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Journal articles on the topic 'Bricks'
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1
Mulinta, Soravich. "Influence of Grog and Cement on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Unfired Clay Bricks." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.41.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of red clay, grog and cement content (5,10,15,20%) on unfired clay brick’s properties. The comparative properties of construction bricks produced by the community fulfilled the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 77-2545) for brick processing in Small and Micro Community Enterprise of Clay Brick Making Group in Son Bun Reung village. The physical and mechanical properties were tested consisting of the volume shrinkage, bulk density, appearance porosity, moisture expansion, slaking, compressive and fractural strength. The result showed that physical-mechanical properties were improved by the addition of cement. The unfired clay brick consisting of 100% grog and 20% cement had 4.5% shrinkage value. The bulk density and appearance porosity were 1.77 g/cm2 and 3.5%, respectively. The fractural strength of unfired clay bricks was 41.2 kg/cm2. The compressive strength of unfired clay bricks was 282.4 kg/cm2. The clay bricks were not slaking.
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Dhoska, Klodian, Saimir Tola, Agus Pramono, and Indrit Vozga. "Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of the mechanical resistance of the brick samples by using uniaxial compressive strength test." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2018012.
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Clay bricks are the most important engineering materials that can influence the quality of the construction. The quality control of the clay bricks is of prime importance to improve the quality of engineering construction. The qualities of bricks for construction applications should be checked for various types of inspection services. In this article, our inspection service was focused on compression strength test on bricks to determine their mechanical resistance and suitability for construction work. The accurate method for clay brick's production measurements has been elaborated using uniaxial compressive strength testing machine. The method was tested for a rectangular clay brick manufactured with size approximately 250 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm. The measurement method and standard uncertainty estimation of uniaxial compressive strength are briefly described in this article.
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Paschoalin Filho, João Alexandre, Hendrio Carvalho Chaves, Andrea Ghermandi, António José Guerner Dias, David de Carvalho, and Joana Paula Machado Ribeiro. "Compressive strength assessment bricks manufactured with Phosphogypsum in different dosages." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 46, no. 1 (April 16, 2024): e64840. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v46i1.64840.
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This research studies soil-compacted bricks using Phosphogypsum (PG) in their dosage. PG is the subproduct of the primary raw material used by the fertilizer industry, and its disposal is a challenge for the industry because of its large generation. Laboratory tests were performed to assess these bricks' physical characteristics. To obtain the bricks, two dosages were used: 4 and 7% of Phosphogypsum (PG) concentration. Bricks with no Phosphogypsum (PG) in their mixture were also assessed as a benchmark. The brick's physical characteristics were obtained for non-fired and fired bricks (900ºC for 96 hours in the oven). The results of the laboratory tests were analyzed through statistical analysis to explore the differences between the means for each studied condition (dosage and drying method). Furthermore, there was no statistical difference between the compressive strength of bricks manufactured with 4 and 0% PG, pointing out that until this percentage, the studied bricks did not show strength reduction with PG increasing. The fired bricks showed higher strength for all dosages than the non-fired ones. However, according to the Brazilian Technical Standards, all studied bricks presented enough strength for regular construction. Phosphogypsum (PG) for brick manufacturing can be an alternative way for its disposal, which can help mitigate the civil construction environmental impacts.
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Af'idah, Noer, Oktaffi Arinna Manasikana, and Andhika Mayasari. "THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL CORN HUSK TOWARD THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIGHT BRICK." Jurnal Pena Sains 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/jps.v7i2.8466.
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The Light brick is an engineered product developed from the usual brick with the addition of mixed materials. Brick is one type of composite material. Many people choose to use natural fiber-reinforced composites to replace synthetic ones and composite materials engineering development. So in the technology of brick-making, natural fibers are currently used as a choice as additional material mixed to produce light bricks. Additional materials often used in light bricks include fly ash, sawdust, coconut husks, rice husks, etc. This study used corn husk waste as additional material in the light bricks making. The addition of corn husk powder can affect the mechanical properties of brick. It is shown by the more significant the percentage of corn husk powder added, the smaller the density and compressive test value of the brick produced. Meanwhile, the greater the porosity value is. The decrease in density level and compressive test value will undoubtedly affect the brick's mechanical and physical properties. The reduction in density level and mechanical properties of the brickwork can be minimized by applying an outer layer in the form of cement mortar of the products.
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Nong, Xingzhong, Linren Zhou, Yuehua Liang, and Taojun Wang. "Experimental Study and Analysis of the Effects of Mud on the Compressive Strength of Unburned Brick Using Engineering Residue Soil." Buildings 14, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071949.
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Engineering residue soil, a prominent type of construction solid waste, can offer considerable environmental and socioeconomic benefits if efficiently utilized. Unburned brick represents an environmentally friendly and high-value approach to reusing this residue soil. Mud, a primary constituent of residue soil, typically hinders the performance of unburned brick using cement-based materials. This study investigates the effects of mud on the performance of unburned brick made from engineering residue soil based on experimental tests and mechanism analysis. The residue soil is silty clay sourced from the alluvial soil layer in South China. A comprehensive analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the residue soil and mud is conducted to assess the feasibility of using them in unburned brick production. Using ordinary Portland cement as the cementitious material, the unburned residue soil bricks are produced via semi-dry static-press forming and natural curing. The influence of mud type and content on the compressive strength of the unburned brick made with engineering residue soil is investigated and discussed. This experimental study reveals that the influence of mud on unburned brick’s compressive strength is negligible. However, excessively low mud content reduces brick compactness, impairs brick formation, and leads to lower compressive strength. Within the range of solidification, unburned brick’s compressive strength initially increases and then decreases with increasing mud content, with an optimal mud content of approximately 25%. As engineering residue soil often contains a high mud content, reducing it effectively enhances the compressive strength of unburned bricks. Through experiments and mechanism analysis, this research clarifies the impact of mud on the strength and performance of unburned residue soil bricks, providing important theoretical insights and practical guidance for the production of unburned products and promoting the efficient and environmentally friendly resource utilization of engineering residue soil.
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Kafrain, I. Gede Yohan, Brayen N. Palandung, Lisa S. G. E. Pandean, and Utarry E. Rangkang. "Karakteristik Batako Pejal di Kota Manado, Bitung dan Tomohon." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental Sciences 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/ijfs.v8i2.42461.
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Abstract. Bricks is still one of the walls building materials that are widely used in North Sulawesi, specifically in Manado City, Bitung City and Tomon City. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of local bricks in Manado City, Bitung City and Tomohon City. The characteristics of the bricks in question are the dimensions and compressive strength of the bricks. This research was conducted by taking samples of pejal bricks from several brick production sites in Manado City, Bitung City and Tomohon City. The bricks taken to be used as samples are pressed bricks. Brick samples that have been taken from these three cities, are then tested in the laboratory. From the test results in the laboratory, it is known that for the dimensions of the brick samples taken in Manado City and Bitung City, it has not met the brick size standards based on SNI 03-0349-1989, namely the brick length of 390 mm (+3&-5), width 190 mm (+2) with a thickness of 100 mm. The bricks taken from Tomohon City for length mostly meet the existing standards with width and thickness that have not met but are close to the standard. The results of the compressive strength test for brick samples are only brick samples in Malalayang sub-district that meet the standards, including quality IV-III of 30.67 kg / cm2. None of the brick samples taken from Bitung City and Tomohon City met the compressive strength standards. Keywords: Brick, Building Material, SNI 03-0349-1989
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Guo, Chen, Jiafeng Kong, Zhenghua Wang, Xiangbin Meng, Yuchao Zhao, Wenhao Wu, and Hongzhu Quan. "Study on Preparation and Properties of Sintered Brick from Multi-Source Solid Waste." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 10181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app121910181.
