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1
Dhoska, Klodian, Saimir Tola, Agus Pramono, and Indrit Vozga. "Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of the mechanical resistance of the brick samples by using uniaxial compressive strength test." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2018012.
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Clay bricks are the most important engineering materials that can influence the quality of the construction. The quality control of the clay bricks is of prime importance to improve the quality of engineering construction. The qualities of bricks for construction applications should be checked for various types of inspection services. In this article, our inspection service was focused on compression strength test on bricks to determine their mechanical resistance and suitability for construction work. The accurate method for clay brick's production measurements has been elaborated using uniaxial compressive strength testing machine. The method was tested for a rectangular clay brick manufactured with size approximately 250 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm. The measurement method and standard uncertainty estimation of uniaxial compressive strength are briefly described in this article.
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P. Nandurkar, B., and Dr A. M. Pande. "Critical studies on bond strengths of masonry units." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15308.
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Performance of masonry is normally attributed to compressive strength of individual units, water absorption of individual units, strength of masonry mortar and the bond between mortar and individual units. Many researches in the past have contributed towards the bond strength and relevance of compressive strength of mortar in achieving good bonds. However, the quality of bricks available in India significantly vary from region the region. Thus, a need is felt in understanding bond strength of masonry. In this paper three types of mortars(total nine combinations), two types of bricks (red clay brick and fly ash brick) are considered, tests such as compressive strength, water absorption of the bricks, compressive strength of various mortar combinations, flexure bond strength and shear bond strength are presented. Failure patterns of the masonry units are also discussed. Results of the two tests show noticeable variation in bond strengths, however the shear bond strength has significant relationship with the compressive strength of mortar. The research outcome also points towards using bricks in saturated condition for achieving adequate performance.
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Suciu, Ovidiu, Radu Cruciat, and Cristian Lucian Ghindea. "Experimental Case Studies on Clay Fired Bricks Compressive Strength." Key Engineering Materials 601 (March 2014): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.601.215.
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Modern age manufacture technology requires controlled conditions for the burning and pressing of the clay bricks, while in the past these aspects weren't strictly controlled. It is expected to have different behaviours of the brick units for existing masonry buildings, as a result of the diverse fabrication technologies at different moments in time. The present paper presents a case study about the experimental testing on two batches of clay fired bricks. First batch is obtained from an existing structures and the second batch is represented by new bricks. Compression tests were conducted on specimens extracted from every batch of bricks. The experimental tests were carried out according to the current national standard for masonry units. For every tested batch of bricks, the standardized compression strength was computed as an arithmetic mean of the corrected ultimate stress. Following the large dispersion of the results for the specimens obtained from old bricks, the authors consider the standard method to determine the compressive strength of the bricks isn’t suitable for the determination of the brick batch class. Therefore, a series of probabilistic calculation were conducted by the assimilation of the experimental tests results to the processing methods characteristic for masonry. Using these procedures, the characteristic and the 5% fractile value of the compressive strength were determined for every batch of masonry units.
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Chang, Jin, Shi-lin Luo, Aierken Ailifeila, Lin-lin Chong, and Jian-qing Jiang. "Effects of Coarse and Fine Crushed Clay Brick Content on the Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and the Microscopic Mechanism." Geofluids 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1341185.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the compressive strength and microstructural evolution of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) containing coarse and fine clay brick aggregates. The compressive strength tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were performed on RAC and natural aggregate concrete (NAC) containing different coarse and fine crushed clay brick contents. The results showed that the compressive strength of NAC and RAC decreased with the increase of crushed clay brick content, and the growth rate of their compressive strength slowed down with the increase of age. At the same age and replacement rate, fine crushed clay bricks had less effect on the compressive strength of RAC than coarsely crushed clay bricks. The compressive strength of RAC aged 60 days, mixed with 60% fine brick slag and mixed with 60% coarse brick slag, is 10.49% and 14.75% lower than that of RAC aged 60 days and mixed with 0% fine brick slag, respectively. Compared with RAC, the compressive strength of NAC was more significantly affected by grading. The interfacial transition zones inside RAC had loose crystals and high porosity, with a weak adhesion between the crushed clay bricks and mortar interfaces. The crushed clay bricks did not affect the types of concrete hydration products, and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) and Ca(OH)2 crystals remained the early hydration products in RAC with crushed clay bricks. Nevertheless, the crushed clay bricks inhibited the hydration reaction of the concrete, resulting in decreasing hydration products in NAC, RAC, and RAC with crushed clay bricks.
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Mulinta, Soravich. "Influence of Grog and Cement on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Unfired Clay Bricks." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.41.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of red clay, grog and cement content (5,10,15,20%) on unfired clay brick’s properties. The comparative properties of construction bricks produced by the community fulfilled the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 77-2545) for brick processing in Small and Micro Community Enterprise of Clay Brick Making Group in Son Bun Reung village. The physical and mechanical properties were tested consisting of the volume shrinkage, bulk density, appearance porosity, moisture expansion, slaking, compressive and fractural strength. The result showed that physical-mechanical properties were improved by the addition of cement. The unfired clay brick consisting of 100% grog and 20% cement had 4.5% shrinkage value. The bulk density and appearance porosity were 1.77 g/cm2 and 3.5%, respectively. The fractural strength of unfired clay bricks was 41.2 kg/cm2. The compressive strength of unfired clay bricks was 282.4 kg/cm2. The clay bricks were not slaking.
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Mail, Abdul, Ebang, Nurhayati Fauf, and Muhammad Fachry Hafid. "Composition Analysis of Perforated Concrete Roster Raw Materials To Improve Product Compressive Strength Using Experimental Design Approach." Journal of Industrial System Engineering and Management 1, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56882/jisem.v1i1.5.
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The compressive strength of lightweight bricks produced by CV. Sinar Jaya Maros has a very high variation because there is no standard raw material composition that meets SNI standards, according to SNI 03-0349-1989 that the requirements for hollow concrete bricks for K-350 concrete quality must have a compressive strength of 350 kg/cm2. This research was conducted to design an improvement or quality improvement of hollow concrete brick products in CV. Sinar Jaya Maros. The quality improvement is in increasing the compressive strength of the concrete brick with an optimal composition. Quality improvement was carried out by using the Taguchi method experimental design to obtain the optimal combination of compositions. The orthogonal array notation used is L9(34) with material control factors in the form of cement (A), water (B), and (C), and Casting plaster (D). Data processing is carried out by calculating ANOVA on the average value and S/N Ratio with the best nominal classification. The classification was chosen because the closer to the compressive strength based on the SNI of hollow concrete bricks, the higher the quality of the concrete bricks. This ANOVA calculation is carried out to know which factors have a significant effect on the compressive strength of concrete bricks. The test conducted to determine the quality of lightweight bricks is the compressive strength test of concrete which is carried out using a compression machine. Based on the results of data processing, the ratio of the optimal composition of cement:water: sand was obtained by 2:1:3,5. Confirmation experiments prove that the compressive strength of the composition is robust.
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Djaelani, Mohammad, Didit Darmawan, Ella Anastasya Sinambela, and Rahayu Mardikaningsih. "Comparison Study Of Compressive Strength Of Red Bricks And Light Bricks." Jurnal Ilmiah Vastuwidya 5, no. 2 (August 9, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jiv.v5i2.662.
