Academic literature on the topic 'Brick-making industry'

The intention of Program Kemitraan Masyarakat Stimulus (PKMS), The Cooperated Program of Stimulus Community, is providing the training and empowerment on the process of concrete brick making to the cooperated group maker of solid concrete brick product at around Palangka Raya to enhance the product quality for the solid block (non-hole concrete brick) to be high quality with low price per unit, as well to improve the market demand of relating its product. The objective of this program is in order to be able improving the income of cooperated group maker of solid concrete brick product without disregarding the quality of produced concrete brick. The target of cooperation for this program, PKMS, is the home industry of concrete brick making owned by Mr. Ino and Mr. Alpi where are located at subdistrict of Panarung. The method used in this is the training, guidance, and further cross checking with some solutions in the production and marketing part. The training and guidance are implemented to achieve the high quality of solid block of concrete brick, followed by the knowledge of basic raw material, design of mixed model, maintenance, and testing of concrete brick quality. The main output will be the enhancement of solid block of concrete brick with high quality product. This activity will be published on the scientific and engineering publication such as journal and final report.

Spent bleaching earth (SBE) is a waste from cooking oil industry. It is categorized as one of the hazardous and toxic materials, because oil residues in it. Generally, SBE is overcome by landfill and it’s sometimes become problems. Basically SBE contains SiO2 and the size of the grain is very fine, almost the same as the fine aggregate of sand used for making brick. In this study, the making of brick used SBE with several variations (2.75% - 27.52%) of the total raw materials used. Brick making methods are based on SNI 03-0348-1989 for raw material ratio, SNI 03-0348-1989 for molding and presshing, SNI 03-6825-2002 for drying and curing. The brick quality was determined based on fineness modulus parameters, dry weight, brick absorption to water and compressive strength. Brick contain SBE 2.75% was produced with molding size of 15cm x 30cm x 9cm, it has an average dry weight of 7.80 kg, compressive strength of 8.95 MPa and absorbing power of 1.26%.

Reconstruction and urban development in Kabul, Afghanistan, has prompted vast expansion of the clay quarrying and brick making industry. This study identified the extent and distribution of clay quarrying and brick kilns in the greater Kabul area between 1965 and 2018. Very high-resolution satellite imagery was interpreted to quantify and characterize the type, number, and location of brick kilns for 1965, 2004, 2011, and 2018. Geospatial analysis of kilns together with geologic data and the results of hyperspectral image analysis yielded information regarding the extent of relevant mineral resources. Finally, kernel density analysis of kiln locations for each date called attention to their shifting spatial distribution. The study found that the clay quarrying and brick making industry has expanded exponentially. The type of kilns has transitioned from artisanal style clamp kilns to small-scale Bull’s Trench Kilns (BTK), and ultimately to Fixed Chimney Bull’s Trench Kilns (FCBTK). While quarrying has occurred entirely within quaternary windblown loess and clay deposits, artisanal clamp kilns were located in fine sediments containing montmorillonite and FCBTKs have developed in sediments containing calcite and muscovite. The study’s inventory of kilns was then used to estimate kiln workforce at 27,500 workers and production at 1.579 billion bricks per year.

Abstract. The Role of Majapahit Museum as a Mediator between Heritage Preservation and Brick-Making Industry. Trowulan, the archaeological site which is believed as the former capital of theMajapahit Kingdom, currently suffers damages caused by the local brick-making industry. Majapahit Museum is one of the institutions which can suppress, or even stop, the growth and development of thebrick-making industry. The aim of this research is to provide a recommendation for the development of Majapahit Museum in the future in order to work as a mediator that can bridge both interestsbetween heritage preservation (government, archaeologists, academicians, and non-governmental organizations) and local citizens, especially the brick-makers. The methods used on this research is qualitative method through observation and literature study, followed by analysis based on new museology approach and cultural resources management approach. Based on the result, it is expected that the Majapahit Museum can play a key-role in raising the awareness of local citizens of the importance of the Trowulan site. The preserved site will provide benefits and positive impacts to three aspects in society, which are ideological, academic, and economic aspects. Abstrak. Trowulan, situs arkeologi yang diduga merupakan ibukota Kerajaan Majapahit, mengalami kerusakan yang semakin hari semakin parah seiring dengan perkembangan industri pembuatan bata oleh masyarakat setempat. Museum Majapahit adalah salah satu pihak yang dapat tampildalam upaya menekan, atau bahkan menghentikan, laju pertumbuhan dan perkembangan industri pembuatan bata tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan untuk memberikan suatu rekomendasi terhadap pengembangan Museum Majapahit pada masa mendatang agar dapat berperan sebagai mediator yangmenjembatani kepentingan pelestari budaya (baik pemerintah, arkeolog, akademisi, maupun Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat) dengan masyarakat Trowulan, khususnya para pembuat bata. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode kualitatif melalui observasi dan studi literatur, disertaianalisis berdasarkan pendekatan new museology dan pendekatan cultural resources management. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Museum Majapahit diharapkan berperan sebagai media yang mampu menanamkan dan menumbuhkan kesadaran masyarakat setempat mengenai pentingnya kelestarian Situs Trowulan. Situs yang lestari akan memberikan manfaat dan dampak positif terhadap tiga aspek di dalam kehidupan masyarakat, yaitu aspek ideologis, akademis, dan ekonomis.