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The recycling of construction waste and the use of a new sintering process in the field of sintered bricks can greatly solve the problems of clay resource depletion, soil structure destruction, and high CO2 emissions that always limit the development of the sintered brick field. The study was carried out using an orthogonal experiment to derive the optimal mix ratio for the preparation of sintered bricks, and subsequently, the sintered bricks were prepared using the optimal mix ratio. The experimental results show that the maximum compressive strength of construction waste sintered brick (MRB sintered brick) prepared using high-temperature sintering is 8.1 MPa, and the water absorption is 11. When the waste glass slag is mixed with 10%, it can show a better fluxing effect in the preparation of sintered bricks by mixing construction waste with waste glass slag (MGB sintered bricks), so that the MGB sintered bricks have a higher densification. The compressive strength is 32.9% higher and the water absorption is 3.5% lower than that of MRB sintered brick. MGS sintered bricks were prepared by mixing Yellow River sedimentary sand into MGB sintered bricks. The strength of MGS sintered bricks increased with the replacement rate of Yellow River sedimentary sand, and when the replacement rate of Yellow River sedimentary sand reached 16%, the strength of the MGS sintered bricks increased by 88.9%, and the water absorption rate was reduced by 4.6% compared with the MGB sintered bricks. The sintering mechanism had significant effects on the compressive strength, weathering resistance, and frost resistance of the sintered brick. The microwave sintering process has the characteristics of high efficiency, uniform heating, selective heating, and low thermal inertia, which can increase the compressive strength of MGS sintered brick by 4.6%, reduce the water absorption by 12.9%, shorten the sintering time by 43.6%, and improve the frost resistance.
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Silva, Luiza Osorio G. "The Myth of the Mundane: The Symbolism of Mud Brick and Its Architectural Implications." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 56, no. 1 (December 2020): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jarce.56.2020.a012.
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The Egyptological truism that mud brick was simply mundane limits our understanding of the material and how it functioned in architecture. In order to explore the possible meanings of the brick medium beyond its tie to the mundane and its practical functions, this study focuses on the symbolism of brick objects. This can be seen in the presence of model bricks and brick molds in foundation deposits, in the molding of bricks by the king in foundation rituals, in the personification of bricks as a goddess of birth and the use of ritual birth bricks, and in the placement of magical bricks in tomb walls. Together with textual references that speak of the connection of mud to the inundation and the creation of the world, this symbolism suggests an association of the mud-brick architectural medium with creation and life cycles, and thus neheh time, as well as archaic architecture. This reinterpretation will be used to re-evaluate the employment of bricks in the specific contexts of the Middle Kingdom pyramids, temple annexes, and royal palaces. The architectural use of bricks will also be contextualized in matters of materials choice more generally, highlighting the need for both brick and stone in cosmologically significant architecture.
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Singh, Vishwanath P., and N. M. Badiger. "A Comprehensive Study on Gamma-Ray Exposure Build-Up Factors and Fast Neutron Removal Cross Sections of Fly-Ash Bricks." Journal of Ceramics 2013 (August 21, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/967264.
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Geometric progression (GP) method was utilized to investigate gamma-ray exposure build-up factors of fly-ash bricks for energies from 0.015 to 15 MeV up to 40 mfp penetration depth. The EBFs of the fly-ash bricks are dependent upon the photon energy, penetration depths, and the chemical compositions of the elements. Appreciable variations in exposure build-up factor (EBF) are noted for the fly-ash bricks. The EBFs were found to be small in low and high photon energy regions whereas very large in medium energy region. EBF of the bricks is inversely proportional to equivalent atomic number below 10 mfp for entire energy region of interest 0.015 to 15 MeV. The EBFs of fly-ash, brick of mud, and common brick were similar at 1.5 MeV photon energy. The EBF of the fly-ash bricks was found to be higher than that of the brick of mud, and common brick. The fast neutron removal cross sections of the fly-ash bricks, brick of mud, and common bricks were also calculated which were found to be in the same order. It is expected that this study should be very directly useful for shielding effectiveness of fly-ash brick materials and dose estimation.
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Youssef, Nicolas, Zoubeir Lafhaj, and Christophe Chapiseau. "Economic Analysis of Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing: A French Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187403.
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This paper presents an economic analysis of manufacturing geopolymer bricks for use in the construction sector. The manufacturing processes of both geopolymer bricks and traditional fired bricks were investigated. For this study, we collected and analyzed all phases of geopolymer brick production from the extraction of raw materials to storage. Seven formulations of geopolymer bricks based on clay and waste bricks were analyzed. We considered the cost of raw materials and logistics operations in the production line of brick manufacturing. The results of this study prove that the manufacturing cost of geopolymer bricks based on clay provides an economic gain of 5% compared to fired bricks for the same compressive strength of 20 MPa. In the case of waste bricks, for the same production cost, the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is double that of fired bricks. Hence, this study shows the economic interest in the industrial production of geopolymer bricks. It also confirms that future research is needed that focuses on necessary changes to the current industrial production chain required for the manufacture of geopolymer bricks.
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Arshad, Mohd Fadzil, Warid Wazien Ahmad Zailani, Anuar Abdul Wahab, Salmia Beddu Fauziah Aziz, Sofian Abdullah, Adeyemi Adesina, and Reni Suryanita. "Potential of Coal Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregates in The Production of Lightweight Brick." Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jscet.v1i1.42-49.
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The use of coal bottom ash, a by-product from the coal burning process in lightweight bricks production is getting more attention worldwide including in Malaysia. The main objective of this research is to assess the extended potential of bottom ash to produce lightweight bricks. The green technology-based lightweight bricks in this study are designed using the by-product resulting from the burning of pulverized coal in thermal power plants for electric power generations. The burning of pulverized coal was questioned extensively over the last decades due to the carbon dioxide emission which is about 2.0 billion tons annually. These lightweight bricks are produced from the combination of specifically graded bottom ash, classified pozzolanic ashes, fine aggregates, Ordinary Portland Cement, and water. The lightweight bricks were subjected to a few laboratory assessments including compressive strength test, density test, and water absorption test. It was observed that the C2 brick and C3 brick at 60% and 100% addition of bottom ash, respectively had comparable compressive strength with other commercialized bricks (cement-sand brick and clay brick). The addition of coal bottom ash also produces the lowest density of the bricks which is about 1.2 kg/m3. Comparison with other commercialized bricks available in the market in terms of compressive strength, density, and water absorption indicated that the bottom ash-based bricks are stronger and lighter. A comprehensive selection of good quality materials and the selected mix design produced an acceptable quality of bricks that can be considered as part of the actual construction materials. Thus, with the production of this light and strong brick, the volume of the coal ash waste that was dumped in the landfill will be substantially reduced and simultaneously the lighter bricks will reduce the dead loads supported by the main structures of the building.
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Norhayati, A. W., A. Suraya Hani, I. Abdul Hadi Izaan, M. Mazizah Ezdiani, O. Mohamad Hairi, J. Zalipah, A. H. Noor Azlina, and S. Shahiron. "Properties of cement bricks containing sago fine waste (SFW) with different water-cement ratio." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012050.
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Abstract Cement is a key material in the construction industry. However, this widespread use adversely affects the environment. The replacement of cement with waste materials, mainly agricultural wastes, can reduce the impact of environmental pollution and result in sustainable construction. Sago fine waste (SFW) is a fibrous residue from waste from sago milling operations where physical treatment has been made. This study used SFW as a partial cement replacement material in cement brick and the effect of adding SFW to cement brick properties. Brick samples are designed with five different percentages of 2,4,6,8, and 10% of cement replacement, including control cement brick. The mortar mix is based on a ratio of 1:3, which follows Malaysian brick production standards. For compressive strength, density, and water absorption tests, all the specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days. The strength of cement bricks was investigated based on the difference of two water-cement ratios: 0.5 and 0.6. The brick properties investigated in this study are density, water absorption and compressive strength. The experimental results show that the brick’s density, compressive strength, and water absorption decreased as the replacement percentage increased. However, it still meets the requirements of the standard for load-bearing structures. Analysis of this study is according to extensive data collection, the ideal composition for SFW in cement brick was 2% and 0.6 water-cement ratios. This demonstrates SFW’s promise as a novel pozzolanic material for producing more sustainable bricks. As a result, SFW as a cement replacement material could improve bricks’ physical and mechanical properties as curing time increases.
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Vivek, S., V. Priya, S. T. Sudharsan, K. Thanukrishna, and R. Vignesh. "Experimental Investigation on Bricks by Using Cow Dung, Rice Husk, Egg Shell Powder as a Partial Replacement for Fly Ash." Asian Review of Civil Engineering 9, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/tarce-2020.9.2.2556.
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The usage of solid waste materials in the production of construction materials has received considerable attention across the world. Various types of bricks are used in construction. The most common are conventional bricks. Owing to the exploitation of large amount of natural resources in the manufacturing of conventional bricks, we provide an alternative solution for conventional bricks through this project. The present study investigates the feasibility of using rice husk powder, cow dung and egg shell powder in the manufacturing of fly ash bricks. Fly ash bricks of different compositions with rice husk, cow dung and egg shell powder were prepared in steel moulds. After casting, the brick samples were stored at 35 C and a relative humidity of 50% until the ages required for testing. The brick samples were checked for dimensions and visible defects. The effects of rice husk, cow dung and egg shell powder contents on the engineering properties of the solid bricks were also investigated. The test results showed that all brick samples exhibited good compressive strength. The compression strength ranged between. It is concluded that the manufactured bricks acquired sufficient strength and became more economical.
