Journal articles on the topic 'Bring Larks and Heroes'

Building on research about the characteristics and varieties of actual heroes, the purpose of this project was to investigate the extent to which different types of real heroes have similar and distinct characteristics using Q-method, a person focused method. Awarded heroes sorted 49 psychological characteristics and Q-factor analysis revealed two profiles, or groups, of heroes; “open, loving, and risk-taking heroes,” and “spiritual, socially responsible, and prudent heroes.” These findings are interpreted in light of humanistic psychology, and the implications of these findings on the field of heroism science are discussed. The profiles bring the field of heroism science a deeper and more comprehensive view of the whole heroic person, and suggest directions for using heroic examples to fostering heroism.

Although social marketing emphasizes consumer orientation, it is only in recent years that consumers and communities have been at the center of program development and implementation. This article illustrates how, on a modest budget, social marketing and community development approaches were combined in two innovative and creative community-led projects in Edinburgh, Scotland. Community residents were integrally involved, not just as participants in research and as project beneficiaries, but as decision makers, creators, and implementers. The projects illustrate how communities have skills and assets within themselves which they can bring to bear in a social marketing framework, making it possible to apply social marketing on modest budgets, and how interventions which originate within communities and are owned by them may be more engaging and may lead to more positive health outcomes. Approaches which genuinely involve communities in development and implementation make financial, practical, and philosophical sense.

The issue touched upon in this article refers to the extraordinary use of innumerable metaphors in one of the greatest works by George Gordon Byron – Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Among literary devices it is especially metaphor that is peculiar to Byron’s linguopoetic thinking. The linguostylistic and linguopoetic methods of analysis help to bring out metaphor as an important device for Byron. Through metaphors he portrays his heroes, their feelings and thoughts and makes the reader feel his powerful flight of imagination. The author does not convince the reader to make the resulting points, but he makes him/her indirectly judge the heroes and understand situations. Thus, Byron’s metaphors are the result of his linguopoetic thinking. They give a certain charm and musical perception through plain words and word-combinations, and serve as a bridge between physics and poetics across temporal and spatial scale.

The cultural memory of Muslims forms a certain way of communication, thinking, which is instrumentalized by the community of believers for religious discourse in a mosque, printing, media projects, and education. The reproduction of collective memory occurs through the heroes of history – the figures of memory. The latter serve as spatial and temporal landmarks of the group’s memory and become models and role models. This article provides a brief analysis of the places of memory of the heroes of Islamic history in the cultural identity of Muslims of the Russian Federation. The solution to this problem will bring us closer to understanding the self-identification, religious life and mentality of the Russian community of believers. The main personalities in Muslim history are the prophets, associates, pious rulers and military leaders, great scholars, theologians, and the righteous. To determine the significance of personality for cultural memory, the research was faced with the task of reducing their list with specific tools for studying big data. For this, the Google Trends analysis tool was used, and on its basis a hierarchy of requests from the heroes of Islamic history is carried out. The interpretation of the data is carried out. The article discusses which memorialization strategies are used by the Muslim community to reproduce a cultural transmission, as well as existing injuries and forms of silence. The absence of a single Russian Islamic metanarrative is an obstacle to the unification of Muslim believers and their integration into the national cultural agenda

In 1848 the moderado administration of General José Joaquín Herrera staged public ceremonies to honour the ‘polko’ national guardsmen who had died defending Mexico City during the recent war with the USA. Herrera's government attempted to use the rituals to alleviate the pain of defeat and bring together a divided nation, as well as to reorganise the national guard into a military force manned by the well-to-do that would help preserve political stability and social harmony. Herrera's state-building project ultimately failed because the ceremonies could not surmount the tensions that afflicted Mexico. In the long run, the inability to restructure the national guard allowed Mexican statesmen in the late 1800s to disband that military force and to diminish its status in national patriotic discourse.

The article refers to relations in the process of communication between teacher and students. The author uses classical literature and an expert interview with an experienced school teacher to bring her point across. The author feels that the described issues are of particular significance for beginner pedagogues. Shakespeare's genius gives a broad perspective on the subject of communication, because in both comedies and dramas we observe the importance of the communication aspect, which may be transferred to the relationship between students and the teacher. This gives a broad picture of the possible scenarios that will appear in the teacher's work and allows one to draw conclusions from the heroes' mistakes, which may be identical to those made in the relationships with students.

In a recent article published in the CQ I argued the likelihood that in comparable underworld scenes Vergil modelled Charon's challenge to Aeneas in Aeneid 6.388–97 on Aeacus' challenge to Heracles in a surviving fragment of the tragedy Pirithous composed by either Euripides or Critias, and I took the episode to be a reinforcement or a possible modification of E. Norden's suggestion that Aeneas' descent into the Underworld is modelled on a catabasis of Heracles. In the play Aeacus sees a figure approaching him and demands to know of the stranger both his identity and his business in coming. Heracles responds by giving his name and explaining that he has come hither at Eurystheus' command to fetch Cerberus alive from Hades and bring him to Mycenae's gates. Heracles must then have overcome Aeacus. for we next find Theseus and Heracles conversing in the Underworld about Pirithous. Earlier in the play Pirithous had lamented that he still languishes in Hades for having attempted, with Theseus as his accomplice, to carry off from the world below the goddess Persephone to be his bride. In the usual version both heroes are caught and punished in the world below and only Theseus is rescued by Heracles. In this play, however, Heracles now heaps praise upon Theseus for his loyalty in electing to stay with his friend Pirithous in Hades. Heracles then rescues both heroes.

The display of maternal suffering is powerful, as the bereaved mother’s experience represents any parent’s deepest fear. When her pain is enmeshed with calls to support changes in our justice systems, it has the potential to bring about unconstitutional effects, for a mother’s love has no end and so her life sentence can only be addressed with equal amounts of endless suffering for the said offender (Valier and Lippens, 2004). This paper explores the construction of the bereaved mother figure as a victim-hero within contemporary media enacted crime narratives. It examines two murder cases in the New Zealand context where a bereaved mother’s displays of grief can be linked to changes made to the legal code. It will be argued that the character of the bereaved mother as a victim-hero has become a powerful agent of change that has implications for criminal justice system modification. It is argued that critical attention is required of criminology to the role of the good mother in criminal justice discourses, and in particular to the ways in which the good mother is characterised in mediated public discourses.

An essential feature of Nigerian literatures is their capacity to exploit history and social experience to bring to light the human condition in society without compromising literary aesthetics. Thus, Nigerian novels often appear to be more educative than entertaining by their ability to illuminate social realities far more effectively than historical or sociological texts. This is evident in the representations of soldiers in Nigerian novels which are highly influenced by historical and social circumstances. This paper carries out a comparative and descriptive analysis of portrayals of Nigerian soldiers in Isidore Okpewho’s The Last Duty and Festus Iyayi’s Heroes from a new historical perspective. Most studies on the military in Nigerian novels often focus on their actions in war situations and their disruptive and undemocratic activities in politics. However, these studies frequently explore the military as a group with little attention to the texts as expositions on character types in the Nigerian military. This study therefore contributes to criticism on the nexus between literary representation, history, and society. It further highlights historical and social contexts of military explorations in Nigerian novels and their impacts on the perception of the Nigerian soldier in society. These are aimed at showing that depictions of the military in Nigerian novels go beyond their capacities for disruptions and destructions in society; they represent artistic probing of the nature and character of persons in the Nigerian military.

Shakespearean tragedies stand out in the history of world’s literature for their influential language, insight into character and dramatic ingenuity. It can be safely established that all of the Shakespearean tragedies are based upon the notion that human benevolence is innate to man as man. The current study focuses upon the notion that the Shakespearean heroes are basically good and noble men whose tragic flaw leads to their obliteration. For instance in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth describes Macbeth as “too full o’ milk of human kindness”. The character of Macbeth gives the picture of dissolution within the individual. The character of Macbeth has been analyzed to assert that he seems to suffer from a variance between his head and heart, his duty and his desire, his reckoning and his emotions. A psychological insight to his character reveals that he knows from the first that he is engaged in a ridiculous act: a distressed and paradoxical struggle. With the aid of research methods including Case Study and Close Reading this Qualitative research highlights Macbeth’s lethal proceedings which not only obliterate his peace of mind but also bring turmoil to the macrocosm of the universe, and shows that along with the king he murders his sense of reasoning as well. Hence this study asserts the idea that Shakespearean heroes possess an inherent goodness corroded by the actions of fate or destiny thus resulting in their tragic downfall.

Portraits of heroes and leaders have been among the most widely diffused and deeply cherished of all political symbols. The political functions of such portraits grow out of distinctive semiotic qualities that set the portrait apart from other types of symbols. Judging from their public reception, George Washington's portraits — and, we believe, many state portraits — have the qualities of likeness, manifestiveness, moral efficaciousness, and sacredness that traditionally were ascribed to religious icons. From these qualities the state portrait gains a special power to bridge the distances of space and time and bring a society's representative men and women to living presence for its members. By evoking loyalties and attachments not only to the persons portrayed but also to the larger collectivities that those persons represent, state portraits function as important agencies of political integration and solidarity.

Abstract Class depictions in videogames are prevalent, yet understudied. In this article, we analyse how the working class – particularly working-class men – have been depicted in videogames over the past 30 years. In doing so, we bring together a class- and gender-based analysis to study how narratives, representations, gameplay, and game systems construct the “working-class hero” as a central protagonist. This is done by examining eight paired examples of videogames that feature working-class characters in central roles, including janitor, fire-fighter, taxi driver, and bartender. Our analysis finds that some roles are glorified (such as firefighters), positioning their protagonists in direct conflict with white-collar settings and antagonists. However, many other roles task players with “doing their job” in the face of repetitive (and sometimes outlandish) working conditions. Through these examples, we document the portrayal of working-class videogame heroes, noting how videogames can both reinforce and subvert common media tropes.

