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Purakayastha, Shiladitya. "Geo-Spatial Distribution and Comparative Assessment of Brick Kiln Industry: Appraisal on Kulpi Block in Diamond Harbour Sub-Division, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38112.
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Abstract: Brick is one of the most important building materials and the demand of it is continuously rising for high increasing of population and the demand for settlement growth. Brick kilns in India are considered by traditional types of manufacturing and established as a significant industry in the unorganized sector. Percentage of female worker is more than male and in most of the cases total family be involved. Indian brick industry is the second biggest in the world after the China which provides livelihood. Among 9 Blocks of Diamond Harbour Sub-Division, Kulpi is the largest block based on number of brick kiln industry. Total brick kiln of the Sub division is 101. But Kulpi has 44 Brick Kilns (equal to 43.46%) covering an area of 60,000 Bigha or 80.3 Sq. Kms acquiring 25.83 % area of the Block itself. Author has attempted to observe the geo-spatial scenario and analysis of brick kiln industry of Kulpi block. Keywords: Locational Status, Brick Kiln Industry, Distribution, Comparison, Analysis, Kulpi Block
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Najar, Shabir, Wakar Zargar, Shazia Manzoor, Aadil Bashir, and Bilal Khan. "Living conditions of informal workers: A sociological study of brick kiln workers in district Budgam of Kashmir valley." Temida 24, no. 2 (2021): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem2102217n.
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In India, the brick kiln industry is a huge industry employing millions of workers belonging to both rural and urban areas. Most workers in the brick kiln industry reside near the worksites in unhygienic and shabby homes, mainly made up of raw bricks. The present research was carried out on migrant workers who work in the brick kiln industry in District Budgam of Kashmir valley. It is a qualitative study carried out with the help of a focused group discussion with the workers. The study has revealed that all the workers are from Bihar and work in the brick kiln industry for six to seven months per year. All the respondents of the study with whom group discussion was done were illiterate. There are various problems associated with workers like health problems, lack of proper living space, the problem of child labour and lack of any social security support from the government. Workers in the brick kiln industry work under a very high-pressure workload especially during the peak season of construction. There is an urgent need on part of the government to frame some policies for the welfare and protection of migrant brick kiln workers. Further, employers should also provide safe living space and social security to workers.
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Rodrigues, Joao Brandao, Rebekah J. E. Sullivan, Andrew Judge, Stuart Lee Norris, and Faith A. Burden. "Quantifying poor working equid welfare in Nepalese brick kilns using a welfare assessment tool." Veterinary Record 187, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.106135.
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BackgroundAcross Asia the brick-kiln industry is expanding. In Nepal, urban dwelling has increased in recent years, raising requirement for low-cost, mass produced bricks to meet the population needs. Working equids (WEs) play a key role in non-mechanised kilns. Assessing the welfare of these equids is the starting point to addressing concerns. In line with One Welfare principles, the health and welfare of animals, people and the kiln environment are interlinked.Materials and methodsIn December 2019, 119 WEs were assessed in seven brick kilns in three districts of Nepal, using the Equid Assessment Research and Scoping tool, developed by The Donkey Sanctuary. The objective was to measure welfare at the start of the brick kiln season.ResultsHorses were the predominant species of WE. Hazardous housing and environments were seen in all kilns. Behaviour responses were mixed. Owner responses and animal examination indicated poor working conditions. Signs of harmful practice were evident in most animals. The majority were underweight, with poor general health, skin alterations and musculoskeletal issues.ConclusionThe welfare of equids prior to starting brick kiln work is poor, posing significant concerns for the actual working period. Intervention to enhance health and welfare is required.
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DeWitt, Jessica D., Peter G. Chirico, Marissa A. Alessi, and Kathleen M. Boston. "Remote Sensing Inventory and Geospatial Analysis of Brick Kilns and Clay Quarrying in Kabul, Afghanistan." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030296.
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Reconstruction and urban development in Kabul, Afghanistan, has prompted vast expansion of the clay quarrying and brick making industry. This study identified the extent and distribution of clay quarrying and brick kilns in the greater Kabul area between 1965 and 2018. Very high-resolution satellite imagery was interpreted to quantify and characterize the type, number, and location of brick kilns for 1965, 2004, 2011, and 2018. Geospatial analysis of kilns together with geologic data and the results of hyperspectral image analysis yielded information regarding the extent of relevant mineral resources. Finally, kernel density analysis of kiln locations for each date called attention to their shifting spatial distribution. The study found that the clay quarrying and brick making industry has expanded exponentially. The type of kilns has transitioned from artisanal style clamp kilns to small-scale Bull’s Trench Kilns (BTK), and ultimately to Fixed Chimney Bull’s Trench Kilns (FCBTK). While quarrying has occurred entirely within quaternary windblown loess and clay deposits, artisanal clamp kilns were located in fine sediments containing montmorillonite and FCBTKs have developed in sediments containing calcite and muscovite. The study’s inventory of kilns was then used to estimate kiln workforce at 27,500 workers and production at 1.579 billion bricks per year.
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Tusher, Tanmoy Roy, Zisan Ashraf, and Shilpi Akter. "Health effects of brick kiln operations: A study on largest brick kiln cluster in Bangladesh." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v8i1.42270.
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Brick manufacturing industry is considered as one of the fastest-growing industrial sectors posing serious health hazards in most South East Asian countries like Bangladesh. A major portion of brick kilns in Bangladesh are located in and around the Dhaka, one of the world’s most densely populated cities, where the health effects of these brick kilns are obvious but yet not completely known. The study was thus performed based on a structured questionnaire survey to assess the health effects of brick kiln operations on kiln workers and local inhabitants at Baghiya of Konabari union in Gazipur near Dhaka of Bangladesh. A total of 100 randomly selected respondents (70 brick kiln workers and 30 local inhabitants) were surveyed. The results of the survey revealed that wood and coal are mostly used fuel for brick production in the study area. The respondents were suffering from skin disease (28%), headache (20%), eye irritation (10%), lung disease (8%), and respiratory diseases such as, asthma (20%), bronchitis (10%) and others (6%) problems, while skin diseases, asthma and other lung diseases were prevalent in workers, and eye irritation, headache and bronchitis were in inhabitants. Inhabitants (36%) who were living in surrounding areas of brick kilns for more than 20 years and workers (40%) who were residing for less than 5 years were suffering most from various diseases. Health education or awareness programs need to be organized since 77.1% and 63.3% of the workers and inhabitants, respectively, were never participated in any health education or awareness programs, and eco-friendly brick kilns should be installed maintaining the existing rules and regulations for minimizing the impacts of brick kiln operation induced air pollution in this respect.
South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.8(1) 2018: 32-36
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Aniyikaiye, Tolulope E., Joshua N. Edokpayi, John O. Odiyo, and Stuart J. Piketh. "Traditional Brick Making, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts: A Case Study of Vhembe District, South Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 10659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910659.