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The progress of development in Indonesia is very rapid, building materials are demanded to have very good quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of the compressive strength of red brick and lightweight brick as it should be in the field of development that affects economic development, in this study it is very useful for the community when buying materials. This type of research is qualitative. The data was obtained by conducting research on data analysis techniques. used is to use a formula to determine the value of compressive strength. The results showed that red bricks and light bricks had different compressive strength values. Lightweight bricks which are heated in the sun for 7 days have a compressive strength value of 58.916 kg/cm², while those that are soaked in water for 4 days have a compressive strength value of 36.256 kg/cm² and those which are blown in the wind for 28 days have a compressive strength value of 45.32 kg/cm². cm². for red bricks that are dried for 5 days and then burned for 1 day. after the red bricks are ripe and then heated in the sun for 7 days has a compressive strength value of 33,709 kg/cm² while those that are soaked for 4 days have a compressive strength value of 29,495 kg/cm² and those that are ventilated for 28 days have a compressive strength value of 25,281 kg/cm².
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Dzulkifli, NA, RC Omar, Fathoni Usman, Hairin Taha, and KA Sanusi. "Compressive Strength of Vege-Grout Bricks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22902.
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Brick is one of largest material used in construction of infrastructure all over the world. A conventional bricks such as clay brick and concrete brick are produced from clay with high temperature kiln firing and from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete respectively. Both of this activities lead to CO2 emission. The burning process requires high temperature at the same time release carbon dioxide and pollute the environment. At present, carbon emissions has become a crucial issues in the society that must be solved. Several studies had demonstrated that brick can be produced from bacteria based on Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP). The objective of this study is to develop cement free- brick from vegetables waste with added eggshell as calcium additive to induce biocementation of brick. Brick specimen was cast in the mould size 210 x 90 x 65 mm and casting for 28 days. The study showed that there was an increased in compressive strength up to 0.062 N/mm2 as the curing period increased to 28 days which showed the occurrence of biocementation activities. SEM-EDX analysis confirmed the presence of calcite precipitation. The result indicated that vege-grout can be used as binding agent for biocementation to produce bricks.
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Sonata, Herix, Dewi Yudiana Shinta, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "PEMANFAATAN ABU LIMBAH KERTAS PADA PEMBUATAN BATU BATA." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.15.1.p.109-120.
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The increasing number of population each year makes the number of building needs for houses, buildings, schools, offices and other infrastructure will increase. In general, building consumption cannot be separated from the use of bricks as a form of wall construction in building construction. The size and compressive strength of bricks circulating in the market are of poor quality which comes from fabrication, local work or home industries. In the brick-making process, bricklayers only use certain types of soil to maintain the quality of brick production. As a result, the availability of soil as the main material in brick making will decrease. Another alternative to meet the shortcomings of the brick-forming material and make it stronger and more durable, can be used as a substitute for other materials such as waste paper. The use of paper waste is an effort to find new types of building materials and to reduce environmental pollution problems due to paper waste. This study aims to analyze the concentration of the addition of paper waste ash on the strength of the bricks. The benefit of this research is as an alternative study of meeting the needs of brick raw materials for environmentally friendly buildings by utilizing paper waste ash. The results showed the effect of a mixture of paper waste ash as a clay additive on the compressive strength of normal bricks (fc '2.9 MPa). The percentage value of compressive strength with a mixture of paper waste ash 3% obtained an average compressive strength of 40.10 kg / cm2, 5% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength of 61.48 kg / cm2 and 7% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength average 64.12 kg / cm2 against the compressive strength of normal bricks 37.28 kg / cm2. The conclusion of this research is that the variation of the mixture of paper waste ash with a variation of 7% paper waste ash mixture exceeding 60 kg / cm² (compressive strength class III) SNI 15-2094-2000a. This shows that paper waste ash can increase the compressive strength of bricks.
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Guo, Chen, Jiafeng Kong, Zhenghua Wang, Xiangbin Meng, Yuchao Zhao, Wenhao Wu, and Hongzhu Quan. "Study on Preparation and Properties of Sintered Brick from Multi-Source Solid Waste." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 10181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app121910181.
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The recycling of construction waste and the use of a new sintering process in the field of sintered bricks can greatly solve the problems of clay resource depletion, soil structure destruction, and high CO2 emissions that always limit the development of the sintered brick field. The study was carried out using an orthogonal experiment to derive the optimal mix ratio for the preparation of sintered bricks, and subsequently, the sintered bricks were prepared using the optimal mix ratio. The experimental results show that the maximum compressive strength of construction waste sintered brick (MRB sintered brick) prepared using high-temperature sintering is 8.1 MPa, and the water absorption is 11. When the waste glass slag is mixed with 10%, it can show a better fluxing effect in the preparation of sintered bricks by mixing construction waste with waste glass slag (MGB sintered bricks), so that the MGB sintered bricks have a higher densification. The compressive strength is 32.9% higher and the water absorption is 3.5% lower than that of MRB sintered brick. MGS sintered bricks were prepared by mixing Yellow River sedimentary sand into MGB sintered bricks. The strength of MGS sintered bricks increased with the replacement rate of Yellow River sedimentary sand, and when the replacement rate of Yellow River sedimentary sand reached 16%, the strength of the MGS sintered bricks increased by 88.9%, and the water absorption rate was reduced by 4.6% compared with the MGB sintered bricks. The sintering mechanism had significant effects on the compressive strength, weathering resistance, and frost resistance of the sintered brick. The microwave sintering process has the characteristics of high efficiency, uniform heating, selective heating, and low thermal inertia, which can increase the compressive strength of MGS sintered brick by 4.6%, reduce the water absorption by 12.9%, shorten the sintering time by 43.6%, and improve the frost resistance.
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Muyen, Z., TN Barna, and MN Hoque. "Strength properties of plastic bottle bricks and their suitability as construction materials in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i3.30833.
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Among several waste reduction strategies, one that is gaining momentum is the development of construction materials that reuses a number of solid wastes. The bottle brick is one such invention. Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles packed with other dry solid wastes or sand and earth has been successfully used in a number of countries around the world. This study looked into the strength properties of waste PET bottles filled with fine sand. Five different sizes (250, 500, 1250, 1500 and 2000ml) of waste PET bottle bricks were tested for compressive strength and the largest bricks gave a compressive strength of 17.44MPa. The 1000ml bottle brick filled cubes with 9 and 12 bottles were prepared and tested. The 9 bottle brick filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 35MPa and the 12 bottle bricks filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 33.7MPa. These bottle brick filled cylinders exhibited double the compressive strength of conventional concrete cylinders.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 362-368, 2016
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Namboonruang, Weerapol, Rattanakorn Rawangkul, Wanchai Yodsudjai, and Nutthanan Suphadon. "1 Year Long Term on Strength Properties of Pozzolanics Local Soil Bricks." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 1381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1381.
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This work emphasizes on the study of Pozzolanics Local Soil Brick properties. The compressive strength and flexural strength on modulus of rupture properties are investigated. At the ratio of 5% Portland cement type 1 and 30% fly ashes by weight at water powder ratio (w/p) 0.3525. This brick is called as Pozzolanics soil bricks. Their properties are compared to soil cement bricks (RCM35) at the age of 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 and 360. Results show that the compressive strength and flexural strength increase with increasing curing time. The compressive strength and the flexural strength at 360 day curing times increases as 41.83% and 43.77%, respectively compared at 28 day curing times. Similar to soil cement bricks, the compressive strength and flexural strength of Pozzolanics soil bricks increase as 20.80% and 11.94% respectively compared between 360 day and 28 day curing times. However, comparing to RCM35 at 360 days the compressive strength and the flexural strength are lower as 60.43% and 4.90 times respectively.
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Medika, Yovanda Putra, Elhusna Elhusna, and Ade Sri Wahyuni. "PENGARUH PROSES PENGADUKAN TANAH LIAT TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BATA MERAH." Inersia, Jurnal Teknik Sipil 10, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.10.2.29-34.