The Children of the Sweet South in the Northern Land of Death. On the Opposition of North and South in Russian Literature from Romanticism up to Socialist Realism The starting point of the article is the semiotic theory of culturally coherent “semio-spheres”. The analysis focusses on the changing pictures of the northern parts of the Russian cultural area – Siberia, Karelia, and, in the 19th century, also Finland – in the works of Russian writers from Romanticism into the middle of the 20th century. The traditional juxtaposition of ‘north’ and ‘south’ as cultural, climatic and emotional opposites in Romanticism was inspired in part by admiration for Scandinavian sagas and landscapes. The European idealisation of the South was still valid in the poems of the Russian Romanticism. Embedded into the pictures of a wild and untouched northern nature was the ideal of a simple, rural society and the romantic imagery of the lonesome hero. In the Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century ‘north’ became an emotional centre in opposition to a spoiled, western cultural centre. Nevertheless, the Russian and Ukrainian South continued to be a place of longing for the imprisoned or exiled heroes in the hostile North. In Soviet literature, the communist project to improve the social situation of the toiling masses around the world led to a missionary’s attitude toward the outskirts of the Soviet Union. Russian heroes did not only bring civilisation to the uneducated Northern aborigines but by cultivating the harsh land they also added more civilized Southern nature to the Northern landscape.

It is said that “Whatever is here is found elsewhere. But whatever is not here is nowhere else.” These lines are said for the great epic of India The Mahabharata. The name means “great [story of the] Bharatas.” Bharata was an early ancestor of both the Pandavas and Kauravas who fought each other in a great war, but the word is also used for the Indian race, so the Mahabharata Sometimes is referred to as “the great story of India.” The portrayals of women Characters in this epic were left unsatisfied. It wasn’t as though the epic didn’t have powerful, complex women Characters that affected the action in major ways, for instance, there was the widowed Kunti, mother of Pandavas,who dedicates her life to making sure her sons become kings. There was Gandhari, wife of the sightless Kaurava king, who chooses to blindfold her in marriage, thus relinquishing her power as queen and mother. And most of all, there was Panchali, king Drupad’s beautiful daughter, who has the unique distinction of being married to five men at the same time-the five Pandava brothers, the greatest heroes of their time. Panchaali who, some might argue, by her headstrong actions helps to bring about the destruction of the third Age of man. But in some way, they remained shadowy figures, their thoughts and motives mysterious, their emotions portrayed only when they affected the lives of the male heroes, their roles ultimately subservient to those of their fathers or husbands, brothers or sons. Relevant to today’s war-torn world, The Palace of Illusions takes us back to a time that is half history, half myth, and wholly Magical. Narrated by Panchaali, the wife of the legendary Pandava brothers in the Mahabharat, the novel gives us a new interpretation of this ancient tale.

The aim of the article is to analyse two car brands, Volvo and Toyota, using the concept of the “supersystem of entertainment” in the Marsha Kinder approach. In both companies, people respon-sible for marketing create the image of the brand using analogous strategies as in the case of promo-ting products of popular culture. The cars exceed the frame of the commodity and in the process of “mediation of things” they become brands, culture products, even heroes. Scandinavian mythology and design, Japanese anime and kaizen philosophy, Hollywood productions and cartoon characters mix with the entire axiological and cultural system that is the core of the modern car brand. Ap-plying narrative marketing and using various media platforms, brands connect elements of nation, culture, responsibility and other social values, to stand out from other brands. These treatments not only strengthen the relationship between the brand and consumer. They make it necessary to look at contemporary manufactured vehicles as elements of society that bring commercial and media success for companies.

In the Greek epic tradition associated with the Trojan cycle, the protagonists are played by Achilles and Odysseus, two heroes with contrasting characteristics. The Homeric poems endeavor to approximate the character of Odysseus to Achilles. They cannot, however, break with his traditional image in which he represents the trickster type. Both preservation of the traditional image and its reinterpretation is typical of the oral tradition. Comparison with other traditions of the oral epic reveals a connection between the trickster character and the antagonist of the hero-protagonist. Both polarized characters represent two types of behavior assessed by the listening audience in terms of their usefulness for the survival of the community. In his readiness for sacrifice, the hero represents an altruistic attitude, positively valorized as moral behavior. The trickster’s egoistic behavior moves away from moral principles, but it can also ultimately bring benefit to the whole community. Similarly to the behavior of the trickster-antagonist, that of the hero-protagonist is also ambivalent, as it brings harm to the community, which –though temporary – often takes on the dimension of a disaster.

Grave robbers, we all know, loot tombs for material gain. Recently, however, Italian tomb robbers, or tombaroli, have sought public attention by publishing their biographies and appearing on television to present an entirely new image of their métier. They depict themselves as heroes who bring the treasures of the past to the public and boast of an expertise, which remains unrecognised by official archaeologists. Rather than merely dismissing these stories as a justification, or glorification of an illegal activity, a more careful reading reveals many issues, which are of considerable importance to heritage management and archaeological research. These accounts contain a wealth of information on the identity of the people who loot tombs; their backgrounds, motivations and attempts to legitimate their actions. Moreover, they provide a unique insight into the relations between tomb robbers and the communities within which they operate. It is well known that public opinion in Italy and elsewhere to some extent sanctions illegal digging and, in my view, changing these attitudes could prove to be one of the most important steps towards a more effective policy of protecting the cultural patrimony.

The article deals with the influence of Bunin's works on a novel by Trifonov "Another Life" («Другая жизнь»). In addition to direct and implicit reminiscences from verse and prose by Bunin, the plot of the story "Cold Autumn" («Холодная осень») is especially significant to the novel. The poem "What a cold Autumn!" («Какая холодная осень!») by Fet is a kind of a mediator between the two works, the first two lines of which are quoted in both writings by Bunin and Trifonov. The story and the novel correlated in terms of their theme, plot, composition and characters, are conceptually close in understanding the problem of "a person's private life and history". The correlation of the heroes' fates with epoch-making events taking place in these texts, as well as other concordances, bring us to the conclusion that the inclusion of Bunin's works supports Trifonov's concept of the world and the person – the uniqueness of individual human existence in the context of History. The writer, who like his hero Sergei Troitsky overcomes the formally ideological understanding of history, is attracted by Bunin's artistic experience of comprehension of memory, love, and nature metaphysics.

This study examines eponymic place names in Zambia, specifically focusing on names of international airports and national stadia. Names of these features have been selected for study because in 2011, they had been subjected to changes. The study brings out the doubled nature of this name change by the Patriotic Front regime: to commemorate Zambia’s heroes and to entrench their political stamina. To successfully bring out the double edged nature of place name change by the Patriotic Front regime, the study engages Critical Toponymies Theory, a theory which considers place names as social artefacts which are caught up in a web of social conflict, implicating them as key players in (re)producing unequal socio-political power balance, an aspect which can be viewed as a social problem. The study argues that names of key national places or features in Zambia, banal and mundane as they may appear, are implicated in formulating and perpetuating social classes and power imbalance in the country because they are agents that promote the ideologies, aspirations and worldview of the ruling elites.

The article deals with the cultural analysis of the novels "Shame" and "Betrayal" by the famous contemporary Swedish writer Karin Alvtegen, which are an example of a new art that has replaced the art of "post". "New art" is expressed in the return to the subject-object coherence, the reflection of reality in holistic, specifically-sensual artistic and expressive forms. The novel "Shame" is a psychological thriller where the author tells about the fate of three women - Monica, May-Britt and Vanya Turin. All three of them (independently) feel ashamed for their whole lives because of the events they had experienced during their childhood or youth, and this feeling, in its turn, influenced their behavior, and determined the subsequent attitude to people and life. In Alvtegen’s novel "Betrayal" she describes the psychological state of all the heroes, who, as it turns out, are both victims of betrayal and the traitors. Simultaneously, the author develops the topic of devastating revenge and the dilemma of forgiveness-non-forgiveness. In the end, the author inclines to the first variant, which helps to overcome a psychological trauma - "a trauma of betrayal". For the heroes of Alvtegen, betrayal and vengeance are the phenomena of the same tier, and both bring unbearable mental pain, and all characters have a constant internal dialogue with it. "Trauma of betrayal" rules over the author’s characters, who do not realize what drives them. According to Sigmund Freud, this trauma separates a person from the surrounding reality, closes him/her on itself, and, at some point, brings satisfaction. However, if Freud’s "trauma" is constructive even in case its consequences are abnormal, the damage it caused is compensated, even though in a neurotic way. Yet, for the heroes of Alvtegen, the trauma takes away human ability to act, induces a negative belief in oneself or in others, and, at the same time, it is a trial given to a person, a kind of initiation. None of the characters of the Swedish writer can pass this initiation. As a result, the lives of all characters are ruined. Hence, having appeared in the world due to the trauma of birth (according to O. Rank), experiencing various types of traumas during life (S. Freud, C.G. Jung, A. Adler, S. Spielrein, J. Lacan), the vector of behavior depends on a person. The novels by Alvtegen showed the tendency to combine the problems of fundamental ontology, psychoanalysis, and the idea of "integral humanism" in the new art ("proto-art") as a way to escape the "ongoing suffering." It is noted that the novels by Alvtegen are a complicated, aesthetically organized system of meanings that involve "multiple coding", organic interweaving of psychoanalytic ideas, in particular, the phenomenon of "trauma" into the concept of the M. Heidegger fundamental ontology.

