Academic literature on the topic 'Bridge clogging'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bridge clogging"
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Valdes, Julio R., and J. Carlos Santamarina. "Clogging: bridge formation and vibration-based destabilization." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 2 (February 2008): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-088.
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The migration of mobile particles through porous networks is restricted when the size of the migrating particles approaches the size of pore throats. In this case, single particle retention or entrapment by bridge formation takes place. Experimental results show that bridge formation and stability are controlled by particle shape, relative throat-to-particle size, and skeletal forces. Forced-vibration studies provide additional insight into bridge stability and the potential for vibration-based unclogging, and show that it is easier to prevent bridge formation than to destabilize already formed bridges. Results from these pore-scale studies are relevant to filter clogging and unclogging, water and oil extraction, sand production in oil wells, and in food grain, aggregate and powder handling operations.
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Liu, Yingchao, Jingbin Wang, Yanjun Liu, Lihong Li, Heng Zhou, and Xuefeng She. "CFD-DEM simulation of powders clogging in a packed bed with lateral inlet." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 3 (February 8, 2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2020-0215.
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Abstract Clogging behavior of powder particles in packed bed is a longstanding engineering challenge in many industrial processes, of particular interests to ironmaking reactors. In this work, a CFD-DEM model was developed to investigate the powders clogging in a packed bed with lateral inlet. The flow and clogging of powders of varying gas velocities flowing through the packed bed were studied. The results showed that two kinds of clogging powders inside the porous can be observed. One is mainly due to mechanical interactions between powder particles, which can create arches on packed bed and stop the flow. When the powders form a bridge across the pore throat of the orifice, the bottleneck of void space becomes the starting point for blockage formation. The other represents a part of clogging powders which is due to drag force and friction between one small particle rolling very slowly on the surface of large particles whose spacing is close to the diameter of powders. The powders distribution, mechanical behavior and pressure drop were also discussed. The findings of this work provides a fundamental understanding on clogging behavior of powders in a packed bed with lateral inlet, and is useful for industry processes’ understanding and optimization.
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Gschnitzer, T., B. Gems, B. Mazzorana, and M. Aufleger. "Towards a robust assessment of bridge clogging processes in flood risk management." Geomorphology 279 (February 2017): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.002.
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Kim, Seog Ku, Young Im Kim, Byung Cheol Lee, Sung Won Kang, Bong Moon Kang, Pill Jae Kwak, and Jae Hwan Ahn. "Application of Filtration System to Control Urban Non-Point Pollution." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.661.
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Runoff from bridge impermeable surface is discharged directly into the receiving river or sewage pipe. However, generally, a bridge does not have sufficient space to place some treatment system. In this study, therefore, we investigated the down-flow filtration using expended polypropylene media (EPM) to treat runoff from bridge. Experiments were conducted employing down-flow filtration column (dh, 50600mm) to investigate the removal efficiency of pollutants. The EPM5, EPM10, EPM15 and f-EPM10 filters were developed from high molecular material, and were classified by different foaming rates and present of functional material. The experiment using f-EPM10 showed good hydraulic filtration performance without overflow for 1hr. But overflow, in the experiments using EPM5, EPM10 and EPM15, was observed within 1hr. Since f-EPM contains functional material, that can be improved water flow without clogging. The total SS removal efficiency of filtration equipment was rapidly decreased after overflow. In addition, a down-flow experiment, having slope of 15°, to avoid SS deposition at top of the column was carried out. Though SS deposition was found to be similar in two types flow, the flow of down-flow experiment, having slope of 15°, made progress without overflow for 3hr. This is because deposited SS didn’t intercept water inflow.
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Ruiz-Villanueva, Virginia, Bartłomiej Wyżga, Paweł Mikuś, Maciej Hajdukiewicz, and Markus Stoffel. "Large wood clogging during floods in a gravel-bed river: the Długopole bridge in the Czarny Dunajec River, Poland." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 42, no. 3 (January 13, 2017): 516–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4091.
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Briant, Hannah G., Abraham Stephens, Emily Ralston, Kelli Z. Hunsucker, and Geoffrey Swain. "An Effective Mesocosm Design for Studying the Settlement and Recruitment of Fouling Organisms." Marine Technology Society Journal 51, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.51.2.8.
