Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Breton'
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Asari, Makoto. "André Breton et le Sacré : essai sur Breton selon quelques thèmes religieux." Paris 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA03A089.
Full textCheveau, Loïc Favereau Francis. "Approche phonologique, morphologique et syntaxique du breton du Grand Lorient (bas-vannetais)." Rennes : Université Rennes 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189941/fr.
Full textHumphreys, Humphrey Lloyd. "Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du parler breton de Bothoa en Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem (Côtes-d'Armor) /." Brest : ar Skol vrezoneg : Emgleo Breiz, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35771648m.
Full textHumphreys, Humphrey Lloyd. "Phonologie, morphosyntaxe et lexique du parler breton de Bothoa en Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem, Côtes-du-Nord." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375948127.
Full textJouitteau, Mélanie. "La syntaxe comparée du breton." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010270.
Full textHaret, Sharon. "L’image poétique chez André Breton." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040154.
Full textThis thesis deals with the Surrealist image particularly as it is used in André Breton's poetry. Although it is difficult to reduce the Surrealist verbal image to a simple formula, the aim of this study is to ascertain whether it is possible to identify distinctive characteristics of the Surrealist image. To begin with Pierre Reverdy's famous definition of the poetic image is considered as a definition of the Surrealist image. However the examination of a few examples shows that Reverdy's defintion does not apply in particular to Surrealist images. Other means of isolating the hypothetical distinctive features are therefore sought. Given the obscurity of many Surrealist images a formal approach was adopted. The approach was very much influenced by Michele Prandi's vision of metaphor as incoherent language involving the outside world and syntactic structures. Accordingly, Surrealist images were compared to non Surrealist images in the same construction. Some features pertaining to particular structures were noticed, some to several structures
Ledunois, Jean-Pierre. "La préposition conjuguée en breton." Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20045.
Full text@When talking about the conjugated preposition, the two words are equally important. Preposition is spelt the same way as in French, English and Swedish. In Breton it is calle araogenn, that is to say, placed before, exactly as in the three other languages. It is true that the prepoistion generally comes before the noun but it also comes after the verb in most cases. The preposition is above all a linking word and we must analyse the type of connection it builds up with the other words in the sentence. The conjugated preposition is to be found in Breton and all other Celtic languages. Is it a true conjugaison? The point can be argued both ways. To answer it we must first define what conjugate means. It would seem that the Breton language reproduces in its conjugation system the basic opposition between time and space (or between the verb and the noun) which is common in the Indo-European languages. On the one hand we have the true verbal conjugation which applies to all verbs but one, and to most simple prepositions. On the other hand we have a "nominal" conjugation which applies to the verb to have, and to many compound prepositions. The preposition is located between the verb and the noun in the syntax of a sentence. The conjugated preposition gets its morphology from the true verbal conjugation and from the nominal "conjugation"
Grahmann, Simone. "Le réel chez André Breton." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030088.
Full textThis study examines the notion of real in the thought, the life, and the works of André Breton. The goal of surrealism is to explore man and existence, to orient him towards the recovery of the totality of his potential and to reestablish what is supposed as an absolute state of things : the "surreal". For Breton, the thème of the real is an existential issue : his entire intellectual and practical enterprise testifies to his will to uncover the secret of the real (human and universal) in order to construct a society based on the truth of man. Breton's point of departure towards that absolute reality is the change in the mind's perception of this real, a change which must be created in the bringing together and confrontation of antinomies resulting from dualist thought. .
Kasaï, Kaori. "André Breton et la folie." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070085.
Full textHow should we approach the role played by madness in the writings of André Breton? Can we accept the proposition that there is no distinction therein between 'madness and non-madness'? Breton's position with regard to mad people was always that it is not the 'mad' who should feel guilty about their condition, but society, which creates a narrow caricature of madness. Beyond that interpretation it seems that Breton felt a kind of sympathy for mad people, and as a verbal artist may have been willing to let himself enter states of creative frenzy. By examining two dimensions of madness in Breton's writings, on the one hand crime (as acts of madness), and on the other the language of the mad (which inspired the Surrealist method of automatic writing), we shed light on a new consciousness of madness brought about by Breton. Horrendous crimes were of interest to him, not only because of their social background, but for a kind of 'black humour' that could be seen in them - humour somewhat related to that in works by Sade or Lautréamont, writers favoured by Breton. With regard to language, Breton formed a theory in his writings of the 1920's, then further developed it in the 1930's (as L'Immaculée Conception, for instance, shows). Furthermore, during those decades there was great progress in medical psychiatry, in particular in studies of automatism and the language practices of mad people. Those studies may well have served Breton's poetics. Conversely, after World War II, some psychiatrists proposed that Surrealism itself had made major contributions to addressing some of the fundamental questions of psychiatry, such as the value, the meaning and the limits of madness
Crahe, Maxime-Morvan. "Le breton de Languidic : étude phonétique, morphologique et syntaxique d'un sous-dialecte du breton vannetais." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976584.