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One of the conventional brick production processes is the clay stirring process, which the red brick clay mortar mix is, done by stepping on it. This research is aimed to know the duration of stepping on the process of the clay mortar mixing to the red brick properties. The method of this research is experimental. The brick making process is done in the way that the factory does. The variation of stepping on brick dough is about 20, 25, 30, 32, 35 and 40 minutes where 32minutes is factory time. The objects of the test created on this research is 15 for normal bricks and 90 for variation bricks. The testing of the compressive strength of the brick refers to SNI 03-416-1996 and uses the Compression Machine Hand Operated with capacity 250 kN. The biggest of of the compressive strength of the brick is on stepping on brick dough in 40 minutes with 1,09 MPa. This research shows that the length of the stirring process determines the strength of the produced bricks; simply put, the longer the stirring process gets, the stronger bricks become.
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Panennungi, T., Bakhrani A. Rauf, Asmah Adam, Irma Aswani Ahmad, and Onesimus Sampebua. "Mechanical Properties of Brick Using Rice Husk Ash." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1209, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1209/1/012005.
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Abstract Rice husk waste is very much produced because Indonesia is an agricultural country. This waste is freely burned around the factory and produces ash. This study used rice husk ash as an additive in bricks. This research aims to describe: (1) the compressive strength of brick with various percentages of RHA (0% - 15%), (2) the water absorption of brick with various percentages of RHA (0% - 15%), and (3) quality level of compressive strength and water absorption based on Indonesian Standard SNI 15-2094-2000. The methods are: (1) preparation of clay and rice husk ash, (2) produce brick with different percentages of RHA, (3) Drying with direct sunlight and furnacing with rice husk on an industrial site, (4) examining compressive strength and water absorption, and(5) analyzing data to find out compressive strength and water absorption, and quality of brick. The results showed that the use of RHA added to bricks caused a decrease in compressive strength. Meanwhile, the water absorption value of the bricks increases significantly. The RHA brick did not meet the requirements based on the compressive strength. However, according to water absorption, 5% RHA and 10% RHA meet the requirements.
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Huang, Bing Zhang, Jun Lai, Bang Biao Huang, and Ji Zhen Zhu. "Experimental Study on the Effect to Compressive Strength of Flux on Sludge Lightweight Sintered Shale Brick." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 2330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2330.
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The study of compressive strength of brick is very important and valuable in Mechanical testing. In this paper, an experiment on the effect to compressive strength of flux on sludge lightweight sintered shale brick is presented in details, by studying different ratio of raw materials, finding a scientific processing method for municipal sludge and getting a new method to improve bricks compressive strength. Experiments take different ratio of municipal sludge shale brick and flux as materials, making maximum firing temperature of 950°C, finding different sludge lightweight sintered shale bricks compressive strength data, finding a suitable ratio to meet the requirements for using as load-bearing walls.
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Farazela, MS, MN Arib, MS Muhamad Azmi, AS Shazmin Aniza, and AZ Azhan. "Compressive Strength Performance of Composite Sand Cement Brick with Power Saw Wood." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2051, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2051/1/012050.
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Abstract Malaysia is experiencing an unprecedented growth of its urban centre due to its developing economy and industrialization, causing the demand of bricks production to be high. This increased the price of river sand. Further, the river sand may be depleted in the future if there is no alternative taken in reducing the usage of river sand in building materials due to the limited natural resources supply. Therefore, this research concentrates on using waste material like wood fiber waste (WFW) in order to reduce river sand in the fabrication of composite sand cement brick. This research is done in order to determine the water absorption and the compressive strength of sand cement brick with powder saw wood. Six batches of bricks were made with different composition of sawdust of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% sawdust. All the bricks undergo 7 days of air-cured process before having the water absorption test and compression test. 3 days of water-cured process was performed on all bricks in order to investigate the results of water absorption test. For water absorption test, 0% of sawdust brick shows the lowest value while 5% of sawdust brick shows the highest value of water absorption rate. This indicated that high percentages of sawdust in composite brick will results in higher water absorption rate. This factor is due to the sawdust that is hydrophilic and porous in nature that causes the brick to containe more air space in the brick. Thus, this can be evidenced by the density data that keep decreasing with increasing percentages of sawdust. As for compressive strength test, the results presented 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% of sawdust have strength of 20.61 MPa, 25.30 MPa, 15.47 MPa, 2.03 MPa, 1.49 MPa and 1.73 MPa respectively. In summary, it can be concluded that optimum percentage of sawdust is 2% as it contains better compressive strength than other bricks although it has slightly higher water absorption rate than conventional sand cement brick. The compressive strength was influenced by the density of brick. It is shown in density results that decreasing in density will causes declining in compressive strength. As a conclusion, water absorption rate increases linearly proportional to the percentages of sawdust but inversely proportional to the compressive strength and the density of the brick.
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Thenmozhi, R., and K. Saranya. "Study on Compressive Strength of Reinforced and Cavity Wall Brickwork." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1086, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1086/1/012048.
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Abstract The research of the mechanical behaviour of reinforced and cavity wall brickwork is the focus of this paper. In this paper, the casting of specimens are done manually and totally 18 specimens are prepared. The different proportions were followed for casting the bricks and specimens. The bricks used are red bricks, fly ash bricks and solid bricks. Conventional method of casting is done using mortar and casting of reinforced brick prism is done with red bricks, fly ash bricks and solid bricks. The cavity wall is constructed and finally the compressive strength is estimated for the reinforced and cavity wall brickworks. The obtained compressive strength for various bricks is plotted in the form of graph to interpret the exact results and comparison is drawn for all types of bricks used.
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K.C, Anusha, Prakriti Maharjan, Sujan Kumar Shrestha, Sujan Rayamajhi, and Anil Ratna Shrestha. "Production and Carbon Emission Calculation of Bricks Incorporating Construction And Demolition Waste and Pet Pellets." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 8, no. 1 (June 23, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v8i1.55907.
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The study aims to incorporate solid wastes in the brick where cement is the binding agent and perform the comparative analysis of mechanical properties (compressive strength, density, and water absorption). Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and Construction and Demolition waste are the wastes that partially replace sand in the mixture of cement and sand. The compressive strength, water absorption, and dry density of the waste-incorporated bricks are determined which are compared with all parameters of the traditional bricks. The brick with 2% PET showed the best compressive strength of 13.515 MPa. While determining the carbon emissions of composite bricks it showed 0.6 to 0.9 kg CO2 had been generated from the raw material extraction and processing phase, however, the production phase involved no carbon emission because the process was manual and involved no heating or firing. The composite bricks have the potential to be used as structural elements, however, the composite bricks require further study for the optimization of binder content with respect to cost, compressive strength, and carbon emission.
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Nanda, Mahdika Putra. "Experimental Study of The Addition of Palm Fiber (Arenga Pinnata) as Fiber Against The Compressive Strength of Pozzolan Bricks." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 24, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v24i2.36940.
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Abstract. Brick is a building material widely used as a construction material for walls and fences, one of which uses Pozzolan brick. Pozzolan brick is made from Trass, lime, or cement. A local material that can be used as an additional fiber in the mixture of Pozzolan brick making is fibers, because it has been proven that the addition of fibers in concrete can improve its physical and mechanical properties, in addition, the fibers also have a hard rotten nature because there is no decomposer that can decompose them. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the addition of fibers as fiber in Pozzolan bricks. The experimental method was used in this study. The purpose of this study is to find out whether Pozzolan bricks with the addition of a mixture of fibers have better compressive strength and to find out whether they meet the requirements to become bricks according to SNI 15-2094-2000 and PUBI-1982. From the results of research and analysis that has been done regarding the addition of fiber fibers (Arenga pinnata) as a fiber to the compressive strength of pozzolan bricks, it is found that the compressive strength of pozzolan is 4.99 Mpa with a porosity value of 3.24%, thus pozzolan bricks can provide economic value for the wider community. Based on the compressive strength and porosity, pozzolan bricks also meet the requirements to become bricks according to SNI 15-2094-2000 and PUBI-1982 in grade III.
