Dissertations / Theses: 'Bricks'

1

Gresik, Alison. "Bricks and mortar." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0010/MQ31288.pdf.

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2

Xu, Guojing. "Developing programming environments for programmable bricks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40210.

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3

Burgess-Dean, Leon Sylvester, and leon burgessdean@deakin edu au. "Predicting the resistance of fired clay bricks to salt attack." Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.132458.

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The salt attack of Fired Clay Bricks (FCBs) causes surface damage that is aesthetically displeasing and eventually leads to structural damage. Methods for determining the resistances of FCBs to salt weathering have mainly tried to simulate the process by using accelerating aging tests. Most research in this area has concentrated on the types of salt that can cause damage and the damage that occurs during accelerated aging tests. This approach has lead to the use of accelerated aging tests as standard methods for determining resistance. Recently, it has been acknowledged that are not the most reliable way to determine salt attack resistance for all FCBs in all environments. Few researchers have examined FCBs with the aim of determining which material and mechanical properties make a FCB resistant to salt attack. The aim of this study was to identify the properties that were significant to the resistance of FCBs to salt attack. In doing so, this study aids in the development of a better test method to assess the resistance of FCBs to salt attack. The current Australian Standard accelerated aging test was used to measure the resistance of eight FCBs to salt attack using sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. The results of these tests were compared to the water absorption properties and the total porosity of FCBs. An empirical relationship was developed between the twenty-four-hour water absorption value and the number of cycles to failure from sodium sulfate tests. The volume of sodium chloride solution was found to be proportional to the total porosity of FCBs in this study. A phenomenological discussion of results led to a new mechanism being presented to explain the derivation of stress during salt crystallisation of anhydrous and hydratable salts. The mechanical properties of FCBs were measured using compression tests. FCBs were analysed as cellular materials to find that the elastic modules of FCBs was equivalent for extruded FCBs that had been fired a similar temperatures and time. Two samples were found to have significantly different elastic moduli of the solid microstructure. One of these samples was a pressed brick that was stiffer due to the extra bond that is obtained during sintering a closely packed structure. The other sample was an extruded brick that had more firing temperature and time compared with the other samples in this study. A non-destructive method was used to measure the indentation hardness and indentation stress-strain properties of FCBs. The indentation hardness of FCBs was found to be proportional to the uniaxial compression strength. In addition, the indentation hardness had a better linear correlation to the total porosity of FCBs except for those samples that had different elastic moduli of the solid microstructure. Fractography of exfoliated particles during salt cycle tests and compression tests showed there was a similar pattern of fracture during each failure. The results indicate there were inherent properties of a FCB that determines the size and shape of fractured particles during salt attack. The microstructural variables that determined the fracture properties of FCBs were shown to be important variables to include in future models that attempt to estimate the resistance of FCBs to salt attack.

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4

Gregory, Richard. "Separation of bricks and mortar using pressure waves." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56017/.

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This thesis describes a series of investigations performed to determine the possibility of separating bricks and mortar using pressure waves. A study of the current brick recycling practised within the UK was performed. This study identifies a need for improved brick reclamation processes. Initial investigations were performed using one-sixth scale couplets. The one-sixth scale bricks and mortar could be separated by placing them in an ultrasound bath. Further investigations were performed to determine the vibrations that would be necessary to recreate the separation of one-sixth scale couplet using an ultrasound bath at full scale. Based on these investigations, a prototype designed to separate full scale couplets was constructed. A series of specimens were tested in the prototype and the vibrations passing through the specimens were recorded. These results showed that the prototype was able to achieve vibrations at the intended frequency and amplitude within the specimens. However, no separation occurred and therefore it was concluded that this process was not appropriate for brick reclamation of full scale bricks in this manner. An investigation of the bond strength developed between the bricks and mortar of one-sixth scale and full scale couplets was performed. It was found that the full scale specimens developed a bond strength greater than that developed in the one-sixth scale specimens.

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5

Zachau, Walker Miriam E. (Miriam Elizabeth). "Modeling environmental impact of unfired bricks in India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80906.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2013.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-32).
Brick manufacturing requires a considerable amount of energy and land, but these numbers have been difficult to quantify in rural parts of the developing world. The environmental impact of unfired bricks in India is investigated through modeling the effects of materials composition and processing on energy consumption, carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, and land surface area use. The analysis uses a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment to quantitatively estimate these impacts. The depth of soil extraction has a significantly affects the land use required for bricks; changing this depth in practice or through regulation has the potential to reduce environmental impact without affecting brick performance. The impact of unfired bricks depends greatly on composition, in particular the amount and type of stabilizer and the incorporation of fly ash. While stabilizers increase the environmental burden, the performance gain is potentially worth these effects when compared to energy intensive fired bricks. Future work could expand the model to quantify the relevant cost and performance tradeoffs with environmental impact.
by Miriam E. Zachau Walker.
S.B.

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6

Koroth, Surej R. "Evaluation and improvement of frost durability of clay bricks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25926.pdf.

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7

Beggan, John Edward. "An accelerated test method for efflorescence in clay bricks." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252318.

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8

Rink, Bradley Michael. "Village People : quartering De Waterkant in discourse and bricks." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4800.

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9

Lechaptois, Luis. "Ferritin nanocages used as programmable bricks for biomolecular electronics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS462.

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Les nanocages de ferritine sont des protéines omniprésentes et largement connues pour leur capacité à manipuler des atomes de fer à l'intérieur de nombreuses espèces vivantes. Cette protéine possède une architecture unique composée d'une coquille d'acide aminé avec un noyau de fer et est apparue comme un candidat attrayant pour être incorporée dans un dispositif électrique (jonction, transistor à l'état solide). L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser les propriétés électrostatiques, les états de charge et les interactions avec une surface semi-conductrice des ferritines pour l'électronique biomoléculaire. De plus, la surface globale de la ferritine (naturellement chargée négativement) peut être modulée par des techniques de bio-ingénierie (mutagénèse dirigée) pour être chargée positivement. Au cours de cette thèse, les nanocages de ferritine ont été produits et bio-ingéniés dans le laboratoire de NTU à Singapour, et ont été caractérisés en solution à l'aide de techniques de diffusion de la lumière (ELS, DLS). Les mutations des ferritines ont été réalisées en remplaçant les acides aminés négatifs par des acides aminés positifs, et les ferritines mutantes ont montré un décalage de leur point isoélectrique (IEP). Afin d'étudier le comportement électrostatique des protéines de ferritine sur une surface solide, elles ont été déposées sur un substrat de silicium dopé, et les surfaces des échantillons ont été scannées par la microscopie de force à sonde de Kelvin (KPFM), qui est une technique avancée de la microscopie à force atomique qui mesure simultanément la topographie et le potentiel de surface d'une surface d'échantillon. La caractérisation de la ferritine immobilisée sur une surface de silicium par KPFM révèle un changement de la morphologie de la ferritine (aplatissement) et de ses propriétés électrostatiques (potentiel de surface) en fonction de sa teneur en fer. De plus, ces résultats présentent une nouvelle méthode pour déterminer l'orientation et la conformation des protéines directement sur une surface solide en mesurant leur dipôle électrique. Pour les ferritines mutées, le potentiel de surface mesuré par KPFM ne montre aucun changement dans le signe de la charge de surface (de négatif à positif), mais des changements significatifs sont perceptibles et indiquent la modulation de la charge de surface des ferritines mutées. Cette étude donne un bon aperçu de l'incorporation possible de la ferritine dans des dispositifs électroniques. Pour cela, d'autres interactions électrostatiques restent à étudier lorsqu'une nanoparticule est déposée sur un semi-conducteur, comme la formation d'une barrière Schottky, qui a été étudiée au cours de cette thèse avec une particule modèle (nanoparticules d'or de 50 nm) déposée sur du silicium et mesurée par KPFM. Sur la base de l'étude électrostatique de la ferritine (et des nanoparticules d'or), l'une des prochaines idées serait de réaliser une monocouche mixte active de ferritine positive et négative qui serait déposée sur une structure pseudo-MOSFET. La modification du rapport entre les particules positives et négatives modulera le courant source-drain
Ferritin nanocages are ubiquitous proteins, widely known for their ability to handle iron atoms inside many living species. This particular protein has a unique architecture made of an amino acid shell with an iron core and has appeared as an attractive candidate to be incorporated into an electrical device (junction, solid-state transistor). The goal is to characterise the electrostatic properties, charge states, and interactions with a semi-conductor surface of ferritins for biomolecular electronics. Furthermore, the overall surface of ferritin (naturally negatively charged) can be modulated through bioengineering techniques (site-directed mutagenesis) to be positively charged. During this thesis, the ferritin nanocages were produced and bioengineered in the NTU laboratory in Singapore, and were characterised in solution using light scattering techniques (ELS, DLS). The mutations of the ferritins were performed by substitution of negative amino acids with positive ones, and the ferritin mutants showed a shift in their isoelectric point (IEP). In order to study the electrostatic behaviour of the ferritin proteins on a solid surface, they were deposited on a doped silicon substrate, and the sample surfaces were scanned by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), which is an advanced technique of the atomic force microscopy that simultaneously measures the topography and the surface potential of a sample surface. The characterisation of ferritin immobilized on a silicon surface by KPFM reveals a change in the ferritin morphology (flattening) and electrostatics properties (surface potential) as a function of their iron content. Moreover, these results present a new method to determine the orientation and conformality of proteins directly on a solid surface by measuring their electric dipole. For the mutated ferritins, the surface potential measured by KPFM showed no change in the sign of the surface charge (from negative to positive), but significant changes are noticeable and indicate the modulation of the surface charge of the mutated ferritins. This study gives strong insight into the possible incorporation of the ferritin inside electronic devices. For this, other electrostatic interactions remain to be studied when a nanoparticle is deposited on a semi-conductor such as the formation of a Schottky barrier, which was investigated during this thesis with a model particle (50 nm gold nanoparticles) deposited on silicon and measured by KPFM. Based on the electrostatic study of the ferritin (and gold nanoparticles), one of the next ideas would be to achieve an active mixed monolayer of positive and negative ferritin that will be deposited onto a pseudo-MOSFET structure. The change in the positive/negative particle ratio will modulate the source-drain current

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10

Tmejová, Jana. "Glazury s obsahem cihelného recyklátu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414137.