Full textCrahé, Maxime-Morvan. "Le breton de Languidic : étude phonétique, morphologique et syntaxique d'un sous-dialecte du breton vannetais." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN20062/document.
Full textThis work presents a new study of work to the visual description of dialectology in the lower region of Brittany and participates in providing a better understanding of the Breton language in its entirety.The usages and customs of this micro-dialect from this part of Brittany known as haut-vannetais will be described from examples of spoken language and song. These are collected from twenty five traditional native speakers originally from Languidic, born between 1919 and 1950. After having defined the dialect area of this local speech, haut-vannetais in transition, we present its vocalic system, which in itself is a distinct element between different spoken sub dialects. We will see that the tone of vowels could be centralised or neutralised depending on their quantity. This also applies for the consonants. The consonantal system will be defined and exposed by considering the typology of Breton, with initial consonant mutations. The lexical stress, which is principally oxytonic presents numerous variations. There are three principal classes of mutation, three hybrid and three isolated mutations. The morphology and syntax of this sub dialect is exposed in consideration of different usages, ranging from familiar everyday language to received pronunciation used whilst singing, which give a richness to the region where the oral traditions have been retaineduntil today
Goyat, Gilles. "Description morphosyntaxique du parler breton de Plozévet (Finistère)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00763530.
Full textCarson, Kristina. "La survie du breton en France par l'education, The Survival of Breton in France through Education." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1418232061.
Full textKersulec, Pierre-Yves. "Etude morphologique des noms en –erezh en breton moderne : morphologie et grammaire." Rennes 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN20060.
Full textThis PhD offers a morphological treatment of suffixes names by the morpheme –erezh in modern Breton from a double viewpoint : Associationism and Construstivism. This academic work relies on written data as well as original oral forms from vernacular Breton as collected in several areas. Particular attention has been paid to the Vannetais dialect. We aim to determine in this thesis the semantic and syntactic idiosyncrasy of names ending inerezh in modern Breton, alternating four frames of analysis, i. E. Morphology of the derivational process, semantics, syntactic conditions of usage and the idiosyncrasy of lexical competition
D'Entremont, Nadine T. "Breton lays, medieval orality and morality." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24960.pdf.
Full textGoumegou, Susanne. "Traumtext und Traumdiskurs Nerval, Breton, Leiris." Paderborn München Fink, 2004. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2869255&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
Full textHopkins, Amanda. "Identity in the narrative Breton lay." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297886.
Full textBlachère, Jean-Claude. "André Breton et les mondes primitifs." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040241.
Full textBreton's keen interest in savage cultures has not very been taken into account yet. Nevertheless, primitive thinking (a definition of primitive is given) is one of the fundamental ideological concepts of surrealism. Refusing western values leads surrealists to use other cultural references, especially those of the primitive. To get to know the savage worlds, Breton rejects exotism, uses ethnology cautiously. By automatic writing, he explores the primitive layers of the psyche. But it is the magical dialogue with the savage object which really allows access to emotional knowledge. Surrealism inherited from European "avant-gardes" primitivism, contemporary to snobbish pro-negroism, can sometimes be influenced by racist stereotypes. But Breton stands out by a greater wariness towards these commonplace images. After 1925, the surrealists follow the communist party on anti-colonialism and they give up the sterile hubbub of their beginning. The break from the party cannot be avoided when, about 1935, Breton insists on the cultural specificity of the colonized peoples. Surrealists believe that the message from the savage cultures can be grasped. According to them, the west should reinstate the political functions of the myth. The primitive model provides the likeable image of a society naturally rooted in artistical and psychological values which surrealists crave for. From the Canary Islands to Mexico and Haiti, Breton chants the "ultra-sensitive" areas of primeval tropical nature. He spots signal-places and reads this cryptogram through a poetical screen and the peculiarities of a primitive mentality. The conclusion shows that reception of the so-called surrealist primitivism is rather unfavorable. Yet, this notion partly translates Breton’s attitude, for whom the primitive model gives way more towards revolution than passeism
Kergoat, Lucien. "Ar Grennlavariaoueg vrezhonek le Proverbier breton." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375948456.