Yakov Polonsky’s poem «The Celliot», as it was thought in Soviet times, was rejected by Nikolay Nekrasov due to its content that was far from the Eastern question, although Nekrasov also mentioned its volume as the reason for refusal. Polonsky did not agree to reduce it. However, «The Celliot» was a critical response to the aggravation of the Balkan conflict. Polonsky, in order to retouch the meaning, formally relies on the tradition of the Byronic poem, which is manifested in the characters’ system, the chronotopos, motives of alienation and tragic love. In this case, however, the Byronic poem is interpreted in the mirror of the tradition of Russian romantic poem, moreover, in a form of a parody. The main characters of the poem are celliot Cyril and klepht Despot Stefan, who in comparison with each other acquire comic features manifested in their appearance, habits, the way of thinking, attitude towards women. Their desire to get on Mount Athos, which was the ideal of purity, a refuge and a spiritual haven in life, unites them. However, seclusion, according to Polonsky, does not bring Cyril closer to salvation, he finds it outside Athos. The pirate island, combining both heaven and hell at the same time, becomes a place of spiritual growth for the heroes: rejection of religious fanaticism and transition to serving the homeland. In his work Polonsky builds a non-trivial concept where the world of holiness, ascesis and the sinful world are interchanged. Simple klephts are the spokesmen of the eternal battle of the forces of good and evil, trying to bring its end closer. Criticism of Athos and support of the Slavs’ armed struggle became the main factors that hampered the publication of «The Celliot».

AbstractJudah Halevi and Abraham ibn Ezra are two of the most celebrated pre-modern Jewish figures of all time. Born in late eleventh-century Spain, their lives intersected on several occasions. However, there is also an extensive web of folk narratives and traditions that have been told about them from the Middle-Ages to the present day which links them to each other through their imagined biographies. In fact, many stories were told about them separately depicting various facets of each man’s character. Here, however, we show that unlike other stories, those that bring them together revolve around a specific type of activity common to both; namely, poetry. Furthermore, their hagiographies tend to reproduce the typical milestones characteristic of biographies of saints and cultural heroes (Noy 1975): the prenatal legend, the biographical legend, the posthumous legend, events associated with the hero’s descendants, and events associated with the hero’s possessions. In this case, however, we argue that the stories not only correspond to their biographical phases, but that these stories shape their poetic endeavors as adhering to these phases as well, thus turning these two poets into a timeless couple separated in neither life or death, before their births or posthumously.

InFrogsAristophanes presents the comic katabasis of Dionysus, whose quest is to bring back the recently deceased Euripides and restore him to the Athenian literary scene. In the prologue Dionysus and his slave, Xanthias, seek out Heracles and ask his advice about the journey below. After some comic play, as they consider various short-cuts, Heracles finally gives Dionysus a serious lesson in Underworld geography (136–64). The various items on this itinerary – Charon, terrifying beasts, filth and excrement, sinners, μσται – are all encountered on Dionysus' journey, each transformed for humorous effect. Dionysus crosses the lake on Charon's barque, but is forced to row (180–270). At this point we have the introduction of the off-stage chorus that gives the play its name. In what appears to be a kind of false parodos Dionysus engages in a metrical tug-of-war with the frogs that finally spoils his rowing rhythm. After disembarking, he is joined by Xanthias, who was forced to walk around the lake, and they find themselves in the place of σκτος κα βρβορος (273), where they see the miscreants (here, comically, the audience). In place of ϕεις and θηρα μυρἱα δειτατα (144), our heroes are terrified by the figure of Empousa, who is seen by Xanthias alone (285–305). When Empousa is gone, there appears the chorus of initiates, whose song (with comic interruptions from Dionysus and Xanthias) constitutes the parodos (316–459).

The article examines the views of the prominent Russian politician and publicist Vasily Vitalyevich Shulgin (1878–1976), whom the author considers to be the largest ideologist of the “chieftain” political subculture in Russian political culture. Following Shulgin, the author distinguishes two fundamentally different models of power: “monarchical” (traditional) type of power and “chieftain” (or “charismatic”) type of power. V.V. Shulgin was one of the first Russian thinkers who, after Alexander Pushkin and Sergei Solovyov, considered the “golden age” of the Russian society to be under the rule of “leaders-heroes” (for example, Peter the Great). Shulgin explained many of the problems of Russian statehood revealed in the early 20th century by the degradation of the Russian ruling class and specifically the Romanov dynasty. Under these conditions, the national leader P.A. Stolypin (similar to Bismarck in Germany or Mussolini in Italy), able to bring the country out of crisis by evolution, had appeared “next to the monarch,” but he has not been appreciated by Russian society and it has caused a national catastrophe. The First World War has accelerated the degradation of the Russian government. The “democratic forces” that came to power in Russia for a short time could not nominate a new “leader” from their ranks (Shulgin treats Alexander Kerensky rather ironically). Shulgin foresaw that “intermediate figures” like the White generals or the Red diarchy of Lenin and Trotsky would eventually give way to the autocratic rule of an all-Russian “Chief,” who would combine the ideology of the Whites and the will of the Reds.

Purpose Social marketing has come of age. Today, we are is a legitimate discipline with a wealth of empirical evidence that manifestly demonstrates the ability to bring about behaviour changes for the greater good. As social marketers, we are rapidly expanding the horizons, with a growing interest in the labyrinth of systems that influence the chosen social causes. We have become brave and bold, but is the study now running the risk of romanticising the work and ourselves? It is time to recalibrate, to take stock and to address the elephants in the social marketing room. Design/methodology/approach Expanding on my Change 2020 Driving Systems Change panel presentation, this viewpoint article is a provocation, a think piece, centred around two observed phenomena. Findings The first phenomenon observed is the many identities of the contemporary social marketer – hackers, change agents, heroes, political power brokers and master puppeteers. The second phenomenon observed is the accelerated interest in systems thinking for which the author propose three preconditions are needed – an awareness of the system(s); an acknowledgement that this study is a part of the system(s) and the need to decolonise social marketing. Originality/value This article poses challenging questions but offers no solutions as to how social marketers should, could or do square up our blind spots, make peace with our paradoxes or unblinker the views. Not only would it be naïve to proffer solutions but it would also stifle the growth of you, the reader, in your journey to becoming an integrated person and woke social marketing professional.

This article presents the results of a musealization project at the Computer Engineering Department of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Oporto (FEUP), which aimed to bring together the history of computing in the academic context of the city, between the sixties of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century. This research was rooted in the subjective and naturally fallible memory (Pollack, 1992) of the key people interviewed who, through their testimony, described the impact of technological transformations on their professional and personal experience. During the investigation, we did not try to find the history of the great moments and their "heroes", but rather the small, fragmented and diverse narratives of key persons. Our aim was thus to create a narrative rich in the deviations, flaws, and imperfections that distinguish Man from Machine. We accumulated stories (Kopytoff, 1988) through objects that we used as memory triggers (Simon, 2010) to set a social history of computing in Oporto. Upon realizing that we were also interested in capturing the “procedural memory” the participants then began to enthusiastically describe striking moments, mimicking the sound of machines and identifying friends and colleagues in documents and photographs. However, the most recurrent was the access to “episodic” and “historical” memory (David Manier and William Hirst 2010). We may say that this is a male-written story annotated by women. The immaterial heritage that this project recorded in the form of interviews supports and attributes values to the material heritage (objects, machines, utensils, books and documents) existing at FEUP museum, and attests to the plurality of its contexts of use and agents.

The purpose of this article is to examine the originality of understanding one of the central themes of the Russian literature – the theme of the Motherland – in the short stories of A.I. Solzhenitsyn and Yu.V. Bondarev. The main research methods are comparative-historical and structural-typological. In connection with the analysis of short stories of Solzhenitsyn’s and Bondarev’s the article emphasizes the key features of the short stories as a genre, defines the main directions of the analysis of the short stories of these writers in school classes of Literature, identifies the points of ideological and conceptual relation and repulsion in the perception of the theme of the Motherland in the short stories of Solzhenitsyn’s and Bondarev’s. The analysis of Solzhenitsyn’s short stories allows us to identify their semantic and emotional dominants. This is the admiration for the beauty of the Russian nature, which gives the heroes of short stories a sense of happiness, harmony and unity with the world; love and an indissoluble connection with the Motherland; the writer’s anxiety about her destiny; reproach to the contemporaries who participate in the destruction of the old days; faith in the spiritual revival of Russia. Bondarev’s characters are also amazed by the richness and diversity of the beauty of their native nature, and they watch the destruction of historical and cultural monuments of the past with a heavy heart. But, unlike Solzhenitsyn’s characters, they feel their personal guilt and responsibility for the future of their Motherland. Thus, the patriotic idea, the pain for the fate of the Motherland, the belief in the spiritual renewal and transformation of the Russian life are vividly embodied in the short stories and conceptually bring together the positions of Solzhenitsyn’s and Bondarev’s. Both writers associate their hopes for saving the Motherland with her return to the traditional system of values of the Russian World.