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Yuan, Jian Li, Yun Yang, and Sheng Nan Peng. "Experimental Study on the Material and Environmental Property of Ancient Adobe Brick." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1485.
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Aiming at the environmental property and damage mechanism of ancient adobe buildings, the material components, compressive strength and freezing-thawing resisting performance of ancient adobe bricks were tested and analyzed. Based on test data, the power function relation between nondestructive rebound value and compressive strength of adobe bricks was established, and the nonlinear correlation curve between mass loss rate and freezing–thawing cycles of adobe bricks was also determined. The study shows that the compressive strength of ancient adobe brick is greater than that of adobe in traditional rammed earth wall, and ancient adobe brick is inferior to fired brick at the waterproofing quality and freezing resisting performance, it needs to adopt surface waterproofing measures for ancient adobe buildings to improve the resisting capacity to environmental erosion.
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Ni'mah, Lailan, Isna Syauqiah, Agus Mirwan, Doni Rahmat Wicakso, and Hesti Wijayanti. "BATAKO DARI LIMBAH BOTOL PLASTIK : TINJAUAN KUAT TEKAN." AL ULUM JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 5, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/ajst.v5i1.2560.
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This research was conducted with the aim of plastic bottle waste utilization in the manufacture of plastic bricks and to find out how much the compressive strength of plastic bricks produced. The variations used in this study are plastic bottle waste:glue = 1:1; plastic bottle waste:sand = 1:1 (without layer) and plastic bottle waste:sand = 1:1 (with 3 layers). From the test results show that the plastic brick with a variation of plastic bottle waste:glue = 1:1 has a compressive strength of 34980 N / mm2; plastic bottle waste:sand = 1:1 (without layer) has compressive strength of 18340 N / mm2 and plastic bottle waste:sand = 1:1 (with 3 layers) has compressive strength of 40750 N / mm2. Keywords: Waste Plastic Bottles, Plastic Bricks, Compressive Strength
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Netinger Grubeša, Ivanka, Martina Vračević, Vilma Ducman, Berislav Marković, Imre Szenti, and Ákos Kukovecz. "Influence of the Size and Type of Pores on Brick Resistance to Freeze-Thaw Cycles." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 22, 2020): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173717.
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This paper estimates the frost resistance of bricks using the ratio of compressive strength before freezing to compressive strength after freezing to describe the damage degree of bricks being exposed to freeze-thaw cycles. In an effort to find the ratio that clearly distinguishes resistant bricks from non-resistant bricks, the authors attempted to establish the correlation between the ratio and Maage factor as a recognized model for assessing brick resistance. To clarify the degree of damage of individual bricks, the pore size distribution has been investigated by means of mercury porosimetry. Additionally, micro computed X-ray tomography (micro-CT) has been employed to define the influence of the type of pores (open or closed) and their connectivity on the frost resistance of bricks. According to the results, it can be concluded that there is a good correlation between the Maage factor and the ratio of pre- to post-freeze-thaw cycle compressive strengths, and that the latter ratio strongly correlates with the percentage of large pores (≥3 mm) in the brick. If such a correlation could be confirmed in a larger sample, then the ratio of pre- to post-freeze-thaw cycle compressive strengths could be used as a new method for assessing brick resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and it would be possible to determine the minimum percentage of large pores required to ensure the overall resistance of brick to freeze-thaw conditions. The complexity of the problem is, however, evidenced by the fact that no clear connection between the type (open versus closed) or connectivity of pores and the frost resistance of bricks could be revealed by micro-CT.
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Ahmad, Irma Aswani, Fildzah Atika, and Ahmad Rifqi Asrib. "CHARACTERISTICS OF BRICKS WITH RICE HUSK ASH FROM BRICK PRODUCTION WASTE." Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science 1, no. 9 (June 20, 2022): 1031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v1i9.170.
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Concrete brick is one of the most widely used materials for walls. In fact, in the field, many bricks are damaged quickly, for example, broken or damp. This research aims to discover the process of making concrete brick using husk rice ash as additives and the difference in quality between ordinary brick and brick made from added rice husk ash. Adding rice husk ash is to utilize the husk waste, which is available in huge quantities. This research was conducted in a laboratory, using the analysis technique of compressive strength of the specimen and water absorption according to SNI 03-0349-1989. The results showed that adding rice husk ash percentage increased the absorption capacity of the bricks. Furthermore, the compressive strength of the bricks decreased with the addition of the percentage of rice husk ash. However, the compressive strength and absorption of the bricks with rice husk ash still meet the requirements SNI 03-0349-1989.
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Patil, Suresh D., and Samruddhi S. Thorawade. "Comparative Study of Solid and Hollow Laterite Soil Cement Press Brick for Different Proportion." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43398.
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Abstract: Brick is one of the important construction materials in the building. There are so many different types of bricks present in the market, like burnt brick which is the most common brick used in the construction industry. There are so many disadvantages of burnt brick like air pollution, wastage of material, not proper baking, etc. For this brick, laterite soil cement press brick is the best option and can be used effectively in future. In this project the solid and hollow brick of laterite soil cement press brick were formed by varying proportion of fly ash. The tests like compressive strength, water absorption and density were performed and compared for solid and hollow bricks with different proportion. The compressive strength test was performed on compressive testing machine. From this project, it was observed that by decreasing the fly ash content, compressive strength increases. Keywords: laterite soil cement press brick, compressive strength, Fly ash, water absorption
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Norhayati, A. W., A. Suraya Hani, I. Abdul Hadi Izaan, M. Mazizah Ezdiani, O. Mohamad Hairi, J. Zalipah, A. H. Noor Azlina, and S. Shahiron. "Properties of cement bricks containing sago fine waste (SFW) with different water-cement ratio." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012050.
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Abstract Cement is a key material in the construction industry. However, this widespread use adversely affects the environment. The replacement of cement with waste materials, mainly agricultural wastes, can reduce the impact of environmental pollution and result in sustainable construction. Sago fine waste (SFW) is a fibrous residue from waste from sago milling operations where physical treatment has been made. This study used SFW as a partial cement replacement material in cement brick and the effect of adding SFW to cement brick properties. Brick samples are designed with five different percentages of 2,4,6,8, and 10% of cement replacement, including control cement brick. The mortar mix is based on a ratio of 1:3, which follows Malaysian brick production standards. For compressive strength, density, and water absorption tests, all the specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days. The strength of cement bricks was investigated based on the difference of two water-cement ratios: 0.5 and 0.6. The brick properties investigated in this study are density, water absorption and compressive strength. The experimental results show that the brick’s density, compressive strength, and water absorption decreased as the replacement percentage increased. However, it still meets the requirements of the standard for load-bearing structures. Analysis of this study is according to extensive data collection, the ideal composition for SFW in cement brick was 2% and 0.6 water-cement ratios. This demonstrates SFW’s promise as a novel pozzolanic material for producing more sustainable bricks. As a result, SFW as a cement replacement material could improve bricks’ physical and mechanical properties as curing time increases.
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Purnomo, Heru, Rahmat N. D. Syah, Mochammad R. Syaifulloh, Srikandi W. Arini, Essy Arijoeni Basoenondo, and Madsuri Satim. "Influence of Water Content of Soil to Strength of Unfired Soil Lime Bricks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.187.