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AbstractMesocosms are a powerful tool in the scientific community. They bridge the gap between laboratory and field studies by creating a contained test apparatus that allows for greater control over test organisms while still exposing them to natural environmental variations. A new mesocosm was designed to monitor the in-situ settlement patterns of barnacles. This paper focuses on testing the efficacy of the mesocosm to manage potential problems such as biofouling, corrosion, and poor water quality. The mesocosm consisted of a PVC cube, where four of the six sides had windows covered with 100-μm plankton mesh. Every 2 days, the cube was rotated so that one of the mesh sides was held out of the water, preventing biofouling from clogging the mesh. Biofouling on the outside of the mesocosm significantly correlated to the days of immersion in the marine environment; the longer a side was immersed, the greater the biofouling coverage (p < 0.05, R2 > 0.50). Therefore, the design successfully managed fouling without the use of harmful chemicals. Phytoplankton composition inside and outside the mesocosm was not significantly different (p > 0.05), proving that there was food available to the barnacle larvae for development. There was a lower amount of meroplankton inside the mesocosm (p < 0.05) as compared to outside, showing that this mesocosm successfully excluded most competing larvae. This mesocosm design was successful at inhibiting biofouling growth, maintaining water quality and sufficient food, preventing competitive settlers, and housing specific settlement experimentation.
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Alimohammadi, Hossein, Kristina Vassiljeva, Eduard Petlenkov, Martin Thalfeldt, Alo Mikola, Tuule Mall Kull, and Ahmet Köse. "Gray Box Time Variant Clogging behaviour and Pressure Drop Prediction of the Air Filter in the HVAC System." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124610002.
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Identification and prediction of clogging behavior in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters is crucial to avoid issues such as system overheating, energy waste, lower indoor air quality, etc. Researchers are focusing more on the particle loading characteristics of a filter medium in a laboratory environment under steady-state conditions, fixed particle concentrations, area of porosity, dust feed and volumetric flow rate. However, recent research still shows uncertainties in modeling as well as the implementation problems of constructing the HVAC laboratory test bench and equipment. In addition, subjects such as non-uniform particle deposition depreciation of the condition and various type of mechanical filters such as fibrous, fabric, granular, and membrane filter or electrostatic filters which typically used in HVAC systems perform under some assumptions and still need more research. The studies become even more difficult acquiring a large number of time-varying and noisy signals. Another approach among studies is data-driven knowing that Building Automation System (BAS) is not equipped with appropriate sensor measuring the clogging, it is needed to drive the clogging mathematical model from the pressure drop signal. This paper bridges the gap between particle-size study and black box modeling of HVAC filter which has not received much attention from authors. The proposed method assumes that the pressure drop is the result of two time-varying functions; f(t), which represents the dynamics of clogging and, g(t), which refers to dynamics of remained terms. The exponential and polynomial of second order functions are proposed to express the clogging behavior. The software package based on Particle Swarm Optimization Artificial Bee Colony (PSOABC) algorithm, is developed and implemented to estimate the coefficients of the clogging functions based on smallest RMSE, high coefficient of correlation and acceptable tracking. Five Air Handling Unit (AHUs) are selected for practical verification of the model and the results show that the applied method can successfully predict clogging and pressure drop behaviour of HVAC filters.
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Golovin, Sergey, Alexey Besov, Aleksey Chebotnikov, and Evgeny Ermanyuk. "Experimental Study of Proppant Bridging in a Model of a Hydraulic Fracture." SPE Journal 27, no. 02 (January 7, 2022): 1209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208618-pa.
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Summary In this article, we investigate formation of the local clogging (bridging) of proppant in a channel with gradually narrowing walls. The experimental facility allows us to simulate the process of the proppant transport in a hydraulic fracture by reproduction of the characteristic channel width, velocity of slurry, rheology of fracturing fluids, and typical concentrations of proppant. The goal of the study is to give qualitative description of the dynamics of the congestion of the proppant up to the complete blockage of the flow. In contrast to common practice of imposing bridging criteria by postulating certain threshold value of the width to proppant size ratio, we demonstrate that the bridging process involves several stages: clogging of two to three particles, growth of stable “islands,” connection of the islands by arches, and, finally, the total sandout of the cell by the bridged proppant. The observations of the paper gives better understanding of the bridging process giving the directions for more precise numerical simulations.
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Zhou, Yanjie, Liping Chen, Yanfeng Gong, and Shilin Wang. "Pore-Scale Simulations of Particles Migration and Deposition in Porous Media Using LBM-DEM Coupling Method." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030465.