Full textBlachère, Jean-Claude. "André Breton et les mondes primitifs." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375960684.
Full textRubio, Emmanuel. "Les philosophies d'André Breton (1924-1940)." Paris 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA030065.
Full textConsidered by the critics as either a systematic " philosophy of surrealism ", or as an ideological " bricolage " devoid of sense, Breton's link to philosophy appears problematic as much as unavoidable. Between these two extremes a new approach can nevertheless be tried, abandoning the idea of a coherence of the whole corpus to follow the evolutions of a philosophy in progress. By paying careful attention to the explicit references of the poet, we will study, not Breton's philosophy, but his philosophies: those that he reads, distorts, or rewrites; those he successively builds. Hegel, Marx, Freud, psychiatry, but also Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Schopenhauer and Feuerbach, often neglected by the critics, define a complex philosophical area where the winding - but not incoherent - course of the poet can be drawn. From 1924 to 1940, several theoretical moments appear. Initially professing an extreme idealism, believing in the power of language to recreate the world, Breton is soon confronted with dialectic materialism,. .
Botrel, Alan. "Etudes sur la vie de Sainte Nonne : versification, personnages, syntaxe." Rennes 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN20028.
Full textThe great majority of the characters in la vie de Sainte Nonne express themselves, solely or mainly, with a single length of line and with a single pattern of stanza amongst the various possibilities the versification can afford. This fact doesn't appear in the other plays in middle Breton. The syntax, in spite of the great complexity of the versification, owing to the internal rhymes, is not altered, in this play, compared with the syntax in the works in prose
Le, Ruyet Jean-Claude. "Parole, liaison et norme : enseignement du breton : étude présentée dans le cadre d’un corpus de quatre règles de prononciation pour le breton des écolesKomz, liamm ha norm : kelenn ar brezhoneg : prezantet e stern peder reolenn-sanañ ewid brezhoneg ar skolioù." Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458217/fr/.
Full textThis thesis is a study of the four basic rules which could be considered as a comprehensive corpus to be used in the teaching of the Breton language. The first three which apply to whole words are presented in the first part of the thesis, and they deal with tonic accent, length of the stressed vowel and devoicing of the absolute final consonant. The proposition that there is a unique standard accent is the realistic key which gives overall coherence. The second part deals with sandhi. Following an extensive survey carried out in bilingual schools from CE2 (year 4) to the end of secondary schooling, from May 2007 to April 2008, one notices a strong influence of the French language on Breton speaking in schools. Several weak points of Breton teaching in schools are apparent : 1) more than 50% of the listed books do not mention the issue of liaisons which work more often than not in a completely different way to the French language. 2) What plays an important part in the use of French style liaisons by the learners, is the difference between nouns and other types of words, which has been applied to the final consonant since 1901. This decision, which did not take into account the existence of two sorts of suffixes in Breton, namely neutral ones and devoicing ones, is responsible for an artificial growth of visual final unvoiced consonants. Today, according to the Buben effect, one can measure the result of this decision wherever Breton teaching takes place. 3) Apart from its impact on liaisons, the 1901 decision which was maintained until the spelling agreement in 1941, also affects the decoding of stressed vowel length in a good number of words, excluding nouns. This thesis therefore clearly raises the question of the relevance of this century old rule, at a time when attemps are being made to bring more structure to the teaching of Breton
Chatelier, Antoine. "Traductions et variabilité en langue bretonne : l’exemple des traductions bretonnes de "l’Introduction à la vie dévote" (XVIIIe – XXe)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20019/document.
Full textThis work is an analysis of three translations in Breton of the text of François de Sales published in 1609:L’introduction à la vie dévote. The first translation was made by Charles Le Bris during the Breton's pre-modern period in the beginning of the 18th century in the north-west dialect.The two other translations both originate from the south-east of the area where Breton was spoken and written in the Vannes standard. One was written by Jean Marion in the end of the 18th century and the other by Sylvestre Sévéno in thebeginning of the 20th century. The study of those texts is, in a first section, founded on traductological purposes: how did the different authors play their roles of translators; what are the links between the different authors and the original; how did they account for the expectations of their future audience. Progressively, this analysis focuses on a syntactic and morphological approach and identifies some language variations between the authors
Rémy, Ariane-Rachel. "Beau comme la rencontre fortuite. . . Entre breton et freud : la psychiatrie et la psychanalyse dans l'oeuvre d'andre breton." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR1M182.