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The diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of using recycled brick as a component in the preparation of glazes. Recycled brick is a mixture of crushed bricks, it can also contain a brick tablecloth, its composition and color makes this material practically identical to a brick shard. Due to these properties, it can be assumed that recycled brick can be used to prepare technical glazes with a specific color. The aim of the diploma thesis is to verify the possibilities of using recycled brick for the preparation of technical glazes. For prepared glazes, then evaluate their properties and estimate for which type of product these alternative glazes could be used.

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11

Fodde, Enrico. "Twentieth-century earthen buildings of Sardinia : archaeometry and conservation." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9758/.

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12

Cooke, Patrick Stuart. "A Thesis on Craftsmanship." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35815.

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Craftsmanship as study: Word, Image, Craftsman as precedent Craftsmanship as Making: Truth and knowledge through the makers hands Craftsmanship as the Imagined: Plans, Sections, Elevations, Details, and Models for an allegorical work of architecture
Master of Architecture

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13

Laborel-Preneron, Aurélie. "Formulation and characterization of unfired clay bricks with plant aggregates." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30140.

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La construction est l'un des secteurs de l'industrie les plus polluants. C'est la raison pour laquelle développer l'usage de matériaux de construction durables est un intérêt majeur. La terre crue est de plus en plus étudiée en tant que matériau de construction pour son faible impact environnemental, son abondance ou ses capacités à réguler l'humidité intérieure, améliorant ainsi le confort de l'occupant. Pour optimiser certaines de ses performances, des fibres ou granulats végétaux sont incorporés à la terre depuis des millénaires. Toutefois, les études scientifiques n'ont débuté qu'il y a une trentaine d'années, laissant une marge importante de compréhension du matériau. Actuellement, l'ajout de matière végétale peut s'effectuer par le biais de la valorisation d'agroressources, qui permet par ailleurs de piéger du dioxyde de carbone au sein des briques. Cette thèse, qui s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet Bioterra financé par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), a pour objectif de contribuer au développement d'un matériau à base de terre crue et de granulats végétaux, pour une utilisation sous forme de briques. Après une caractérisation approfondie de différentes ressources végétales (paille d'orge, chènevotte et rafle de maïs), une approche comparative des propriétés d'usage et de la durabilité des matériaux composites est réalisée. Une étude sur la disponibilité des bio-ressources en France a montré que les coproduits de l'agriculture utilisés dans ce travail de recherche sont disponibles en quantités importantes, bien que leur utilisation pour l'alimentation humaine ou animale soit prioritaire. Les résultats des essais expérimentaux ont montré que les résistances mécaniques sont diminuées avec l'ajout de végétaux, mais que la ductilité est améliorée. La paille, grâce à sa forme allongée, donne toutefois de meilleurs résultats que les autres agroressources. En ce qui concerne les propriétés hygrothermiques, la conductivité thermique est améliorée et la capacité de sorption de vapeur est légèrement augmentée. Toutefois, la terre seule étant très perméable à l'eau, l'ajout de particules végétales n'a pas d'effet bénéfique sur la perméabilité apparente des composites à la vapeur d'eau. Finalement, les granulats végétaux améliorent certains critères de durabilité comme la résistance à l'impact ou l'érosion à l'eau, mais limitent la résistance à l'abrasion. Vis-à-vis de la résistance au feu, les bio-composites, bien que contenant une quantité importante de matière ligno-cellulosique, sont toujours incombustibles. Ils sont toutefois transformés avec la cuisson de la terre et la consumation des végétaux. Enfin, l'étude de la prolifération de micro-organismes a abouti à la mise en place d'une méthodologie expérimentale. L'incorporation de paille semble faciliter l'apparition de moisissures par rapport à la terre seule. Néanmoins, la prolifération apparaît uniquement dans des conditions optimales de 30°C et 93% d'humidité relative après inoculation de souche d'Aspergillus brasiliensis. L'addition de différentes ressources végétales dans une matrice de terre améliorera donc certaines propriétés d'usage mais en dégradera d'autres. La formulation du matériau composite (nature et dosage en granulats végétaux notamment) sera donc conditionnée par sa destination dans le bâtiment. Un compromis devra être trouvé entre les différentes propriétés
Construction is one of the most polluting sectors of industry, and this is why developing sustainable building materials is of world-wide interest. Earth is being increasingly studied as a building material because of its low environmental impact and its abilities to regulate indoor moisture and to improve the building occupants' comfort. Plant aggregates and fibers have been incorporated into the earth matrix for thousands of years to enhance its performance, but scientific studies began quite recently. Nowadays, the addition of renewable resources can be achieved with agricultural by-products, thus allowing carbon dioxide to be captured. As part of the Bioterra project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), this thesis has the objective of contributing to the development of earth-based materials containing plant aggregates that can be used in bricks. After an extensive characterization of the different plant resources, namely barley straw, hemp shiv and corn cob, a comparative study of the use and durability properties of the composite materials is made. A survey of the production and use of bio-resources in France showed good availability of the resources studied in the present research, although they are primarily used as human food and animal litter. In the experimental tests, a decrease of the mechanical strength was observed with the addition of plant aggregates. However, the ductility of the bio-composites increased. Thanks to its elongated shape, straw is the plant aggregate that gives the best results. Concerning hygrothermal properties, thermal conductivity is reduced and the vapor sorption capacity is slightly increased. Nevertheless, earth alone is very permeable. The addition of plant aggregates thus brings no benefit concerning the apparent water vapor permeability. Finally, plant aggregates improve some durability criteria, such as impact or erosion resistance, but limit abrasion resistance. With regard to fire, bio-composites are still not combustible, even if they contain a significant quantity of lignocellulosic matter. They are, however, transformed with firing, when the earth is fired and the plant material smolder. Lastly, the study on microbial growth contributed to the development of an experimental methodology. The incorporation of straw seems to facilitate mold growth in comparison with earth alone. However, proliferation appears only in the worst conditions: for material subjected to a temperature of 30°C and a relative humidity of 93%, after inoculation with Aspergillus brasiliensis strain. To summarize, the addition of different plant aggregates in an earth matrix improves some properties but deteriorates others. The formulation of a composite material (particularly the nature and the content of the plant aggregate) will thus depend on its intended use in the building. Therefore, a compromise has to be found among the different properties

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14

Dincer, Senay Ayse. "Technological Properties And Conservation Problems Of Some Medieval Bricks And Tiles." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614260/index.pdf.

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The aim of this study is to examine the technology of the relatively deteriorated historic tile, brick and mortar samples of Sivas Gö
k Medrese and Tokat Gö
k Medrese. Their main deterioration factors were analyzed mainly as salt weathering. It was examined in detail, and the possible desalination methods were discussed. For this purpose, the studies were carried out with a field survey and laboratory experiments on the two sites. Documentation of visual decay forms of Tokat Gö
k Medrese were done with AutoCAD. The density and porosities of tile body and mortar samples were determined by using RILEM standards. The pore size distributions of tile and mortar samples were examined by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. Modulus of elasticity of tile body and mortar samples was determined and compared with the other Seljuk building materials. Mineralogical compositions of the tile body and glaze, adhesive tile mortars of Sivas Gö
kmedrese and Tokat Gö
kmedrese were analyzed with X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Their microstructure and chemical compositions were determined by using Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The salts were determined for various methods such as spot tests and XRD analyses. The possible treatment methods of salt crystallization were discussed according to the properties of the examined samples. One of the most essential causes of decay factor was salt crystallization for the two buildings which causes detachment and loss of tiles. The deteriorations were distributed over the upper and lower sides of the wall which were close to the dampness zones from the roof and above ground. The experiments proved different kinds of salts such as thenardite, sylvite, halite, natrite, nitratine and niter coming from the ground and the restoration materials such as cement based mortars. The relative humidity of the environments was compared with that of salt characteristics. It was proved that the tiles were adversely affected from salt crystallization. The best desalination method was discussed. Advection method by using poultices was based on the transformation of ions through the flowing moisture. The most prominent characteristic of the poultices must have smaller pore size distribution than original salty materials. The pore size distributions of the tiles and gypsum mortars were determined to compare and chosen the best poultice from the literature. It was concluded that kaolin-sand-based poultices having known properties was the best one as considering the pore size distribution of the tiles and mortars. The study on material properties and desalination process was expected to help different monuments having salt problem.