<p>The findings of this paper show that the ritual tradition of visiting the tomb of Sheikh Yusuf in Kobbang from time to time amended. It was initially a strong ritual primarily influenced by the nuances of heresy, but on its further development the influence fades due to the efforts of Islamic preachers. The general motivation of the pilgrims is hoping the livelihood they can acquire, such as finding mates, sustenance, offspring, health and inner tranquility. Yet, some are visiting the tomb to appreciate the scholars or heroes or just for sightseeing. In the context of developing society, this tradition seems to be persisted as Sheikh Yusuf is regarded as having karomah, a guardian, scholars and a hero. His personality is considered to bring blessing to the pilgrims. Therefore, for most modern societies this tradition remains alive and serves as one alternative to find peace and cure severe diseases.</p><p>Temuan tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa ritual tradisi ziarah makam Syekh Yusuf di Kobbang dari waktu ke waktu mengalami perubahan. Pada awalnya masih ditemukan ritual yang kental dengan nuansa bid’ah tapi pada perkembangan lebih lanjut nuansa bid’ahnya mulai terkikis berkat usaha para da’i Islam. Motivasi yang melatarbelakangi para peziarah pada umumnya agar hajat mereka dapat terpenuhi, seperti hajat mendapatkan jodoh, keturunan, rezeki, kesehatan dan ketenangan batin. Tetapi ada pula yang berziarah ke makam Syekh Yusuf karena motivasi menghargai ulama atau pahlawan atau sekedar berwisata. Dalam konteks masyarakat yang terus mengalami perkembangan, nampaknya tradisi ini tetap bertahan, karena Syekh Yusuf dianggap sebagai seorang yang memiliki karomah, seorang wali, ulama dan seorang pahlawan. Kepribadian yang dimiliki oleh Syekh Yusuf dianggap akan mendatangkan berkah bagi para peziarah. Karena itu, bagi sebagian masyarakat modern, tradisi ini tetap hidup dan dijadikan sebagai salah satu alternatif mencari ketenangan batin dan menyembuhkan penyakit yang tidak terjangkau oleh medis.</p>

The article is devoted to the analysis of images of the main characters of the spy in S. Postolovskyi’s novel «The Enemy, or the Wrath of God». It is emphasised on author’s traditional representations of the typical image of spy showed in the images of James Bond (by I. Fleming), George Smiley (by J. Le Carre) and Stierlitz (by Yu. Semenov). The author updates these images according to the realities of the present. It is determined that the participants of the operation «The God’s Wrath», depicted in the S. Postolovskyi’s novel, are very colorful figures, people that are ready to fight, but this desire to take revenge on the enemies of their country is based for each of them on personal reasons: the desire to get a higher post, to find out the truth about the work of the spy-saboteur and to determine their own place in the battle for their country, establish justice, and so on. The writer successfully combines the contradictory features of heroes and criminals in their characters, emphasizing their ambiguity, which makes them believable, living people, and not ideologically well-established figures. It was found out that the most ideologized image in the work is the figure of Captain Ivan Principle, the favorite S. Postolovskyi’s hero, who has already met in the previous writer’s works. The surname of this character is fully matched with his inner qualities: he is honest, fair, takes the attention of women, and in his actions he is always guided by the law and believes that the means do not always justify the goal. The author tried to bring out a new image of a spy, a modern hero who could become a sample for the young generation. It was also revealed that in the images of other ministers of the Office, who participated in the organization of Operation «The God’s Wrath», – General Bulldog, Colonel Myron and Captain Nechypailo – the writer depicted the typical representatives of his time, capable of high aspirations and courageous deeds, but at the same time they are typical executors of any order, often criminal, when it coincides with their notions of justice and duty. Thus, S. Postolovskyi presented his own vision of Ukraine’s fate in the «hybrid war» with Russia and those people whom the result of this war directly depends on. Since he can’t foresee the future, the author leaves his protagonists a tragic fate, just like life itself.

<p><em>This study aims to elucidate community perception of royal cemetry and friends of God of Gorontalo by using an approach of phenomenlogy of religion. The result of research pointed out that cemetry was interpreted as a resting place of human kinds after realm. The purpose of cemetry pilgrimage also has a variety, such as, the place of religious excursion, the efficacious place for praying, the place to get blessing from God by invoking the remains, the place to recall the goodness of a hero and a carrier of Islam, the place to learn both of the history and Ladunni. A conducting variant procession of visiting cemetry is divided into by self-praying and praying by a priets. Particular things brought for the cemetry of Sultan Amai are for graping the water believed to have a blessing whereas pilgrims, at Ju Pangola, bring bottled water placed before cemetry and prayed by priests and also take glebe to get grace. Boon for pilgrims is: to get a grace of life with praying for the King and Friends of God, appreciate the kindness of Islamic spreaders and Islamic heroes, and to be a guidance of life that human beings will end and return to the God.</em></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji persepsi masyarakat tentang makam raja dan wali Gorontalo dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi agama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makam dimaknai sebagai tempat peristirahatan manusia setelah alam dunia. Adapun tujuan ziarah makam memiliki varian yakni: Makam sebagai tempat wisata religi; Tempat mustajab berdoa; Tempat untuk mendapatkan berkah dari Allah dengan mendoakan si mayit; Tempat untuk mengenang jasa pahlawan dan pembawa Islam; Tempat untuk belajar baik sejarah maupun ilmu Ladunni. Varian prosesi pelaksanaan ziarah kubur terbagi dua berdoa sendiri dan didoakan oleh imam. Adapun perlengkapan yang menyertai khususnya di makam Sultan Amai adalah mengambil air sumur yang diyakini memiliki berkah sedangkan di makam Ju Pangola adalah air mineral kemasan botol yang ditempatkan di depan makam dan didoakan oleh imam dan mengambil tanah makam untuk mendapatkan keberkahan. Hikmah bagi peziarah: untuk mendapatkan keberkahan hidup dengan mendoakan raja dan para wali Allah, menghargai jasa para pengembang Islam dan para pahlawan; serta menjadikan sebagai pelajaran hidup bahwa manusia pasti akan mati dan kembali ke Allah. </p><p><em><br /></em></p>

The interest that modern human science shows in the Enlightenment as time still continues and has become one of the reasons to examine the periodicals of the 1760s and 1770s as part of its complex social and cultural process. Separating a specific cul-tural practice for analysis allowed concentrating on identifying some anthropological senses in cultural changes and some ways of coping with current conflicts. The author of the article observes how the magazines that are identified as satirical (Truten’, Zhivopisets, Vsyakaya Vsyachina, Adskaya Pochta, Smes’, and others) make a dialogue between the book and reading. The significance of this topic is the early discussion on the problem of educating the nobility that was held in the society. In the 1760s and 1770s, the topic became popular in a new way because of the ideas of Catherine the Great to educate people “of a new brand”. To solve the problem, the government started to reor-ganize educational institutions whose programs began to include secular science, books and art. However, home schooling remained closed for changes. There, medieval spiritual books still dominated because “aunties”-tutors (so-called “starushki”) were afraid of any cultural innovations. The well-known thesis that, in the second part of the century, the authority of medieval texts became weaker is proved by different magazine articles that were based on the daily experience and examinations of contemporaries who were the witnesses of the cultural changes and who had to choose what to read, where and how to teach their children. In publications of different genres, we can notice that the press con-tinued to value the book and reading as a good way to learn and educate. Besides, medie-val texts appeared to be something that favored superstitious views on the Universe. In the then contemporary satirical ideas, medieval books marked the changing generation of readers. Some examples of parents’ sanctimonious views on religious beliefs, disrespect towards governmental rules, cruel treatment of serfs degraded the value of reading medie-val books. On the contrary, positive heroes showed interest in the new secular knowledge and books, tried to become well-read and study foreign languages, to be capable of making a free choice. To bring up such a noble person was only possible if their parents were thoughtful to their children’s natural proclivity and to the choice of their tutors, and were sensitive to governmental changes. Generations that could stop reading Old Russian books were changing their reading habits. They became free in choosing books and in reading them critically. The trend to be well-read made reading more dynamic.

Scythian Amazons have attracted the attention of researchers since a long time. The Amazons as the subject is developed in three main directions, conditioned by the choice of a certain group of sources — literary, pictorial and archaeological. The literary and visual aspects have been developed quite thoroughly by many generations of researchers, as evidenced by the representative corpus of monographs and publications. Both these directions developed in parallel, often intersecting. Literary aspect implies the study of the image of the Amazon — one of the brightest in classical ancient mythology and culture. Several topics could be seen as key here: the degree of an existence historicism of these warlike women ; the meaning of the term «Amazon»; the origin of the cycle of myths about the Amazons; plot cycles; confrontation / opposition to heroes; and finally, the Amazons and gender issues. The pictorial aspect is related to the study of a wide range of works of decorative art, in which female warriors appear. Following subjects are developed here: storylines (Amazonomachy as Pan-Hellenic plot, Grifonomachy as the local variant thereof ; an injured Amazon, etc.); the image of an Amazon in art in general (multi-figure compositions, solitary figures) or in its particular forms — architecture, sculpture, plastic, painting, toreutics, vases art, etc.); interpretation of compositions, iconography, detailed analysis of accessories and so on. Archaeological aspect looks the least developed, since it is connected with the necessary field work. In the process of studying the funerary complexes of Scythian female warriors, three stages can be distinguished. At the first stage (second half of the 19th century — the end of the 1950s), during the occasional excavations of the Kurgan antiquities of the Pripontian steppes, single graves of women with weapons were discovered. They seemed to have already been noticed, but as an exceptional phenomenon. The second stage (the second half of the 20th century) is characterized by a change in the vector of archaeological researches — at this time, not only the large Kurgans begin to be explored, but also the burial grounds of the rank soldiers. Excavation materials are introduced into scientific circulation. The first analytical works appear (O. Ganina, V. Olkhovskiy, V. Ilinskaya and A. Terenozhkin, E. Buniatian, E. Fialko, R. Rolle, V. Guliaev). It should be noted that these publications are used to this day by foreign colleagues. The third stage (the end of the 20th century — the beginning of the 21st century) was marked by a forced turn from fieldwork, especially barrows, to the office investigations. At this time there were publications of a series of graves of Amazons in individual burial grounds, in different regions of European Scythia (steppe and forest-steppe Dnieper, Crimea, Transdnistria and the Don region). Their number reached 250. These works treated different types of the burial structures, certain categories of burial items of Scythian Amazons, their social stratification, complexes chronology, etc. These materials bring us closer to interesting conclusions and generalizations.

