Earth or in space (Hiroi et al., 1993). Therefore, understanding the deformation and failure properties of planetary rocks is critical to optimize construction activities beyond Earth (Gibney, 2018). The properties of asteroid rocks, such as composition, thermal parameters and magnetic properties, have been measured and are available in the literature (Flynn et al., 2018; Gattacceca et al., 2014; Krot et al., 2009; Ostrowski and Bryson, 2019). However, the strength measurements of asteroid rocks are scarce, mainly due to the destructive nature of traditional macroscale rock mechanics experiments (macro-RME). The physical properties of stony meteorites, including mechanical properties such as strength, provide important clues to understand the formation and physical evolution of material in the solar protoplanetary disk (Flynn et al., 2018; Pohl and Britt, 2020). However, asteroid samples (e.g. meteorites) are usually arbitrarily-shaped making it difficult to produce standard specimens (Shao et al., 2020) that are required by macro-RME. Recently, the microscale Rock Mechanics Experiment (micro-RME) and Accurate Grain-Based Models (AGBM) have been developed to investigate the mechanical properties of rock-forming minerals of arbitrarily-shaped rocks and their macroscale mechanical properties (Xu et al., 2020; Tang et al. 2022).