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15

Aponte, Cecilio (Cecilio Aponte III). "Decreasing water absorption in and environmental analysis of alkali activated bricks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98644.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 34-36).
Alkali activated bricks offer an alternative to traditional clay fired bricks for use in construction in the developing world. Previous work in this lab focused on creating a robust mix formulation to create these bricks, but they faced high water absorption and were not optimized under pressure molding conditions. The motivation for the work on alkali-activated bricks is based on the claim that they have a lower environmental burden, but this claim has not yet been verified for this formulation. Thus, this thesis focused on the effects of controlled testing of formation pressure and particle size distribution on brick performance and understanding the relative environmental impacts of clay fired bricks and alkali activated bricks. It was found that water absorption and compressive strength have a strong dependence on forming pressure, with 3-day compressive strengths ranging from 7MPa to 27MPa and water absorption from 35% to as high as 60% as forming pressure increased from 5 to 35Mpa. Sieving of the ash used in the bricks to control for particle size distribution had a minimal effect on performance, but the similarity is attributed to the fact that packing density within the selected particle size ranges were similar. Further testing on controlled mixing of particle sizes is needed to see if better performance can be obtained. Life cycle assessment results verify the claim that the bricks perform better from an environmental perspective, but also show the dependence of that performance on variables such as lime content or kiln efficiency.
by Cecilio Aponte.
S.B.

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16

McNerney, Timothy S. "Tangible programming bricks : an approach to making programming accessible to everyone." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62094.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, February 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-68).
Thanks to inexpensive microprocessors, consumer electronics are getting more powerful. They offer us greater control over our environment, but in a sense they are getting too powerful for their own good. A programmable thermostat can make my home more comfortable and save energy, but only if I successfully program it to match my life-style. Graphical, direct manipulation user interfaces are step in the direction of making devices easier to program, but it is still easier to manipulate physical objects in the real world than it is to interact with virtual objects "inside" a computer display. Tangible, or graspable user interfaces help bridge the gap between the virtual world and the physical world by allowing us to manipulate digital information directly with our hands. Tangible Programming Bricks are physical building blocks for constructing simple programs. In this thesis I provide technical details of the Bricks themselves, demonstrate that they are useful for controlling a variety of digital "everyday objects," from toy cars to kitchen appliances, and set the stage for future research that will more rigorously support my hypothesis that tangible programming is easier to understand, remember, explain to others, and perform in social settings, when compared to traditional programming mechanisms.
by Timothy Scott McNerney.
S.M.

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17

Chidiroglou, Iordanis. "Characterisation and behaviour of recycled concrete and bricks as engineered fill." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2007. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19456/.

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Demolition waste materials mainly consist of concrete and bricks and arise from the demolition of existing structures and buildings. Environmental and economical reasons make their recycling necessary but up to date little research has been undertaken to what is perceived as low level reuse of these materials. This project tries to understand the behavioural characteristics of three types of recycled materials to determine their potential for engineering fill applications. For this purpose their physical and mechanical characteristics have been extensively investigated. Two types of crushed concrete, one obtained straight after demolition and the other further processed to industry specifications, and one type of crushed bricks were tested. Due to the variable nature of recycled materials large quantities were tested and their grading, particle shape and aggregate crushing and impact values established. In addition, large scale equipment was developed for the determination of their compaction and permeability characteristics. An extensive large scale shear box test regime was used to determine the shear strength behaviour of the materials. Two different densities and maximum particle sizes were used, and their influence on the shear strength established. The degree of particle breakage was also quantified by sieving the shear box specimens before and after testing. The comparison of the behaviour of the materials during shearing has shown that the two crushed concrete based materials behave similarly despite the different degrees of processing, but there is difference between them and the crushed brick material. The friction angles of the materials decrease with decreasing density and maximum particle size, with the reduction of the latter affecting the friction angles values more. The results show that the friction angles reduce with increasing normal stress, the shear-normal stress envelopes exhibit curvature at low normal stresses and the materials exhibit dilatancy at low normal stresses that decreases with increasing normal stress. This behaviour during shearing is similar to the behaviour exhibited by natural granular materials from literature. For all the three types of materials tested, the friction angles fall above the lower limits of strength for rockfill set by Leps (1970), which indicates their suitability for use as engineered fill.

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18

Kodsi, Costy. "Computational framework for fracture of graphite bricks in an AGR core." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8084/.

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Life-extension of EDF Energy's existing nuclear fleet is based on an assumption of continued safe operation. Potential fracture of graphite bricks in the nuclear reactor core of a power station represents an unknown variable in the equation. An understanding of the nature of this phenomenon and the impact on operation of the power station is desired. This work prepares the way for the future study of fracture in graphite bricks in a reactor core subject to dynamic excitation. Methodology to couple a multi-body finite element contact code to a crack propagation code is thus developed. Three important scientific contributions have been made: (i) An optimisation problem formulated on a smooth manifold to yield the rotation responsible for infinitesimal rigid body motion. This involves an iterative scheme in the form of Newton's method that takes into account the geometry of the underlying parameter space. There are no issues with singularities or additional computations in each iteration to scale the solution onto the manifold. (ii) An energy consistent crack initiation criterion for brittle material where nucleation is treated as a sudden and discrete rupture event at the macroscopic level. At the heart of the criterion is the finite difference form of the energy release rate; an expression for the characteristic length is derived and the change in total potential energy is obtained from an asymptotic argument involving the topological derivative. The criterion can predict crack onset at a sharp or blunt notch. Fracture toughness and material strength are the only input requirements. (iii) Algorithms related to the detection of sharp notches in a tetrahedral finite element mesh and a general computational procedure for evaluation of non-local crack initiation criteria. The only tool in the implementation of these algorithms is C++11. There is no need for a complex data structure storing all incidence information. Unordered associative containers in the standard library are exploited in the design of these rather efficient algorithms, which cover surface extraction and provide connectivity of the edges representing a sharp notch tip. A mesh re-generation routine for purposes of refinement at the sharp notch tips has also been developed.

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19

Freiji, Ousama Musa. "Red clay : Georgia craft workshop." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24173.

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20

Boyd, M. "The intensity of the geomagnetic field recorded in Cambridge bricks since 1440 A.D." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377209.

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21

Balila, Amal. "Enhancing strength and durability of adobe bricks by introducing bio-inspired stabilisers." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/78462/.

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The aim of this study is to enhance the strength and the durability of adobe bricks by introducing bio-inspired stabilisers. This research was inspired by the high strength and durability of the termite mounds. The study investigates the stabiliser behind such strong natural constructions. The termite builds its mounds by incorporating a glycoprotein from its saliva to cement the sub-soil particles together. Biomimicry has been used as an approach to investigate the potential for the use of the termites’ construction stabiliser in adobe bricks. Three different glycoproteins sourced from the waste of the meat industry were identified as potential stabilisers in adobe bricks. Bovine serum albumin from cows’ blood, mucin from porcine stomach and gelatine from cold-water fish skin were the three stabilisers used in this study. A fourth stabiliser was made up of several chemicals which together aimed to mimic the termites’ saliva glycoprotein. Two soils were used to prepare adobe bricks for testing. The main soil used in this study was sourced from Devon in the UK. The second soil was sourced from Mayo neighbourhood in Khartoum, Sudan and it was only used in key tests. Adobe bricks were made and stabilised with different concentrations of these bio-inspired stabilisers. Controlled unstabilised adobe bricks were used for comparison. The bricks were tested for their unconfined compressive strength and erosion resistance. The main conclusion in this study is that, bovine serum albumin which is a glycoprotein derived from cows’ blood and considered as a by-product of the beef industry, has proved its potential to be used as stabiliser in earth construction. The use of 0.5 by weight percent of bovine serum albumin resulted in 41% and 17% increase in the compressive strength of the Sudanese and the British adobe bricks respectively. In addition, the use of 5 by weight percent of bovine serum albumin resulted in 202% and 97% increase in the compressive strength of the British and Sudanese adobe bricks respectively. Furthermore, the use of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 by weight percent of the bovine serum albumin resulted in 30%, 48% and 70% reduction in the erosion rate of the British adobe bricks respectively. The use of 0.5 by weight percent of the bovine serum albumin resulted in 97% reduction in the erosion rate of the Sudanese adobe bricks. The other stabilisers tested did not result in a significant improvement in unconfined compressive strength of the adobe bricks. However, the use of 0.1and 0.2 by weight percent of mucin from porcine stomach resulted in 28% and 55% reduction in the erosion rate of the British adobe bricks respectively.