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The brick making industry, despite its contribution to environmental pollution, plays a major role in the economic growth of South Africa, with the traditional technology accounting for a significant proportion of the total clay brick production. The aim of this study is to undertake a comprehensive description of the production phases of the traditional brick making sector in Vhembe district and how this contributes to air pollution. The study comprised a series of interviews and questionnaires of key role players from two small villages, Manini and Tshilungoma in the Vhembe district. In-situ observations of the production methods and phases were also undertaken between June and December 2019. The brick making production phases used in Vhembe district are excavation, preparation, moulding, drying and firing. An average estimate of 34,683 bricks is fired monthly per brick kiln in Vhembe district. Emissions from brick making organisations had resulted into several public health and environmental risks. To reduce environmental degradation, the incorporation of industrial and environmental wastes into brick making and the gradual transition to environmentally friendly technology such as Vertical Shaft brick kiln (VSBK) should be embraced. Thus, traditional brick making implemented with appropriate sustainable environmental technology has the potential to improve the socio-economic status of the brick makers.
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Bashir, Zain, Muhammad Amjad, Syed Farhan Raza, Shafiq Ahmad, Mali Abdollahian, and Muhammad Farooq. "Investigating the Impact of Shifting the Brick Kiln Industry from Conventional to Zigzag Technology for a Sustainable Environment." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 19, 2023): 8291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108291.
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The brick kiln industry is one of the largest and most highly unregulated industrial sectors in developing countries. Most of the kilns use low-quality coal as primary fuel along with small quantities of bagasse, rice husk, and wooden chips. As a result of inefficient methods of combustion in conventional brick kilns, such as fixed chimney Bull’s trench kilns (FCBTKs), harmful pollutants are emitted in high quantities, which ultimately deteriorate the environment and are widely in operation in Pakistan. The most prominent harmful pollutants include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), black carbon (BC), and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Over the years, new technologies have been adopted by developed countries for the reduction of environmental burdens. One of these technologies is induced draught zigzag kilns (IDZKs), or zigzag kilns (ZZKs), technology, which effectively improves the combustion across the path of bricks stacked in a zigzag pattern. For the mass adoption of this technology, environmental assessment and comparison of both technologies is a crucial step. Both types of kiln sites are investigated for the analysis of their emissions and their environmental impact in this work. Carbon mass balance equations are used for the calculation of emission factors. Collected inventory data is then used for the life cycle assessment of both types of kilns using open LCA (version 1.10.3) and the Eco-invent database. According to the study, ZZK technology outperforms FCBTK in all aspects. The analysis of the specific energy consumption (SEC) of fired bricks for each kiln type reveals that ZZKs require 30% less energy than the conventional FCBTK. This implies that ZZKs demand lesser fuel than FCBTKs. The zigzag technology adoption scenario, in particular, can lead to approximately 30% lower CO2 emissions, which can be further reduced by up to 80% when taking into account black carbon (BC) emissions. Additionally, the adoption of zigzag technology can result in a 35% decrease in PM2.5 emissions. The study shows that adopting ZZK technology significantly reduces impact categories, such as particulate matter formation (PMF), photochemical oxidant formation (POF), and terrestrial acidification (TA) by 63%, 93%, and 95%, respectively.
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David, Mehwish, Naheed Tur, and Sarwat Jahan. "Evaluation of Genotoxicity Caused by Heavy Metals Emitted from Brick Kiln among Children in Brick Kiln Industry." Acta Scientific Paediatrics 2, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/aspe.2019.02.0116.
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Mishra, Mahima. "India's Brick Kiln Industry: Broadening the Wall of Caste and Gender Difference." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24109115502.
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GOROG, J. PETER, JAMES G. HEMRICK, HARALD A. WALTER, W. RAY LEARY, and MURRAY ELLIS. "Design of refractory linings for balanced energy efficiency, uptime, and capacity in lime kilns." February 2015 14, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.2.141.
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In this work a computer model is used to examine how refractory linings with both high alumina and basic refractory bricks affect kiln operations. Recommendations are made based on the results to aid mill personnel in designing optimized refractory linings for specific situations. Kilns used to regenerate lime in the kraft process are highly energy intensive. Throughout the 1990s, in response to increasing fuel prices, the pulp and paper industry primarily used backup insulation in conjunction with high alumina brick to line calcining zones of their kilns. The dramatic decline in price of natural gas over the past decade, in combination with mounting pressures to increase production of existing assets, has led many mills to focus more on increasing uptime and capacity rather than on energy savings. To this end, a growing number of mills are using basic (magnesia based) brick instead of high alumina brick to line calcining zones. While the use of basic brick can increase the uptime and reduce the cost to maintain the refractory lining, it can dramatically increase the shell temperatures and heat losses. Tradeoffs, therefore, are created among energy efficiency, capacity, and uptime.
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Lanjwani, Bisharat Ali, Fehmida Aslam, and Anwar ul Mustafa Shah. "Status of International Labour Standards in Brick Kiln Industry of Pakistan." I V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(v-i).29.
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This research article attempts to investigate "State of Implementation of International Labour Organization (ILO) Labour Standards in Brick Kiln Industry of Pakistan". Based on qualitative methods, this research/investigation has tried to understand different processes and mechanisms through which the government of Pakistan is fulfilling its international obligation i.e., provision of Core Labour Rights to the workers of brick kiln industry in the country. From all its Conventions, ILO has picked 8 Conventions and grouped them under four most basic human rights as which include Conventions 87 and 98 as "The right to organize and engage in collective bargaining", Conventions 100 and 111 as "The right to equality at work", Conventions 138 and 182 as "The abolition of child labour" and Conventions 29 and 105 as "The abolition of forced labour". To investigate the state of implementation of ILO Labour Standards, six districts were chosen from four provinces of Pakistan. Through focused group discussions and in-depth interviews, data was collected from brick kin workers, brick owners, labour activists, trade unionists, labour lawyers and officials of the labour departments.
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Javaid Iqbal, Muhammad. "Bonded Labor in the Brick Kiln Industry of Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2006.v11.i1.a6.
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Bonded labor is a dominant feature of the brick kiln industry of the country. Apparently an outcome of poverty, it is closely linked to the socio--cultural fabric of society. The vicious cycle of bondage subjugates the families physically and economically so that they are unable to break out of the trap despite putting in hard labor. The issue has a number of socioeconomic implications and its solution lies in a multi pronged strategy; economic uplift, social involvement and educational breakthrough of the bonded families. The paper explores the nature and extent of bonded labor in the brick kiln sector and analyzes its repercussions on children and women of the bonded families. It also examines the available legal infrastructure tackling bonded labor. Finally the paper proposes a comprehensive scheme to ameliorate the concerns of bonded families and ways to eradicate the menace from the industry.