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Tran, Ngoc-Tien, Ngoc-Duy Le, and Van-Nghia Le. "An Effective Method for the Detection of Wall Brick Defects using Machine Vision." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 14465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7503.
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The production lines for wall bricks have achieved a high level of automation. Most brick production lines in developing countries have automated the steps up to placing the bricks in the kiln. However, the manual loading and unloading of bricks after firing still remains. This manual process reduces labor productivity and increases the cost of the final product. To address this issue, this study aims to utilize machine vision algorithms to detect cracks in bricks, thereby facilitating the automation of the brick loading and unloading process. A comprehensive image processing method is developed, which combines square detection and moment algorithms to analyze image properties. This integrated approach enables the accurate detection of cracks and the determination of their respective areas, ensuring precise and reliable results. By detecting defects in the bricks, we can replace faulty ones and employ robots to automatically handle rows of bricks. The study's results demonstrate the proposed method's ability to accurately identify brick defects. These findings are significant as they contribute to the automation of brick loading and unloading, which can be implemented in large-scale brick factories, leading to a safer and more efficient working environment.
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K Jha, Sanjay. "Have the Bricks of BRICS Started Decaying?" International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2023): 822–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23510195907.
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Wang, Cui, Jianliang Zhang, Wen Chen, Xiaolei Li, Kexin Jiao, Zhenping Pang, Zhongyi Wang, Tongsheng Wang, and Zhengjian Liu. "Comparative Analysis on the Corrosion Resistance to Molten Iron of Four Kinds of Carbon Bricks Used in Blast Furnace Hearth." Metals 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2022): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050871.
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The corrosion resistance to molten iron of four kinds of carbon bricks used in blast furnace hearth were investigated to elaborate the corrosion mechanism through the macroscopic and microscopic analysis of carbon bricks before and after reaction and thermodynamic analysis. The macroscopic analysis showed that brick A had the lowest degree of corrosion and highest uniformity at different heights, attributing to its moderate carbon content of 76.15%, main phases of C, Al2O3, SiC, and Al6Si2O13 (mullite), and lower resistance to molten iron infiltration, etc. The microscopic analysis showed that all the carbon bricks had more and larger pores than the original carbon bricks. The phenomena of the iron beads adhering to carbon brick and iron infiltration were observed between the interface of carbon brick and molten iron. In addition, the obvious corrosion process was presented that the carbon matrix was broken and peeled off during the iron infiltration process. For the carbon brick being corroded, the dissolution of carbon was the predominant reaction. The higher the carbon solubility of the molten iron, the easier the corrosion on the carbon brick. Al2O3 and SiC enhanced the corrosion resistance to molten iron of carbon bricks, and SiO2 could react with carbon to form pores as channels for the penetration of molten iron and increase the corrosion on carbon bricks. A higher graphitization degree of carbon bricks was beneficial to lessen their corrosion degree. The corrosion on carbon bricks by molten iron could be attributed to three aspects: carburization, infiltration, and scouring of molten iron. The carburization process of molten iron was the main reaction process. The molten iron infiltration into the carbon bricks facilitated the dissolution of carbon and destroyed the structure and accelerated the corrosion of the carbon bricks. The scouring of molten iron subjected the iron–carbon interface to interaction forces, promoting the separation of the exfoliated fragmented carbon brick from the iron–carbon interface to facilitate a new round of corrosion process.
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Mollaei, S. "Laboratory Study of High-Resistance Laterite-Based Geopolymer Bricks." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIV, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-21-i2-009.
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A high amount of energy is required to produce different types of clay and sand-lime bricks, and a huge amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Also, brick waste from the destruction of dilapidated buildings pollutes the environment. The application of pozzolanic sources containing aluminosilicate and alkaline activators can be beneficial in the production of Geopolymer bricks, which do not need to be baked in a furnace and can be recycled for industrial and port facilities. A laterite-based Geopolymer brick mix design was introduced in this study as an environmental-friendly material. This type of brick is produced using available and cheap raw materials without the need for high furnace heat. The raw materials included laterite soil as aluminosilicate, laterite aggregate filler passed through sieve no. 8, and an alkaline activating solution with different concentrations. The effect of sieve size for laterite soil screening on the compressive strength of these brick samples was investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of the prepared bricks here was much higher than the recommended standards for construction bricks and was similar to those of high- resistance bricks. The size of laterite soil sieves had a significant effect on the compressive strength of Geopolymer brick samples. The percentage of water absorption of the bricks with different concentrations of alkali activating solution was also within the recommended range for construction bricks
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PANCHENKO, Yu F., D. A. PANCHENKO, A. P. NIZOVSKIKH, and E. N. KHAFIZOVA. "Effect of Long-Term Storage of Silicate Brick in Water on its Strength." Stroitel'nye Materialy 786, no. 11 (2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-786-11-24-29.
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The article is devoted to the study of long-term storage of silicate brick in stationary water conditions on its strength and phase composition. The relevance of these studies is due to the fact that there are a lot of opinions that silicate materials have low water resistance which significantly limits their application range and reduces their popularity among builders. It has been found that after nine years storage in water and followed drying the silicate brick’s strength is practically equal to the initial strength. The data on the phase composition of newgrowths in silicate brick newly made in different production periods and the phase composition of silicate hydrates of bricks water conditioned are presented in the article. Comparison of the X-ray and differential thermal analyzes results of silicate bricks samples after 9 years of water conditioning and samples of newly made silicate bricks showed that highly basic calcium silicate hydrates predominate in a newly made sample, and in a 9-year-old sample silicate hydrates are mainly represented by tobermorite, while the total content of the СSH phase is the same. The content of calcium hydroxide in a newly made sample is higher but this may be due to the completeness of Ca(OH)2 binding in a particular sample but not to its leaching. The fact that leaching of Ca(OH)2 from silicate brick in still water does not occur also can be proved because the water of brick samples storage does not turn pink when phenolphthalein is added. These results allow us to conclude that long-term storage of silicate products in still water does not have any effect on the deterioration of silicate bricks.
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Muhammad Faheem, Md Tahir, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, Hussin Kamarudin, Ahmad Mohd Izzat, and Alida Abdullah. "New Processing Method of Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Brick by Using Geopolymer Brick Machine." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.406.
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With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste improvements have encouraged the development of new building materials. Conventional construction bricks are usually made from clay and sand, which are mixed and molded in various method and need to be dried and burned. Geopolymer bricks making process consume less energy and low cost in term of production compared to conventional bricks. The development of geopolymer brick is an important step towards produce bricks with better performance and environmental friendly material This research focusing on the processing process of the clay-based geopolymer brick from the mixing until the curing by using a geopolymer brick making machine.
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Trzciński, Jerzy, Małgorzata Zaremba, Sławomir Rzepka, Fabian Welc, and Tomasz Szczepański. "Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-Retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta." Studia Quaternaria 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0005.
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Abstract The archaeological site Tell el-Retaba in north-eastern Egypt, about 35 km to the west of Ismailia city, is located in the middle of Wadi Tumilat, a shallow valley running from the Nile Delta to the Bitter Lakes, along which flows the Suez Canal. In ancient times the valley was a route between Egypt and Syro-Palestine, strongly fortified in the New Kingdom times (16th–11th century BC). Mud bricks were analyzed from two parts of the Wall 1 (core of grey-brown bricks and inner extension of green bricks) in a fortress which existed during the Ramesses II times. Grain-size composition of the studied bricks was almost identical in both parts of the wall, suggesting the same source material for a production of brick. However, significant differences were observed in physical and mechanical properties (uni-axial compressive strength) in both types of bricks. Bricks from the core had lower bulk density, higher porosity and soak faster, whereas their resistance parameters were much lower than those of the bricks from the inner extension. The reason for such large differences in brick properties was a technology of their production, particularly proportion of components, water volume added during brick formation or density degree. Brick preparation and in consequence, physical-mechanical properties had direct influence on preservation of defensive structures during environmental changes related to changes of groundwater and surface water levels or of precipitation. Ancient Egyptians responsible for construction works in mud brick structures of the fortress must have had good knowledge and experience. This could be observed particularly for the heaviest and most important construction element that is the defensive wall, founded on well-densified deposits. It was also testified by higher resistance of green bricks from the inner extensions, which probably originated slightly later and were intended to reinforce a weaker core built of grey-brown bricks.