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McKinley, Teresa M. "DysFunktional? Breakin' the Bricks and Shattering the Myths of African American Women." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2745.

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This thesis details the development of the full-length play, DyFuNkTioNal? from conception to the prewriting to full production over the course of the 2017-2020 school year at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. My intentions for writing this play was motivated by six thoughts: (1) the lack of interest within the Carbondale community to provide real opportunities for ethnic groups (in particular, African American preteens and teenagers) to participate in theatrical expression and other art forms that are introduced via art programs; (2) lack of motivation of the African-American teens to participate in the programs that the city of Carbondale provided; (3) my interest in Black feminist theory, which became popular in the 1960s as a response to the racism of the feminist movement and sexism of the Civil Rights Movement; (4) the art of graffiti as it slowly evolved from intolerance to tolerance of females, which leads to the tapping of the “glass ceiling” with the goal to shatter it in the near future; (5) to encourage and educate Black females no matter what age to realize and honor their personal value within society; and (6) to enlightened the viewer of issues regarding African American females whose plight is far different from their white counterparts. As explained by Princeton Professor Keeanga Yamahtta Taylor, “Black women’s experiences cannot be reduced to either race or gender but have to be understood on their own terms” (Smith, timeline.com, 2018). As the Combahee River Collective Statement read, “We realize that the only people who care enough about us to work consistently for our liberation is us.” (Smith, timeline.com, 2018)During the writing of the play, I was inspired by the words of Erykah Badu’s song Bag Lady, which ask women to “hold the mirrors to ourselves and be able to accept that we need work if we expect to catch the buses in our lives. The good parent bus, the education bus, the decent job bus, the healthy self-image bus all requires self-reflection and sometimes that doesn't sound like a bra-burning, ball-busting anthem” (Roricka, soulbounce.com, 2010). Therefore, this led to the question, would I be able to honestly create, a play that could positively change the viewer’s perception on the plight of African American women’s struggles of inequality while existing in a patriarchal and racist world?

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Lambert, Suzanne. "Manufacturing bio-bricks using microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation and human urine." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31418.

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The production of building materials is a significant contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions with conventional kiln brick production being one of the most energy intensive processes. In addition, phosphorus is a resource that is required by all living organisms and is a key ingredient in many fertilisers. The demand for building materials and global natural phosphate rock (phosphorous) are increasing and decreasing respectively as urbanization increases. Naturally occurring phosphorous is expected to experience a peak in the near future after which it will be completely depleted. Urine has been identified as a potential source of phosphorous for fertiliser production as well as urea for microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) applications. MICP is a natural process that has the ability to produce bio-building material. Urine accounts for a small percentage of the total volume of domestic wastewater but contains a large percentage of the nutrients wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) seek to remove before they adversely affect receiving water bodies. The unprecedented rate of climate change and the associated pressures, coupled with the increased awareness around the depletion of natural resources, presents a significant challenge for which innovative and sustainable solutions are required. The reason for engaging in this project was to investigate if the urea present in human urine could be used in the natural MICP for the production of bio-bricks while at the same time recovering phosphorus from urine. Firstly, a thorough review of literature was conducted to assess current innovations pertaining to the dissertation topic. The process of bio-brick production by MICP requires a urea rich solution which could be recovered from urine. However, the urea present in urine naturally degrades and this process needs to be delayed if urine is to be used as a urea source for MICP. This was achieved by “stabilising” the urine with calcium hydroxide. Sporosarcina pasteurii (S. pasteurii) was the bacteria strain used to help drive the MICP process. The bacteria degraded the urea present in the urine to form carbonate ions which then combined with the calcium ions present in the urine solution to produce calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate was then used as a bio-cement to glue loose sand particles together in the shape of a brick. The cementation media was made by adding calcium chloride and nutrient broth to the stabilised urine, and lowering its pH to 11.2. The purpose of adding calcium chloride was to improve the efficiency of the process since the stabilised urine did not have enough calcium ions. Ordinary sand mixed with Greywacke aggregate and inoculated with S. pasteurii bacteria was used as the media for the MICP process. Bio-brick moulds were filled with the sand mixture and sealed. The cementation media was pumped through the bio-brick mould to fill its’ pore volume. The media was retained in the moulds for a defined retention time ranging from 1-8 hours. At the end of every retention time, new cementation media was pumped through the bio-brick to fill it’s pore volume again. iv To establish an optimal starting influent calcium concentration the influent calcium concentration changed between experiments. Additionally, in subsequent experiments, the calcium concentration was raised in a stepwise manner during an experiment to establish the maximum amount the influent calcium concentration could be raised to before the microbial community experienced adverse effects. Additionally, experiments explored the effects a range of retention times had on the bio-brick system in order to establish an optimal retention time. Another experiment was set up to investigate the relationship between the number of treatments and the resultant compressive strength. The findings from the above-mentioned experiments further guided subsequent experiments which singled out and tested certain factors thought to be affecting the bio-brick system. The factors tested include after treatment washing, ionic strength, pH and calcium concentration of the influent cementation media. Possible alternative nutrient medias (ANMs) were also investigated for a cheaper alternative to the laboratory grade growth media used to grow the bacteria. Lastly, an integrated system that produced both fertilisers and bio-bricks was developed. Its basic economics of raw material inputs and outputs were used to assess the financial implications of the proposed system, and the social and policy barriers likely to affect the implementation of an integrated urine treatment system were examined. Urine treated with calcium hydroxide offers a urea-rich solution that can be used for MICP processes. This resulted in the worlds’ first bio-brick “grown” from human urine. The starting influent calcium concentration reached a maximum of 0.09 M before adverse effects to the microbial community were experienced. Furthermore, in terms of a stepwise increase during the treatment cycle, the influent calcium concentration could be raised to 0.12 M without any adverse bacteria effects. The minimum retention time the bio-brick system could withstand was 2 hours which allowed the treatment cycle to be completed in a shorter time. The highest compressive strength obtained was equal to 2.7 MPa. To produce this strength about 31.2 L of stabilised urine was used. The relationship between the number of treatments and the compressive strength showed that an increase in the number of treatments increased the compressive strength. Both the pH and ionic strength of the urine were identified to have an inhibiting effect on the ureolytic activity and MICP process. Additionally, using an influent cementation media with an optimal pH for urea hydrolysis, improved the bacteria’s ability to operate at higher ionic strengths. However, when the stabilised urine was stored, urea hydrolysis occurred earlier likely because of external contamination by naturally occurring bacteria in the lab. LML (Lactose mother liquor) was identified as alternative growth media for S. pasteurii growth which could reduce raw material costs considerably. The bio-brick production process was found to be more cost-effective if it was incorporated into the integrated urine treatment process system. The integrated system included fertiliser production by recovering calcium phosphate fertilisers and ammonium sulphate fertilisers before and after the bio-brick production respectively. Producing 1000 bio-bricks a day would require 23% of Cape Towns’ population daily urine production and would incur a profit of ZAR 7330 per day between the raw material cost and the revenue from sales. For implementation in a South African context, certain policy barriers need to be overcome. Potential paths for implementation are reclassifying the urine for its use in an industrial process and obtaining an operating permit or seeking an exemption for a permit through the ECA (Environment Conservation Act). Research suggests that products from the integrated system are likely to be socially v accepted and that a combined appeal to people's environmental sensitivities and targeted marketing messages would enhance people’s acceptance. Finally, recommendations for further paths to take to build on the research established in this dissertation were made. It is recommended that additional characteristics of the bio-bricks should be tested, recycled material should be used as media for bio-bricks, the bacteria strain should be modified and methods for reducing the ionic strength of urine should be investigated. Additionally, it is recommended that consumers’ willingness to use urine-based products should be further studied, the legislative options for implementing bio-brick and fertiliser production should be investigated and a more detailed and expansive economic analysis should be performed.

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Aslan, Özkaya Özlem Böke Hasan. "Properties of Roman bricks and mortars used in Serapis Temple in Bergama/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/mimarirestorasyon/T000322.pdf.

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OZZELLO, ELENA DANIELA. "UV-cured fouling release acrylic coatings and protective coatings for clay bricks." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2716632.