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Lee, Jihyeon, Nina R. Brooks, Fahim Tajwar, Marshall Burke, Stefano Ermon, David B. Lobell, Debashish Biswas, and Stephen P. Luby. "Scalable deep learning to identify brick kilns and aid regulatory capacity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 17 (April 22, 2021): e2018863118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018863118.
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Improving compliance with environmental regulations is critical for promoting clean environments and healthy populations. In South Asia, brick manufacturing is a major source of pollution but is dominated by small-scale, informal producers who are difficult to monitor and regulate—a common challenge in low-income settings. We demonstrate a low-cost, scalable approach for locating brick kilns in high-resolution satellite imagery from Bangladesh. Our approach identifies kilns with 94.2% accuracy and 88.7% precision and extracts the precise GPS coordinates of every brick kiln across Bangladesh. Using these estimates, we show that at least 12% of the population of Bangladesh (>18 million people) live within 1 km of a kiln and that 77% and 9% of kilns are (illegally) within 1 km of schools and health facilities, respectively. Finally, we show how kilns contribute up to 20.4 μg/m3 of PM2.5 (particulate matter of a diameter less than 2.5 μm) in Dhaka when the wind blows from an unfavorable direction. We document inaccuracies and potential bias with respect to local regulations in the government data. Our approach demonstrates how machine learning and Earth observation can be combined to better understand the extent and implications of regulatory compliance in informal industry.
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Shah, Suehail Aijaz. "Revolutionizing Construction - Harnessing the Power of Brick Kiln Dust as a Sustainable Cement Alternative." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 1164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58128.
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Abstract: The concrete industry stands as the preeminent colossus within the realm of industrial domains. The building and construction industry, a primary contributor to environmental issues, is constantly seeking innovative approaches to enhance sustainability. Bricks forming the building block of the building structures are being manufactured worldwide. A substantial volume of fine particle dust is produced during the production step in the form of leftovers. This dust is the by-product of firing clay bricks at high temperature and the residual ash of the induced fuel. Brick Kiln dust poses environmental challenge due to disposal complexities. Commonly, the only established method of disposal is through land-filling, which can contribute to environmental concerns. This experimental investigation explores the transformative potential of utilizing Brick Kiln Dust as sustainable alternative to convention cement. BKD, obtained from a kiln situated in District Budgam, Jammu and Kashmir, was incorporated into concrete mixes at varying proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) as a replacement for cement. Through the use of rigorous testing on mix samples, this study examined the effect of BKD on concrete workability as well as compressive and split tensile strength. The results were compared to identify the optimal dosage for achieving a balance between reduced cement consumption and maintaining structural integrity. The results showed that adding BKD not only significantly decreased the amount of cement used, but also demonstrated that it was a workable and sustainable substitute. This research not only addresses the environmental concern associated with BKD but also contributes to the ongoing efforts to develop sustainable construction practices.
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D.P. Singh. "Women Workers in the Brick Kiln Industry in Haryana, India." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 12, no. 1 (February 2005): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152150401200104.
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Kumari, Sunita. "Neo-bondage in the Brick Kiln Industry: A Case Study of Bihar." Social Change 48, no. 3 (September 2018): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718781687.
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As a result of acute landlessness and high unemployment, young people especially in rural India are compelled to take money in advance from kiln owners for their daily sustenance by selling their labour. This arrangement limits their mobility to look for other locations to work in. It also hinders their negotiating power regarding minimum wages and forces them to work in appalling conditions. A vicious debt trap sucks in these powerless workers, creating a situation known as neo-bondage. This article looks at the conditions that lead to a state of neo-bondage among brick kiln workers of rural Bihar. The study is based on a field survey of 345 brick kiln labourers working in 36 sites in Rohtas district of Bihar. The findings of the survey suggest that despite the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, debt bondage is a common phenomenon in this industry. Although the Act prohibits any advance transactions, in cash or kind, made by a creditor to a debtor, the law has not been implemented effectively essentially because of poor socio-economic development, chronic underemployment and a lack of awareness found particularly in rural India.
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Zhang, Zheng Tao, and Xiao Bo Liao. "Brick Kiln Stacking-Destacking Robot Mechanism Design and Kinematics Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.251.
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This article describes the mechanical structure design method of the stacking-destacking robot and puts forward part kinematics analysis. In accordance with the actual technology requirement of modern brick kiln companies in logistics automation industry, a universal stacking-destacking robot is designed based on the functional requirement. And depending on the actual production requirements of the robot, it is designed to a kind of five-dof cylindrical coordinate one. This thesis focuses on the design and analysis of the mechanical structure of the robot. And according to the production requirements, some important components are selected. Finally, the kinematics analysis of the robot was brought forward and they are verified by experiments. The results show that this robot we designed can completely satisfy the technical requirements of the work in brick kilns destacking.
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Kazi, Rufiat N., and Mangala M. Bote. "A cross sectional study to determine the health profile of brick kiln workers." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 5135. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195458.
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Background: Occupational hazards involving the respiratory system, musculoskeletal system, skin and eyes are very commonly seen in the workers involved in the brick kiln industry. This study was designed to assess health profile of the brick kiln workers and to discuss sociodemographic profile affecting their health.Methods: This was a cross sectional study. 420 workers falling into the eligibility criteria, were selected from the 65 brick kiln factories in the study area. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select the brick kiln factories and the participants of the study. The responses given by the participants were entered in Microsoft Excel 2010 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi Square test was used to determine the association between the morbidities and sociodemographic variables.Results: Mean age of the workers was 35.34±10.96 years. 96.7% of the respondents were suffering from some or the other complaints, while 3.3% were not suffering from any complaints. Addiction was seen in 37.9% of the participants. Musculoskeletal complaints were the most common complaints followed by respiratory and skin complaints.Conclusions: Health of workers is affected due to conditions they work under. The older age group had more respiratory, dermatological and ophthalmic complaints. The group of workers employed as bigaaris as well as those who were working for more than 10 years had more respiratory and dermatological complaints.
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Floor, Willem. "The Brickworkers of Khatunabad: A Striking Record (1953–1979)." International Review of Social History 48, no. 3 (November 24, 2003): 427–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859003001147.
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This article discusses the working and living conditions of unskilled labourers in South Tehran, and pays particular attention to the workers of the brick-kiln factories of Khatunabad. The brick-kiln workers, mostly transient rural workers, were among the poorest of the Iranian labour class. At the same time, in terms of sheer numbers they represented 5 per cent of the population of Tehran in 1960. They lived and worked under appalling conditions but, nevertheless, they only seldom went on strike. The brickworkers' main concern was not so much their working conditions, but rather to get and hold a job. This was difficult, because (1) they were seasonal labour; (2) they had no representative workers' organization to speak for them; (3) the way their industry was organized left them with little power; and (4) there was strong competition from other unskilled and unemployed labourers. Finally, the six known strikes by the brick-kiln workers will be highlighted, and used to discuss the context in which all Iranian workers had to operate.