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Chang, Jin, Shi-lin Luo, Aierken Ailifeila, Lin-lin Chong, and Jian-qing Jiang. "Effects of Coarse and Fine Crushed Clay Brick Content on the Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and the Microscopic Mechanism." Geofluids 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1341185.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the compressive strength and microstructural evolution of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) containing coarse and fine clay brick aggregates. The compressive strength tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were performed on RAC and natural aggregate concrete (NAC) containing different coarse and fine crushed clay brick contents. The results showed that the compressive strength of NAC and RAC decreased with the increase of crushed clay brick content, and the growth rate of their compressive strength slowed down with the increase of age. At the same age and replacement rate, fine crushed clay bricks had less effect on the compressive strength of RAC than coarsely crushed clay bricks. The compressive strength of RAC aged 60 days, mixed with 60% fine brick slag and mixed with 60% coarse brick slag, is 10.49% and 14.75% lower than that of RAC aged 60 days and mixed with 0% fine brick slag, respectively. Compared with RAC, the compressive strength of NAC was more significantly affected by grading. The interfacial transition zones inside RAC had loose crystals and high porosity, with a weak adhesion between the crushed clay bricks and mortar interfaces. The crushed clay bricks did not affect the types of concrete hydration products, and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) and Ca(OH)2 crystals remained the early hydration products in RAC with crushed clay bricks. Nevertheless, the crushed clay bricks inhibited the hydration reaction of the concrete, resulting in decreasing hydration products in NAC, RAC, and RAC with crushed clay bricks.
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Azam, Rizwan, Muhammad Rizwan Riaz, Ehtasham Ul Haq, Ayman Shihata, and Mohamed Zawam. "Development of Quality Assessment Criteria for Burnt Clay Bricks of Different Ages Based on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test." Buildings 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081069.
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Burnt clay bricks are widely used as a construction material in Pakistan, and their testing for quality confirmation is frequently needed for new and old bricks used in existing structures. The destructive testing methods are time-consuming and not always feasible for testing the bricks used in existing structures. The current study investigated the feasibility of using the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test as a non-destructive technique to assess the quality of both new and old bricks in masonry structures. A relationship was developed after performing the UPV test followed by a compression test on burnt clay brick samples of five different ages acquired from different sources. The acquired brick samples ranged from new to a century old. Consequently, as a novel contribution, brick quality assessment criteria based on UPV were proposed according to which a UPV value greater than 3000 m/s represents an excellent first-class brick whereas a UPV value lower than 2000 m/s shows a second-class brick. Further, the effectiveness of the UPV test to assess the compressive strength of old bricks was demonstrated with a case study of a 100-year-old masonry structure. The research concluded with the remarks that the compressive strength of bricks can be assessed with reasonable accuracy using the UPV test. The developed quality assessment criteria can be used to quickly check the quality of new and old burnt clay bricks.
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Saha, Priyanjana, and Piyush Raj. "Using Fly Ash Bricks as a Sustainable Building Material." International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences 3, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijcaes.3205.
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This review paper will focus on the potential of using fly ash bricks in place of the generic clay bricks in terms of sustainability, properties, chemical composition and in terms of availability. Wastes produced daily in refineries and furnaces contain toxic elements. This paper will explore the possibility of reducing the waste and a step towards a sustainable building. Fly ash bricks are environment friendly, manufactured by hydraulic pressure machines, are 28% lighter than normal clay bricks and have a compressive strength greater than 40 MPa than normal bricks[1]. Due to its advantages over other building materials, the demand is constantly increasing in India, China and the other Asian Pacific regions, which in turn has created a global traction in the creation of fly ash bricks[2]. The construction industry is also one of the highest contributors to the country's CO2 emissions, accounting for 22% of the country's total annual CO2 emissions. The climate-friendly fly ash brick technology produces bricks without using coal. It has the potential to eliminate carbon emissions from the brick-making industry, which burns huge amounts of coal and emits millions of tons of carbon dioxide each year. In practice, the construction material uses a lot of virgin materials[3]. But the fly ash building material uses very minimal amounts of the same, 49% less, thus reducing the energy requirement to make these. This paper will focus on how fly ash incorporation (Massive volume fly ash concrete) is a sustainable option for building material, as well as a durable material for the same, absorption capacity, methods of making fly ash bricks, it's carbon footprint, how can they be made less toxic, the chemical composition compared to the generic clay bricks and how eco friendly it is. This paper studies the hazards in clay brick and advantages in fly ash brick extending with a comparative study on material properties of clay brick and fly ash brick.
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Aqwam, Adhi, Asryadin Asryadin, Muhammad Ichwanul Muslimin, Rizka Khairunnisa, Hetti Koes Endang, Rosita Rosita, Fahrul Annas, Hasan Hasan, and Muhammad Rahadian. "Non-Burning Bricks with Natural Materials Environmentally Friendly." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 7 (July 25, 2023): 5782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i7.4718.
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The city of Bima is an area that produces quite a lot of bricks with favorable natural conditions, most of the area consists of rice fields and has a soil texture suitable for making bricks. Red brick is the most widely produced type of brick with a total of 20,000 bricks per month and its use has a negative impact on the environment because it produces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which pollute the air and contribute to the greenhouse effect which causes global warming, also as a result of burning bricks. . Based on this, researchers are trying to conduct research related to building materials in Bima City in the form of brick innovations with more environmentally friendly basic materials. The research was carried out using a true experiment and cross sectional approach using conventional bricks as a standard for quality comparison. Descriptive analysis was chosen as the method of analysis in this study. From the results of brick quality tests, all brick formulas met the requirements for water content (<15%), four of the six formulas met the compressive strength requirements based on SNI. The average compressive strength of the four formulas is >5 MPa and meets the Indonesian national brick breaking strength standard (SNI-0021-78). The most significant advantage seen from brick products without burning is the lower water content than conventional bricks and is more environmentally friendly because it uses natural materials and is obtained at competitive prices
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Aqwam, Adhi, Asryadin Asryadin, Muhammad Ichwanul Muslimin, Rizka Khairunnisa, Hetti Koes Endang, Rosita Rosita, Fahrul Annas, Hasan Hasan, and Muhammad Rahadian. "Non-Burning Bricks with Natural Materials Environmentally Friendly." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 7 (July 25, 2023): 5782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i7.4718.
Full textAbstract:
The city of Bima is an area that produces quite a lot of bricks with favorable natural conditions, most of the area consists of rice fields and has a soil texture suitable for making bricks. Red brick is the most widely produced type of brick with a total of 20,000 bricks per month and its use has a negative impact on the environment because it produces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which pollute the air and contribute to the greenhouse effect which causes global warming, also as a result of burning bricks. . Based on this, researchers are trying to conduct research related to building materials in Bima City in the form of brick innovations with more environmentally friendly basic materials. The research was carried out using a true experiment and cross sectional approach using conventional bricks as a standard for quality comparison. Descriptive analysis was chosen as the method of analysis in this study. From the results of brick quality tests, all brick formulas met the requirements for water content (<15%), four of the six formulas met the compressive strength requirements based on SNI. The average compressive strength of the four formulas is >5 MPa and meets the Indonesian national brick breaking strength standard (SNI-0021-78). The most significant advantage seen from brick products without burning is the lower water content than conventional bricks and is more environmentally friendly because it uses natural materials and is obtained at competitive prices
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Abbas, Safeer, Arslan Baig, Rashid Hameed, Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi, Muhammad Junaid Munir, and Sbahat Shaukat. "Manufacturing of Clay Bricks Using Hybrid Waste Marble Powder and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash: A Sustainable Building Unit." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (October 10, 2023): 14692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014692.