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The topic of this thesis is the protection of surface through UV cured polymeric coatings. In the first part coatings are designed to inhibit the adhesion of microorganisms on different substrate, while in the last chapter the coatings are developed to protect clay bricks from water. Degradation of surfaces caused by biofouling is a common issue in a variety of application, such as naval equipment, food industry and biomedical implants. In clay bricks, in addiction to biodegradation, the water causes other aesthetical and functional degradation phenomena, such as delamination, cracking, efflorescence, patina, black crusts. In this thesis was studied the growth of yeast in presence of different polymeric coatings prepared by UV curing. The approach followed was mainly based on the interfacial interactions between the surfaces and the microorganism. The experimental methods have been designed in order to control the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the surfaces. Interface interactions are governed by a variety of parameters, depending on the characteristic of both the substrate and the microorganism. Surface tension, hydration, wettability, roughness, topographies and elastic modulus and glass transition temperature are influent factors for polymeric materials. The microrganism selected for this works was a yeast isolated from garden soil and identified as Rhodotorula mucillaginosa. Rhodotorula species are ubiquitous, filmogenic, pigment yeasts. They are often called “pink yeast” because of the peculiar pink to orange coloration of the colonies. R. mucillaginosa and its adhesion properties are interesting in different application field. Selective and controlled proliferation of R. mucillaginosa could be useful in soil and wastewater bioremediation and industrial production of carotenoids. On the contrary, in biomedical application the biofilm formation in not desirable. Despite R. mucillaginosa generally is not harmful for human health, it is known as an emergent opportunistic pathogen able to infect immunosuppressed adults and newborns. Another important risk factor in infected patients is the presence of foreign bodies. Despite this, the Biosafety level of R. mucillaginosa is 1, this means that its manipulation in laboratory does not required special precautions. Coatings were prepared by UV-induced crosslinking processes. The UV curing or photopolymerization technique consists in the fast transformation of a liquid mixture of precursors into a solid crosslinked polymeric film. Low energy requirements, room temperature operation and solvent-free systems make UV curing an ecofriendly technology suitable for coatings industries. Monomers selected for the UV-curing process were characterized by acrylic end groups assuring fast and complete polymerization. For the protection of substrate against fouling, different monomers were selected in order to obtain coatings with different surface properties: 1. Hydrophobic monomers, i.e. perfluoropolyether diacrylates 2. Hydrophilic monomers, i.e. polyethilenglycol diacrylates. Hydrophobic coatings were based on perfuoropolyether (PFPE) diacrylic oligomer. It was studied the effect of surface tension, topography and elastic modulus on R. mucillagionosa adhesion and release. In Hydrophilic coatings were compared the effect of alkyl and poly(ethylene oxide) chain. The attention was focused on the effect of different chemical compositions, and thus different surface tension, on the induced morphology of R. mucillaginosa. Properties of acrylic coating have been checked by water absorption, contact angle measurement, profilometry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The interaction between the coatings and the yeast cells were examined through a simple in vitro test and correlated to the material properties of the polymers. The yeast test was designed to monitor the growth of R. mucillaginosa and the potential biofilm formation in presence of acrylic coatings. Biofilm release by a gentle washing was also evaluated. During the test, cell density was measure by UV visible spectroscopy. The growth morphology of the yeast on the coatings surface was observed by optical microscopy and FESEM. In addition, the effect of uncured monomers and the photoinitiator on the microorganism growth was studied. The coatings under investigation showed a different fouling behavior. The interaction between yeast cells and the coating surface appreciably change, mainly driven from the surface tension and the hydration of the materials. Different yeast morphologies were found. In the second part of the thesis are presented two hybrid coating as protective coating for clay bricks: a waterborne polyurethane coating and a perfluorinated (PFPE) coating. Masonry is susceptible from aesthetic and functional deterioration due to atmospheric agents, pollution and microorganism. The most diffuse degradations of facing bricks are lacunas, pulverization, delamination, cracking, presence of efflorescence, patina, black crusts and dissolution and leaching of mortar between brick courses. Water is known as an important factor of degradation; thus, hydrophobic coatings is an effective way to preserve bricks. The main characteristic required to this coating are hinder the liquid water absorption but maintain the water vapor transmission in the substrate. Protective coating for building porous materials are divided in two main categories: film formers and penetrants. The first coating presented in this thesis is a polyurethane based film formers coatings. It was prepared by combining two ecofriendly process: UV-curing of a waterborne diacrylic polyurethane and sol-gel reaction of a Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The perfluorinated coating is penetrants and was obtained by a sol-gel reaction of an α–ω-terminated triethoxysilane PFPE. Hybrid PFPE was obtaind using the sol-gel process in the presence of TEOS. Coated and uncoated facing bricks were compared by scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry, water wettability and capillary rise tests. The hybrid coating acts as a moderate water repellent: interestingly no appreciable alteration of the aesthetical properties of the brick was observed, in particular no gloss and color change appeared after the treatment. Both the proposed coating could be applied on brick in the manufacturing process, or on existing brickwork.

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Wirth, John Michael. "An Exploration of the Masonry Wall." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46170.

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The teaching of the user through the clear understanding of the building they encounter on a daily basis is the intent of this thesis. Can a user learn how a brick wall is constructed, by looking and interacting with the brick wall they sleep within at night? Is it easier for one to understand his/her built environment if the construction is done in a manner that makes the means transparent, versus hidden tricks within the materials. Through the study of honest and truthful use of materials and construction methods, this project explores if a building can teach.
Master of Architecture

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White, John Philip Jr. "Architect / Builder: Builder / Architect." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41299.

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Throughout architectural history, the relationship between builder and architect has been ever-changing. Architects traditionally evolved from the building trades with a fundamental understanding of the principals behind construction. Architects have since evolved into a profession based in academics, not in actual tacit knowledge. The current relationship between architects and builders is complex. The Architect questions the ability of the builder. The builder questions the knowledge of the architect. Collaboration has become very difficult. These buildings are an attempt to use the built environment as a tool for both the architect and builder to gain a better understanding of what the other does.
Master of Architecture

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Suzukawa-Tseng, Philip T. "The Best of Both Retail Worlds: Analyzing the Clicks-and-Bricks Retail Model." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1187.

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Since the internet became a new marketplace for buyers and sellers, the modernization of e-commerce brings into question whether online retailing can effectively replace traditional brick-and-mortar stores. Recent trends have highlighted the struggling business of physical retailers, yet many continue to operate while also having introduced an online sales channel along with pages on social media to increase engagement with customers. This study challenges the popular assumption that e-commerce is cannibalizing in-store sales opportunities, where online sales grow increasingly at the expense of the conventional method of shopping in brick-and-mortar stores. In examining financial and internet-related data of 50 major U.S. retailers from 2008 through 2013, I run panel data regressions to identify factors that contribute to the growth of in-store sales revenue and the proportion of online sales. My results indicate that retailers operating a clicks-and-bricks model do not suffer from channel cannibalization but may be forming a synergy across channels, as there are significant increases in measures regarding both physical and online retail operations.

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Bengtsson, Vallin Caroline, and Anna Olausson. "Bricks versus clicks : En studie om Generation Ys val av inköpsplattform vid livsmedelsinköp." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172712.

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Handeln har övergått allt mer till e-handeln, vilket resulterat i ett förändrat konsumentbeteende. Inom dagligvaruhandeln är det vanligaste sättet att handla livsmedel genom den fysiska handeln. Statistik visar att endast några få procent handlar via e-handeln. Det har skapat ökad konkurrens för livsmedelsföretagen som de behöver beakta. Genom att förstå varför kunderna väljer att handla i den fysiska butiken eller via e-handeln kan livsmedelsföretagen anpassa sin verksamhet för att nå ut till fler kunder och öka sin lönsamhet. Studien har riktats in på Generation Y, eftersom deras konsumtionsmönster skiljer sig från andra generationers konsumtionsmönster. Genom att Generation Y vuxit upp med digitaliseringens utveckling skiljer sig deras konsumtionsmönster och e-handeln är mer central för dem. Frågan är om det gäller även för livsmedel. Tidigare forskning vittnar om att Generation Y har andra värderingar, ställer högre krav på företag och är mer illojala än tidigare generationer. För att öka sin förståelse för hur livsmedelsföretagen kan nå Generation Y behöver de förstå vad generationen värderar när de tar beslut, vilket mynnade ut i forskningsfrågan Hur väljer kunder inom generation Y inköpsplattform vid livsmedelsinköp? Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse kring vilka inre och yttre faktorer som har betydelse för kunder inom Generation Ys agerande, för de som väljer att handla via e-handeln och för dem som väljer att handla i den fysiska butiken. I studien identifieras likheter och skillnader mellan faktorerna hos kunderna som handlar i fysisk butik och e-handelskunder. För att kunna besvara studiens forskningsfråga och syfte genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta stycken respondenter tillhörande Generation Y, för att undersöka vilka faktorer som driver dem till att handla livsmedel via den inköpsplattform som de gör. Hälften av respondenterna handlade via den fysiska butiken och den andra halvan via e-handeln, vilket genererar en bild av kundgrupperna som innefattar att vi kan dra slutsatser utifrån det insamlade materialet. Studiens resultat visade att de påverkande faktorerna för kunder vid val av inköpsplattform när de handlar livsmedel baseras på deras livsstil och livssituation. De tre främsta faktorerna som e-handelskunder värderade och påverkades av vid val av inköpsplattform när de handlar livsmedel var sociala aspekter, bekvämlighet och service. Butikskunderna värderade och påverkades främst av vanebeteende, bekvämlighet och produktutbudet när de valde inköpsplattform för livsmedel. En rekommendation till e-handelsföretag är därför att implementera kortare tidsspann för att öka bekvämligheten. En rekommendation till livsmedelsbutikerna är att fokusera mer på “shoppertainment” för att skapa en upplevelse och ökad service i butiken. Detta för att handelsföretagen ska kunna öka sitt kundflöde och lönsamhet.