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This paper studies the migration and deposition of suspended particles in porous media. This problem results from the fact that during the operation of a groundwater source heat pump, the recharging process will contribute to the impairment of soil permeability. A coupling lattice Boltzmann method, discrete element method and immersed moving boundary method were used to investigate the migration of particles in porous media. The DKT (Drifting, Kissing, Tumbling) phenomena were employed to validate our program. The coupled effects of concentration, flow rate and pH on the clogging mechanism of the porous media were analyzed. Results show that, due to the repulsive barrier between the particles and porous media, there is a critical velocity. At a low flow rate, the deposition ratio increases with the increase in velocity. Beyond the critical velocity, the deposition ratio decreases when the velocity increases due to higher shear force. Permeability impairment increases with the increase in concentration, especially in the low flow rate condition. Changes in pH mainly affect the repulsive barrier. For a low flow rate, the decrease in repulsive barrier greatly promotes the deposition of particles. Under the condition of favorable deposition, the increase in flow rate reduces the deposition phenomenon. Under the condition of unfavorable deposition, the lower flow rate condition has a lower deposition ratio. The process of particle deposition and the dynamic motion after deposition were observed such as particles gliding over the surface. Accumulated particles in the downstream form bridges and hinder fluid flow. At a high flow rate, strong shear force is more capable of destroying bridges and recovering permeability. Adsorbed particles glide on the surface of the grain and deposit in the downstream. This paper aims to help understanding of the micro-events of particle deposition and the clogging process.
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Zischg, Andreas, Niccolo Galatioto, Silvana Deplazes, Rolf Weingartner, and Bruno Mazzorana. "Modelling Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Large Wood Recruitment, Transport, and Deposition at the River Reach Scale during Extreme Floods." Water 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2018): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091134.
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Large wood (LW) can lead to clogging at bridges and thus cause obstruction, followed by floodplain inundation. Moreover, colliding logs can cause severe damage to bridges, defense structures, and other infrastructure elements. The factors influencing spatiotemporal LW dynamics (LWD) during extreme floods vary remarkably across river basins and flood scenarios. However, there is a lack of methods to estimate the amount of LW in rivers during extreme floods. Modelling approaches allow for a reliable assessment of LW dynamics during extreme flood events by determining LW recruitment, transport, and deposition patterns. Here, we present a method for simulating LWD on a river reach scale implemented in R (LWDsimR). We extended a previously developed LW transport model with a tree recognition model on the basis of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data for LW recruitment simulation. In addition, we coupled the LWD simulation model with the hydrodynamic simulation model Basic Simulation Environment for Computation of Environmental Flow and Natural Hazard Simulation (BASEMENT-ETH) by adapting the existing LW transport model to be used on irregular meshes. The model has been applied in the Aare River basin (Switzerland) to quantify mobilized LW volumes and the associated flow paths in a probable maximum flood scenario.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bridge clogging"
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DE, CICCO PINA NICOLETTA. "Experimental and numerical investigations on wood accumulation at bridge piers with different shapes." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1103323.
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Wood accumulation at bridges exerts additional forces to the structures and aggravates local scouring around piers, which may result to bridge failure. Moreover, it may considerably reduce the flow opening causing higher flow levels and inundation of nearby areas. On the other hand, the important ecological role of instream wood in fluvial systems calls for a compromise between preservation of river ecosystems and prevention of instream wood-related hazards.
The present PhD research aims to enhance the knowledge on the process of interaction between wood and bridge piers. The two main objectives were first to find the wood accumulation probability (here called “blockage probability”) as a function of the bridge pier geometry (with a focus on non-standard pier shapes typical of historical cities), hydraulic conditions of the approaching flow, and wood transport regime, second to assess the capability of 2D and 3D numerical models in reproducing the interaction between wood and structures (i.e. the bridge pier). The combined experimental and numerical research approach is used.
The results showed that blockage probability at the flatter pier shape is three times greater than the triangular shaped piers, in congested wood transport regime and at high Froude number (in this case Fr=0.5). In case of Ogival pier, zero blockage probability was found for both cases of Froude numbers. Potential flow analysis indicated that the lower curvature of the streamlines at the rounded pier favours the log sliding the pier.
Despite the capability of the 2D model in reproducing the log transport, the discrepancy between experimental and the 2D numerical results showed the inability of modelling the important secondary flows and the log-pier interactions. Furthermore, the 3D modelling allowed to reproduce the 3D character of the wood-pier interaction process as the logs that move along the vertical upstream face of the pier, the non-elastic collision between logs and between logs and the pier, and the skin friction of logs.