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In masonry construction, the most commonly used building unit all over the world is the burnt clay brick. Adding waste materials in certain percentages to these bricks helps in eliminating the environmental burden occurring in the form of excessive waste accumulation on open land sites, leading to sustainable and economical construction. This research program aimed to examine the feasibility of using waste marble powder (WMP) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) in the manufacturing of clay bricks. WMP was collected from local marble cutting workshops, whereas SBA was prepared by burning the waste sugarcane obtained from various sugar mills in the local area. Brick specimens incorporating 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of hybrid WMP and SBA were prepared at a local brick kiln. Burnt clay bricks were transported to the laboratory, and their mechanical and durability properties were evaluated. A reduction in weight per unit area of brick specimens incorporating waste materials was observed, allowing them to be easily handled and transported. Decreased compressive strength was due to the addition of waste materials in comparison with conventional clay bricks. However, waste percentages up to 15% satisfied the criteria for the minimum compressive strength as per the Building Code of Pakistan (BCP). All tested samples showed flexural strength greater than 0.65 MPa. Tested bricks incorporating 10% and 20% of waste materials had water absorption values of 18% and 21%, respectively, which are higher than that of conventional clay bricks. Moreover, bricks incorporating waste materials exhibited a higher initial rate of absorption than conventional clay brick; therefore, such bricks need to be wet well before use in masonry construction. Brick specimens showed less than 1% weight loss, and bricks exhibited no signs of distress and cracking after 50 freeze-thaw cycles. A decrease in compressive strength was observed due to sulphate exposure. However, specimens with 10% waste materials still satisfied the minimum compressive strength requirement of BCP. Based on this study, it can be concluded that bricks with up to 10% hybrid waste materials (WMP and SBA) will assist in the environmental issues of these wastes, leading to more sustainable and economical masonry construction.
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Sahu, Vaishali, Rounak Attri, Prashast Gupta, and Rakesh Yadav. "Development of eco friendly brick using water treatment plant sludge and processed tea waste." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-06-2019-0168.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the addition of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and processed tea waste (PTW) on the properties of burnt clay bricks. The reuse of WTP sludge as a raw material for brick production is a long-term approach, to sludge disposal, for economic and environmental sustainability. Sludge have been added at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and processed tea waste at 5% (by weight) in replacement of clay for brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The compressive strength has been found to increase with the sludge content, however, a slight decrease in compressive strength was observed with tea waste addition. Further, PTW addition has improved the thermal insulation of bricks as compared to controlled bricks. The study shows that 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil can be considered as an optimum mix for bricks with good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property. Design/methodology/approach Four different mixing ratios of sludge at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixtures were used to make bricks. Similarly, PTW was investigated as a substitute of natural clayey soil in brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the produced WTPS bricks and PTW bricks were determined and evaluated according to various Indian Standard Codes of Specification for burnt clay bricks and certain reference books. Findings The results exhibited that WTP sludge and PTW can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. Increasing the sludge content increases the compressive strength. Moreover, thermal insulation of PTW bricks depicted an upward trend when compared to controlled bricks. Hence, an optimum mixture of 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil was found, at which bricks showed good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property of the building material. Research limitations/implications The present work provides a sustainable solution for disposal of WTP sludge and tea waste. Utilization of these waste materials in brick manufacturing is viable and economic solution. Practical implications Bricks with 40% WTP sludge and 5% processed tea waste proved to be economic, technically sound for construction purposes with added thermal insulation properties. Social implications Bulk amount of waste such as WTP sludge is a threat to society owing to its environmental implications of disposal. Authors propose to use WTP sludge and tea waste for brick manufacturing and provide a solution to its disposal. Originality/value Water treatment plant sludge along with tea waste have not been tried for brick manufacturing so far. Hence, the composition is new in itself and also have resulted into good performance.
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Prapanti, Sri, Sri Asfiati, and Josef Hadipramana. "Penerapan Batu Bata Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) untuk Peningkatan Pendapatan Home Industri Batu Bata Deli Serdang." Jurnal Abdi Mas Adzkia 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/adzkia.v1i1.8492.
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<p>Community empowerment in Sido Urip Village, Beringin District, Deli Serdang with the owners of bricks making business. The aim is to provide educational information and apply SNI-standard bricks so that they can compare the production of bricks, as well as provide knowledge of brick making that updates the technology as well as the quality and quantity of certified bricks. The method used to provide education and socialization of the process of making bricks with SNI, Making a group of craftsmen home brick industry under the auspices of the Village Government. From visual observations in a partially SNI-standard brickfield. <br /><br /></p>
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Shari, Nur Atiqah Syahirah, Nurfarah Aini Mocktar, An'amt Mohamed Noor, Mohd Zahri Abdul Aziz, Mohammed Arifullah, and Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab. "Mechanical Enhancement of Composite Bricks Using Kenaf and Oil Palm Cellulose Nanofibrils." Key Engineering Materials 908 (January 28, 2022): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-58aq10.
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The application of nanocellulose has been adapted as fillers in composite bricks. Raw kenaf and oil palm empty fruit bunch were treated through chemical treatment and high intensity ultrasonication process to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). One control brick without CNF and ten CNF composite bricks were fabricated. The composite bricks used different amount of CNF which were 40 - 200 ml mixed with filtered sand, portland cement and pebbles. Physical and mechanical characterization was done by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and universal testing machine (UTM) on CNF and composite bricks. FESEM showed the fibril diameter were ranges from 30 - 80 nm for kenaf and 20 - 60 nm for oil palm. The compression tests showed that control brick, 40 ml kenaf CNF composite brick and 40 ml oil palm CNF composite brick were cracked at force 39.01 kN, 50.46 kN and 42.16 kN respectively. Kenaf CNF composite brick has the highest value of Young’s Modulus which is 28.92 N/mm2, followed by oil palm CNF composite brick with 27.8 N/mm2 and control brick (Malaysia Standard) with 25.8 N/mm2. Kenaf and oil palm CNF can increase the strength of the bricks because of enhancement in their mechanical properties.
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Mohajerani, Abbas, Aruna Ukwatta, Tristan Jeffrey-Bailey, Michael Swaney, Mohtashim Ahmed, Glen Rodwell, Simon Bartolo, Nicky Eshtiaghi, and Sujeeva Setunge. "A Proposal for Recycling the World’s Unused Stockpiles of Treated Wastewater Sludge (Biosolids) in Fired-Clay Bricks." Buildings 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010014.
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Millions of tonnes of leftover biosolids are increasingly stockpiled every year around the globe. Biosolids are a product of the wastewater sludge treatment process. Stockpiles necessitate the use of large areas of increasingly valuable land. Biosolids have many beneficial uses and are currently utilised in agricultural and land rehabilitation applications. However, it is estimated that 30% of biosolids are unused and stockpiled. A second and seemingly unrelated environmental issue is the massive excavation of virgin soil for brick production. The annual production of 1500 billion bricks globally requires over 3.13 billion cubic metres of clay soil—equivalent to over 1000 soccer fields dug 440 m deep or to a depth greater than three times the height of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. This paper investigates and proposes a practical solution for the utilisation of the world’s excess biosolids in fired–clay bricks. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of fired–clay bricks incorporating 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% biosolids have been tested. Bricks were produced from three different biosolids samples collected at Melbourne’s Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP 22) and the Western Treatment Plant (WTP 10 & WTP 17–29). Compressive strength testing indicated results ranging between 35.5 MPa and 12.04 MPa for the biosolids-amended bricks. Leachate analysis was conducted on the bricks before and after firing, and the results demonstrate that between 43 and 99% of the heavy metals tested were immobilised inside the fired bricks compared to the heavy metals tested in the raw mixture. All leachate concentrations were found to be insignificant for the biosolids-incorporated bricks tested in this study. Biosolids can have significantly different chemical characteristics depending on the origin of the wastewater and the treatment procedure. Suitable leachate analysis should be undertaken on biosolids and test bricks before large-scale production is approved. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images illustrate that biosolids-amended bricks have a higher porosity than the control bricks, which corresponds to the lower thermal conductivity values recorded for biosolids-amended bricks. In addition, brick firing energy demands are estimated to decrease by up to 48.6% for bricks incorporating 25% WTP 17–29 biosolids due to the higher organic content of the mixture containing biosolids. The emissions study and comparative Life Cycle Assessment results show that the incorporation of biosolids into bricks is a positive and sustainable alternative approach with respect to all environmental impacts arising from the stockpiling of biosolids and brick manufacturing. Based on the results found in this comprehensive study, this paper proposes the inclusion of a minimum of 15% biosolids content into 15% of brick production in order to completely recycle all the approximately 5 million tonnes of annual leftover biosolids production in Australia, New Zealand, the EU, the USA and Canada. This is a practical and sustainable proposal for recycling all the leftover biosolids worldwide. Utilisation of only 15% of biosolids in brick production would reduce the carbon footprint of brick manufacturing whilst satisfying all the environmental and engineering requirements for bricks.