Full textKervoas, Yann-Envel Favereau Francis. "Le roman pour adolescents en langue bretonne thématique, traduction et stylistique /." Rennes : Université Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00422120/fr.
Full textHornsby, Stephen J. "Nineteenth-century Cape Breton : a historical geography." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27110.
Full textArts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
MacDonald, Jason. "Cape Breton Regional Municipality property management policy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31616.pdf.
Full textBernard, Jeanne. "Un rien passionné : Stanislas Breton à l'œuvre." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT5003.
Full text"A passionnate nothingness, Stanislas Breton at work" is a research written from and beyond the thought of Breton, a philosopher belonging - across whole XXth century - to the congregation od Passionnistes, and devoted to the philosophy and theology of the nothingness, initiated by the Neoplatonism, and continued by others civilizations (École de Kyoto for example). The red thread of this thesis is "the vacuum of the distance kept" from the nothingness, in such a way that this work tries to set up a prime philosophy, according to an indication of Breton himself : "Distance est vide : un beau sujet pour une méditation de philosophie première" (traduction : "Distance and vacuum : a fine subject for a a reflection about prime philosophy"). .
Guéguen, Josette. "Le fantasme de l'immersion linguistique en breton." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES1002.
Full textA grandmother who cannot understand her grandchildren speaking bretain, a bilingual class whose pupils cannot understand a native breton, that gives them explanations, these are situations that makes us think about the aims which spur on an institution such as "Diwan". What kind of Britain these militants want to pass and what is the place booked to children in such a device ?
Noyer, Pierre. "The Breton of the Canton of Briec." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19984.
Full textBroudic, Fañch. "A la recherche de la frontière : la limite linguistique entre Haute et Basse-Bretagne aux XIXe et XXe siècles /." Brest : Emgleo Breiz : ar Skol vrezoneg, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb357511166.
Full textBibliogr. p. 161-168. Index.
Cheveau, Loïc. "Approche phonologique, morphologique et syntaxique du breton du Grand Lorient (bas-vannetais)." Rennes 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189941/fr/.
Full textThis work is a structural description of the phonology, morphology and syntax of Lower Vannetais Breton dialect in Greater Lorient. Our study is based on a corpus of about forty hours of recorded conversations with 19 Breton native speakers who were born in the communes of Lorient, Caudan, Ploemeur, Quéven or Guidel. We got a part of these recordings from Radio-Bro-Gwened, and we have done the other part, during several field surveys. This dialect has never been studied in detail so far : the only information can be found in the linguistic atlases. First of all we have studied the phonology of the dialect through an inventory of its phonemes. Then we have looked into the phonological alternations, so to say the initial mutations. Lorient area Breton has a mutation system that is far more complex and extended than the other Celtic languages in general. In morphology we have noticed that the direct object pronouns were classified in four different series, according to the form of the verb that goes with them, which is a typological rarity. Verbal morphology has also many differences in comparison with the other Breton dialects. Finally we have tried to describe the main aspects of the syntax of this dialect, emphasizing the verb ‘to be’ and the complex structures (complementation, relativisation). As a conclusion, we have put the stress on the fact that linguistic recording campaigns are very urgent in Breton-speaking Brittany, in regard to the age of the majority of Breton native speakers, and to the extent of the work that has still to be done
Mireault, François. "Usages et fonctions esthétiques des savoirs ésotériques chez André Breton et Jovette Marchessault /." Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2002. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/tablemat/17613391TM.html.
Full textLe, Nevez Adam. "Language diversity and linguistic identity in Brittany : a critical analysis of the changing practice of Breton /." Electronic version, 2006. http://adt.lib.uts.edu.au/public/adt-NTSM20060905.165032/index.html.
Full textPentecouteau, Hugues. "Devenir bretonnant : construction de l'accès à la langue chez les nouveaux locuteurs." Brest, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BRES1010.