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Ravish and Anurag Singh. "Relation shackled labour child, in Brick Kiln industry of Delhi, NCR." VIDHIGYA: The Journal of Legal Awareness 15, no. 1and2 (2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4533.2020.00006.8.
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Prommuang, Phawat, Somchai Seviset, and Songwut Egwutvongsa. "Factors Affecting the Recession of Construction Brick Industry: A Case of Moklan Brick Kiln Factory Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 1 (February 9, 2024): e04594. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-057.
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Purpose of the Study: Construction brick industry has generated high income and it is the main revenue of Moklan city residents for a long time. However, recently, there has been a huge decrease of demand due to several reasons both from internal and external factors. The output of this research can be used to solve the problem and revive Moklan city economy. The purpose are 1) To study factors affecting the recession of the construction brick manufacturing industry in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. 2) To propose a guideline for solving the recession problems. Methodology: This is qualitative research using in-depth interview as a research tool. The data were collected from 40 owners of the Moklan brick kiln factory in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand selected by purposive method. Data were analyzed by content and thematic analysis. Main Findings: 1) Factors affecting to the recession of the industry consist of technology changes, environmental concerns, domestic economy, and product quality. 2) The guideline for solving this recession, the product must be environmentally friendly products, correspond to personal demand of customers, durable, and comprehensive usage. Applications: The output of this research can be applied in construction brick companies to improve their competitive advantage and production design and process. Novelty/Originality: This study reveal the factors to revive construction brick companies in Nakhon Si Thammarat , Thailand.
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Biswas, AKM Abdul Ahad, Milton Kumar Saha, Irteja Hasan, Md Faisal, and Joy Prokash. "Occupational Musculoskeletal and Respiratory Illness among Brick Kiln Industry Workers in Bangladesh." Caspian Journal of Health Research 3, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/cjhr.3.3.80.
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Bhukuth, Augendra. "The brokerage system in the brick kiln industry in Tamil Nadu, India." Forum for Social Economics 35, no. 2 (January 2006): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02746431.
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Juan, Zhang, Dong Xuhuai, and Wu Runqi. "REUSING “XIA BO” KILN FURNITURE WASTE FROM THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY AS A BUILDING MATERIAL AND ANALYZING ITS EFFECT ON THE INDOOR THERMAL ENVIRONMENT." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.2.45.
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ABSTRACT “Xia Bo” is a type of kiln furniture for ceramic production that becomes solid waste after damage during the firing process. However, it has traditionally been reused as a building material in China’s kiln-producing areas. With technological changes in kilns in recent years, Xia Bo is no longer necessary as kiln furniture for firing ceramics. However, as a low-tech and ecologically friendly construction material, it is overlooked as a suitable material. Traditional Xia Bo wall buildings are increasingly being left unused or even destroyed. This study examined the town of Pengcheng in the Cizhou kiln cultural heritage area. The main features and shapes of Xia Bo used in existing buildings were analyzed, and the typical application mode and construction technology for the “horizontal placement method” and the “vertical placement method” of the Xia Bo used in building walls were summarized. The thermal insulation performance of different types of Xia Bo wall was also examined, especially their thermal performance was compared with that of traditional brick wall buildings in indoor thermal environments. This study emphasizes and recognizes the ecological and economic value of reusing ceramic industrial waste as building materials to ensure that this technology can be protected and adopted in contemporary architecture.
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Joudi, Mayada Subhi, Muthana A. Hilal, and Eman M. Kadhum. "Utilization of Cement Kiln Dust with Local Ores to Prepare Ceramic Building Materials." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 9, no. 2 (October 20, 2022): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id179.
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Kiln dust material is collected during the manufacturing process of cement industry. It is considered as a waste material and poses environmental pollution. The properties of Kiln dust material depend on the kind of raw materials and fuel used. It is considered as a waste material This study focuses on the utilization the waste materials for ceramic products (bricks and tiles). The efficiency parameters (percentage of raw materials, additives, and firing temperature) during manufacture of the samples. Different amount of Kiln dust materials (20, 30 and 40) % were mixed with red kaolin clay and 10% (Na2CO3) is added to reduce firing temperature as a catalyst to prepare glassy phase. The samples were prepared by semi-dry press at a pressure 250 Kg/cm2 in two molds, cylinder (3.5 × 10 cm2) and square (5 × 5 cm2) for brick and tile respectively. Theses samples were dried at room temperature for 48 h. and at 110 °C for 24 hr. then, fired in muffle furnace at different firing temperatures (1050, 1100 and 1150 °C). The properties of ceramic materials after firing are produced a new material modifying in properties, and it is desirable stability of the product during the manufacture, as well as, firing temperature of the samples are very influential parameter on the physical and mechanical properties. Using kiln dust material with red kaolin clay, needs to high firing temperature up to 1150 °C, but the presence Na2CaCO3 in sample aid to decrease firing temperature to 1100 °C, with maintain requirement [1, 2, 3], fixing the addition of kiln dust material should not exceed 30%.
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Radojević, Zagorka, and Milica Vidak-Vasić. "Negative impacts of petroleum coke as an energy source in the brick-making industry." Gradjevinski materijali i konstrukcije 66, no. 4 (2023): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/grmk2300010r.
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The technical features of the issues caused by the brick industry's usage of petroleum coke as a fuel were identified in this study. The effects were evaluated in terms of the concentration of hazardous materials in petroleum coke, the CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions in the flue gases, the corrosion of refractory materials in the furnace, the corrosion of pipelines and metal structures in the dryer and furnace, the deposition of sulfate scum on dry products, and the fixation of white scum on finished products. To assess the microstructure and composition of the regions of the samples exposed to flue gases and that inside the material, refractory brick samples from the furnace walls were examined under a microscope. The compressive stress of the part of the sample affected by the flue gas from the kiln is lowered by 37.3 %, which is caused by the agglomeration of sulfate salts and the presence of a high quantity of vanadium. It was determined that, regardless of potential energy savings, the sulfur concentration in petroleum coke must be below 5% if utilized as an energy source in the brick sector since there are suitable conditions for accelerated corrosion processes.
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Radojević, Zagorka, and Milica Vidak-Vasić. "Negative impacts of petroleum coke as an energy source in the brick-making industry." Gradjevinski materijali i konstrukcije, no. 00 (2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/grmk00008r.