Waste may be defined as an unwanted material generated after the manufacturing process from industry, agriculture, or from house hold activity. Waste causes many nuisances in the environment. It produces many types of infection, for human and animal. The sludge from tannery effluent plants has problem of disposal. Dewatered sludge is disposed off by land filling. However, it is not an appropriate solution, due to the land limitation. The production of sludge in tannery effluent plant is about to increase every year. In addition, the constraint to treat sludge is very high in cost and time-consuming, which is the disadvantage to the responsible parties. Therefore, this study was carried out to utilize those sludge waste (SW) produced from the tannery effluent plant as a brick. The sludge brick (SB) mixtures were incorporated with many ratios of SW. Tests were conducted such as fineness test, specific gravity, water absorption and compressive strength. As the conclusion, brick with 20% utilization of SW is acceptable to produce good quality of brick. This study shows that the disposal of tannery sludge TSW would act as a suitable material for manufacturing of bricks with proportionate mix and design.

From 1900 to 1940, family businesses in the brick- and tile-making industry of Athens and its port, Piraeus, were a notable institution that played an important role in the development of the sector and its transformation from artisanal to factory production. They formed a dense network of small and medium-scale units, from which more than 20 big factories would emerge after the 1920s. Α strong and constant antagonism between them, on the one side, and the few European-scale large industrial units, on the other, developed. Within this framework, the story of the Athens brick industry in this period can be vividly interpreted through the function and evolution of familial firms (which were under the control of nuclear, extended or multinuclear families) and the actions of their owners.

AbstractBuilding construction is one of the fastest growing industries in India and it puts a huge burden on its limited natural resources. Fired clay bricks are one of the major constituent materials for the construction industry and it produces a huge amount of greenhouse gases. This research tries to highlight the use of alternative materials and how they can be modulated to suit the Indian construction industry. Bio-brick or agro-waste based brick is one such material that has the potential to be a sustainable and cost-effective solution. It acts as good heat and sound insulator and at the same time has overall negative carbon footprint. Additionally, it also acts as a deterrent to stubble burning, prevalent in northern India which causes severe air pollution. Due to its low density, it reduces dead load in high rise structures, thereby making RCC construction more economical. The study also highlights the use of Bio-brick in various areas of a structure. Another important objective of this research is to inspire and motivate architects, designers, researchers and builders to encourage and support the development of such sustainable and eco-sensitive material in construction industry.