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Ali Rahman, Zulfahmi, Hafis Nazarah, Wan Mohd Razi Idris, and Tukimat Lihan. "Mechanical Characteristics of Developed Brick from Drinking Water Sludge Under Different Firing Temperatures and Rice Husk Ash Contents." Sains Malaysiana 52, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 2115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5207-17.
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There is a considerable interest in making alternative bricks using wastes. Firing temperature has been significantly improved the mechanical qualities of bricks. The aim of this study was to investigate into the impact of firing temperature and rice husk ash content on the mechanical properties of drinking water sludge bricks (DWS). Two types of bricks were produced; bricks made of 100% DWS (DWS100) and bricks with 80% DWS and 20% RHA (DWS80). These samples were subjected to different thermal variations of 300 °C and 700 °C for three hours. The unfired brick samples were also prepared for reference. The volume changes of the DWS100 bricks increased as the firing temperature climbed up to 500 °C, before dropped at 700 °C. A similar behaviour was also exhibited by DWS80 bricks, however it shrunk at earlier temperature of 500 °C. At 500 °C and 700 °C, the density of bricks decreased dramatically, with DWS80 bricks consistently being lesser than DWS100 bricks. The water absorption of DWS80 brick began to decrease at 500 °C, a lower temperature than that of DWS100, as the firing temperature climbed. RHA-added bricks (DWS80) were anticipated to absorb more water than DWS100 bricks, but this did not occur. This presumably induced by the constriction of clay mineral structure rather than organic matter removal at high temperature per se. The compressive strength increased with the increase in temperature. It can be inferred that RHA can decrease the compressive strength of RHA-added bricks, despite the fact that a higher fire temperature significantly increased their strength.
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Wahono, Darul Niham, Zaenuri Arifin, Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo, Zendy Bima Mahardana, and Ashabul Yamin. "Kuat Tekan dan Penyerapan Batako Menggunakan Serat Pelepah Kelapa." Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/jurmateks.v4i2.2016.
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Brick is a building material that has a function as a room sealer. Its larger size, when compared to red brick, makes bricks more in demand in the market. Improving the quality of bricks needs to be done to meet the needs of the building. The use of added materials becomes one of the things that can be considered to improve the nature and quality of bricks. This research aims to find out the strong press and absorption of bricks with the use of coconut pellet fiber. The research was conducted experimentally with the manufacture of test objects in the laboratory. The test object used is in the form of a beam of 30x15x10 cm. The percentage variation of coconut fiber is 5%, 10%, and 15% of the weight mass in bricks. The tests carried out include a strong compressive and water absorption test with reference to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of water absorption tests obtained the optimum value in bricks with a mixture of 5% fiber which is 6% of the mass of the weight of the brick, while the minimum value is in the brick, 15% fiber, which is 10%. While the compressive strength results get the optimum value on the 5% fiber mix variation, which is 20.1 kg/cm², and the minimum value on the variation of 15% fiber is 8.8 kg/cm². From these results showed that bricks with coconut pellet fiber have not been able to improve the quality of bricks.
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Balaji, G., P. S. Pavan, Dipesh gautam, P. Ashok, V. Suganth, and R. Vetturayasudharsanan. "Utilization of lignite coal ash and steel slag in fly ash brick manufacturing: A review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1125, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1125/1/012015.
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Abstract Brick plays an important role in the construction industry due their excellent properties like compressive strength and durability. From the earliest times they were considered an important factor in the purpose of the building. Considering the different types of bricks, fly bricks are the best in recent times because they are resource intensive and cost effective. This article provides an up-to-date review of current studies of bricks, categorizing these publications according to the materials used and the methods used for the production of invention bricks. In addition, this article makes an important note about coal ash, which may be the focus of future brick products as an alternative to fly-gray bricks with some amount of steel slug, and the main challenge is to go one step further in the properties of the bricks by implementing the respective requirements.
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Ahmad, Aftab, and Luai Al-Hadhrami. "Thermal performance and economic assessment of masonry bricks." Thermal Science 13, no. 4 (2009): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0904221a.
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The objective of this study was to assess the thermal performance and economic assessment of different types of clay and concrete masonry brick wall samples used in building construction. In this study, eighteen types of clay bricks and two types of concrete bricks were analyzed for thermal performance. The bricks were classified and grouped based on the brick configuration, material, and size. The analysis of the results shows that the equivalent thermal conductivity does not depend only on the brick material and configuration but also on the brick thickness. The bricks having same configuration and size, the equivalent thermal conductivity variation is large depending on the type of material used, especially for concrete brick. In general, the brick with lesser thickness has lower conductivity as compared to those having higher thickness. However, the effect of brick length on equivalent thermal conductivity is insignificant. The economic analysis showed that the insulated clay brick type 16 is the most economical brick among the types of brick studied. Moreover, it is worthwhile to note that the net present value of normal concrete brick (type 19) is reduced by about 45% by making the concrete brick lightweight (type 20).
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Xing, Guoqi, Jing-jie Yu, Chun-gang Zhang, and Jun-xi Wu. "A New Energy-Efficient Building System Based on Insulated Concrete Perforated Brick with a Sandwich." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 7 (July 10, 2018): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309187.
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The purpose of this research is to put forward a new energy-efficient building system that can meet the energy saving requirement of 65% for public buildings in cold areas based on modified insulated concrete perforated brick with a sandwich. Modified brick was composed of three parts and three parts can be made a whole in brick manufacturing and it was called self-thermal insulation concrete perforated brick and could avoid appearance of cracks. The tesst was done to obtain thickness of EPS for modified insulated concrete perforated brick with a sandwich in order to meet the requirement of insulation. Thickness of EPS was set to to 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 75 mm respectively and comparative experiments were also carried out to verify the effect of insulation for modified bricks and unmodified bricks. Field tests were carried out to obtain appropriate masonry methods for modified bricks. Based on the results of analysis and discussion, then obtained: (1) Heat transfer coefficient of wall made by modified bricks was less than heat transfer coefficient of wall made by unmodified bricks when the same for thickness of EPS, it could be reduce by up to 45%; (2) When thickness of insulating layer was 65 mm, heat transfer coefficient of wall made by modified bricks could reached minimum limit 0.45 and it could meet energy saving requirement of 65% for buildings in cold area. (3) Insulating layer, located inside of the wall, could avoid appearance of cracks on surface of wall for modified bricks.
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Fasani, Azha Zayda, Ferina Rahmasari, Tri Hastuti, and Triastuti Triastuti. "Pemanfaatan Agregat Plastik pada Pembuatan Bata Beton." Rekayasa Sipil 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2022.016.02.2.
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The increased demand for red bricks or concrete bricks has resulted from the increase in house construction. Meanwhile, raw materials for making red bricks are becoming limited. As a result, alternative materials are required in the production of concrete bricks. On the other hand, even more plastic disposed of in landfills and cannot be recycled. As a consequence, the use of plastic waste is assumed to be a solution to the problem of plastic waste including the availability of raw materials for making concrete bricks. This research used artificial aggregate of plastic recycle (LDPE) which derived from cap bottle or plastic bag. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of plastic aggregate utilizing on the brick. The testing were compressive strength, density and permeability as SNI 03-0349-1989 about brick. The bricks in the research used plastic aggregated which the maximum diameter was 4 mm. The percentages of plastic aggregate are between 5% until 25% as replacement of sand. The results show 50 kg/cm² of the maximum compressive strength, 1667 gr/cm3 for density and 10% for water absorption. Based on SNI 03-0349-1989, the brick in this research was the brick with class III.
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Ajadi, M. O. "Effect of cullet pozzolanic properties on the compressive strength of cementitious bricks." Environmental Technology and Science Journal 15, no. 1 (June 24, 2024): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v15i1.13.