For over two centuries (from the 17th Century to the early 19th Century), the Nguyen Lords in Cochinchina spent a lot of efforts to develop the navy forces to protect the sovereignty of sea & islands. The navy forces in Cochinchina rapidly grew in terms of troop strength, means and weapons. The Nguyen Lords were greatly concerned about this and frequently urged the recruiting of new troops to expand the fleet. Through trade, the Nguyen Lords established close relationship with Western merchants. With their help in weapon trading and manufacturing, Cochinchina was successfully equipped with fire arms for both infantry and navy forces. The Nguyen Lords were also interested in ship building and troops drilling. War ships in this time significant advanced in technical and combat abilities and capabilities. Therefore, Nguyen Lords’ Navy achieved a lot of notable victories, keeping up with the illustrious tradition of our nation's sea warfare. Typical of these feats included - To sink Japanese pirate ships in 1585; - To defeat the attack of the Dutch East India Company fleets (Vereenigde OostIndische Compagnie, VOC) in 1643; - To fight back the British troops, occupying Kunlun Islands in 1705; etc. In addition to powerful professional army, Nguyen Lords also built many military patrols, to protect and exploit marine resources in the East Sea. The military sea patrols named Hoang Sa, Bac Hai, Que Huong, Dai Mao Hai Ba, Que Huong Ham, etc. were born one by one. They came from fishermen who voluntarily joined military forces in the capacity of draftee (in the sense of military duty personnel); therefore, they were usually called by the name of “military personnel" or "military fishermen". In addition to collecting gold, silver, tools, etc.... of shipwreck to bring back to Nguyen Lords, they were also ready to fight every enemy who violated national sea sovereignty. They really were "war heroes" on the sea. The task of “the military fisherman troops” could be said to be extremely heavy, not just for economic life, but always associated with military tasks, such as going out on reconnaissance, spying, watching out and reporting on pirates, fighting pirates to protect the East sea. They face a lot of dangers to defend the sea-land sovereignty for the nation’s welfare. In this light, “the military fisherman troops” existed throughout the reign of the Nguyen Lords and the later Nguyen dynasty. Recent new findings have reflected a lot of interesting facts about the activities of “the military fisherman troops” as well as their living on the sea during the time of their mission. With all their achievements, “the then military fisherman troops” built up beautiful images shining with patriotism and the spirit of sacrificing their life for the country. The Nguyen Lords set up the Shipping Department in charge of registering, supervising and dealing with boats and ships from abroad to supervise and control the security at the sea.

Résumé: Le Royaume de València, au XVème siècle, tient une place majeure dans l’histoire de la littérature et de la spiritualité et dans l’histoire religieuse de la péninsule Ibérique, cependant que s’achève la Reconquista et que s’unifient les Espagnes. Une même quête de réforme morale et d’élévation spirituelle s’exprime aussi bien dans les sermons du dominicain Fra Vicent Ferrer que dans les traductions d’auteurs classiques et de la Renaissance effectuées par un autre dominicain, Fra Antoni Canals. La spiritualité valencienne est militante : elle veut convaincre, séduire, donner et parfois imposer ce qu’elle reconnait comme indispensable à la perfection et au salut. Les héros valenciens du XVème siècle sont des chevaliers et des religieux, des saints et des saintes. Ils manient l’épée ou la parole, ou les deux, pour défendre les valeurs du christianisme, l’art d’aimer et de mourir chrétiennement, la vérité, la justice, la paix. C’est ainsi que l’anonyme roman de Curial e Güelfa ou le Cant espiritual du chevalier Ausiàs March témoignent de la jonction entre chevalerie et théologie, cependant que Joanot Martorell, chevalier auteur du roman de Tirant lo Blanc, et Sor Isabel de Villena, abbesse des clarisses de la Trinité, auteur d’une Vita Christi, désignent, chacun à sa mesure, une ouverture spirituelle de l’histoire, une nécessaire conversion intérieure. Des joutes poétiques et théologiques réunissent clercs et chevaliers, entrelaçant sainteté et amour sensible et permettant l’élaboration des goigs, célèbres prières chantées qui prendront toute leur importance dans la vie spirituelle des fidèles après le concile de Trente. Mots clef: Chevalerie, Joutes, poétiques, Littérature, Spiritualité, Théologie Abstract: The Kingdom of Valencia, in the 15th century, holds a major place in the history of literature and spirituality and in the religious history of the Iberian Peninsula, while the Reconquista is completed and the Spanish are united. The same quest for moral reform and spiritual elevation is expressed in the sermons of the Dominican fra Vicent Ferrer as well as in the translations of classical and Renaissance writers by another Dominican, Fra Antoni Canals. Valencian spirituality is militant: it wants to convince, seduce, give and sometimes impose what it recognizes as indispensable to perfection and salvation. Valencian heroes of the 15th century are knights and religious and saints. They wield the sword or the word, or both, to defend the values of Christianity, the art of loving and dying Christianity, truth, justice, peace. Thus the anonymous novel by Curial e Güelfa or the Cant espiritual of the knight Ausiàs March testify to the junction between chivalry and theology, while Joanot Martorell, knight author of the novel of Tirant lo Blanc, and Sor Isabel de Villena, Abbess of the clares of the Trinity, author of a Vita Christi, designate, each to its own measure, a spiritual opening of history, a necessary interior conversion. Poetic and theological games bring together clergy and knights, intertwining holiness and sensitive love and allowing the development of goigs, famous sung prayers that will take all their importance in the spiritual life of the faithful after the Council of Trent.Keywords: Chivalry ,Poetic, Jousting, Literature, Spirituality, Theology.

Abstrak: Bentuk aplikasi dari serangkaian teori pendidikan yang telah dipelajari di dalam kampus tentunya akan lebih bermanfaat apabila teori-teori ilmu tersebut kita bagi kepada masyarakat. Kegiatan inilah yang disebut dengan pengabdian kita kepada masyarakat. Sebagai seorang akademisi baik dosen dan mahasiswa harus mampu bekerjasama dalam meujudkan Tri Darma perguruan tinggi dimana tempat kita membagi dan menimba ilmu pengetahuan. Pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah tindakan nyata yang dapat kita lakukan untuk menambah wawasan masyarakat terhadap informasi yang akan kita bagikan, sehingga membawa kontribusi positif dalam masyarakat. Apalagi sekarang lagi hangat-hangatnya memperbincangkan tentang pemilihan kepala daerah, oleh karena itu penyuluhan tentang kepemimpinan dianggap perlu untuk di sosialisasikan kepada masyarakat. Harapan kedepannya adalah masyarakat mampu memilih pemimpin yang dapat menjadi contoh baik dalam setiap tindakan dan perkataannnya. Masyarakat diharapkan lebih hati-hati dalam memilih calon kepala daerah, tidak mudah terpengaruh citra dan kekuasaan yang dapat mendatangkan kerudian dalam masyarakat itu nantinya. Selain itu masyarakat tidak perlu takut terhadap tekanan yang mungkin saja datang untuk memaksa memilih jagoan mereka, masyarakat harus mendapatkan pencerahan tentang bagaimana hukum itu berlaku di kalangan masyarakat. Untuk itu selain membahas masalah kepemimpinan Universitas asahan juga bekerjasama dengan Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum – Cakrawana Nusantara Indonesia untuk memberi pemahaman kepada masyarakat tentang hukum, apa yang harus dilakukan masyarakat apabila tersangkut permasalahan hukum di lingkungannya, mengetahui hak dan kewajibannya dalam mentaati hukum tersebut. Harapan terbesarnya masyarakat di desa antara tidak tabu lagi terhadap permasalahan hukum, masyarakat desa antara berani untuk menghadapai permasalahan hukum yang mereka hadapi, masyarakat desa antara mampu memilih pemimpin yang tepat untuk memimpin daerah mereka.Kata kunci: Kepemimpinan, Bantuan Hukum, Masyarakat Marginal Abstract: The application form of a series of educational theories that have been studied on campus will certainly be more useful if the theories of science are shared for the community. This activity is called our devotion to the community. As an academic both lecturers and students should be able to work together in realizing Tri Darma college where we share and gain knowledge. Community service is a real action that we can do to increase society's insight into the information we will share, thus bringing a positive contribution to society. Especially now more warmly discussed about the election of regional heads, therefore counseling about leadership is considered necessary for the socialization to the community. The future expectation is that people are able to choose leaders who can be good examples in every action and perfomance. The community is expected to be more careful in choosing candidates for regional heads, not easily influenced by the image and power that can bring in the society later. In addition people should not be afraid of the pressures that might come to force their heroes, the public should get an enlightenment about how the law applies to the public. In addition to discussing the issue of leadership, the University of Asahan also cooperates with the Legal Aid Foundation - Cakrawana Nusantara Indonesia to provide an understanding to the public about the law, what should the community do when it comes to legal issues in its environment, knowing its rights and obligations in complying with the law. The greatest hope of the community in the village between no longer taboo on legal issues, the villagers between daring to face the legal problems they face, the villagers between able to choose the right leader to lead their area.Keywords: Leadership, Legal Aid, Marginal Society