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Lang, Stefan [Verfasser], Diana [Akademischer Betreuer] Panke, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Mehler. "House of cards or house of bricks? - determinants of post-conflict government stability." Freiburg : Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212360125/34.

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Tian, Zeye. "Homogenization of mechanical and thermal properties of fired clay bricks : effects of porosity." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0010/document.

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En raison de l'exigence de protection de l'environnement, les briques d'argile cuites sont face à une nouvelle tendance de développement. Briques d'argile cuites ne sont pas seulement satisfaits de la mécanique force mais aussi augmentation de l'utilisation de l'énergie. La conductivité thermique est un paramètre très important mesurer l'utilisation de l'énergie. Sur le principe de garantir essentiellement propriétés mécaniques, la réduction de la conductivité thermique a été l'un des développements importants objectifs dans l'industrie du bâtiment.Basé sur l'analyse de la microstructure, les pores microscopiques ont un effet sur la macroscopie constantes élastiques et conductivité thermique. Micropores parallèles résultant de la production les méthodes provoquent l'isotropie transversale des briques d'argile cuites. Cependant, ce n'est pas clair que l'influence des micropores sur les propriétés macroscopiques. Bien que certains modèles étudié l'effet de la porosité sur les propriétés mécaniques des briques d'argile cuite, ces modèles sont empiriques et ont ignoré de nombreuses informations microscopiques. Un des buts de la thèse est d'analyser l'influence de la forme, l'orientation et la distribution spatiale de microscopique facteurs sur les propriétés mécaniques et la conductivité thermique afin de fournir une référence optimiser la micro-structure des briques d'argile cuites
Due to the environmental protection requirement, fired clay bricks are facing new development tendency. Fired clay bricks are not only satisfied with mechanical strength but also rising energy utilization. Thermal conductivity is a very important parameter to measure the energy utilization. On the premise of guaranteeing the basically mechanical properties, reducing thermal conductivity has been one of important development goals in building industry.Based on the analysis of micro-structure, microscopic pores have an effect on macroscopic elastic constants and thermal conductivity. Parallel micropores resulting from producing methods cause the transverse isotropy of fired clay bricks. However, it is not clear that the influence of micropores on the macroscopic properties. Though some models studied the effect of porosity on mechanical properties of fired clay bricks, these models are empirical and ignored many microscopic information. One of the goals of the thesis is to analyze the influence of shape, orientation and spatial distribution of microscopic factors on mechanical properties and thermal conductivity in order to provide a reference to optimize the micro-structure of fired clay bricks

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Araujo, Tamara Vieira, and Roberto Marcio da Silva. "Experimental investigations and validation of a new material model developed for masonry bricks." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/PASA-9BLFQ7.

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This Master Thesis presents static and dynamic material tests conducted for different types of bricks and numerical simulations developed to model static tensile and compression tests conducted at the University of the Bundeswehr. Based on the results of the experimental investigations, a new material model for masonry bricks was developed. This model was implemented with a user subroutine developed in ANSYS AUTODYN. These material models, which are suitable for a detailed micro-model approach, consider the dynamic increase of the material strength and the degradation of the material properties due to fracture and material damage. In this Master Thesis, the analysis of the experimental investigations, the material model developed for bricks and its verification and validation for static tensile and compressive tests are presented.

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Sargent, Sara. "Radiation Shielding Bricks for Mars Using Martian Regolith Simulant and Hydrogen-Rich Polymers." W&M ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550153774.

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Radiation shielding materials are an essential component of long-term space travel and habitation. The mission to Mars will require a radiation shielding material that can be produced on Mars through energy and cost-efficient means. in this study, Martian regolith simulant and hydrogen-rich polymers are used to create a radiation shielding material in the form of bricks. The bricks are capable of shielding against galactic cosmic radiation on Mars. There are three methods in which the bricks were formed: 1) a heated press, 2) a microwave oven in a CO2 atmosphere, and 3) a vacuum oven with a low CO2 pressure. Each brick varies by the type of polymer, percent of polymer, and the method in which it was made. Flexural tests were conducted on the bricks to determine the flexural strength, flexural strain, and modulus of elasticity. OLTARIS was used to estimate the effectiveness of these bricks to shield against GCR on the Martian surface.

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Sousa, Gonçalo Maria Nigra de Castro. "Utilização de resíduos de tijolo na formulação de substratos sem turfa para produção de plantas envasadas." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8501.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The present work aimed to study the possible use of "crushed bricks" (a waste from the bricks manufacturing) as a substrate component for the production of potted herbs in organic farming (OF). Two main substrate components were used: compost (obtained from forestry residues and horse manure) and a mixture of coir and compost (1:1 by volume). Each of these “main” substrate components was mixed with "crushed bricks" in the following proportions by volume: 0%, 5%, 10% and 20%. As a control, a commercial substrate was used. A total of 9 different substrates were studied. The substrates properties and the growth of 4 different species of herbs (coriander, parsley, rosemary and lavender) on those substrates were evaluated. Crushed bricks significantly affected the physical properties of the media, increasing the bulk density and the water retention, but reducing the porosity and the aeration. The addition of 5% crushed bricks proved to be beneficial for the production of aromatic potted plants, because the positive effect on the physical properties of the substrate resulted in an improvement of some plant’s growth parameters, mainly when the main component of the substrate was compost.

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Markle, Ross Edward. "Examining the bricks and mortar of socioeconomic status : an empirical comparison of measurement methods /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (666.26 KB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/doctorate/marklere/marklere_doctorate_04-21-2010.pdf.

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Kintingu, Simion Hosea. "Design of interlocking bricks for enhanced wall construction, flexibility, alignment accuracy and load bearing." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2768/.

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The worldwide housing shortage has stimulated a search for appropriate, easy, fast and cost-effective new ways of wall construction. Among many technologies found to have promise is mortarless technology using dry-stack interlocking bricks/blocks. This thesis is about such mortarless walling technology and in particular: how to improve wall-construction flexibility, the effects of brick irregularities on wall alignment accuracy and wall behaviour (stiffness, strength) when subject to lateral forces. The flexibility of mortarless technology (MT) has been enhanced by the development of new bricks (centre-half bat and tee brick): the introduction of closer bricks led to the formation of two new bonds (patterns) namely Shokse and Lijuja bonds. It is now possible to construct more than half-brick-thick walls, to attach more than half-brickwide piers (buttresses) onto walls, and, using special bricks, to construct polygonal and curved walls using interlocking bricks. Three methods (theoretical modeling, physical experiments and computer simulation) were used to analyze the effects of brick imperfections on wall alignment accuracy. Theoretical analysis confirmed that brick moulders should concentrate on achieving parallel top and bottom faces rather than achieving true square-ness. Physical column assembly compared three brick-laying strategies namely: “random”, “reversing” and “replace”. The columns assembled using the “reversing” and “replace” strategies realized alignment improvement factors of 1.6 and 2.9 respectively over “random” strategy. The research also revealed that grooving, to prevent bricks making contact near their centre lines, improved column alignment by factor 2.13 and stiffness by factor 2.0, thus allowing construction of longer and higher walls without strengthening measures. In order to attain alignment accuracy in accordance with BS 5628-3:2005 in a dry-stack mortarless wall, this research recommends using full bricks with top and bottom surface irregularities not exceeding ±0.5mm for un-grooved bricks, and up-to ±0.9mm for grooved bricks. Further analysis was undertaken with respect to resource-use implications (cement, water, soil) of employing MT. Using MT will save 50% of wall construction cost and 50% cement consumption, which ultimately will reduce 40% of carbon emissions.

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Knapp, Henning [Verfasser]. "Sensor-Based identification of Elemental Carbon and Metal in Spent Refractory Bricks / Henning Knapp." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/115983704X/34.

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Schmidheiny, Martin John. "Seeing red| Characterizing historic bricks at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York 1652-1735." Thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1572465.

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The goal of this project is to develop a basic material characterization of the bricks excavated at the site of Sylvester Manor on Shelter Island, New York. In the early Manor period of 1650-1690, this early Northern provisioning plantation supplied Barbadian sugar operations and pursued mercantile interests independent of state control. Accounting for the range of production defects and material characteristics of the bricks suggests on-site or local manufacture as a regional ceramic industry developed. Qualitative visual analysis and petrographic thin-sections were used to characterize the internal composition, variation and production evidence in the bricks. Interpreting the results of this analysis offers alternatives to the assumptions about building materials on the site, using material properties to assess the role of building materials as the landscape changed.

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39

Gough, Katherine. "From bamboo to bricks : self-help housing and the materials industry in urban Colombia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416491.