Finally, one of the main novelties of the current research is represented by the definition of a new pier hydraulic-shape coefficient () that takes into account the shape of the pier and the 2D velocity flow field upstream of the pier.
The thesis was also successful in defining the joint blockage probability at a bridge pier for the prevailing variables used in the study. The concept should find applications both in research and practical situation.
Books on the topic "Bridge clogging"
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Spalding, Susan Eike. “Rise and Shine”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038549.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the use of dance to promote community development at Hoedown Island, Eastern Kentucky, with particular emphasis on the role played by the Natural Bridge State Resort Park in Powell County. It begins with an overview of the Natural Bridge State Resort Park and the efforts of civic leaders like Richard Jett to make life better for Powell and other nearby counties. It then considers Natural Bridge's role in the promotion of dancing at Hoedown Island under Jett's leadership, along with the importance of an intergenerational community and a spirit of cooperation in making dance a key part of his vision for Hoedown and for the entire Appalachian region more generally. It also discusses the ways that individual expression was encouraged in dancing such as freestyle clogging and how Jett's goal of promoting the region and its talents intersected with the national interest in Appalachian culture. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the Hoedown Island Cloggers's performance in 2000 as well as Jett's legacy and future prospects for dance at Hoedown Island.
Conference papers on the topic "Bridge clogging"
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Okamoto, Takaaki, Kenta Tanaka, Kazumasa Matsumoto, and Michio Sanjou. "Effect of wood debris length on bridge clogging process." In Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress From Snow to Sea. Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/iahr-39wc252171192022781.
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Lombardo, Margherita, and Francesco Macchione. "The inclusion of “associated events” in basin scale flood modeling: the case of clogging and breakage at a bridge and its consequences on flood dynamics." In Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress From Snow to Sea. Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/iahr-39wc2521711920221091.
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Benra, F. K., H. J. Dohmen, and M. Sommer. "Periodically Unsteady Flow in a Single-Blade Centrifugal Pump: Numerical and Experimental Results." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77219.
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The composition of sewage water with partially large portions of fibers and solids requires a special pump design, in order to avoid operational disturbances by clogging. In most applications for sewage water transport, single-stage pumps with single-blade impellers are used. With this special impeller geometry largest flow channels can be realized. So fibers and solids up to an appropriate size can be transported by the pump. This minimum impeller blade number however brings disadvantages for pump operation. The development of a pressure and a suction surface of the blade gives an asymmetric pressure distribution at the perimeter of the rotor outlet and a periodically unsteady flow field arises. In a numerical approach the time accurate flow in a single-blade centrifugal pump has been calculated by solving the 3-dimensional time dependent Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANS) in a wide range of pump operation. The investigation of the flow included all details between suction flange and pressure flange of the pump. The numerical results show a strong dependence from impeller position for all flow parameters. For the investigated operating points strong vortices have been obtained at particular impeller positions. Experimental results have been used to verify the numerical results of time dependent flow in the single-blade pump. The computed flow field has been compared to results which were obtained from optical measurements of flow velocities by Particle Image Velocimetry at different impeller positions. A very good qualitative agreement between measurements and calculations has been obtained for all investigated operating points.
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Benra, Friedrich-Karl, and Hans Josef Dohmen. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on the Flow Induced Vibrations of a Centrifugal Pump." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0348.
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The transport of fluids which include a lot of impurities is often done by special single-stage pumps. In order to avoid clogging of the pumps, the impellers have only one blade. This minimum blade number brings strong disadvantages during the pump operation. The rotation of the impeller in the pump casing produces a strongly uneven pressure field along the perimeter of the casing. The resulting periodically unsteady flow forces affect the impeller and produce radial deflections of the pump shaft which can be recognized as vibrations at the bearing blocks or at the pump casing. These vibrations will also be transferred to the pump casing and attached pipes. In a numerical approach the hydrodynamic excitation forces of a single-blade pump were calculated from the time dependent flow field. The flow field is known from the numerical simulation of the three-dimensional, viscous, unsteady flow in the pump by using a commercial computer code determining the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANS). The periodically unsteady flow forces were computed for a complete impeller revolution. This forces affect the rotor of the pump and stimulate it to oscillations. The computed forces were defined as external forces and applied as the load on the rotor for a structural analysis. The resulting oscillations of the rotor were calculated by a transient analysis of the rotors structure using a commercial FEM-Method. To verify the calculated results, experimental investigations have been performed. The deflections of the pump rotor were measured with proximity sensors in a wide range of pump operation. Measurements of the vibration accelerations at the pump casing showed the visible effects of the transient flow. To minimize the vibration amplitudes the energizing forces have been reduced by attaching a compensation mass at the impeller. This procedure can be used as “operational balancing” of the pump rotor for a certain point of operation.