Choosing a supplier is a strategic activity, especially if the supplier will supply items that are used for a long period. PT. CPS is a company engaged in the construction services sector which also carries out procurement process activities, including the supplier selection process. In carrying out the building production process, PT. CPS requires the main raw material, namely light brick (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete). PT. CPS does not yet have a main supplier of light bricks AAC, and supplier selection is done subjectively and based on the lowest price without making certain calculations. This resulted in several problems such as miss communication during the process of ordering materials, and delays in delivery that made the company have to order from other suppliers. This study aims to calculate the criteria weight for light brick suppliers and select the best light brick supplier based on the weight criteria specified by PT. CPS. The process of making supplier evaluation criteria is carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and ranking suppliers with the Technique Method for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). From the research results obtained weighting of 5 criteria, namely the criteria of price, quality, delivery, reputation and position in industry, and communication system by placing the price criterion as the criterion with the greatest weight, which was 0.56165. The supplier ranking results obtained the best light brick supplier in the first position, namely PT. Sinar Indogreen Kencana with a Preference Value of 0.76858, the second position of PT. Superior Prima Sukses with a Preference Value of 0.49827, and the third position is PT. Viccon Modern Industry with a Preference Value of 0.49448.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil
The thesis focuses on the choice of technique as a key component in creating viable enterprises, including those controlled by their worker-members. A theoretical model of the choice of technique is presented, with its roots in the works of Pasinetti and others. Then a picture of the technological opportunities in the brick making industry is constructed through analyzing the actual technical choices made by a sample of firms in the industry. Implications for worker controlled enterprises are drawn throughout. The choice of technique function is shown to be more complex than is usually assumed. In the presence of uncertainty an enterprise has to search for a viable operating space rather than an optimum position.. The decision making criteria are firm specific decision rules built up over time. As such the enterprise can be viewed as 'embodied learning', with the power relations which characterise all social organisations. When making a choice, the enterprise has to reconcile the conflicting requirements of the technological system, the effective demand criteria and the the context in which the technique will operate. A key component of this context is the nature of the enterprise, the learning embodied in it, and the resources it possesses. The specific conditions within a worker controlled enterprise require changes to the institutional framework in which they can be successful. These are directly related to the distribution of income and the nature of the organisation of production. The former affects the capacity of a worker controlled enterprise to acquire human and physical resources required to invest in new techniques. The latter relates to the establishment of efficient management structures. The choice of technique in a sample of firms in the brick making industry in the Western Cape is investigated, and the technological opportunities and constraints analyzed. It is shown that smaller mechanised concrete masonry techniques seem to hold the most potential for a worker controlled enterprise under certain conditions. These conditions include particular state policies to foster the housing delivery systems geared towards small building contracts and squatter upgrading. These have to be supplemented with appropriate financing strategies and the provision of serviced land. The ability of worker controlled enterprises to attract efficient management skills will most probably depend on their capacity to integrate horizontally, and in so doing create economies of scale in the provision of managerial resources. The viability of an enterprise will ultimately depend on whether it is able to adopt a technique which can deliver the products wi th appropriate char act.erLst i cs , to a market segment which requires products of that nature at the cost required. In the Western Cape that growing market seems only to be possible in the sectors where housing is currently not affordable. Therefore, lack of effective demand places a limit on the viability of new enterprises until such time as state policies and the institutional context of land use and availability have been addressed.

1. There is a crisis in economics. The discipline evolved in nineteenth century Europe and is difficult to adapt to modern conditions, even in the West, and particularly in alien cultures. Application of conventional economic analysis to economic activity in a culture as alien as traditional China highlights the biases in assumptions of the paradigm. 2. The concepts, models and vocabulary evolved over one hundred years ago predate important developments in the natural sciences. It is now necessary for economists to concede no goods can ever be 'produced', and they are not 'consumed' either. In clear terms matter is transformed, but is not created or destroyed (First Law of Thermodynamics). 3. When people transform matter, in lay language we say energy is 'used'. In a simple cottage industry, 'raw material' is transformed into a commodity in front of our eyes by the use of human energy and the release of energy from a 'fuel'. In modem complex economic activity, it is difficult or impossible to keep track of the processes from raw matter to transformed 'product' although the principle is the same. 4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in any transformation, energy is not created or destroyed, but becomes 'less available'. In short, entropy increases. This appears to work well for pure physics and chemistry, but its application to analysis of economic activity has only been notional. 5. There is a reason why economists borrowing terms from hard science experience difficulty. It is because physicists and chemists have addressed specific laboratory and engineering problems, but not the broader economic issues. The hypothesis gradually evolved in this research program that not only economic concepts and terms needed reworking, but those in physics as well. The definitions of energy as 'ability to do works and of entropy as 'unavailable energy' jar the logic of our commonsense. 6. The notion of 'available energy' was traced back to the phenomenon in physical chemistry known as exothermicity, or the release of energy during a chemical reaction. It was reasoned that while scientists had focussed on this phenomenon and measured it carefully they saw no need to ask where the energy came from, or to measure its transformation. From the perspective of analysing economic activity, the question was important. 7. It was hypothesised that the energy released from a fuel as electromagnetic radiation (mainly heat) was the residual of the set of coulombic forces within atoms that maintain the structure of shells of electrons around the protons. This idea in turn came from the presumption that molecular bonding is a residual of vectors of the set of coulombic forces within atoms, and the likelihood that in an exothermic reaction, after the reactants are said (by scientists) to 'seek equilibrium', product molecules have a portion of the coulombic forces 'left over' and not required to maintain their structures. An estimate was made of the coulombic forces extant in various fuels, and compared with the known data for their release of energy. 8. The idea was developed in detail. The concept we call in economics, 'production', and should call 'transformation' can only occur when forces locked within atoms are released as electromagnetic forces. (Gravitational forces exist because matter has been put 'there' by electromagnetic radiation). When 100 grams of dry grass fuel is burnt, about 2 megajoules of electromagnetic radiation are released. It was estimated that the coulombic forces between each electron and proton in that amount dry grass total 150 gigajoules (or giganewtons, since the reference is to forces). 9. Within the boundary of a simple economic activity, the ratio of aggregated coulombic forces locked up within atoms to the electromagnetic forces radiated out was estimated at the beginning of the activity, and then after a duration. The ratio of forces always tends towards 'evening out'. This measurement captures the entropy phenomenon which has been said by Georgescu-Roegen to be the basis of all economic activity. 10. At the roots of the economic paradigm founded by Adam Smith is the premise that the material world, as a set of substances, is a stage on which economic actors 'add value', bid prices up and down, and by their rational perception manage their livelihoods and surroundings well. From the findings of this research program it is contended that the surroundings of economic actors can be classed into two categories: locked up (coulombic) electromagnetic forces, and radiated electromagnetic forces. The former has a tendency to convert to the latter. All action, including all economic activity, and all life can be traced to a point in space and time where this conversion is (naturally) occurring. The phenomenon is analogous to a slope where water cascades, and gravitational potential energy converts to other (either useless or useful) forms of energy. To appreciate the nature of this phenomena, and to attempt to fathom its dimensions, sets our perceptions of ourselves as economic actors in a quite different and very humbling context.