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The technical features of the issues caused by the brick industry's usage of petroleum coke as a fuel were identified in this study. The effects were evaluated in terms of the concentration of hazardous materials in petroleum coke, the CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions in the flue gases, the corrosion of refractory materials in the furnace, the corrosion of pipelines and metal structures in the dryer and furnace, the deposition of sulfate scum on dry products, and the fixation of white scum on finished products. To assess the microstructure and composition of the regions of the samples exposed to flue gases and that inside the material, refractory brick samples from the furnace walls were examined under a microscope. The compressive stress of the part of the sample affected by the flue gas from the kiln is lowered by 37.3 %, which is caused by the agglomeration of sulfate salts and the presence of a high quantity of vanadium. It was determined that, regardless of potential energy savings, the sulfur concentration in petroleum coke must be below 5% if utilized as an energy source in the brick sector since there are suitable conditions for accelerated corrosion processes.
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Zubair, Muhammad, Ghulam Yasin, Sehrish Khan Qazlbash, Ahsan Ul Haq, Akash Jamil, Muhammad Yaseen, Shafeeq Ur Rahman, and Wei Guo. "Carbon Sequestration by Native Tree Species around the Industrial Areas of Southern Punjab, Pakistan." Land 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091577.
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Industries have been a major culprit in increasing carbonaceous emissions and major contributors to global warming over the past decades. Factories in the urban periphery tend to warm cities more as compared with rural surroundings. Recently, nature-based solutions have been promoted to provide solutions related to climate adaptations and mitigation issues and challenges. Among these solutions, urban trees have proven to be an effective solution to remove air pollutants and mitigate air pollution specifically caused by carbon emissions. This work was designed to assess the role of tree species in mitigating air emissions of carbon around the vicinity of various industrial sites. For this purpose, three different industrial sites (weaving, brick kiln, and cosmetic) were selected to collect data. Selected industrial sites were divided into two areas, i.e., (a) area inside the industry and (b) area outside the industry. The samples were collected from 100 square meters inside the industries and 100 square meters outside the industries. Five different trees species comprised of four replications were selected for sampling. About twenty trees species from inside and outside of the industries were measured, making it 120 trees from all three selected industries for estimating aboveground and belowground biomass, showing their carbon estimation. The results showed that Moringa oleifera depicted overall higher total biomass from both inside (2.58, 0.56, and 4.57 Mg ha−1) and outside sites from all three selected industries. In terms of total carbon stock and carbon sequestration inside the industry sites, Syzygium cumini had the most dominant values in the weaving industry (2.82 and 10.32 Mg ha−1) and brick kiln (3.78 and 13.5 Mg ha−1), while in the cosmetic industry sites, Eucalyptus camaldulensis depicted higher carbon, stock, and sequestration values (7.83 and 28.70 Mg ha−1). In comparison, the sites outside the industries’ vicinity depicted overall lower carbon, stock, and sequestration values. The most dominant tree inside came out to be Dalbergia sisso (0.97 and 3.54 Mg ha−1) in the weaving industry sites, having higher values of carbon stock and carbon sequestration. Moringa oliefra (1.26 and 4.63) depicted dominant values in brick kiln sites, while in the cosmetic industry, Vachellia nilotica (2.51 and 9.19 Mg ha−1) displayed maximum values as compared with other species. The findings regarding belowground biomass and carbon storage indicate that the amount of soil carbon decreased with the increase in depth; higher soil carbon stock values were depicted at a 0–20 cm depth inside and outside the industries. The study concludes that forest tree species present inside and outside the vicinity of various industries have strong potential in mitigating air emissions.
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S, Sheta, and El Laithy N. "BRICK KILN INDUSTRY AND WORKERS’ CHRONIC RESPIRATORY HEALTH PROBLEMS IN MIT GHAMR DISTRICT, DAKAHLIA GOVERNORATE." Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejom.2015.809.
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V., Sahaya Sakila, and Manohar S. "Efficient MLTL Calibration Model for Monitoring the Real-Time Pollutant Emission from Brick Kiln Industry." Journal of Advances in Information Technology 15, no. 4 (2024): 544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/jait.15.4.544-554.
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Das, Tapati, Poppy Rajbongshi, and Prema Khan. "Assessing the feasibility of converting waterbodies in abandoned brick kiln industry areas into culture fishery systems." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, Suppl (2023): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i04s.059.
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Joshi, Manoj. "The transition challenge in family and business: a case study of KL Bricks." Journal of Family Business Management 7, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfbm-04-2016-0008.
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Purpose The case aims around transition and threats to survival in a brick kiln family business. Second, it stimulates an understanding on the need toward collective decision making by the family during the maturity stage of the family business. The purpose of this paper besides addressing entrepreneurship is to examine the “family-ness” in a family business and its benefits, the transition management issues and to understand the difficulties in handling conflicts during succession and transition cycle in a closely held family business. Design/methodology/approach The case is based on primary research, which is exploratory and secondary information followed by testing the case several times. To authenticate information, multiple sources of information with individual interviews both structured and unstructured at different levels have been used in a time frame of over one year. Findings The competency of the business purely lies in the quality of the product, utilization of market opportunity, harnessing capability, honesty and complete involvement in business. Undoubtedly, the family business has reflected growth but its existence in near future is doubtful due to certain exogenous uncontrollable factors, such as restriction by government regulation. The subsequent generation desires to actively participate in the family business. However, it is constrained by the new government regulations and the business life cycle. Thus, the family is reluctantly compelled to start focusing on newer alternatives or business ideas. Transitions, both in business and in family, have posed a challenge to the founder. Should the family continue in the same business with added constraints or the next generation starts building on a new idea as an option and spin-off from existing family business? These are scenarios for trade-offs. Research limitations/implications The case is restricted to transition in business and in family, within a traditional family business of brick kilns. It is about a strategic choice impending with the founder and his siblings. Interpretations may be connected with related family businesses; however, riders exist, as different firms falling under different industry verticals undergo unique scenarios. Practical implications The outcome of the research-based case study shall assist entrepreneurs in the brick kiln industry to understand transition issues and challenges imposed upon due to changing government regulations. Social implications Implications exist for practitioners who may like to anticipate conflict arising due to transition and have mitigation techniques in place. Originality/value The case is original, while the new generation is looking to switch or diversify the business.
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Akinshipe, Oladapo, and Gerrit Kornelius. "Quantification of atmospheric emissions and energy metrics from simulated clamp kiln technology in the clay brick industry." Environmental Pollution 236 (May 2018): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.074.
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Akram, Zertashia, Ishrat Mahjabeen, Muhammad Umair, Muhammad Fahim, Mahmood Akhter Kayani, Lulu Fatima, Malik Waqar Ahmad, et al. "Expression variation of OGG1 and HPRT gene and DNA damage in arsenic exposed industrial workers." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): e0273211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273211.