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40

Liss, Louis A. "Transformative bricks and sticks : boosting commercial and mixed-use rehabilitation projects in TDI districts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118247.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 68-70).
MassDevelopment's Transformative Development Initiative (TDI) has brought coordination, local capacity building and in some cases, added investment to Gateway Cities struggling to bring investment into their cores. However, real estate development in weak markets remains fundamentally challenging, with each project requiring substantial development expertise and political support to cobble together a complex stack of public and private capital. Existing knowledge on the community development ecosystem suggests that commercial and mixed-use projects that rehabilitate existing buildings can be the most challenging to implement due to capital intensiveness and risk. These projects can often also deliver significant place-making and economic development benefits. This client-based thesis seeks to consider the role that state equity investments could play across different project types. After considering the policy and political context of TDI, this thesis will use the Brockton context as a lens for recommending an alternative strategy-the "condo approach"- for MassDevelopment to deploy its TDI Equity Investment funds. Client-based learning, market research, stakeholder interviews, and financial modeling help to inform this strategy.
by Louis A. Liss.
M.C.P.

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41

Albinsson, Malin, Uljanna Torstensson, and My Wessberg. "E-handel i förändring : Hur etableringen av fysisk butik förändrat ekonomistyrningen i clicks to bricks-företag." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54234.

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Inledning: På senare tid har mer uppmärksamhet dragits till fördelarna med fysiska butiker, speciellt nu med en ökad konkurrens på nätet. Det har lett till att företag har gått från att enbart bedriva e-handel till att även komplettera med att etablera fysisk butik; clicks to bricks. När företag förändrar sin strategi måste de också anpassa sin ekonomistyrning. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap genom att hitta mönster i hur ekonomistyrningen förändrats i samband med etableringen av fysiska butiker hos företag som startat som e-handelsföretag. Metod: Två företag som genomfört förändringen clicks to bricks har legat till grund för denna studie. För att bringa klarhet i vår frågeställning har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med respektive företag. Slutsats: Företag som har genomgått clicks to bricks har upplevt både interna och externa förändringar som resulterat i ett ökat behov av formella styrmedel, där budget och kortsiktig planering har varit extra framträdande. MCS har blivit mer öppet för att snabbt kunna hantera förändringar som sker. Somliga verktyg i ekonomistyrningen, såsom företagskultur, har inte av vad som framkommit i denna studie förändrats efter etableringen av fysisk butik. I andra verktyg har det tillkommit moment; bland annat kräver fysisk butik andra mätsystem samt används verktyg i ekonomistyrningen i andra syften än tidigare. Nyckelord: clicks to bricks, ekonomistyrning, situationsanpassning, MCS-paket
Introduction: Lately, more attention has been drawn to the benefits of physical stores, particularly now with an increased competition on the web. This has led companies to go from only selling online to also complement the e-commerce by establishing physical stores; clicks to bricks. When companies change their strategy, they also have to adapt their MCS. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute knowledge by finding patterns in how the MCS has changed companies going from clicks to bricks. Methodology: Two companies that’ve gone from clicks to bricks have been the basis for this study. To clarify our issue, semi-structured interviews were conducted with each company. Conclusion: Companies that’ve gone from clicks to bricks have experienced both internal and external changes that resulted in an increased need for formal controls, where budget and short-term planning have been particularly prominent. The MCS has been more open to be able to quickly handle sudden changes as they occur. Some controls in the MCS, such as the business culture, hasn’t from this study's findings been affected. In other controls elements have been added; physical stores' requires other measurements, among others. Also some MCS controls are now used for other purposes than before clicks to bricks. Key words: clicks to bricks, management control systems, contingency, MCS as a package

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Ozer, Muhammed Said. "Production And Characterization Of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Based Polishing Bricks For Polishing Of Ceramic Tiles." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610266/index.pdf.

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Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) based grinding and polishing bricks developed for polishing of granite based ceramic tiles were produced and characterized. For surface grinding 46 and 180 grit size SiO2 powder embedded MOC based abrasive bricks
for polishing 600 and 1200 grit size SiC powder embedded MOC based abrasive bricks followed by neat (unreinforced) MOC pastes were applied on ceramic tiles. Three different neat MOC pastes depending on MgO/MgCl2 molar ratio in the paste e.g. 6/1, 7/1, and 8/1, were formed and evaluated. Grinding bricks were formed by adding 30 weight percentage, wt%, of both SiO2 powders. Polishing bricks were formed by adding 20, 25, and 30 wt% of both SiC powders. X-Ray diffraction analyses revealed that MOC F5 was the main crystalline phase in the neat MOC pastes. Additions of both SiO2 and SiC powders enhanced mechanical properties namely
compressive strength and abrasion resistance, chemical durability in water and polishing ability of MOC paste. More than 25 wt% addition of SiC powders had a tendency to decrease the compressive strength and water resistance of MOC paste. Polishing performance of abrasive bricks was evaluated in terms of mean surface roughness of ceramic tiles and abrasive brick consumption upon polishing. Scanning Electron Microscope examinations revealed the evidences of the reasons that 25 wt% SiC powder embedded abrasive bricks has the best qualifications in terms of abrasion resistance and polishing performance.

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Schlangenotto, Darius [Verfasser]. "Consumer responses to paid search : empirical evidence from a bricks-and-mortar retailer / Darius Schlangenotto." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1159954682/34.

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Huang, Chiu-sung, and 黃秋松. "Development of Clay Bricks Adding Geopolymer." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w555ph.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
100
The raw material of the traditional clay bricks is clay. They are manufactured by mixing and compacting into blocks, and after drying out then put into a 900 ~ 1000℃ brick furnace for few days. The compressive strength of regular clay bricks is about 300 kgf/cm2. A recent developed material, namely geopolymer, has performed quite well in replacing adhesive materials such as cement and epoxy. The present research is attempting to add a certain percentage of the geopolymer into clay. It is expected that the temperature and the duration of the furnace can be reduced to achieve or increase the strength of clay brick in order to save energy. The results showed that when the ratio of kaolin used in the geopolymer and clay was 1:1, the compressive strength could be up to 383kgf/cm2 even under room temperature. Further put it under temperature of 300 °C for one hour, the compressive strength was increased to 430 kgf/cm2, the increment is approximately 12.27%. While increase the ratio to 1:6, the compressive strength was 23kgf/cm2 under room temperature, and calcinated 12 hours under temperature of 1000℃, its compressive strength jumped to 213 kgf/cm2, with a increment of 826%. It is seemed that the heat energy required is much lower than the traditional clay bricks, revealing the potential of saving energy and carbon dioxide..

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Wen-HanChung and 鍾文瀚. "Design and Simulation of Aqua-Bricks." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77097351749900808298.

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碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系
102
Aqua-bricks are temporary storage facility and this design can slow down water into the sea efficiently. In storing up water difficult area, this type of storge facility is more important. The advantages of Aqua-Bricks are large storage, high storage efficiency, easy to transport, high structural strength. Aqua-Bricks could be used to irrigating and conservation of water and soil. In foreign, structures combined ecolgy with storage are common. The wide variety of function lead to maximize the water. The design of Aqua-Bricks uses internal space to store water.Every Aqua-Bricks stacks each other layer by layer and would be buried in the ground. Aqua-Brick's tubes support the weight of the structure.This paper focuses on tube design to improve the storage efficiency.The objectives are improving the storage rate and strengthen the structural strength. This facility can be applied to the playground, parking and so on. First, we constructed geometry and calculated storage efficiency of water and weight of Aqua-Bricks by using cad software. we designed to shrinking the diameter of the middle part of tube for improving storage efficiency. In addition, designing the ribs in skrinking part strengthens the structual strength. We simulated four ribs and eight ribs design.According to simulation results, the four ribs design are more closed to the purpose.Then, we discussed the results of modal analysis.It’s can avoid resonance frequency.Last, we researched the influence with earthquake in order to confirm the safety of design. From the results, Aqua-Bricks’ storage efficiency reached to 95% and the weight of Aqua-Brick is 2.9Kg. This design can sustain 116200N weight. Every Aqua-Bricks is linked each other by hook.The board which dug hole in the surface is easy to osmsis for water. The board design is also very important in the paper.

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Chung-WeiChang and 張雋緯. "Mineral reactions between MgO-C bricks and slag in ladle and its relation to brick degradation." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87009327952251663731.