Cette recherche porte sur les techniques de production des matériaux de construction en terre cuiteà l’époque romaine dans les provinces de Gaule et de Germanie. Ces techniques ne nous sontaccessibles directement que par l’archéologie, à la fois par les vestiges mobiliers : les matériauxfabriqués eux-mêmes, et par les vestiges immobiliers : les tuileries qui sont régulièrement mises aujour. Seules les structures de production sont examinées, mais il est souvent fait référence auxmatériaux. L’étude est menée selon deux lignes directrices, l’une horizontale : la chaîne opératoire, l’autreverticale : le temps, du présent vers le passé. Les structures de production sont traitées selon l’ordrede la chaîne opératoire : l’extraction, la préparation de la terre, le façonnage, le séchage et lacuisson. À l’intérieur de chacune de ces cinq phases sont étudiées successivement des structuresd’époque contemporaine (ateliers artisanaux), moderne, médiévale et enfin gallo-romaine. Cettedémarche régressive permet de mettre en évidence les continuités et les ruptures dans lestechniques mises en oeuvre et ainsi de mieux caractériser et comprendre la plus ancienne d’entreelles, celle des tuiliers gallo-romains. Le fonctionnement des structures de production les plusrécentes éclaire celui des structures romaines. Des comparaisons ponctuelles ne sont utilisées quepour tenter d’expliquer certaines caractéristiques originales des structures gallo-romaines. Lesrésultats les plus novateurs ont été obtenus dans l’étude des structures employées dans les phasesde façonnage, de séchage et de cuisson
This research concerns the techniques of tile and brick-making in Roman time in the provinces ofGaul and Germania. We have only access to these techniques through archaeology. First, there arethe movable vestiges: the objects (tiles and bricks), then there are the real estate vestiges: the tilemakingsites which are regularly uncovered. Only the structures of production are examined here,but it is often made reference to materials. The study is led according to two guidelines. One is horizontal: the “chaîne opératoire”, the other is vertical: Time, from present to past. The structures of production are treated according to the orderof the making process: quarrying, preparing clay, shaping, drying, and firing. Inside each of thesefive phases are successively studied structures of contemporary time (craft production), modern,medieval and finally Gallo-Roman. This regressive approach allows us to bring to light thecontinuities and the breaks in the techniques used and thus, to better characterize and understandthe most ancient of them, the Gallo-Roman tile-makers one. The functioning of the most recentstructures of production sheds light on that of the Roman ones. Punctual comparisons are only usedto try and explain some original characteristics of the Gallo-Roman structures. The most innovativeresults were obtained in the study of the structures used in the phases of shaping, drying and firing

The World Wide Web has taken the retail industry by storm. In a short span of 5 to 6 years, millions of users around the globe have been introduced to the Web. Whether shopping for merchandise or simply searching for information, the Web has become the avenue of choice for consumers. According to a recent research report by the Angus Reid Group (www.angusreid.com), as of the end of the year 2000, nearly 120 million of the estimated 300 million worldwide Internet users have already made an online purchase. The Boston Consulting Group (www.bcg.com) estimates the e-tailing market to be about $36 billion by 2001. More than half of all online transactions are still made in the US, with the typical American online shopper making seven purchases over three months with a total spending of $828. Advertising, word of mouth, enhanced security, convenience, and the fun of random surfing are among the various factors frequently cited for the popularity of online shopping. This alternate “shopping mall” has led to a tremendous growth in the number of online companies that have started selling merchandise on the Web, ranging from pet supplies to garden tools to cosmetics. Among these companies, there are some that have a physical presence in retailing, like Barnes and Nobles, Wal-Mart, etc. We call them the brick-and-mortar corporations. There are others which engage solely in online transactions with no physical presence. We call them the click-and-mortar corporations, examples of which are Amazon.com, buy.com, furniture.com, etc.