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Elgendy, Ahmed M. S., Simone Ricci, Elena I. Cojocariu, Claudio Geloni, Stefano Castellani, Elisabetta P. Massara, Andrea Ortenzi, Alberto Consonni, Piernatale Casali, and Michela Idiomi. "Geochemical Modelling of CO2 Injection: Role of Capillary-Driven Transport of Dissolved Salt on CO2 Injectivity." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210037-ms.
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Abstract One of the main risks of CO2 injection into sedimentary formations, especially saline aquifers, is well clogging due to salt precipitation. Capillary-driven backflow of formation brine may serve as a continuous transport of dissolved salt toward the dry zone around the injection point. This salt will eventually precipitate due to water vaporization, jeopardizing the CO2 injectivity. The study objective is to apply to a potential CO2 storage complex, constituted by a multi-layered depleted gas field, a multi-step, mineralogical-geochemical workflow emphasizing the role of capillary-driven transport of dissolved salt on CO2 injectivity. An integrated workflow, starting from real samples, and coupling laboratory activities with numerical simulations, is given. The workflow consists of the following steps: Lithological, mineralogical, and geochemical characterization of field core samples Laboratory ageing experiments on caprock samples with CO2 Preliminary geochemical numerical models’ calibration to reproduce the results of CO2 ageing experiment Geochemical numerical modelling at different spatial/temporal scales and complexity levels The CO2 injection is simulated via multi-layered 2D radial reactive transport model. The CO2 injection scheme and the pressure buildup have been maintained as per field 3D dynamic model. The formation brine chemical composition is retrieved from laboratory analysis. The mineral dissolution/precipitation and CO2 dissociation reactions are modelled using a rate-dependent and an equilibrium approach respectively. The overall mineralogical composition can be defined as highly heterogeneous due to the presence of not-negligible amounts of quartz, feldspar, mica, clay, and carbonate minerals. The latter are more present in the caprock (around 45% wt.) and less in the reservoir samples (15% wt.). The ageing experiment performed using caprock samples resulted in partial Calcite mineral dissolution in the presence of CO2-rich water and allowed to better calibrate parameters used for numerical geochemical modelling activities. The simulations at reservoir conditions show a limited dissolution of calcite due to the pH lowering associated to the CO2 plume evolution, and water vaporization phenomenon is observed in the near wellbore area. The effect of capillary-driven back flow is acknowledged by comparing the water movements in the near wellbore area with and without the capillary pressure. The capillary-driven back flow has shown a limited impact on Halite precipitation around the injection well, even when the capillary pressure is doubled. Further simulation work has been performed to check whether the conclusions are still applicable even in the worst-case scenario where Halite precipitation is instantaneously modelled via an equilibrium approach instead of a kinetic one. The presented workflow gives a new perspective in geochemical application for CO2 storage studies, which increases the reliability and specificity of the investigation via a strong integration between experimental analyses and numerical modelling.
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Jiang, An, Yunpeng Li, Xing Liu, Fengli Zhang, Tianhui Wang, Yuezhong Liu, Lianhe Han, Bailin Pei, and Yingying Chen. "A Successful Application of Continuous Pack-Off Technology to Water Shutoff Recompletion for High-WCT Gravel-Packed Horizontal Well." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204838-ms.