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碩士
國立成功大學
地球科學系碩博士班
101
MgO-C bricks are widely used in steelmaking industry, usually as linings in basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace. They are also the best materials for lining the slag-line in steel ladles. Because the MgO-C bricks are subjected to corrosion by steel melt and molten slag, they flake off from furnace and ladle; therefore, are one of the consumable materials. This thesis investigated the mineral reactions in the MgO-C brick + slag system and addressed the association of these mineral reactions with the corrosion of the MgO-C bricks. The outcome provides critical references for prolonging the lifetime of the steel ladle MgO-C bricks. SEM and EDS analyses on a MgO-C brick removed from ladle after ~70 times of steel refining process showed three different mineral assemblage zones between the slag–brick transition. They are, from closest to slag toward brick, decarburization zone, slag-side reaction zone, and brick-side reaction zone. The decarburization zone is characterized by relatively large volume of pore space, which has been commonly interpreted as vacancies resulted from carbon removal from the MgO-C bricks during heating. The pore space was filled by periclase originated as crystals from MgO vapor and as relicts from brick degradation. The simple mineral assemblage in the decarburization zone contrasts to the sophisticated ones in the reaction zone. The slag-side reaction zone is composed of gelhenite, spinel, melilite, merwinite, monticellite and glassy matrix. The majority (9 of 18) of the glass composition analyses resulted in sub-equal amounts of Al2O3 and CaO (~39%) with ~20% SiO2 and 〈 1% MgO. This composition can be explained as addition of SiO2 and MgO derived from bricks into the molten slag that crystallized C3A and C12A7. Other glass compositions are characterized by lower Al2O3 contents of 22–8%. The association of these glass compositions and coexisting minerals was justified by relevant phase diagrams in the Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–MgO system. The observed mineral assemblage is consistent with crystallization from a melt with composition similar to the high Al2O3 glass in a general sequence of gelhenite  spinel + melilite  spinel + melilite + merwinite  melilite + merwinite + monticellite. Melts with compositions similar to the ~10%-Al2O3 glass were in equilibrium with monticellite-containing mineral assemblages. Element mapping showed systematical increases in Al2O3, MgO, and SiO2 and a decrease in CaO contents toward brick. Based on the fact that such a variation pattern reflects changes in mineral assemblages, this feature is explained by two models: (1) crystallization from melts whose compositions subjected to varying extents of contamination from bricks, and (2) fractional crystallization from a compositionally homogeneous melt. The brick-side reaction zone is dominated by spinel, fosterite and monticellite. Fosterite formed as a product of interaction between periclase and SiO2 vapor derived from oxidation of Si metal in the bricks. The fosterite then reacted with the slag-derived or brick-derived CaO components to form monticellite. The formation mechanisms of minerals in the reaction zone lead to three lines of connections to brick degradation. (1) Interaction between periclase in the brick and the FeO and MnO components in the slag formed (Mg, Fe, Mn)O, which subsequently dissolved into the slag for lower melting point. (2) Partial melting of the interstitial phases in the sintered periclase led to gradual disintegration of brick. (3) Dissolution of minerals formed in the reaction zone facilitated brick degradation. These should be considered for extending the lifetime of the steel ladle MgO-C brick.

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47

Hu, Cong-Yuan, and 胡琮淵. "Study on Mechanical Properties and Efflorescence Appearance of High-Pressure Bricks and Pervious Bricks in Different Curing Environments." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45d26k.

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碩士
國立高雄科技大學
土木工程系
107
In recent years, Taiwans economy has developed rapidly. With the development of the city, the design of high-pressure bricks and properties bricks should also pay attention to the aesthetic requirements and the strength and water permeability required by the regulations. In order to effectively reduce the phenomenon of efflorescence appearance on the structure, this study has made three different match ratios in the concrete brick factory with the same water-colloid ratio of 0.35 ,and use a molding pressure of 50 kg/cm2 to made 20 cm×20 cm×6 cm general high-pressure bricks, add calcium carbonate high-pressure bricks and pervious bricks.And curing them on hardened concrete, sandy soil layer, wooden pallet, sell with plastic wrap and constant temperature and humidity chamber. The curing age is 2, 7, 28, 56 and 91 days, the compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, coefficient of permeability, Paint.net image analysis, scraping rate test SEM analysis and EDS analysis were used to investigate the hard-solid properties of age, explore curing environment and bricks type and the influence of efflorescence appearance. The results show that the compressive strengths of general high-pressure bricks, add calcium carbonate high-pressure bricks and pervious bricks are respectively 46.78 MPa~ 84.97 MPa, 56.89 MPa~100.23 MPa, 35.38 MPa~59.20 MPa. The ultrasonic pulse velocity respectively is between 3296 m/s ~4524 m/s and 3567 m/s ~5703 m/s, 2623 m/s ~4319 m/s, the coefficient of permeability on the pervious bricks is higher than 1×10-2 cm/sec. Efflorescence appearance quantitative analysis is analyzed by Painet.net image analysis and scraping rate test, regardless of the surface area or the underlying efflorescence appearance area ratio. Both the scraping amount and the curing condition of the hardened concrete were higher than other curing conditions, and the amount of efflorescence appearance produced by the bottom layer was 5.31 %~19.82 % more than that of the surface layer. Microscopic analysis showed many crystalline calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) by SEM analysis. Colloid about 20~25 % of cement volume; another EDS analysis confirmed that efflorescence appearance mainly uses calcium (Ca) as the main element, accounting for 6.64 %, which is much higher than other elements, and the above results are combined with plastic wrap. Sealing and curing methods can inhibit the formation of white crystals.

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Zhou, Shuxin. "Hydration mechanisms of magnesia-based refractory bricks." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17312.

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Hydration of magnesia-based refractory bricks could occur during storage, during drying after installation, or in service, and the hydration would cause damage to refractory bricks and furnace linings. In order to understand the hydration mechanisms of magnesia-based refractories, three types of bricks were chosen: magnesia, magnesia-spinel and magnesiachrome bricks, and hydration tests were performed at 60 to 130°C in 98% relative humidity, water, and steam. The variation of the modulus of elasticity (MOE), determined by the impulse excitation technique (IET), as well as apparent porosity, air permeability, pore size and pore size distribution were correlated with the hydration data. The phase compositions and microstructure modifications were also studied on selected specimens by XRD and SEM/EDS. Based on the experimental results, a hydration model of "cylindrical pore model" was established and a hydration mechanism was suggested. The hydration takes place in three stages. In the first stage, which is controlled by chemical reaction, a film of brucite forms and MOE quickly increases. During the second stage, which is controlled by diffusion, the MOE gradually reaches a maximum value followed by a slow, decrease due to the formation of cracks on the film and weakening of grain boundaries until the MOE reaches the initial value. At this point, the third stage, corresponding to "dusting", starts to take place until the brick disintegrates. The results also indicate that the hydration rate increases with rising temperature and the CaO/SiO₂ ratio. The variations in permeability and porosity are opposite to that in MOE. A nondestructive method - IET to assess the hydration degree of magnesia-based refractory bricks was proposed.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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49

Lin, Yu-Sheng, and 林育生. "Producing clay bricks containing recycled glass cullet." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06308739756206924058.

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碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
101
Bricks are made from clay by burning it at high temperatures. With their attractive appearances and superior properties such as high compressive strength and durability, excellent fire and weather resistance, good thermal and sound insulation, bricks have been widely used for building, civil engineering work, and landscape design over a long period of time. In view of increasing concerns over natural resource increasing depletion and over waste management, this study aimed to investigate the effect of waste glass on the properties of fired clay brick. First, the test variables in a laboratory scale include cullet content, drying method, preheat time, sintering temperature. In order to obtained optimize the selected results, the analysis of variance method was used to explore the effects of the experimental factors on the performances (brick density, water absorption, bloating ratio, loss of ignition, porosity, and compressive strength) of the produced brick. The microstructures of the fired samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Then, the large-scale production techniques for producing clay bricks containing recycled glass cullet was developed in a commercially available tunnel kiln. The test results showed that the structure of sintered specimen was loose at a sintering temperatures ranged from 900℃-950℃. However, the sintered specimen showed a significant densification at the sintering temperature of 1050℃. On the other hand, the characteristics of sintered specimen developed in a commercially available tunnel kiln were in compliance with CNS class Ι building bricks criteria. Moreover, Taguchi method is a promising approach for optimizing process condition of brick using recycled glass cullet and reservoir sediments and it significantly reduces the number of tests.

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LO, CHIEN-YUNG, and 羅健勇. "Research on Reinforced Concrete Permeable Paving Bricks." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3rz88x.

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碩士
大漢技術學院
土木工程與環境資源管理研究所
106
ABSTRACT Although commercially available permeable concrete paving blocks comply with the related requirements of CNS14995 in terms of their compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability coefficients, cracks often appear in these blocks after an extensive period of use. This study was conducted to improve the low flexural strength of permeable concrete paving blocks by placing 5mm steel wires inside these blocks. Reinforcing the flexural strength of permeable blocks enables sustaining the water retention ability of the floor while reducing the frequent needs for repairing the concrete blocks used in pavements and footpaths. The study results were as follows: 1. Inserting 9-φ5mm steel wires into a 30cm×30cm×8cm permeable concrete paving block reinforced the flexural strength of the blocks, which were capable of sustaining the wheel weight stipulated in the HS20 highway bridge regulations. 2. The flexural strength of the specimens in this study was affected by their porosity; low porosity led to high flexural strength, and vice versa. The highest flexural strength was achieved when the porosity was lower than 13%. 3. The flexural strength of permeable concrete paving blocks was highly correlated with their porosity. The manufacturing of such blocks should adopt a direct approach in controlling the weight of each block in order to achieve a greater control of the flexural strength. 4. Increasing the amount of fine aggregate in permeable concrete paving blocks enhanced the flexural strength but reduced the permeability coefficient. Therefore, the fine aggregate content should be adequately controlled to meet the flexural strength and permeability requirements.

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