Статья рассматривает параллели к нартовскому эпосу осетин в фольклоре современных ассирийцев – этнической группы родом из Месопотамии. Если современные ассирийцы являются потомками древнего населения Ассирии, то осетины – потомки скифов, которые в прошлом атаковали Ассирийскую империю. Фольклор ассирийцев испытал сильное иранское влияние. Их сказки содержат множество иранских мотивов, часть которых перекликается с нартовским эпосом. В частности, в ассирийских сказках присутствует волшебная яблоня, плоды которой похищают сверхъестественные силы. Ложась спать с женой своего брата-близнеца, герой сказки кладет свою саблю между ними. С помощью орла, птенцов которого он спас, герой ассирийских сказок обычно выбирается из подземного мира. В некоторых сказках он попадает во враждебный дом, переодетым в женское платье, под видом невесты, соблазняет там женщину. Он охотится на джейрана, серну или газель, которые оказываются девушками-колдуньями. Находит соответствие в нартовском эпосе и мотив огромной антропоморфной лягушки. В ассирийских сказках есть также волшебное зеркало и чудесный котел, в котором варятся змеи, лягушки и черепахи. Герой похищает этот котел. Фигурируют там и морские кони. Советы коня помогают герою привезти чудесное дерево из охраняемого сада. Три героя состязаются за находку, рассказывая случаи из жизни. История одного из них заключается в том, что он был превращен ведьмой в быка, но девушка-волшебница помогает ему расколдоваться и наказать ведьму. Встречаются и амазонские мотивы. Как и у осетин, в ассирийской сказке есть мотив руки, высовывающейся из морской пучины. С осетинскими преданиями сближается история о трех купленных советах. Мотив рождения ребенка, жеребенка и щенка в сочетании с мотивом женщины, которая неузнанной соблазняет своего мужа, дабы проучить его, особенно близки нартовскому эпосу. The article examines the parallels to the Nart epos of the Ossetians in the folklore of modern Assyrians, an ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia. If the modern Assyrians are the descendants of the ancient population of Assyria, then the Ossetians are the descendants of the Scythians who attacked the Assyrian Empire in the past. The folklore of the Assyrians underwent strong Iranian influence. Their tales contain many Iranian motives, some of which have something in common with the Nart epos. In particular, in Assyrian tales there is a magic apple tree, the fruits of which are stolen by supernatural forces. Going to bed with the wife of his twin brother, the hero of the fairy tale puts his sword between them. With the help of the eagle, whose nestlings he saved, the hero of Assyrian tales is usually got out of the underworld. In some tales, he enters in a hostile house dressed in a woman's dress, disguised as a bride, and seduces a woman there. He hunts gazelle, chamois or gazelle, which turn out to be witch girls. The motive of a huge anthropomorphic frog finds a correspondence in the Nart epos as well. In Assyrian tales, there is also a magic mirror and a wonderful cauldron in which snakes, frogs and turtles are boiled. The hero kidnaps this cauldron. There are also sea horses. The horse’s advice helps the hero to bring a wonderful tree from the protected garden. Three heroes compete for a find, telling stories from their life. The story of one of them is that he was turned into a bull by a witch, but a girl sorceress helps him to disenchant and punish the witch. There are also Amazon motives. Like among the Ossetians, in the Assyrian fairy tale there is a motive of a hand sticking out from the depths of the sea. The story of three purchased councils comes close to the Ossetian legends. The motive of the birth of a child, a foal, and a puppy, combined with the motive of a woman who, being unrecognized, seduces her husband in order to teach him a lesson, are especially close to the Nart saga.

It's not often that you are asked to come up with an article to a strict deadline but with absolutely no constraints as to the content. It's a challenge but also a luxury. Without a moment's hesitation I chose the journal as my topic. After all it is in JCS that I published my first papers; its editorial board was the first editorial board that I joined; and, of course, since I became Editor-in-Chief it has occupied a significant proportion of my waking thoughts. I was a PhD student in the laboratory of one of the Editors of the journal (now retired), and so it seemed natural that my thesis work would be published in JCS (though, come to think of it, no other options were on offer). We worked hard on my first manuscript until we had it in a form that we were satisfied with. I then left the manuscript with my advisor and, a few days later, he told me that the referees were positive and that the paper was now in press. (Oh happy days - now that I'm Editor my papers get rejected from JCS with some regularity.) While this gave me a very positive experience of science publishing in general and of JCS in particular, it did leave me completely unprepared for the more conventional review process. I was quite shocked when, as a postdoc, I submitted my first paper to a non-JCS journal (J. Cell Biol. in fact) and received referees' reports that were a) in writing, b) critical and c) took almost two months to arrive. I also discovered that JCS did not enjoy the same star billing at MIT as in Oxford and, when I rushed to the library to see my precious papers in print, it was some time before I located the journal in a dusty corner of the building. So, as we hurtle into the new Millennium, are my experiences as a PhD student relevant to publishing in JCS today? I believe that the answer is yes, for two reasons. First, because JCS still strives to be very author-friendly and, second, because any journal inevitably reflects the personalities and tastes of its Editors. JCS has always put the author first. Tangible examples of this philosophy are the open and rapid review process (ahem, I know we do slip up occasionally, so no need to interrupt my New Year hangover with any reminders), rapid, high quality publication, lack of page charges, free reprints and free colour. These features of the journal have undoubtedly benefited non-JCS authors, as competitor journals have been forced to adopt some of our policies. We are also unusual in being owned by a non-profit organisation that is committed to returning the (not inconsiderable) profits of the journal to the scientific community, through support for conferences, grants to allow scientists to visit other laboratories, and so on. While being kind to authors isn't controversial (is it?), the issue of journal content certainly is. We all grumble that such and such a journal ‘likes’ one research area and ‘dislikes’ another, and there is no doubt that for any given journal it is easier to publish some types of paper than others (thereby, of course, creating a convenient niche for new journals to fill). Here I would make two points: you can't publish papers that aren't submitted; and it is much easier to edit a journal with a modest number of submissions (JCS pre-1992) than to edit one in which the number of submissions exceeds the page allocation by a factor of greater than four (JCS at the cusp of the Millennium). As the impact factor of JCS has crept upwards, submissions have soared, but there is still a need to attract stronger papers, and so I spend a fair amount of time talking to potential authors and soliciting manuscripts, using any of the inducements at my disposal (sliding scale available on request). Along the way I seem to spend a lot of time over drinks in dingy conference bars, listening to authors' tales of cruel mistreatment at the hands of other journals; sometimes it is a struggle to remember exactly what I promised once I am safely back in my own lab. My tastes in cell biology are famously eclectic, but at some point in the last few years we no longer had space to publish all the scientifically sound papers that were being submitted. We were forced to resort to editorial rejections. This is when an Editor decides that a piece of work should not appear in the journal, even if the referees were to be positive, and therefore that the paper should not be sent out for review. Ouch! It always hurts to have a paper rejected in this way. We bend over backwards to spell out at the front of the journal the type of paper that will be editorially rejected and to explain the reasons for rejection in the decision letter to the author. An author can always appeal, in which case we will almost always send the paper out for review (and sadly the referees almost always tick the ‘too descriptive’, insufficient advance' or ‘insufficient general interest’ box on the report form). Even if space were not a limitation (and it will not be when hard copy journals disappear) there would still be the constant desire to improve the quality of the journal, the crude index of which is the impact factor. It is worth pointing out that the motivation to publish better and better science is largely the Editors' own and has almost nothing to do with the commercial success of the journal. It comes as a surprise to most scientists to discover that a large portfolio of journals with tiny circulations and mediocre content can potentially make as much money as one blockbuster journal; if the authors pay high enough page charges you enter the lucrative world of vanity publishing. Nor does it matter if a journal has a life span of only a few years; its demise is devastating for the scientists who put so much effort into it, but for the publisher it can simply be replaced with another new journal and another new title. Oops, I am beginning to sound cynical (but remember that I am writing this in 1999 and the rays of the new Millennium have yet to warm my soul). If the discrepancy between commercial success and scientific success is one issue that I brood on, the other is the growing ‘professionalisation’of science publishing. ‘Amateur’ editors, such as myself, who combine editing with running a research lab, are not quite an endangered species, but we are probably decreasing in number. We are being replaced by people who have left bench science after a PhD and, often, postdoctoral training and have taken up science publishing as a career. There have always been PhDs involved in different aspects of journal publishing, but I am thinking particularly of the growing numbers who actually determine the scientific content of the journal. At their best professional Editors are unparalleled in the flair that they bring to the job - witness the legendary Miranda Robertson and Benjamin Lewin. At their worst they have the mentality of failed postdocs, their understanding of science frozen at the point where they retired, injured, from the fray. At conferences they will assiduously take notes during the talks by their former colleagues and stare blankly into space when subjects that they are unfamiliar with are presented. They become fashion junkies, unable to decide for themselves what their journal should be publishing this season. The JCS experience of ‘professionalisation’, I hasten to add, has been totally positive (otherwise this bit would have been mysteriously edited out!). By recruiting a staff editor we have been able to take new initiatives we simply didn't have the time or energy for before. Without him ‘Editorials’, ‘In This Issue’ and a constant flow of interesting review articles would never have become reality - and there are plenty of other innovations in the pipeline. I believe in a partnership between the amateurs and the professionals, with the amateurs providing an accountability and a practical perspective that can only come from being active in the lab. No article about science publishing is complete without some pontification on electronic publishing. I'm all for it (electronic publishing, that is) for all the reasons that are rehearsed ad nauseam, but also out of nostalgia for those papers I published when I was a PhD student. Electronic publication can free us from the severe restrictions that are currently imposed on the length of individual articles. Of course it is already possible to publish supplementary material, such as movies and methods, on journal web sites, but what I would like to see is a return to longer reference lists. When I was beavering away on my first JCS paper, I took great trouble to cite all the relevant literature, both recently published and ancient (i.e. more than three years old). These days, so often, in the interests of space we restrict our citations to the newest papers, the papers in the top three journals or, worse, avoid the primary publications altogether and rely on reviews. All too often the Acknowledgements at the end of an article will include a blanket apology to those authors whose work could not be cited owing to lack of space. It would be doing science a great service if we could, once more, enjoy the luxury and the responsibility of placing our own work both in the context of the papers that preceded it and in a wider context than our own narrow research area. So, happy Millennium - and thank you to all the unsung heroes of JCS: the authors, referees, Editors and board members and all the staff who miraculously turn the constant deluge of accepted papers into a rather fine journal.