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Abstract Objectives/Scope Controlling the excessive water production from the high water cut gravel packing horizontal well is a challenge. The approach which uses regular packers or packers with ICD screens to control the unwanted water does not function well. This is mainly because of the length limitation of packers which will make the axial flow resistance insufficient. Methods, Procedures, Process In this paper, a successful case that unwanted water is shutoff by using continuous pack-off particles with ICD screens (CPI) in the whole horizontal section in an offshore oilfield of Bohai bay is presented. The reservoir of this case is the bottom-water high viscosity reservoir. The process is to run 2 3/8" ICD screen string into the 4" screen string originally in place, then to pump the pack-off particles into the annulus between the two screens, and finally form the 360m tightly compacted continuous pack-off particle ring. Results, Observations, Conclusions The methodology behind the process is that the 2-3/8" ICD screens limit the flow rate into the pipes as well as the continuous pack-off particle ring together with the gravel ring outside the original 4" screens to prevent the water channeling into the oil zone along the horizontal section. This is the first time this process is applied in a high water cut gravel packed horizontal well. After the treatment, the water rate decreased from 6856BPD to 836.6BPD, the oil rate increased from 44BPD to 276.8BPD. In addition, the duration of this performance continued a half year until March 21, 2020. Novel/Additive Information The key of this technology is to control the unwanted water by using the continuous pack-off particles instead of the parkers, which will bring 5 advantages, a) higher efficiency in utilizing the production interval; b) no need to find the water source and then fix it; c) the better ability to limit the axial flow; d) effective to multi-WBT (water break though) points and potential WBT points; e) more flexible for further workover. The technology of this successful water preventing case can be reference to other similar high water cut gravel packed wells. Also, it has been proved that the well completion approach of using CPI can have good water shutoff and oil incremental result. Considering the experiences of historical applications, CPI which features good sand control, water shutoff and anti-clogging is a big progress compared to the current completion technologies.
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Garnier, Olivier Francois, Matthieu Jacob, Veronique Gauchou, Stephane Nowe, Philippe Cordelier, Michal Nemecek, David Tvrznik, and Lukas Vaclavik. "Polymer Flooding Cost Optimization Using Electrodialysis Reversal EDR for Produced Water Desalination." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200295-ms.
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Abstract Polymer flooding projects require hundreds of ppm of polymer (often HPAM) to viscosify the injection water. It is well known that the required dose of HPAM to obtain a targeted viscosity will decrease by reducing the salinity of the inlet water. When the water salinity is low enough, desalination of water for reducing the required polymer concentration brings effective cost savings. In a scenario where the produced water has a salinity of 6 g/L, desalination of this water down to 1 g/L before polymer injection would reduce by half polymer consumption (from 1300 ppm down to 700 ppm). Such low salinity can be found in many existing polymer flooding projects in sandstones reservoirs. A lower concentration of polymer leads to significant reductions of CAPEX (storage tank, pump size) and OPEX (polymer cost, transport and handling). But there are also indirect advantages and cost savings impact of low incoming Polymer concentration in polymer flooding projects. Polymer flooding technology increases and accelerates the oil production by a so-called piston effect pushing an oil bank and enhancing conformance in the reservoir. But there are issues relative to polymer production such as lower separation efficiency, thermal clogging of the polymer in the heat exchangers and poor performance of produced water treatment due to the presence of polymer. It was proven that the impact on water treatment performance is directly related to the concentration of polymer in the produced water. To reduce this impact, existing technical solutions (such as mechanical or chemical degradation, separation by centrifugation) are costly. The presence of polymer is very detrimental to any filtration technologies (membrane fouling) and therefore Oil in Water reduction below 20 ppm is becoming challenging. Waiting for suitable cost effective water treatment technologies, existing polymer flooding projects have adopted a different strategy aiming at reducing or stopping polymer solution injection when the back produced polymer concentration was about to reach a limit known to impact the existing water treatment. Using the EDR technology to reduce required polymer concentration will thus reduce the back produced polymer concentration and could allow the existing water treatment technologies to handle back produced polymer without additional modification and cost. EDR adaptation to desalination of produced water in presence of polymer, dispersed oil, and production chemicals was performed by Total, MemBrain and MEGA. The development of suitable membrane and stack withstanding up to 80°C was engineered by MemBrain and tested during a few weeks on synthetic produced water on a semi-industrial scale pilot treating 10 m3/h synthetic water (in closed loop) with an EDR stack containing 29.2 m2 membrane area. After a few reference tests for characterizing the EDR stack performances, the pilot was operated during 1 month in presence of a salt matrix representative of the case study: 6 g/l of salt, 600 mg/l HPAM polymer, 20 mg/L crude oil, 50 mg/L corrosion inhibitor and 20 mg/l anti-scalant. Voltage was set at 1 V/pair (100 V). The temperature was set at 60°C with no impact on the membrane stack reliability during the test. The presence of HPAM slightly decreases desalination rate but no fouling was observed. Cost and environmental evaluations showed that EDR improves all the indicators. The total technical cost of the project is lower with EDR (CAPEX higher but lower OPEX) compared to a base case without any desalination. The next step is to qualify the technology on a site pilot with real produced water.