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The paper discusses strength-time relation of unfired soil-lime bricks in presence of different water content of soil as one of principal materials for the brick making. Two batches of soil-lime bricks were made with a mixture of lime, soil and water with a mass proportion of 1: 5.7: 1. Water contents of the first and second batch of soil are 30% and 40.581% respectively. Both batches of brick underwent compression and three point bending test. Absorption and physical change of bricks were also evaluated. Experimental investigation reveals that for both batches of bricks, up to 90 days compressive strength decreases a little but modulus of rupture rapidly decreases with time. The study shows that unfired soil-lime bricks with lower soil water content resulted in better strength performances compared to those with higher soil water content.
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Ari Winata, Al Havis, Ishak Ishak, and Ana Susanti Yusman. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN LIMBAH BOTOL KACA TERHADAP DAYA SERAP AIR DAN UJI KUAT TEKAN BATU BATA MERAH." Ensiklopedia Research and Community Service Review 2, no. 1 (December 9, 2022): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/err.v2i1.1412.
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The background of the author doing this research is to improve the construction of houses at this time. This study aims to determine the benefits and strength of ordinary red bricks without mixing with red bricks that have been mixed with glass bottle waste and also to determine the value of water absorption and the value of the compressive strength of red bricks that have been added to a mixture of glass bottle waste. The research that the author did here made samples of bricks and tested water absorption, compressive strength, and made samples in a brick factory located in Manggis Village, Mandiangin Koto Selayan District, Bukittinggi City, as well as testing samples in the laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering, Muhammadiyah University, West Sumatra. In collecting the data needed by the author is a direct survey of the spaciousness and testing the water absorption and compressive strength in the laboratory. In the mixing method, the percentages are 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. From the results of research conducted adding glass bottle powder with mixed percentages of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% can affect the value of water absorption and compressive strength of red bricks, a mixture of 4% has low compressive strength and sufficient water absorption. high so that it is not possible to use in the construction sector. However, the 8% mixture has a higher number than other mixtures and is close to a 0% mixture, a mixture of 8% and 6% red bricks can still be used in the construction sector because the results of water absorption and compressive strength are still close to SNI 15-2094-200 . Keywords: Red brick, Glass Powder, water absorption, compressive strength
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Munthe, Agyanata Tua, Mekharisman Zendrato Zendrato, Syafwandi Syafwandi, and Agung Sumarno. "Effect of Adding Palm Fiber And Substitution of Bricks With Coarse Aggregate on The Compressive Strength of Concrete." ADRI International Journal of Civil Engineering 7, no. 1 (June 16, 2022): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/aijce.v7i1.76.
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The research was conducted to determine the effect of the adding palm fiber which is one of the materials that can be used as an ingredient added to improves the compressive strength of concrete. As for the bricks made from clay, which became one of the added material on the gravel. The use palm fibers on each mix of concrete with the variation of 1%, 1,5%, 2%, and 3%, while the use of substitution of bricks with coarse aggregate is 3% and 5%. Testing the compressive strength of concrete is done at the age of 14 days and 28 days. The research results are obtained: normal concrete (without fibers and brick) with a compressive strength at the age of 14 days, i.e. 11,35 MPa and 28 days compressive 20,27 MPa. The results of the compressive strength of concrete the highest of the variation of the concrete mix is 1% fibers and 3% bricks with a compressive strength at the age of 14 days of 16.31 MPa and the concrete age of 28 days 23,31 MPa. From the results of research using material added fibers and the bricks is known that the higher the numbe of the fibers and the bricks then the compressive strength decreases.
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Mollaei, S. "Laboratory Study of High-Resistance Laterite-Based Geopolymer Bricks." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIV, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-21-i2-009.
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A high amount of energy is required to produce different types of clay and sand-lime bricks, and a huge amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Also, brick waste from the destruction of dilapidated buildings pollutes the environment. The application of pozzolanic sources containing aluminosilicate and alkaline activators can be beneficial in the production of Geopolymer bricks, which do not need to be baked in a furnace and can be recycled for industrial and port facilities. A laterite-based Geopolymer brick mix design was introduced in this study as an environmental-friendly material. This type of brick is produced using available and cheap raw materials without the need for high furnace heat. The raw materials included laterite soil as aluminosilicate, laterite aggregate filler passed through sieve no. 8, and an alkaline activating solution with different concentrations. The effect of sieve size for laterite soil screening on the compressive strength of these brick samples was investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of the prepared bricks here was much higher than the recommended standards for construction bricks and was similar to those of high- resistance bricks. The size of laterite soil sieves had a significant effect on the compressive strength of Geopolymer brick samples. The percentage of water absorption of the bricks with different concentrations of alkali activating solution was also within the recommended range for construction bricks
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Astriani, Nelly, Elhusna Elhusna, and Ade Sri Wahyuni. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN FLY ASH DAN KONDISI ADUKAN TANAH LIAT TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BATA MERAH." Inersia, Jurnal Teknik Sipil 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.9.2.33-38.
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This article describes the research result of the effect of adding fly ash and water concentration of clay on red bricks’ compressive strength. Fisis characteristic and bricks’ compressive strength is according to SNI 15-2094-2000. Variation of fly ash that were used were 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% from the weight of clay. Adding water concentration was based on three criterions of mortar clay condition, namely hard, normal, and soft. Hardmortar clayis a condition of the clay mixture which used less water than the normal mixture. Normal mixture is a condition ofthe clay mixture which usedwater based on usual concentration in brick factory. Soft mixture is a condition ofthe clay mixture that used much water than normal mixture. In this research, there are 8 sample for normal bricks and there are 144 sample for variation bricks. The optimum value of compressive strength for hard and normal mixture of variation bricks were obtained in 10% of fly ash variation which increased 33,59%, and 2,82% from normal bricks. Compressive strength for soft mixture of bricks was obtained in 5% of fly ash variation which increased 28,25% from normal bricks.
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Zheng, Shansuo, Lihua Niu, Pei Pei, and Jinqi Dong. "Mechanical Behavior of Brick Masonry in an Acidic Atmospheric Environment." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 2694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172694.
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In order to evaluate the deterioration regularity for the mechanical properties of brick masonry due to acid rain corrosion, a series of mechanical property tests for mortars, bricks, shear prisms, and compressive prisms after acid rain corrosion were conducted. The apparent morphology and the compressive strength of the masonry materials (cement mortar, cement-lime mortar, cement-fly ash mortar, and brick), the shear behavior of the masonry, and the compression behavior of the masonry were analyzed. The resistance of acid rain corrosion for the cement-lime mortar prisms was the worst, and the incorporation of fly ash into the cement mortar did not improve the acid rain corrosion resistance. The effect of the acid rain corrosion damage on the mechanical properties for the brick was significant. With an increasing number of acid rain corrosion cycles, the compressive strength of the mortar prisms, and the shear and compressive strengths of the brick masonry first increased and then decreased. The peak stress first increased and then decreased whereas the peak strain gradually increased. The slope of the stress-strain curve for the compression prisms gradually decreased. Furthermore, a mathematical degradation model for the compressive strength of the masonry material (cement mortar, cement-lime mortar, cement-fly ash mortar, and brick), as well as the shear strength attenuation model and the compressive strength attenuation model of brick masonry after acid rain corrosion were proposed.
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Phonphuak, Nonthaphong. "Application of Dry Grass for Clay Brick Manufacturing." Key Engineering Materials 757 (October 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.35.