Covid 19 – living the experience As I sit at my desk at home in suburban Brisbane, following the dictates on self-isolation shared with so many around the world, I am forced to contemplate the limits of human prediction. I look out on a world which few could have predicted six months ago. My thoughts at that time were all about 2020 as a metaphor for perfect vision and a plea for it to herald a new period of clarity which would arm us in resolving the whole host of false divisions that surrounded us. False, because so many appear to be generated by the use of polarised labelling strategies which sought to categorise humans by a whole range of identities, while losing the essential humanity and individuality which we all share. This was a troublesome trend and one which seemed reminiscent of the biblical tale concerning the tower of Babel, when a single unified language was what we needed to create harmony in a globalising world. However, yesterday’s concerns have, at least for the moment, been overshadowed by a more urgent and unifying concern with humanity’s health and wellbeing. For now, this concern has created a world which we would not have recognised in 2019. We rely more than ever on our various forms of electronic media to beam instant shots of the streets of London, New York, Berlin, Paris, Hong Kong etc. These centres of our worldly activity normally characterised by hustle and bustle, are now serenely peaceful and ordered. Their magnificent buildings have become foregrounded, assuming a dignity and presence that is more commonly overshadowed by the mad ceaseless scramble of humanity all around them. From there however the cameras can jump to some of the less fortunate areas of the globe. These streets are still teeming with people in close confined areas. There is little hope here of following frequent extended hand washing practices, let alone achieving the social distance prescribed to those of us in the global North. From this desk top perspective, it has been interesting to chart the mood as the crisis has unfolded. It has moved from a slightly distant sense of superiority as the news slowly unfolded about events in remote Wuhan. The explanation that the origins were from a live market, where customs unfamiliar to our hygienic pre-packaged approach to food consumption were practised, added to this sense of separateness and exoticism surrounding the source and initial development of the virus. However, this changed to a growing sense of concern as its growth and transmission slowly began to reveal the vulnerability of all cultures to its spread. At this early stage, countries who took steps to limit travel from infected areas seemed to gain some advantage. Australia, as just one example banned flights from China and required all Chinese students coming to study in Australia to self-isolate for two weeks in a third intermediate port. It was a step that had considerable economic costs associated with it. One that was vociferously resisted at the time by the university sector increasingly dependent on the revenue generated by servicing Chinese students. But it was when the epicentre moved to northern Italy, that the entire messaging around the event began to change internationally. At this time the tone became increasingly fearful, anxious and urgent as reports of overwhelmed hospitals and mass burials began to dominate the news. Consequently, governments attracted little criticism but were rather widely supported in the action of radically closing down their countries in order to limit human interaction. The debate had become one around the choice between health and economic wellbeing. The fact that the decision has been overwhelmingly for health, has been encouraging. It has not however stopped the pressure from those who believe that economic well-being is a determinant of human well-being, questioning the decisions of politicians and the advice of public health scientists that have dominated the responses to date. At this stage, the lives versus livelihoods debate has a long way still to run. Of some particular interest has been the musings of the opinion writers who have predicted that the events of these last months will change our world forever. Some of these predictions have included the idea that rather than piling into common office spaces working remotely from home and other advantageous locations will be here to stay. Schools and universities will become centres of learning more conveniently accessed on-line rather than face to face. Many shopping centres will become redundant and goods will increasingly be delivered via collection centres or couriers direct to the home. Social distancing will impact our consumption of entertainment at common venues and lifestyle events such as dining out. At the macro level, it has been predicted that globalisation in its present form will be reversed. The pandemic has led to actions being taken at national levels and movement being controlled by the strengthening and increased control of physical borders. Tourism has ground to a halt and may not resume on its current scale or in its present form as unnecessary travel, at least across borders, will become permanently reduced. Advocates of change have pointed to some of the unpredicted benefits that have been occurring. These include a drop in air pollution: increased interaction within families; more reading undertaken by younger adults; more systematic incorporation of exercise into daily life, and; a rediscovered sense of community with many initiatives paying tribute to the health and essential services workers who have been placed at the forefront of this latest struggle with nature. Of course, for all those who point to benefits in the forced lifestyle changes we have been experiencing, there are those who would tell a contrary tale. Demonstrations in the US have led the push by those who just want things to get back to normal as quickly as possible. For this group, confinement at home creates more problems. These may be a function of the proximity of modern cramped living quarters, today’s crowded city life, dysfunctional relationships, the boredom of self-entertainment or simply the anxiety that comes with an insecure livelihood and an unclear future. Personally however, I am left with two significant questions about our future stimulated by the events that have been ushered in by 2020. The first is how is it that the world has been caught so unprepared by this pandemic? The second is to what extent do we have the ability to recalibrate our current practices and view an alternative future? In considering the first, it has been enlightening to observe the extent to which politicians have turned to scientific expertise in order to determine their actions. Terms like ‘flattening the curve’, ‘community transmission rates’, have become part of our daily lexicon as the statistical modellers advance their predictions as to how the disease will spread and impact on our health systems. The fact that scientists are presented as the acceptable and credible authority and the basis for our actions reflects a growing dependency on data and modelling that has infused our society generally. This acceptance has been used to strengthen the actions on behalf of the human lives first and foremost position. For those who pursue the livelihoods argument even bigger figures are available to be thrown about. These relate to concepts such as numbers of jobless, increase in national debt, growth in domestic violence, rise in mental illness etc. However, given that they are more clearly estimates and based on less certain assumptions and variables, they do not at this stage seem to carry the impact of the data produced by public health experts. This is not surprising but perhaps not justifiable when we consider the failure of the public health lobby to adequately prepare or forewarn us of the current crisis in the first place. Statistical predictive models are built around historical data, yet their accuracy depends upon the quality of those data. Their robustness for extrapolation to new settings for example will differ as these differ in a multitude of subtle ways from the contexts in which they were initially gathered. Our often uncritical dependence upon ‘scientific’ processes has become worrying, given that as humans, even when guided by such useful tools, we still tend to repeat mistakes or ignore warnings. At such a time it is an opportunity for us to return to the reservoir of human wisdom to be found in places such as our great literature. Works such as The Plague by Albert Camus make fascinating and educative reading for us at this time. As the writer observes Everybody knows that pestilences have a way of recurring in the world, yet somehow, we find it hard to believe in ones that crash down on our heads from a blue sky. There have been as many plagues as wars in history, yet always plagues and wars take people equally by surprise. So it is that we constantly fail to study let alone learn the lessons of history. Yet 2020 mirrors 1919, as at that time the world was reeling with the impact of the Spanish ‘Flu, which infected 500 million people and killed an estimated 50 million. This was more than the 40 million casualties of the four years of the preceding Great War. There have of course been other pestilences since then and much more recently. Is our stubborn failure to learn because we fail to value history and the knowledge of our forebears? Yet we can accept with so little question the accuracy of predictions based on numbers, even with varying and unquestioned levels of validity and reliability. As to the second question, many writers have been observing some beneficial changes in our behaviour and our environment, which have emerged in association with this sudden break in our normal patterns of activity. It has given us the excuse to reevaluate some of our practices and identify some clear benefits that have been occurring. As Australian newspaper columnist Bernard Salt observes in an article titled “the end of narcissism?” I think we’ve been re-evaluating the entire contribution/reward equation since the summer bushfires and now, with the added experience of the pandemic, we can see the shallowness of the so-called glamour professions – the celebrities, the influencers. We appreciate the selflessness of volunteer firefighters, of healthcare workers and supermarket staff. From the pandemic’s earliest days, glib forays into social media by celebrities seeking attention and yet further adulation have been met with stony disapproval. Perhaps it is best that they stay offline while our real heroes do the heavy lifting. To this sad unquestioning adherence to both scientism and narcissism, we can add and stir the framing of the climate rebellion and a myriad of familiar ‘first world’ problems which have caused dissension and disharmony in our communities. Now with an external threat on which to focus our attention, there has been a short lull in the endless bickering and petty point scoring that has characterised our western liberal democracies in the last decade. As Camus observed: The one way of making people hang together is to give ‘em a spell of the plague. So, the ceaseless din of the topics that have driven us apart has miraculously paused for at least a moment. Does this then provide a unique opportunity for us together to review our habitual postures and adopt a more conciliatory and harmonious communication style, take stock, critically evaluate and retune our approach to life – as individuals, as nations, as a species? It is not too difficult to hypothesise futures driven by the major issues that have driven us apart. Now, in our attempts to resist the virus, we have given ourselves a glimpse of some of the very things the climate change activists have wished to happen. With few planes in the air and the majority of cars off the roads, we have already witnessed clearer and cleaner air. Working at home has freed up the commuter driven traffic and left many people with more time to spend with their family. Freed from the continuing throng of tourists, cities like Venice are regenerating and cleansing themselves. This small preview of what a less travelled world might start to look like surely has some attraction. But of course, it does not come without cost. With the lack of tourism and the need to work at home, jobs and livelihoods have started to change. As with any revolution there are both winners and losers. The lockdown has distinguished starkly between essential and non-essential workers. That represents a useful starting point from which to assess what is truly of value in our way of life and what is peripheral as Salt made clear. This is a question that I would encourage readers to explore and to take forward with them through the resolution of the current situation. However, on the basis that educators are seen as providing essential services, now is the time to turn to the content of our current volume. Once again, I direct you to the truly international range of our contributors. They come from five different continents yet share a common focus on one of the most popular of shared cultural experiences – sport. Unsurprisingly three of our reviewed papers bring different insights to the world’s most widely shared sport of all – football, or as it would be more easily recognised in some parts of the globe - soccer. Leading these offerings is a comparison of fandom in Australia and China. The story presented by Knijnk highlights the rise of the fanatical supporters known as the ultras. The origin of the movement is traced to Italy, but it is one that claims allegiances now around the world. Kniijnk identifies the movement’s progression into Australia and China and, in pointing to its stance against the commercialisation of their sport by the scions of big business, argues for its deeper political significance and its commitment to the democratic ownership of sport. Reflecting the increasing availability and use of data in our modern societies, Karadog, Parim and Cene apply some of the immense data collected on and around the FIFA World Cup to the task of selecting the best team from the 2018 tournament held in Russia, a task more usually undertaken by panels of experts. Mindful of the value of using data in ways that can assist future decision making, rather than just in terms of summarising past events, they also use the statistics available to undertake a second task. The second task was the selection of the team with the greatest future potential by limiting eligibility to those at an early stage in their careers, namely younger than 28 and who arguably had still to attain their prime as well as having a longer career still ahead of them. The results for both selections confirm how membership of the wealthy European based teams holds the path to success and recognition at the global level no matter what the national origins of players might be. Thirdly, taking links between the sport and the world of finance a step further, Gomez-Martinez, Marques-Bogliani and Paule-Vianez report on an interesting study designed to test the hypothesis that sporting success within a community is reflected in positive economic outcomes for members of that community. They make a bold attempt to test their hypothesis by examining the relationship of the performance of three world leading clubs in Europe - Bayern Munich, Juventus and Paris Saint Germain and the performance of their local stock markets. Their findings make for some interesting thoughts about the significance of sport in the global economy and beyond into the political landscape of our interconnected world. Our final paper comes from Africa but for its subject matter looks to a different sport, one that rules the subcontinent of India - cricket. Norrbhai questions the traditional coaching of batting in cricket by examining the backlift techniques of the top players in the Indian Premier league. His findings suggest that even in this most traditional of sports, technique will develop and change in response to the changing context provided by the game itself. In this case the context is the short form of the game, introduced to provide faster paced entertainment in an easily consumable time span. It provides a useful reminder how in sport, techniques will not be static but will continue to evolve as the game that provides the context for the skilled performance also evolves. To conclude our pages, I must apologise that our usual book review has fallen prey to the current world disruption. In its place I would like to draw your attention to the announcement of a new publication which would make a worthy addition to the bookshelf of any international sports scholar. “Softpower, Soccer, Supremacy – The Chinese Dream” represents a unique and timely analysis of the movement of the most popular and influential game in the world – Association Football, commonly abbreviated to soccer - into the mainstream of Chinese national policy. The editorial team led by one of sports histories most recognised scholars, Professor J A Mangan, has assembled a who’s who of current scholars in sport in Asia. Together they provide a perspective that takes in, not just the Chinese view of these important current developments but also, the view of others in the geographical region. From Japan, Korea and Australia, they bring with them significant experience to not just the beautiful game, but sport in general in that dynamic and fast-growing part of the world. Particularly in the light of the European dominance identified in the Karog, Parim and Cene paper this work raises the question as to whether we can expect to see a change in the world order sooner rather than later. It remains for me to make one important acknowledgement. In my last editorial I alerted you to the sorts of decisions we as an editorial and publication team were facing with regard to ensuring the future of the journal. Debates as to how best to proceed while staying true to our vision and goals are still proceeding. However, I am pleased to acknowledge the sponsorship provided by The University of Macao for volume 42 and recognise the invaluable contribution made by ISCPES former president Walter Ho to this process. Sponsorship can provide an important input to the ongoing existence and strength of this journal and we would be interested in talking to other institutions or groups who might also be interested in supporting our work, particularly where their goals align closely with ours. May I therefore commend to you the works of our international scholars and encourage your future involvement in sharing your interest in and expertise with others in the world of comparative and international sport studies, John Saunders, Brisbane, May 2020