Full textShindô, Hisano. "Les écrits sur l’art d’André Breton : 1920-1944." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20060.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the writings of Andre Breton on the arts between the first years of his career and the end of The Second World War. If Surrealism began as a movement of literature, it goes without saying that arts have occupied an essential place in this group. Obviously, the success of the surrealism in the field of art is encouraged by the passion of Breton in this area. The art works inspired Breton to write many texts. A part of these texts is generally regarded as “art critic”. However the reflections of the writer on the art is not confined to this genre. Some essays and autobiographical stories tell episodes created by the art works. In addition, the artistic question may take the main place in the argumentative and theoretical texts.The writings of Breton may be located in the filiation of the modern poetry, from Baudelaire to contemporary poets as Jacques Dupin or Bernard Noël. These texts discuss the competitive relation between poetry and painting. The texts of Breton don’t try to give the superiority to the verbal expression rather than to the visual representation or vice versa, but to point out the interlacing of language and image. Far from seeking to find a coherent concept of the writer concerning the field of art, our analysis tries to show how the visual images have influence on the writing of Breton. In the first part, we will focus on the reflections of Breton on the art in the 1920s, the development of which crossed the borders of genres of texts. In the next part, we will find that a more important place is given in the 1930s to research on the visual representations, which then relate directly the main concerns of the writer : unconscious desire, its revelation and realization. The last part will be devoted to the contribution of visual representations in the “myth of Surrealism”, which occupied the important place in the concerns of the group during the 1940s. Following the evolution of Breton’s reflections on the plastic art in chronological order, our analysis will show that the activity of Breton around the visual art had a close relationship with his writing. The interest both for the plastic arts and for the poetry does not lead to proclaim the supremacy of one over the other, still less to pretend to the fusion of the two areas. Inseparable from the writing, but always outside or rather at the margin of the wrigting, the visual representations have the effect of putting the writings in question. However, such a discrepancy between texts and images implies the participation of the reader-spectator who, is invited to magnetic field of the Surrealism
Herdman, Jessica. "The Cape Breton fiddling narrative : innovation, preservation, dancing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1562.
Full textPawlik, Joanna. "Negotiating Surrealism : postwar American avant-gardes after Breton." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505900.
Full textAl, Lae Jakeza. "Louis Tiercelin (1846-1915) et le Parnasse breton." Rennes 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN20033.
Full textFerré, Sandrine. "Les mutations consonantiques en breton : une approche déclarative." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT3007.
Full textOrbi, Abdellatif. "Circulation de marée dans le Golfe normand-breton." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2024.
Full textOrbi, Abdellatif. "Circulation de marée dans le golfe normand-breton." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376001448.
Full textDearmont, Diane. "Automatic writing : a history from Mesmer to Breton /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8297.
Full textLe, Bris Daniel. "L'element breton dans le glossaire nautique de jal." Paris, EPHE, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EPHE4050.
Full textBroudic, Fañch. "Evolution de la pratique du breton depuis la fin de l'ancien régime jusqu'à nos jours." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES1005.
Full textBreton is a celtic language which is spoken in the western part of brittany (france). Now there are about 250 000 people who can speak the language, that is to say 17% of the population of lower brittany. But untill world war i, most people only knew breton, and even after world war ii, more than a milion people used to spek breton. Why and how the use of breton has so rapidly decreased? the thesis is an attempt to explain it. It contins three parts: 1. Discourse analysis about breton since french revolution 2. Facts are then related in detail 3. Language shift is finally analysed
Pentecouteau, Hugues. "Devenir bretonnant : découvertes, apprentissages et réappropriations d'une langue /." Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38836742s.
Full textKergoat, Lucien. "Ar grennlavariaoueg vrezhonek." Rennes 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985REN20005.
Full textLe, Béchec Mariannig. "Territoire et communication politique sur le « web régional breton »." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551746.
Full textSawadogo, Gustave. "Poétique et Politique dans la pensée de Stanislas Breton." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT5012/document.
Full textThe problematic of this thesis: In the work of the Christian philosopher, Stanislas Breton, the conjunction between poetics and politics in the purpose of the life of man as a human being and his relationship with the world. This relationship consists of living in the world, living with the world and living together in the world. One wonders if man - in spite of his human condition, marked by the double difficulty of being and communicating - is capable, and in what manner, of living poetically and politically in the world, doing what he must to be and assuming the world in which he lives. He manages that by virtue of this germ of non-being which, deep in his soul, opens to him the possibility of creative liberty. He is also capable of knowing how to combine "being in" and "being towards"; this double system of our "being for the world", in other words practising the "function-ménique" and the "function-méta" which culminates in the mystical function of the Cross. In this permanent quest for meaning, according to Breton, he does not forget that "There where the heart dwells is greater and always beyond walls." Or again, that "Doing good is not only giving something, but giving in such a way that there is someone or something in the gift which awakens to life"