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In this paper, effects of incorporation of dry grass on the properties of clay bricks were investigated. Clay bricks fabricated with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % (w/w) of dry grass were tested. The clay brick specimens were fired at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C to study for bulk density, apparent porosity water absorption and compressive strength of brick samples were investigated. Results revealed that the bulk density of clay bricks were reduced when dry grass dosages increased. Results also shown that the increasing in bulk density were obtained when the firing temperature increased. The compressive strength of clay bricks was decreased when dry grass dosages increased. The addition of 2.5 % (w/w) dry grass fired at 1100 °C showed the optimal condition which indicated 11.6 MPa of compressive strength and 1.78 g/cm3 of bulk density. However, results indicated that a decrease in water absorption and apparent porosity were found when the firing temperature increased. Test results also revealed that the addition of dry grass for clay brick production lead to utilize a potential material as the additive to raw clay-bricks in the manufacturing of lightweight clay bricks.
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Halauddin, Halauddin. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SEKAM PADI DAN POLIMER EMULSI POLY VINYL ACECATE CO ACRYLIC PADA TANAH LEMPUNG DENGAN OBJEK PENGUJIAN KEKUATAN BATU BATA MENGGUNAKAN METODE UNIAXIAL." Inersia, Jurnal Teknik Sipil 9, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.9.1.39-46.
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Research on the effect of the addition of rice husk and poly vinyl acetate emulsion polymer co acrylic (PVA) on clay have been conducted to see the strength of brick. Calculation of strength compared to brick by rice husks and polymer emulsion and given rice husk without any emulsion polymer. Provision of rice husk to batter was fixed at 9:1, while the provision of PVA polymer mixture for each batter with varying percentage are 1%-7%. Based on the results of the research, showed that: uniaxial compressive strength test resultsbricks to mix rice husk without PVA emulsion polymer was 28,7kg/cm2(L0), compressive strength test results bricks to mix rice husk with PVA emulsion polymer to a mixture of 1%-7%, respectively: (PVA 1% of 28,7 kg/cm2 (L1);(PVA 2% of 28,7 kg/cm2 (L2); (PVA 3% of 28,7 kg/cm2 (L3); (PVA 4% of 28,7 kg/cm2 (L4); (PVA 5% of 28,7 kg/cm2 (L5); (PVA 6% of 28,7 kg/cm2 (L6); and (PVA 7% of 28,7 kg/cm2 (L7). From the above results show that the compressive strength test results bricks to mix rice husk with PVA emulsion polymer mix increased from 1% to 3% mix, while starting from a mixture of 4% to 7% of the compressive strength of bricks dropped dramatically. The addition of PVA 3% of additions that the most effective way to improve the compressive strength of the bricks with compressive strength reached 53,5 kg/cm2, or increase of 46,4% from a brick with a mixture ofrice husk.
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Sun, Zhong Jian, Mei Ling Tian, and Yan Feng Fang. "Experimental Research on Mixture Ratio and Mechanical Properties of Unburned Brick with Shell Ash and Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3299.
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The unfired bricks which regarded as a new green wall material are produced by fly ash, shell ash (renewable resources), cement and lime as the main raw materials, and together with the chemical activator. The essential mixture ratio is designed on the experimental result of its mechanical properties and durability. The bricks are water conserved in the condition of normal temperature and pressure. We respectively research the compressive and flexural strength and frost resistance of the unburned brick. The results show that the optimum mixture ratio for unburned bricks are: fly ash 41%, cement 25%, lime 15%, shell ash 15%, gypsum 4%, SBR 3%, fiber 0.10%, water-reducing admixture 0.5%, sand cement ratio 0.5 and water cement ratio 0.3. We obtain the properties of unburned bricks that produced by vibration with the optimum mixture ratio. The minimum compressive strength of one brick more than 30MPa, the mass loss of one brick after 15 times freezing and thawing cycles is only 1%, and the compressive strength after frost reaches 26MPa, the overall performance of bricks can satisfy the requirement of " China Fly Ash Brick " standard.
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Abbass, Wasim, Safeer Abbas, Fahid Aslam, Ali Ahmed, Tauqir Ahmed, Agha Hashir, and Amr Mamdouh. "Manufacturing of Sustainable Untreated Coal Ash Masonry Units for Structural Applications." Materials 15, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15114003.
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Burnt clay bricks are one of the most important building units worldwide, are easy and cheap to make, and are readily available. However, the utilization of fertile clay in the production of burnt clay bricks is also one of the causes of environmental pollution because of the emission of greenhouse gases from industrial kilns during the large-scale burning process. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new class of building units (bricks) incorporating recycled industrial waste, leading toward sustainable construction by a reduction in the environmental overburden. This research aimed to explore the potential of untreated coal ash for the manufacturing of building units (coal ash unburnt bricks). Coal ash unburnt bricks were manufactured at an industrial brick plant by applying a pre-form pressure of 3 MPa and later curing them via water sprinkling in a control shed. Various proportions of coal ash (i.e., 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55%) were employed to investigate the mechanical and durability-related properties of the resulting bricks, then they were compared with conventional burnt clay bricks. Compressive strength, flexural strength, an initial rate of water absorption, efflorescence, microstructural analysis via scanning electron microscopy, and cost analysis were conducted. The results of the compressive strength tests revealed that the compressive strength of coal ash unburnt brick decreased with an increase in the content of coal ash; however, up to a 45% proportion of coal ash, the minimum required compressive strength specified by ASTM C62 and local building codes was satisfied. Furthermore, bricks incorporating up to 45% of coal ash also satisfied the ASTM C62 requirements for water absorption. Coal ash unburnt bricks are lighter in weight owing to their porous developed microstructure. The cost analysis showed that the utilization of untreated, locally available coal ash in brick production leads us on the path toward more economical and sustainable building units.
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Srisuwan, Anuwat, Supachai Sompech, Chiawchan Saengthong, Sukhontip Thaomola, Prinya Chindraprasirt, and Nonthaphong Phonphuak. "Preparation and properties of fired clay bricks with added wood ash." Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 30, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v30i4.918.
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This study was designed to determine the effects of wood ash on the physical and mechanical properties of fired clay bricks. The clay bricks were fabricated with the addition of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16% by weight of wood ash. Strength development of brick was cased by fired at 900, 1000, and 1100°C for 40 min. The experimental results demonstrated that the physical property and strength of the fired clay bricks depend on the wood ash content and firing temperature. Higher wood ash content affected an increase in porosity and water absorption, while the bulk density of the clay bricks was reduced. The compressive strength of the clay bricks increased with an increase in the firing temperature or a decrease in the wood ash amount. The minimum compressive strength of fired clay bricks, in accordance with the ASTM strength requirements, is 17.2 MPa and was satisfied by bricks containing 4% added wood ash fired at 1000°C and 1100°C, which attained a compressive strength of 17.9 and 19.4 MPa, respectively. The study confirmed that wood ash is a material that can be used to add extra porosity during the production of raw clay bricks.
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Sugianto, Iin, Dwi Sabda Budi Prasetya, and Sukainil Ahzan. "Penggunaan Eceng Gondok Sebagai Filler untuk Meningkatkan Kuat Mekanik Batako Ringan Berbahan Dasar Limbah Emas." Lensa : Jurnal Kependidikan Fisika 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/j-lkf.v6i2.1135.
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[Title: The use of water hyacinth as a filler to improve the strength of lightweight brick making based on gold waste]. Research objectives is to testing the compression of lightweight brick. This research was conducted through three stages: Creating lightweight bricks (from waste mining of gold and water hyacinth) horizontally, orthogonally, and randomly. Characterization of the sample as follows: density, and compressive strength. The results show that the best compression analysis at low densities of light bricks horizontally, orthogonally and randomly in compositions: 70% GMW + 30% WH = 0.54MPa, 70% GMW + 30% WH = 1.18MPa, and 85% GMW + 15% WH = 0.73 MPa. Whereas, the density test horizontally, orthogonally, and randomly in composition variations of water hyacinth as follows: 70% GMW + 30% WH = 1.41gr/cm3, 3.40% GMW + 60% WH = 1.89gr/cm3, 85% GMW + 15 WH = 1.20 gr/cm3. It can be concluded that the filler composition is directly proportional to the compressive strength. In addition, the density is inversely proportional to the mass of the lightweight brick.