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Arsenic exposure alters redox balance, induces DNA damage, and deregulates many genes. OGG1 gene involved in base repair mechanism, for excision of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA formed as a result of accumulation of ROS in cell. HPRT gene encode transferase enzymes involved in purine recycling mechanism. The main focus of the study was to evaluate the expression variation in HPRT, OGG1 gene expression, and DNA damage of industrial workers. Blood samples of 300 occupational workers were collected from welding, brick kiln, furniture, pesticide, and paint industry (n = 60/industry) to evaluate the expression variation in HPRT, OGG1 gene expression, and DNA damage in blood cells by comet assay along with age and gender matched 300 control individuals. Blood arsenic content was higher (P<0.001) in an industrial group compared to the control. OGG1 and HPRT expression were (P<0.05) downregulated in exposed workers compared to controls. Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between HPRT vs OGG1 (P< 0.0001) in exposed workers compared to controls. Altered expression of both genes was observed between workers with <25years and >25years of age as well as between workers with <10years and >10year exposure. Reduced expression (P<0.05) of both genes and a high extent of DNA damage was evident in exposed smokers compared to respective non-smokers. DNA fragmentation was higher (P<0.05) in the furniture, welding and brick kiln group compared to control, and other industries. The present study suggests that altered expression of OGG1 and HPRT gene induce oxidative stress, showed a negative impact on the recycling of purines leading to DNA damage which increase the vulnerability of workers to carcinogenicity.
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Lewis, John, Belén Cobo del Arco, Katherine Eremin, Sheila Forbes, Dennis Gallagher, George Haggarty, Suzanne Miller, Robin Murdoch, Jim Tate, and Simon Chenery. "West Pans: excavations at a ceramic production site in Musselburgh, East Lothian." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 139 (November 30, 2010): 333–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.139.333.376.
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Excavations were undertaken in 1981 and 1990–1 at the site of the 18th-/19th-century ceramicsmanufacturing complex of West Pans, near Musselburgh. The foundations of several structures wereuncovered although many proved impossible to interpret or date. Several puddling pits, most of themquite small, were identified, as was part of a hovel (the circular structure surrounding a kiln) andthe remains of two kilns, one of which might have been for glass-making. Other buildings could havebeen drying rooms or stores. The large quantities of ceramics from several phases of occupationbetween the early 18th and the early 19th century included porcelain wasters from the period whenWilliam Littler was at West Pans, c 1764 and 1777. Some evidence of the 19th-century village of WestPans was uncovered to the north of the area, on land reclaimed from the sea. To the east of the mainsite, a watching brief in 2002 and a salvage excavation in 2003 revealed part of a brick structurepossibly associated with salt-making, another important early industry at West Pans.
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Rashid, Haroon, Hafiz Muhammad Ahmed, Zain Arshad, Hafiz Muhammad Faizan, Syed Abdul Muqsit, Ali Hassan, and Shafqat Hussain. "GREEN PAVEMENT: ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS IN PAVEMENT BLOCK MANUFACTURING." Earth Sciences Pakistan 7, no. 2 (November 29, 2023): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2023.32.37.
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Pavement blocks are increasingly popular in construction due to their durability, versatility, and aesthetics. However, their conventional production process heavily relies on natural resources like sand, cement, and aggregates, raising sustainability concerns. The construction industry faces growing pressure to adopt eco-friendly practices that minimize environmental harm and conserve resources. This study explored using waste materials in making interlocking pavement blocks. It found that replacing some cement with bagasse ash, fly ash, and brick kiln dust improved compressive strength compared to traditional blocks after 28 days. Substituting some aggregate with crushed waste plastic slightly reduced tensile strength, particularly at 7 and 28 days, with lower replacement ratios performing better. Overall, using waste materials in pavement block production has the potential to promote sustainable construction by reducing environmental impact and costs, aligning with sustainable development principles and resource efficiency.
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Dhote, Lekha, Digambar Chavan, Ramavtar Pandey, Prashik Manwatkar, Anirban Middey, and Sunil Kumar. "Experimental investigation on utilization of distillery sludge mixed with coal as a Low-grade fuel in brick kiln industry and product analysis." Fuel 324 (September 2022): 124467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124467.
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Silajdžić, Tarik. "Tipologija rimskih ciglana s područja Bosne i Hercegovine / Typology of Roman figlinae from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Journal of BATHINVS Association ACTA ILLYRICA / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA Online ISSN 2744-1318, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 231–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54524/2490-3930.2018.231.
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Following the establishment of Roman rule, the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland quickly began to accept and employ new methods of construction and production of building materials. Import of stamped bricks from large north italian workshops was first reduced by military units which started the brick production of their own, in figlinae based around military camps. Soon afterwards, first private brick workshops began to emerge starting the development of local brickmaking industry. Their work in interior of province of Dalmatia can be traced primarily through remains of brick kilns (fornaces) and secondarily through finds of stamped bricks which also serve as an indicator of spatial distribution and intensity of brick production. Previous archaeological investigation on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina have led to identifying the remains of 10 Roman brick kilns. Detailed and comparative analysis of their architecture from the aspect of typology hasn’t been the subject of former scholarly discourse. Following the typology suggested by N. Cuomo di Caprio, it is possible to identify several types of brick kilns all belonging to a group of quadrilateral – plan kilns with vertical firing mechanism thus having close analogies in numerous examples of kilns from other Roman provinces.
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Rahman, Akim M. "Black carbon and other pollutants from brickfields country-wise: Impact assessment and policy guidance under welfare analysis." Frontiers in Management and Business 4, no. 1 (2022): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/fmb.2023.01.001.
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The brick industry in developing world is a vast, coal burning and polluting industry. Nearly 1,500 billion bricks are produced globally each year where 87% are from Asia. China dominates the world in producing bricks using coal combustion and woods as fuels where Australia placed the last. Bangladesh placed the 5th in the world, and it mostly uses woods as fuels. These industries are owned privately. It is a type of industry that is mostly driven with business mentality without emphasizing the hygiene and health aspects where government laws are barely active in practices where rapid urbanization has been increasing demand of bricks. But, in most cases, this industry uses inefficient and dirty technology that causes environmental externalities. Brick-kilns inject huge volume of effluent gases. It causes depletion of atmospheric O2 level. Addressing the issue for policy guidance, this study first analyzes the consequences of these externalities in terms of marginal damage (MD) under neoclassical partial equilibrium demand & supply theory. It further analyzes the reasons of disparity between social-cost and private-cost by conventional marginal damage analysis. Findings show that due to gases emission from brickfields, the marginal social-costs are higher than marginal private-cost. In this economic dilemma, brick-kilns are benefiting with the expense of human-society country-wise. As it has been going on, the rises of brick-prices have been causing upward trends of welfare losses where producer surplus is dominating the total surplus. This consequential economic situation has been causing higher deadweight loss year after year. The reason is that the bricks-customers distribute this expenditure away from now more expensive bricks. Now there is an urgency for national policy actions for ensuring cleaner & sustainable brick production. On this aspect, reforestation efforts can be achieved in multi-faucets including brickfields’ charity and govt. policies on planting trees and for motivational efforts inspiring citizens of this country. These motivational efforts can be in multi-faucets: (a) inspiring “birthday celebration by planting trees”, (b) forcing to use green Tech in brick kilns and (c) conducting research in both phases of govt. and academicians where financial supports can be inspirational.