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The hardened reactivity and adhesive force of cementitious properties in brick derivation indurates compaction strength and resistant performance during loading. This characteristic is evidenced in the pozzolanic reactivity of cullet-cement adhesion, which influences the brick's performance under compressive loading and resistance at break. The study investigates the behaviour of the cullet in cementitious compositions during compressive force and resistance limit to the load at break. Three supplementary cementitious materials (cullet, river sand, and granite dust) were used to mould 30 specimens of cementitious bricks and water cured for 28 days. These SCMs were mechanically pulverised into the finest particle size density (Kg/m3) for densification characteristic of the bricks and elemental properties were determined through Particle Induce X-ray Emission. The materials were comparatively sole and intermixed with equal cement replacement of 6-10% (SP1-5) for examination of compaction technique and compressive strength. The study unveiled the pozzolanic reactivity of the cullet, and at a high level of compaction, the resistant capacity of cullet is suitable for brick derivation in civil structures. The adhesive strength of bricks made with cullet and its intermixture have a higher linear resistance with the increase in cement as a stabiliser, but bricks that are made with river sand have a lower linear resistance during compressive loading. The compressive strength of cullet-compacted bricks (CL-CM) for the five specimens1-5 were 1.25, 1.31, 1.37, 1.45, and 1.59MPa respectively. In comparison, river sand (RS-CM) has a strength density of 1.16, 1.23, 1.31, 1.39, 1.47MPa, and granite dust (GD-CM) has a strength density of 1.24, 1.29, 1.37, 1.42, 1.52MPa. An intermixture of cullet induces cement strength at deterioration of river sand specimens (CL-RS-CM) which proved its partial cement replacement in structural solidity of concrete and reduction in carbonic emission of cement
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Ali Rahman, Zulfahmi, Aifahana Syamimie Mohd Suhaimi, Wan Mohd Razi Idris, and Tukimat Lihan. "Developing and Mechanical Properties of Low Fired and Geopolymer Bricks from Drinking Water Sludge with Different Contents of Added Fly Ash." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 4071–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5112-16.
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Raw water treatment and coal-based power generation facilities produce a high level of waste to the environment annually. A low recycling scheme has worsened the situation and wastes usually end up in a landfill. Further environmental degradation could be prevented by re-utilising wastes for the production of alternative bricks. Additionally, the development of low-fired brick from wastes can comparatively reduce energy consumption during the firing stage. Geopolymer has successfully replaced ordinary portland cement (OPC) without bargaining its mechanical quality. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fly ash (FA) content and geopolymerization on mechanical characteristics of brick developed from drinking water sludge (DWS). A set of brick samples was fired at 500 °C while another set of samples was prepared under a high alkaline condition to produce geopolymer bricks. Resultantly, both sets of samples demonstrated a decrease in linear shrinkage and increased density with more content of FA. For fired brick samples, the water absorption decreased from 38.6% to 33.3% before rising again at 45% of FA content. However, a continuous decrease was displayed by geopolymer brick as FA increased. The compressive strength of fired bricks showed a decreasing trend as FA content increased and vice versa for the geopolymer brick. The compressive strength of geopolymer bricks increased from 1.22 MPa to 3.63 MPa at 45% of FA content. Comparatively, geopolymer bricks demonstrated higher strength than fired bricks. These results reflect the advantage of the incorporated wastes and geopolymerisation in developing alternative brick for sustainable resources and a better environment.
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Muhammed, Montadher A. "A CASE STUDY OF TYPES OF FAILURE IN REFRACTORY BRICKS LINING CEMENT KILNS." Kufa Journal of Engineering 3, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/311267.
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The failure of refractory bricks lining cement kilns is a costly process not only due to the cost of replacing bricks but also due to the lost in production time during the replacement period. The present work aims to investigate types and causes of failure of refractory bricks in one of Kufa cement factory kilns using chemical analysis and X-Ray diffraction technique. The results showed that there are detrimental components in raw meal and cement clinker like alkalis (K2O, Na2O) and SO3 which tend to react with lining bricks at high temperatures. Cement clinker infiltrated into the hot faces of magnesia bricks resulting in a formation of a coat layer which protect the brick from spalling. When the kiln operates under equilibrium conditions, the coating maintain itself, otherwise coating will start to come off causing brick corrosion. For all Alumina samples, significant ratios of alkalis are infiltrated into bricks during period of service, the amount of infiltration increased with the ratio of alumina content. X-ray diffraction showed formation of detrimental compounds by reaction between alkalis, sulfur and Alumina bricks. Formation of these toxic compounds was associated with increased volume making the brick more brittle and easy to be damaged by thermo-mechanical stresses.
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Meghna, P., K. P. Dilraj, S. V. Aswin, K. R. Sreejith, and N. Thrishna. "Styrofoam bricks." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research 10, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v10n1-art2518.
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Pollution and accumulation of waste is one of the major problems that the present world faces. Of the waste materials the non-degradable plastic waste is the major issue. Among the plastic wastes, Styrofoam wastes share the lion's share. Styrofoam wastes are non-degradable also possess the threat of poisonous gas emission when burnt the main challenge is to recycle without the emission of poisonous gases. In this thought we come to the idea of Styrofoam bricks. The Styrofoam brick mainly consists of Styrofoam, acetone and sand. Styrofoam bricks can be manufactured through 4 kinds of process, dissolution of Styrofoam in acetone, mixing with sand, moulding and drying. Why we are preparing this brick is to get high strength and reduced weight also it is not brittle like the ordinary bricks. This will have good load bearing capacity. It can be used to construct partition wall, pavement, roofing etc.
Key Words: Polystyrene Foam; Lightweight Bricks; Thermal Insulation; Pore-Forming.
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Nanda, Mahdika Putra. "Experimental Study of The Addition of Palm Fiber (Arenga Pinnata) as Fiber Against The Compressive Strength of Pozzolan Bricks." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 24, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v24i2.36940.
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Abstract. Brick is a building material widely used as a construction material for walls and fences, one of which uses Pozzolan brick. Pozzolan brick is made from Trass, lime, or cement. A local material that can be used as an additional fiber in the mixture of Pozzolan brick making is fibers, because it has been proven that the addition of fibers in concrete can improve its physical and mechanical properties, in addition, the fibers also have a hard rotten nature because there is no decomposer that can decompose them. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the addition of fibers as fiber in Pozzolan bricks. The experimental method was used in this study. The purpose of this study is to find out whether Pozzolan bricks with the addition of a mixture of fibers have better compressive strength and to find out whether they meet the requirements to become bricks according to SNI 15-2094-2000 and PUBI-1982. From the results of research and analysis that has been done regarding the addition of fiber fibers (Arenga pinnata) as a fiber to the compressive strength of pozzolan bricks, it is found that the compressive strength of pozzolan is 4.99 Mpa with a porosity value of 3.24%, thus pozzolan bricks can provide economic value for the wider community. Based on the compressive strength and porosity, pozzolan bricks also meet the requirements to become bricks according to SNI 15-2094-2000 and PUBI-1982 in grade III.
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Thenmozhi, R., and K. Saranya. "Study on Compressive Strength of Reinforced and Cavity Wall Brickwork." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1086, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1086/1/012048.
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Abstract The research of the mechanical behaviour of reinforced and cavity wall brickwork is the focus of this paper. In this paper, the casting of specimens are done manually and totally 18 specimens are prepared. The different proportions were followed for casting the bricks and specimens. The bricks used are red bricks, fly ash bricks and solid bricks. Conventional method of casting is done using mortar and casting of reinforced brick prism is done with red bricks, fly ash bricks and solid bricks. The cavity wall is constructed and finally the compressive strength is estimated for the reinforced and cavity wall brickworks. The obtained compressive strength for various bricks is plotted in the form of graph to interpret the exact results and comparison is drawn for all types of bricks used.
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M. Abd, Abbas, and Dunya S. Jarullah. "Building Information Modeling (BIM) as Economical and Properties Assessment Tool for Building Units Alternatives Made with Lightweight Foamed Concrete." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2018.11204.
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Lightweight foamed concrete brick is new construction materials. It gives a prospective solution to building construction industry, this research aims to study the cost, dead loads, environmental issues and energy consumption from using lightweight foam concrete bricks as construction materials by utilizing building information modeling technique. The results obtained from this modelling proved that the cost of brick work using lightweight foamed concrete units of grade A (2000 kg/m3) and B (1800 kg/m3 ) is higher by (19.4% and 11.9%) respectively than the activity cost using traditional fired clay bricks. For grade C (1600 kg/m3) that cost was very close to fired clay bricks (+2.9%). while the construction of brick work using light weight foamed concrete units of grade D (1400 kg/m3) and E (1200 kg/m3) was lower by (8% and 18.6%) than fired clay bricks. Besides that, the dead load generated by building units was decreased by (7.7-38.5%) for grade (B, C, D, E) than the load of fired clay bricks, while the load generated from used lightweight foam concrete bricks grade is very closed to fired clay bricks (+2.5%). There was a reduction in energy consumption by the rate of (4.1-62.2%) for heating and (9.8-73.4%) for cooling as wall sharing in energy consumption. Environmental analysis showed sustainable potential so that the production of lightweight foamed concrete units reduces CO2 emission by (46.5-67.9%) compared with the fired clay bricks. Finally; it can be concluded that building units produced in this research with LWFC, characterized with properties can efficiently compete the fired clay bricks.