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Shin, Dae Yong, and Kyung Nam Kim. "Manufacturing of Construction Materials from Municipal Incinerator Residue." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.209.
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Municipal incinerator residue (MIR) was used as raw material to replace clay to manufacture bricks. Brick specimens were substituted from 0 to 50 wt% MIR by 10 wt% increment for clay. Clay-MIR brick specimens were fired at 800~1050°C for 2 h. Firing shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption rate and compressive strength were investigated. Leaching procedure tests were also conducted to characterize toxicity. Increasing MIR contents resulted in a decrease in water absorption rate, firing shrinkage and increase in compressive strength of bricks. It was found that when brick specimen with 50 wt% of MIR content was heat-treated at 1000°C for 2 h, a brick specimen could be generated, which was compressive strength of 1256 kg/cm2, water absorption ratio of 6.8% and firing shrinkage of 3.5%. This indicates that MIR is indeed suitable for the partial replacement of clay in bricks
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Yang, Xue Qing, Zhuo Wang, Jie Guang Song, and Lu Zhong. "Effect of Sintering Aids on Performance of Manganese Tailings Permeable Bricks." Solid State Phenomena 331 (April 29, 2022): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2u7ps0.
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As a kind of sponge city water-permeable material, permeable brick has good water permeability, chemical stability, corrosion resistance and weather resistance. Therefore, the development of permeable brick also broadens the engineering application market for its application. The discharge of a large amount of manganese slag will cause serious environmental pollution, and the problem of manganese tailings accumulation is serious. There is no ideal treatment method at present. In this paper, manganese tailings slag is used as the main raw material to prepare sponge city permeable bricks, thereby turning waste into treasure. Through research, the permeable brick with MgO used as sintering aid has very low compressive strength and good water permeability. CaO used as a sintering aid has high compressive strength and low water permeability. The porosity and water permeability of permeable bricks increase with the increase of CaCO3, but the compressive strength is opposite. In comparison, the permeable bricks prepared with three different sintering aids, 3% CaCO3 and 2% MgO as sintering aids have good water permeability and superior compressive strength. The permeability coefficient of the permeable brick prepared with 3%CaCO3 and 2%MgO as sintering aids is 2.0×10-2cm/s, and the compressive strength is 1.3MPa.
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Jeong, Jae Ah, and Woo Keun Lee. "Preparation of Lightweight Bricks Using Sewage Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.619.
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8,285 tons/day of sewage sludge was discharged in 2009. Our study investigated improving sewage sludge’s recyclability by making lightweight bricks from it. The bricks’ compressive strength, specific gravity, water absorption and so on were measured to evaluate its characteristics. Its compressive strength ranged from 1.11 MPa to 10.92 MPa (3-class clay brick, the Korean standard, is 10.78 MPa or more). Its highest compressive strength was obtained at the mixing ratio of SS:MBA:BFS:WA = 6:1:1:2, and its range of specific gravity was 0.73–1.02 g/cm3. Heavy metal did not leach from it. Therefore, sewage sludge can be prepared and used to make lightweight brick.
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Yudhiansyah, Ali, Ishak Ishak, and Deddy Kurniawan. "ANALISIS UJI KUAT TEKAN BATAKO DENGAN CAMPURAN DEDAK PADI." Ensiklopedia Research and Community Service Review 1, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/err.v1i2.1129.
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Brick is one of the building materials in the form of rock whose hardening is not burned and in the form of a mixture of sand, cement, water, and in its manufacture can be added with other materials (additive). Printed in such a way as to meet the requirements that can be used as material for wall cladding. One alternative that will be used to overcome the above problems is to make bricks with rice bran added material. By utilizing agricultural waste in the form of rice bran, it is expected to reduce environmental pollution and reduce damage to agricultural land. then the formulation of the problem can be taken, namely how is the effect of the compressive strength of brick with the addition of rice bran. knowing the strength of ordinary bricks with bricks that have been mixed with additive materials in the form of rice bran with a composition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. In this study the author uses the experimental method which is a type of quantitative research. This study is intended to examine the effect of a treatment on the object of research. In this study, the test object was made by adding rice bran as a mixture of brick mortar. Then the compressive strength of the bricks was tested at the age of 28 days which made it possible for the bricks to have reached the maximum compressive strength value. From the results of the brick testing, it can be concluded that the composition of rice bran as much as 5% is the most idealmixture because the average compressive strength reaches 112.38 Kg/cm2. with the addition of 10% rice bran, the average compressive strength was 75.55 Kg/ cm2, compared to normal brick which was only 62.33 Kg/ cm2, but after the addition of 15% rice bran the compressive strength decreased to 28.33 Kg/ cm2. With the addition of rice bran to the composition of the concrete block mixture, the average weight of the specimens decreased, because the cavities in the bricks were filled with fine grained rice bran. This shows a high value in the composition of 5% to 10%, because it meets the quality requirements for compressive strength in terms of the established standards, namely SNI 3-0349-1989. The values obtained meet the quality level categories I and II, namely > 100 Kg/ cm2and 70 Kg/ cm2based on the SNI 3-0349-1989 standard.Keywords: Brick, Rice Bran, Compressive Strength.
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Vivek, S., V. Priya, S. T. Sudharsan, K. Thanukrishna, and R. Vignesh. "Experimental Investigation on Bricks by Using Cow Dung, Rice Husk, Egg Shell Powder as a Partial Replacement for Fly Ash." Asian Review of Civil Engineering 9, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/tarce-2020.9.2.2556.
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The usage of solid waste materials in the production of construction materials has received considerable attention across the world. Various types of bricks are used in construction. The most common are conventional bricks. Owing to the exploitation of large amount of natural resources in the manufacturing of conventional bricks, we provide an alternative solution for conventional bricks through this project. The present study investigates the feasibility of using rice husk powder, cow dung and egg shell powder in the manufacturing of fly ash bricks. Fly ash bricks of different compositions with rice husk, cow dung and egg shell powder were prepared in steel moulds. After casting, the brick samples were stored at 35 C and a relative humidity of 50% until the ages required for testing. The brick samples were checked for dimensions and visible defects. The effects of rice husk, cow dung and egg shell powder contents on the engineering properties of the solid bricks were also investigated. The test results showed that all brick samples exhibited good compressive strength. The compression strength ranged between. It is concluded that the manufactured bricks acquired sufficient strength and became more economical.
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Giri, Jyoti Prakash, and Monalisa Priyadarshini. "Quantification of Non-conventional Brick’s Characteristic Compressive Strength." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1236, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1236/1/012003.
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Abstract Now-a-days researches are concentrating on the utilization of waste materials in construction industry. Fly ash is one of the waste originated from industrial, is the main concern in the present study for brick manufacturing. As fly-ash is a by-product, its properties may vary from source to source resulting variation in strength of the brick. To confirming this, the main focus of the present study was to fabricate a hydraulically operated semi-automatic brick pressing machine followed by preparation of fly ash brick using that and study on the variation of brick strength. Later on, a statistical analysis is conducted based on the experimental compressive strength data for the fly ash bricks. The normal distribution curves are plotted followed by the estimating the constraints of normal distribution, which is the most common adopted distribution function in concrete. From the analysis, the characteristic compressive strength at 95% probability level is obtained as 3.46 and 5.42MPa respectively for the bricks (M1 and M2 type).
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Azam, Rizwan, Muhammad Rizwan Riaz, Ehtasham Ul Haq, Ayman Shihata, and Mohamed Zawam. "Development of Quality Assessment Criteria for Burnt Clay Bricks of Different Ages Based on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test." Buildings 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081069.