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Khalid, Nayab, Ishrat Mahjabeen, Mahmood Akhtar Kayani, and Zertashia Akram. "Association of arsenic-related AS3MT gene and antioxidant SOD2 gene expression in industrial workers occupationally exposed to arsenic." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 3 (March 2020): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233720918680.
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Increasing anthropogenic activities related to industrialization and exposure to different toxicants increases the health hazards of industrial workers. Arsenic (As) exposure induces DNA damage and generates reactive oxygen species, which may result in many disease phenotypes. Present study explores the expression variation of As 3 methyltransferase ( AS3MT) and superoxide dismutase ( SOD2) genes in blood samples of industrial workers of different industries (brick kiln, paint, welding, pesticide, and furniture) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A total of 250 blood samples of industrial workers were collected along with age- and gender-matched controls. Relative expression of AS3MT ( p < 0.05) and SOD2 ( p < 0.01) genes was found significantly downregulated in exposed workers compared to controls. Significant low levels of AS3MT and SOD2 gene expression were observed in workers in the paint and pesticide industry compared to other industries. Similarly, reduced expression of AS3MT ( p < 0.05) and SOD2 ( p < 0.01) was observed in smokers of industrial workers compared to smokers of the control group. Workers with >10 years of exposure had less AS3MT expression compared to workers with <10 years of exposure. Additionally, a positive Spearman correlation was observed between AS3MT versus SOD2 ( r = 0.742; p < 0.0001) in industrial workers. This study suggests that decreased AS3MT and SOD2 expression levels may lead to bioaccumulation of As in the body accompanied by increased oxidative stress ultimately inducing DNA damage.
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Kandoria, Vikrant Singh, Ishan Tank, Dr Amit Goyal, Khushwant ., and Loveleen Kaur. "Development of Geopolymer Brick Using Fly Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41878.
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Abstract: This research looked on the use of geopolymer brick in the construction industry. The need for bricks is rising rapidly. For example, all brick kilns rely on good quality clay from agricultural fields. Another issue facing the brick industry is the creation of high-temperature bricks, which necessitates fossil fuels. This method produces a lot of CO2 and uses a lot of fossil fuels. Due to the high energy consumption and lack of natural resources, geopolymer brick is a more sustainable and greener material. Geopolymer brick is made from waste materials such as fly ash, rice husk, and other similar materials that are high in alumina and silica content. A variety of activators, including sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, are used to activate these materials. 10 N/mm2 is the compressive strength of the brick that we were able to attain through this research. Keywords: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC); Fly Ash (FA); compressive strength test
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Khanal, Dikshya, and Mukunda Raj Paudel. "Quality assessment of bricks produced in Chitwan District, central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 65 (August 22, 2023): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v65i01.57773.
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Based on the physical, mechanical, and mineralogical properties of fire clay bricks from different brick industries of the Chitwan District, the quality of bricks was determined. The specific objective of this study was to assess the characteristics and comparison of bricks produced from different kilns. Both desk study and field study was carried out for this purpose. Parameters such as dimension, hardness, soundness, and impact were studied in the field for twenty brick samples obtained from each brick industry. Water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density, and compressive strength tests were carried out in the laboratory, encompassing high and low quality of samples. Additionally, seven types of bricks were manually crafted using clay from those industries. For mineralogical analysis, XRD was carried out on seven brick samples each from seven different brick industries. IS standard was followed for various testing. The dimension test results showed that none of the samples meet the standard. Similarly, the laboratory test result showed that the bulk density of each brick sample increased with increasing compressive strength and decreasing water absorption capacity and apparent porosity. XRD analysis has identified mineral phases like quartz, hematite, and berlinite. Thus, this research tries to provide valuable insights into brick quality, strength and potential applications.
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Afif Hakim. "PEMANFAATAN LAHAN BEKAS GALIAN BATU BATA MENJADI EMPANG IKAN AIR TAWAR." JURNAL BUANA PENGABDIAN 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jurnalbuanapengabdian.v2i1.1178.
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Desa Mekarmulya adalah salah satu desa dari 10 desa yang masuk dalam wilayah administratif Kecamatan Telukjambe Barat, Kabupaten Karawang. Dikepalai oleh seorang kepada desa dan dibantu oleh seorang sekretaris desa dan segenap perangkat desa. Desa Mekarmulya dikenal sebagai sentral industri rumahan (home industry) pembuatan batu bata merah pres. Hampir semua warga menjadi pembuat batu bata merah. Namun lambat laun usaha ini kian lesu dan kalah bersaing dengan adanya batu bata ringan. Lesunya penjualan batu bata merah ini juga dirasakan langsung oleh para buruh yang bekerja di salah satu pengrajin batu bata merah. Di sisi lian, terdapat potensi bekas galian material batu bata merah menjadi kolam untuk budi daya ikan air tawar sebagai tambahan penghasilan bagi para pengrajin bata merah yang mulai menurun. Untuk sementara waktu, sebagai permulaan ikan yang direkomendasikan adalah ikan nila karena mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan dan cepat berkembang biak. Selain budi daya ikan dan dijual secara mentah, juga disarankan untuk menjual hasil ikan tersebut berupa makanan olahannya seperti nugget, ikan asap, dan lain-lain.
Kata kunci: Mekarmulya, Batu Bata Merah, Budidaya, Ikan Air Tawar
Mekarmulya Village is one of the 10 villages included in the administrative area of Telukjambe Barat District, Karawang Regency. Headed by a village officer and assisted by a village secretary and all village officials. Mekarmulya Village is known as the center of the cottage industry for making pressed red bricks. Almost all residents become red brick makers. However, gradually this business became sluggish and could not compete with the light bricks. The sluggish sales of red bricks were also felt directly by the workers who worked in one of the red brick craftsmen. On the other side, there is the potential for the ex-excavated red brick material to become a pond for freshwater fish resources as an additional stage for the red brick craftsmen, which is starting to decline. For a while, the fish that refused to start was tilapia because it was easy to adapt to the environment and quickly reproduced. Apart from cultivating fish and selling it raw, it is also advisable to sell fish products in the form of processed food such as nuggets, smoked fish, and others.
Keywords: Mekarmulya, Red Bricks, Cultivation, freshwater fish
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Rahman, Akim M. "CO2 Emission from Brickfields in Bangladesh: Can Ethical Responsibility by Doing Reduce Level of Emission?" ATHENS JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 3 (January 12, 2022): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajss.9-3-3.