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Cabeza-Prieto, Alejandro, María Soledad Camino-Olea, María Paz Sáez-Pérez, Alfredo Llorente-Álvarez, Ana Belén Ramos Gavilán, and María Ascensión Rodríguez-Esteban. "Comparative Analysis of the Thermal Conductivity of Handmade and Mechanical Bricks Used in the Cultural Heritage." Materials 15, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15114001.
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During interventions to improve the energy efficiency of cultural heritage, it is common to use methodologies that are used for current buildings with different thermal behaviour. For this reason, research has been carried out on the thermal behaviour of old brick walls by carrying out thermal flow tests in the laboratory on brickwork specimens, in order to compare the behaviour of handmade bricks and mechanical bricks from more than a century ago, and to analyse the relationship between the values of thermal conductivity, humidity, density and porosity, as well as to compare these results with those obtained by applying the procedure of the EN-1745 standard. It was concluded that bricks behave thermally differently, depending on the manufacturing process: handmade or mechanical, in both types of brick it was found that the higher the moisture content and density were, the higher the brick’s thermal conductivity value. It has also been concluded that old bricks have thermal conductivity values different from those indicated in EN-1745 as a function of density, and that the ratio detected in these specimens in the dry state and in the wet state does not conform to the processes indicated in the standard. With regard to porosity, it is important to note that the greater the closed porosity, the lower the conductivity. It has been concluded that in order to intervene in cultural heritage buildings, it is necessary to carry out a specific study of the behaviour of the systems with which they were constructed.
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Liu, Zhong Dong, and Wen Juan Zhao. "The Impact Molding and Test Results of High Fly Ash Block." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.671.
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In this paper the molding mechanisms of mibration compaction for concrete bricks is explained. A lot of concrete bricks with different ash content were by a vibration compaction machines produced. The characteristics of the concrete bricks are investigated. The experiments showed that the starting hardness of the concrete bricks at the separation from molding tools is sufficient for brick stacking.
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Muhammad, Abdul Kadir, Muhammad Arsyad, and A. M. Anzarih. "Peningkatan Produksi Pengrajin Batu Bata Melalui Perbaikan Proses Pencetakan." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 4, no. 2 (November 4, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v4i2.152.
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The purpose of this study is to improve theproduction process of brick craftsmen. Brick production processconsists of four stages: printing, drying, burning, and cooling. Ofthe four stages, which will be completed in this research is theprocess of printing bricks. The printing process still uses simpleequipment that is a rectangular wooden beam with a size of 20cm x 10 cm x 5 cm. The printing process includes: preparation ofraw materials by hoeing the soil, making the dough by tramplingto the shape of a paste, printing using a printing tool. For thismethod, for 4 people craftsmen can print bricks as much as 2,000pieces / day (8 hours work / day). The number of bricks is idealfor once combustion of 40,000 pieces. For reach that amount ittakes 20 days. The method applied in improving the productionprocess of brick craftsmen is the application of brick machine.The operation of the brick printing machine requires 4 personswith their respective functions: 1 person to insert the soil into theprinting machine, 1 person to cut the brick bar, 1 person to movethe bricks from the printing machine, 1 person to bring thebricks to the drying place. Based on the result of the test, it isconcluded that by using the brick machine, the dough making iseasier and shorter, the production capacity increased to 6,780bricks / day, the time required for the production of 40,000 piecesof bricks is 6 days.
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Ghafoor, Sajid, Abdul Hameed, Syyed Shah, Marc Azab, Hamza Faheem, Muhammad Nawaz, and Fahad Iqbal. "Development of Construction Material Using Wastewater: An Application of Circular Economy for Mass Production of Bricks." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062256.
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Water is one of the necessary ingredients for construction materials. Billions of gallons of clean water are wasted during the development of fired clay bricks. Similarly, the waste of clean water is a global issue. In this study, we develop fired clay bricks with the help of wastewater for the first time and compare these with clay bricks produced using groundwater, which is the conventional method. Both destructive (i.e., compressive strength (CS)) and non-destructive (i.e., ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)) tests are conducted on all fired clay brick specimens as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Physical (i.e., dimensions) and durability (water absorption, efflorescence, etc.) tests are also conducted. All kinds of brick satisfied the standard requirements of physical and durability characteristics. Similar or better strength of bricks were achieved using wastewater. The study concludes that the testing results of wastewater bricks were significantly 15–25% higher compared with groundwater-fired clay bricks. A large amount of wastewater can be used to develop bricks, and clean water can be saved to attain circular economy goals. Therefore, this study will help not only in developing low-cost bricks but also in saving clean water.
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Srinavin, Korb, and Patipat Tunming. "Physical and Thermal Properties of Fired Clay Bricks Mixed with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash." Key Engineering Materials 718 (November 2016): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.718.169.
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Thailand is located in a tropical region, with high intensity of sunlight, high temperature and humidity. Thus, preventing heat transfer into the building is required in order to save electrical energy for air-conditioning systems. This study aims to investigate the physical and thermal properties of construction bricks in order to increase their effectiveness of heat prevention. An attempt is made to increase discontinuous voids in fired clay bricks. Rice Husk Ash (RHA; 0-30 % by weight) and Fly Ash (FA; 0-30 % by weight) were added in brick mixture to increase those voids. Compressive strength and water absorption of bricks were tested. The testing results showed that compressive strength decreased and water absorption increased when RHA and FA were added. The thermal conductivity coefficient of bricks were also investigated. The results confirmed that the higher amount of RHA added, the higher thermal resistance of bricks. Similar results were found for FA. Increasing an amount of FA also increased thermal resistance of bricks. Thermal time-lag behavior was also tested. The results showed that RHA hollow bricks took the longest time in heating and took the shortest time in cooling. These properties are good for heat prevention. These bricks which were developed and tested in this research are conformed to the Thai Industrial Standard. Finally, it can be concluded that because of its thermal behavior, RHA hollow brick is a suitable energy-saving brick for hot and humid climates.
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Phonphuak, Nonthaphong. "Application of Dry Grass for Clay Brick Manufacturing." Key Engineering Materials 757 (October 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.35.
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In this paper, effects of incorporation of dry grass on the properties of clay bricks were investigated. Clay bricks fabricated with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % (w/w) of dry grass were tested. The clay brick specimens were fired at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C to study for bulk density, apparent porosity water absorption and compressive strength of brick samples were investigated. Results revealed that the bulk density of clay bricks were reduced when dry grass dosages increased. Results also shown that the increasing in bulk density were obtained when the firing temperature increased. The compressive strength of clay bricks was decreased when dry grass dosages increased. The addition of 2.5 % (w/w) dry grass fired at 1100 °C showed the optimal condition which indicated 11.6 MPa of compressive strength and 1.78 g/cm3 of bulk density. However, results indicated that a decrease in water absorption and apparent porosity were found when the firing temperature increased. Test results also revealed that the addition of dry grass for clay brick production lead to utilize a potential material as the additive to raw clay-bricks in the manufacturing of lightweight clay bricks.
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Maximino C. Ongpeng, Jason, Edward Inciong, Vince Sendo, Crizia Soliman, and Adrian Siggaoat. "Using Waste in Producing Bio-Composite Mycelium Bricks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155303.
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One of the major causes of an increase in the consumption of resources is the progress of the construction industry. Although it leads to new technologies, it heavily contributes to global warming. In this study, the use of sustainable construction materials from waste in brick production with mycelium as a binder is investigated. The ability of mycelium, the root fibers of fungi, obtained from microorganisms is used as stabilizing and binding material on bricks. Forty-eight brick specimens from six design mixes were produced with a size of 200 mm length × 90 mm width × 60 mm height. The mechanical tests conducted were compressive and flexural strength. The changes in weight were recorded against its age to monitor the progress of mycelium growth inside the brick specimens. From the test, bricks made from sawdust and rice bran with mycelium had an increase of 31.0% to 38.5% in average compressive strength compared to the non-mycelium bricks, respectively. Furthermore, the bricks with mycelium experienced an increase in both flexural strength and midpoint displacement for all types of bricks (rice bran, sawdust, and clay). These mycelium-induced bricks can reduce the use and consumption of traditional construction materials with enhanced mechanical properties.