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Burnt clay bricks are widely used as a construction material in Pakistan, and their testing for quality confirmation is frequently needed for new and old bricks used in existing structures. The destructive testing methods are time-consuming and not always feasible for testing the bricks used in existing structures. The current study investigated the feasibility of using the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test as a non-destructive technique to assess the quality of both new and old bricks in masonry structures. A relationship was developed after performing the UPV test followed by a compression test on burnt clay brick samples of five different ages acquired from different sources. The acquired brick samples ranged from new to a century old. Consequently, as a novel contribution, brick quality assessment criteria based on UPV were proposed according to which a UPV value greater than 3000 m/s represents an excellent first-class brick whereas a UPV value lower than 2000 m/s shows a second-class brick. Further, the effectiveness of the UPV test to assess the compressive strength of old bricks was demonstrated with a case study of a 100-year-old masonry structure. The research concluded with the remarks that the compressive strength of bricks can be assessed with reasonable accuracy using the UPV test. The developed quality assessment criteria can be used to quickly check the quality of new and old burnt clay bricks.
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Jusi, Ulfa, Harnedi Maizir, and Randhi Saily. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN KAPUR TOHOR TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIS BATA RINGAN." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (CESD) 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/cesd.v4i1.9377.
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<p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Light brick is an alternative material in the construction sector that has an efficiency value, in addition to being lighter than conventional bricks for building loads, lightweight bricks also reduce the use of materials during construction. One of the uses of light bricks is on walls. This is because the walls contribute to the heavy load on the building structure. Along with the development of the use of light bricks, research was carried out on light bricks with quick lime mixture as a substitute for part of the cement on light bricks which refers to the mechanical properties of light bricks which include free compressive strength testing, while the variation of the mixture used is 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the volume of cement used. The results of the compressive strength of light bricks at the age of 28 days, respectively, the variation of the lime mixture 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% obtained compressive strength of 0.96 Mpa, 0.81 Mpa, 0.43 Mpa, and 0.32 Mpa where compressive strength The maximum is obtained in the lime mixture as much as 5%, is 0.96 Mpa.</p><p> </p>
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Salazar P, Araceli, R. H. Chávez T, J. A. Pichardo S, and Ulises Pichardo S. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF BRICK." EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v4i1.130.
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Brick manufacturing is a traditional activity carried out by the practical knowledge transmitted person to person, why there is no documentation on the raw material and manufacturing process control. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the raw material used in the fabrication of the Bricks, as a first instance to be able to make future changes for the quality assurance of the process that allow increasing the resistance to compression of the bricks. A mechanical test about the compressive strength of bricks before and after heat treatment was made. In the analysis of elemental composition, the presence of the following elements was found: C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe. These elements allowed to obtain a compressive strength of the bricks of 10 to 13kg/cm2 without heat treatment and 20 to 40 kg/cm2 with heat treatment. Morphologically particles of 5 to 300 micrometres were observed in the raw material, and in the Bricks of 15 to 250 micrometres. It is concluded that the great variation of particle size of the raw material leads to a low compressive strength. Other studies with more control in the homogenization of particle size are suggested to obtain greater compression strength. Besides the temperature control in the kiln used to heat treatment is needed. The International Standard ITINTEC 331,017, and the Standard NMX-C-404-1997, establishes 60N / cm2, and 24kg / cm2 as minimum respectively. This study serves as a basis for further studies to help control and ensure the quality of the bricks.
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Gao, Yang, Bin Peng, Chao Wang, and Rong Liu Gu. "Probability Model of the Compressive Strength of Bricks Based on the Bayesian Inference." Advanced Materials Research 663 (February 2013): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.663.261.
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The compressive strength of bricks used in masonry structures is difficult to deterministically evaluate because of its uncertain nature. It is realistic to model the strength in a probability manner. Compressive tests for bricks were conducted, and then a probability model of the strength was proposed through the Bayesian inference and based on the test results. The model appropriately represented the uncertainty inherent in the brick strength, and can be used to draw characteristic strength values for structural design or assessment.
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Youssef, Nicolas, Zoubeir Lafhaj, and Christophe Chapiseau. "Economic Analysis of Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing: A French Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187403.
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This paper presents an economic analysis of manufacturing geopolymer bricks for use in the construction sector. The manufacturing processes of both geopolymer bricks and traditional fired bricks were investigated. For this study, we collected and analyzed all phases of geopolymer brick production from the extraction of raw materials to storage. Seven formulations of geopolymer bricks based on clay and waste bricks were analyzed. We considered the cost of raw materials and logistics operations in the production line of brick manufacturing. The results of this study prove that the manufacturing cost of geopolymer bricks based on clay provides an economic gain of 5% compared to fired bricks for the same compressive strength of 20 MPa. In the case of waste bricks, for the same production cost, the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is double that of fired bricks. Hence, this study shows the economic interest in the industrial production of geopolymer bricks. It also confirms that future research is needed that focuses on necessary changes to the current industrial production chain required for the manufacture of geopolymer bricks.
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Arshad, Mohd Fadzil, Warid Wazien Ahmad Zailani, Anuar Abdul Wahab, Salmia Beddu Fauziah Aziz, Sofian Abdullah, Adeyemi Adesina, and Reni Suryanita. "Potential of Coal Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregates in The Production of Lightweight Brick." Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jscet.v1i1.42-49.
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The use of coal bottom ash, a by-product from the coal burning process in lightweight bricks production is getting more attention worldwide including in Malaysia. The main objective of this research is to assess the extended potential of bottom ash to produce lightweight bricks. The green technology-based lightweight bricks in this study are designed using the by-product resulting from the burning of pulverized coal in thermal power plants for electric power generations. The burning of pulverized coal was questioned extensively over the last decades due to the carbon dioxide emission which is about 2.0 billion tons annually. These lightweight bricks are produced from the combination of specifically graded bottom ash, classified pozzolanic ashes, fine aggregates, Ordinary Portland Cement, and water. The lightweight bricks were subjected to a few laboratory assessments including compressive strength test, density test, and water absorption test. It was observed that the C2 brick and C3 brick at 60% and 100% addition of bottom ash, respectively had comparable compressive strength with other commercialized bricks (cement-sand brick and clay brick). The addition of coal bottom ash also produces the lowest density of the bricks which is about 1.2 kg/m3. Comparison with other commercialized bricks available in the market in terms of compressive strength, density, and water absorption indicated that the bottom ash-based bricks are stronger and lighter. A comprehensive selection of good quality materials and the selected mix design produced an acceptable quality of bricks that can be considered as part of the actual construction materials. Thus, with the production of this light and strong brick, the volume of the coal ash waste that was dumped in the landfill will be substantially reduced and simultaneously the lighter bricks will reduce the dead loads supported by the main structures of the building.
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Maroušková, Aneta, and Jan Kubát. "SOLID BURNT BRICKS’ TENSILE STRENGTH." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 13 (November 13, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.13.0075.
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This paper deals with experimental testing of solid burnt bricks and mortar in pure (axial) tension. The obtained working diagrams will be further use for a detailed numerical analysis of whole brick masonry column under concentric compressive load. Failure mechanism of compressed brick masonry column is characterized by the appearance and development of vertical tensile cracks in masonry units (bricks) passing in the direction of principal stresses and is accompanied by progressive growth of horizontal deformations. These cracks are caused by contraction and interaction between two materials with different mechanical characteristics (brick and mortar). The aim of this paper is more precisely describe the response of quasi-brittle materials to uniaxial loading in tension (for now only the results from three point bending test are available). For these reasons, bricks and mortar tensile behavior is experimentally tested and the obtained results are discussed.