The article picks up references to novelist Thomas Keneally’s interest in painting and tracks his uses of artists and painting in selected fiction. Visual art supplies style and thematic depth to Bring Larks and Heroes, is integral to the complexity underpinning the murder-mystery of A Victim of the Aurora, allows narrative perspective and structural coherence in Confederates, and connects with elements in The Daughters of Mars that echo the novelist’s positioning of his work across both Europe and Australia, and between commercial and literary fiction.

Nonclinical staff in healthcare environments serve an invaluable role in the overall culture of the organization and individual units. Staff in roles such as environmental services, patient transport, dietary services, and maintenance spend a majority of their time on patient care units and interact with patients, families, and caregivers daily. We all bring a unique lens to our work formed by our training and experience.

This essay examines Thomas Carlyle’s painful struggle to write a book on Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan era in the years 1838 to 1845, and seeks to discover why this otherwise prolific author found it so difficult to produce a history of the man who occupied the central place in his pantheon of heroes. It does so by examining his metaphoric conception of the past as a body that could, if treated correctly by the historian, be presented “alive” rather than “dead,” and his feeling that the past and the voices of its “dead heroes” were haunting him like ghosts. The metaphoric construction and progress of this haunting is explored using critical approaches derived from Jacques Derrida and Paul de Man. By placing Carlyle’s crisis of authorship in conversation with these thinkers, I attempt to cast a new light on his relationship to the past and his sense of the difficulties involved in giving voice to the dead. It was only through a subjugation of his own authorial voice to that of his dead subject that Carlyle was able to bring an end to the haunting that had threatened to silence him in the early 1840s.

In some ancient Greek drama plays, the stage machine used to bring the gods or the heroes of the tragedy on stage, known with the Latin term deus-ex-machina, was used for the solution of an apparently insoluble crisis. A twin-facing stone base was found in the theater of Phlius in Corinthia, Greece, behind the stage building. The existence of similar foundations in other ancient theaters indicates their use for specific purposes connected with the needs of the play. An attempt to reconstruct the mechanism is presented based on archeological evidence and literary descriptions. The reconstructed mechanism was designed for path generation and comprised a single beam with ropes controlling its planar motion and a sidle twin lifting system.

The classical tradition has contributed to consolidate new historiographic perspectives in the history of the Americas. In this article, we analyze since this tradition the influence of the Greek and Latin mythology in the chroniclers written by three xvi Century churchmen: Bernardino de Sahagún, Jerónimo de Mendieta and José de Acosta. In their works, the comparison of the Graeco-roman gods and heroes with the gods of the natives had the purpose to bring closer to the readers the comprehension of these beliefs considering the classical mythology as a familiar reference, especially during Renaissance. The objective is the comprehension of the ‘otherness’. In addition, the classical is still a useful mean to facilitate conversion and legitimate the evangelization of the continent.

The article reviews the testimonies on Lynceus, son of Aphareus, a ‘minor’ Greek hero, renowned in Antiquity for his extraordinarily penetrating gaze. I focus on the characteristics attributed to this superpower (vision from afar and through solid surfaces) and the areas in which it operates (heroic combat, navigation, art of discovering veins of ore). Through the analysis of the texts, I try to bring out some important cultural models, connected in the mythical narrative with the ὀξυδερκία: since this topic is widespread in the international oral tradition, I found it useful to compare literary data with folklore parallels. In order to grasp further facets of this phenomenon, the case of Lynceus is considered against the background of other characters with extraordinarily sharp eyesight (be it gods, heroes or animals), to finally trace in the Grimm’s fairy tale nr. 71 a significant moment of the motif’s fortune outside classical Greece.

The contextual perspective that this article challenges is the neglect of significant contributions of indigenous African missionaries and Christians by some early missionary historiographers whose writings largely focused on European missionaries. This created a lacuna in the proper documentation of African missionary enterprises. The research will not only serve as a platform to discover the socio-religious importance of past African Christian heroes of Nigerian origin but also provide additional information on existing African historiography not from the perspective of Europeans but Africans, using both theological and scientific approaches with the aim of presenting more accurate records in church history. This will serve as a biography of African Christianity.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article has intra- and interdisciplinary implications for African philosophy, African traditional religion and ethics because most theories and views of Africans in these fields are yet to be largely researched to bring into the limelight their relevance to African realities.

Features of representation of Island Text in Tove Jansson’s story «The Summer Book» studied in this article. Based on the work on the study and description of Local Texts, the phenomenon of Island Text is considered as supertext whole, the symbolic manifestation of the island, reflected in the work of the Finnish writer. The mythologeme of paradise, the motives of life/death, birth/wilting, growing up/aging and the specific «island mentality» of the heroes are highlighted as constitutional features of Island Text of the story. It was found out that correlation of the image of paradise with the image of the island actualizes the mythologeme of paradise, which is central for the work and unites the motives of Island Text of the story. Exploration of this sacred paradise space leads to the regularization of the life of the islanders and their harmonious coexistence. On the other hand, the mythologeme of paradise, which is traditional for island literature, can be interpreted in a different way – childhood spent on the island-home become real paradise. The motives of life/death, birth/wilting, growing up/aging are the main motives of Island Text of «The Summer Book», they are literally embodied in the images of a girl and a grandmother; nature in summer and nature in autumn. Thus, the mythological chronotope is realized, characterized by cyclicality and reproducibility. It is shown that the «island mentality» of the heroes is determined by the concept of ours/stranger. The islanders obey their laws and reject the «others» who do not accept their ambivalent attitude. The topos of the sea is the natural border on the way to the island, associated with cosmogonic (water is a life) and with eschatological (water can bring a death) motives.

At the present stage of the development of literature the “pure” genre disappears, giving way to different entities that combine characteristic features of two or more genres. One of these relatively “new” literary phenomena is fantasy, ongoing discussions keep going around. The increased interest in it by literary critics may be explained by the constant dynamics of fantasy, which leads to the expansion of its thematic varieties, and hence to the expansion of the reader’s circle (it covers readers of different age groups and different social status). Fantasy naturally formed into an independent branch within the limits of speculative fiction in the second half of the twentieth century. In fact, it has origins in the centuries-old tradition of the fantastic (mythical folklore tradition, Medieval, baroque, traditions of the Gothic novel, romanticism and modernism), where it borrowed various ways of reproduction of reality. Despite the large quantity of studies devoted to various aspects and problems of the study of fantasy (S. Dreier, N. Fredrickson, E. Lugovaya, T. Markova, V. Tolkachova, T. Khoruzhenko etc.), there is no clear definition of this concept. Most literary scholars call fantasy a genre, outlining the persistent components of its content (mythological basis, adventure intrigue, the division of the heroes into possessing superpowers, the presence of magical artefacts, opposition to the evil on a global scale). We believe that fantasy is a meta-genre that has its own stable structure of modeling the world and brings together a diverse array of genres in literature and other arts as a common object of artistic representation. However, today to assert that fantasy is a meta-genre, lacks one important component ‑ the preservation of the structural semantic nucleus over several eras. Although we can assert that fantasy elements have already been clearly depicted in modernism.