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Recent years’ rapid urbanization and then rural to urban migration have created increasing demands of bricks usages in Bangladesh. However, brick industry has been largely using inefficient, dirty technology and burns woods-coal. It injects huge volume of CO2 in atmosphere. For policy guidance on the issue, this study analyzes the basic issues of CO2 emission from brickfields in terms of marginal damage (MD) analysis. Findings show that the marginal social costs are higher than marginal private (producer of bricks) costs where brickfields are benefiting with the expense of Bangladeshi society as a whole. As time passes by, rises of brick-prices have been causing upward trends of welfare losses where producers’ surpluses are dominating in the total surplus. This economic situation has been causing higher deadweight loss year after year. Addressing the issues, national strategies and policy actions are needed. Reforestation efforts can be achieved in multi-faucets: brick-fields’ charity, government policies on planting trees & policies on motivational efforts inspiring citizens of Bangladesh. Motivational policy can be: i) inspiring celebration individual’s “Birthday, Having 1st child in family and Event of marriage” by planting trees, ii) forcing to utilize green tech in brick kilns and iii) conducting academic research where financial supports are in need. Keywords: brickfields, effluent gases emission, causes social costs & deadweight loss, reforestation, motivational efforts of government policies
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Ali, Mahrous A. M., and Hyung-Sik Yang. "Utilization of Cement Kiln Dust in Industry Cement Bricks." Geosystem Engineering 14, no. 1 (March 2011): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12269328.2011.10541327.
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Karmokar, Satyabrata. "General opportunities and problems of point-bar to establish kilns." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 15 (April 30, 2018): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2018.v15.005.
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Point bar is a typical depositional landform of fluvial process. This physical feature is commonly found in the lower part of the Hooghly river. Point bars are very suitable location for brick kilns. There are many causes for choosing such a fragile landscape to set up this industry. Brick industry is an ancient industry in India. It is a distinctive type of enterprise of point bars and of inland vacant area as well, throughout the country. However, gradually the point-bar kilns are becoming a sick industry. The basic opportunities to set up the point-bar kilns have been highlighted in this article. Besides that, the article is also concerned about the problems coming out of the function of the point-bar kilns along with some probable remedies.
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Rahman, Akim M., and Saadi Islam. "Effluent Gases Emission from Brickfields in Bangladesh: Policy Guidance Underpinning Bioethical Grounds Mitigating Emission Levels." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.62865/bjbio.v13i1.18.
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Recent years’ rapid urbanization and then rural to urban migration have created increasing demands of bricks usages in Bangladesh. However, brick industry has been largely using inefficient, dirty technology and burns woods-coal. It injects huge volume of effluent gases namely CO2, SO2, NOx, CH4, CO etc., in atmosphere. Governments, particularly developing countries have lost the ability to effectively regulate environmental issues, while at the same time corporations have gained unprecedented influence over many facets of society. On this aspect, Bangladesh is no exception. For policy guidance underpinning ethical grounds on the issue, this study analyzes the basic issues of CO2 emission from brickfields in terms of marginal damage (MD) analysis. Findings show that the marginal social costs are higher than marginal private (producer of bricks) costs where brickfields are benefiting with the expense of Bangladeshi society as a whole. As time passes by, rises of brick-prices have been causing upward trends of welfare losses where producers’ surpluses are dominating in the total surplus. This economic situation has been causing higher deadweight loss year after year. Addressing the issues, national strategies and policy actions underpinning bioethical grounds are needed. Reforestation efforts can be achieved in multi-faucets: brick-fields’ charity, government policies on planting trees and policies on motivational efforts inspiring citizens of Bangladesh. Bioethics responsibility trainings in multi-faucets are needed where government’s roles in designing program(s) can be instrumental. Motivational policy can be: i) inspiring celebration individual’s “Birthday, having 1st child in family and Event of marriage” by planting trees, ii) forcing to utilize green tech in brick kilns and iii) policies conducting academic research where financial supports are in need.
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Gorog, J. Peter, and W. Ray Leary. "Ring removal in rotary kilns used by the pulp and paper industry." March 2016 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2016): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.3.205.
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Ring formation occurs in the rotary kilns used by the pulp and paper industry to regenerate the lime needed to produce white liquor. The main rings are: burning zone rings, mid-kiln rings, dust rings and/or mud balls, and mud rings. While the exact mechanisms of ring formation are not completely understood, frequent changes in the production rate and the mud solids, high soda content in the mud, and high levels of dust are believed to play a major role in ring formation. The presence of rings can restrict the movement of material through the kiln. If undetected, this can result in overheating of the refractory lining. In the worst case, the presence of rings can lead to unscheduled downtime to clean out the ring and replace damaged refractory bricks. Depending on the severity, the cost of repairs and lost production can be in excess of US$3 million for a single event. Even if the root cause of ring formation is known, from a practical standpoint, it can be difficult to eliminate rings. In mills where ring formation is a recurring problem, mechanical ring removal systems should be considered. This paper describes the use of ring removal systems as a cost effective way to mitigate the problems associated with ring formation.
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Felecia Beulah, R. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK USING IRONITE POWDER FOR REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT." YMER Digital 21, no. 04 (April 30, 2022): 645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.04/62.
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In recent years, with expanding urbanization and increasing demand for construction materials, brick kilns have to grow to meet the demand. It has directly or indirectly caused a series of environmental and health problems. Cellular Light Weight Technology blocks can be used as an alternative to the red bricks, to reduce Environmental pollution and Global warming. CLC blocks are environment friendly. The energy consumed in the production of CLC blocks is only a fraction compared to the production of red bricks and emits no pollutants and creates no toxic products or by products. cellular concrete blocks are concrete blocks having homogeneous, uniformly distributed and stable void or air cells. The cell structure is attained with the addition of preformed stable foam in the concrete mix. These blocks are light weight, eco-friendly, economical and better alternative to conventional burnt clay bricks and cement concrete blocks in the modern building industry. This paper presents an experimental study carried out on bricks made from fly ash. The use of lightweight foamed concrete offer many benefits and advantageous particularly cost saving, fast completion and easy application compared to other materials such as steel and timber. Hence the present investigation was taken up with a view to verify the suitability, feasibility and potential use of ironite powder. The ironite powder has been taken for partial replacement with cement. This investigation also aims to use waste materials effectively since ironite is a waste obtained from metal wastes. The properties of the Cellular blocks are investigated by conducting various tests like Compressive strength test, water absorption test and flexural test. 0%,10%,20%,40% ironite powder, have been added for testing and validation of new form of brick
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El-Attar, Mohamed M., Dina M. Sadek, and Amir M. Salah. "Recycling of high volumes of cement kiln dust in bricks industry." Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (February 2017): 506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.082.
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