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Journal articles on the topic 'Breathlessness'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Gupta, OP. "Breathlessness." Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences 24, no. 2 (2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jmgims.jmgims_36_19.

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2

Ahmedzai, Sam Hjelmeland, and Shanti Prakash Shrivastav. "Breathlessness." Medicine 28, no. 1 (2000): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.28.1.12.28342.

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3

Ahmedzai, Sam Hjelmeland, and Shanti Prakash Shrivastav. "Breathlessness." Medicine 32, no. 4 (April 2004): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.32.4.14.32917.

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4

Seamens, Charles M., and Keith Wrenn. "Breathlessness." Postgraduate Medicine 98, no. 4 (October 1995): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1995.11946066.

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5

Nicholls, David. "Breathlessness." Physiotherapy 86, no. 1 (January 2000): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)61322-3.

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6

Mooney, Tracy. "Breathlessness." Nursing Standard 27, no. 48 (July 31, 2013): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2013.07.27.48.59.s51.

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7

Cockcroft, A., and A. Guz. "Breathlessness." Postgraduate Medical Journal 63, no. 742 (August 1, 1987): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.63.742.637.

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8

Freedman, Mel. "Breathlessness." Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 40, no. 7 (July 1993): 688–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03009723.

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9

Schneidman, Ann, Lynn Reinke, DorAnne Donesky, and Virginia Carrieri-Kohlman. "Sudden Breathlessness." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 205, no. 11 (June 1, 2022): P22—P24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.20511p22.

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10

Davis, Tim. "Acute breathlessness." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 8, no. 8 (July 22, 2015): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738015593100.

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11

Gandevia, B. "Behavioural breathlessness." Thorax 45, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.45.9.716.

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12

Currow, David C., and Miriam J. Johnson. "Chronic breathlessness." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 10, no. 3 (September 2016): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000231.

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13

Howell, J. B. "Behavioural breathlessness." Thorax 45, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.45.4.287.

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14

Collins, Bridget, and Ganesh Raghu. "Persistent breathlessness." Lancet 387, no. 10021 (February 2016): e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00504-3.

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15

Holt, Kay. "Managing breathlessness." Primary Health Care 15, no. 7 (September 2005): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc2005.09.15.7.33.c547.

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16

M Maher, Toby, and Athol U. Wells. "Acute breathlessness." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 68, Sup3 (March 2007): M40—M43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2007.68.sup3.22862.

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17

TICE, MARTHA A. "Managing Breathlessness." Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional 24, no. 4 (April 2006): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004045-200604000-00004.

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18

Pearce, J. M. S. "Breathlessness/Dyspnoea." European Neurology 54, no. 4 (2005): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090722.

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19

Cockbain, Beatrice, Laura C. Price, and Matthew Hind. "Bony Breathlessness." Circulation 140, no. 10 (September 3, 2019): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.119.040833.

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20

MUERS, M. "Understanding breathlessness." Lancet 342, no. 8881 (November 1993): 1190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92180-2.

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21

Simon, Steffen T., Irene J. Higginson, Hamid Benalia, Marjolein Gysels, Fliss E. M. Murtagh, James Spicer, and Claudia Bausewein. "Episodic and Continuous Breathlessness: A New Categorization of Breathlessness." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 45, no. 6 (June 2013): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.06.008.

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22

Mori, Masanori, Takashi Yamaguchi, Yoshinobu Matsuda, Kozue Suzuki, Hiroaki Watanabe, Ryo Matsunuma, Jun Kako, et al. "Unanswered questions and future direction in the management of terminal breathlessness in patients with cancer." ESMO Open 5, Suppl 1 (February 2020): e000603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000603.

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Breathlessness is among the most common and deteriorating symptoms in patients with advanced cancer, which may worsen towards the end of life. Breathlessness in patients with estimated life expectancy of weeks to days has unique clinical features: it tends to worsen rapidly over days to hours as death approaches often despite current symptom control measures. Breathlessness in patients during the last weeks to days of life can be called ‘terminal breathlessness’. While evidence has accumulated for the management of breathlessness in patients with cancer who are not dying, such evidence may not be fully applied to terminal breathlessness. Only a few studies have investigated the best practice of terminal breathlessness in patients with cancer. In this paper, we summarise the current evidence for the management of terminal breathlessness, and propose future directions of clinical research.
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23

Brown, Duncan JF. "Palliation of breathlessness." Clinical Medicine 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.6-2-133.

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24

Ryan, Richella, Anna Spathis, Angela Clow, and Sara Booth. "Breathlessness and inflammation." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 10, no. 3 (September 2016): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000229.

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25

Farquhar, Morag. "Carers and breathlessness." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 11, no. 3 (September 2017): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000281.

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26

Johnson, Miriam J., and David C. Currow. "Unmasking chronic breathlessness." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 11, no. 3 (September 2017): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000290.

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27

Loveridge, Joanna, and Veronica White. "Breathlessness and cough." Medicine 37, no. 2 (February 2009): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2008.11.017.

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28

Loveridge, Joanna, and Veronica White. "Breathlessness and cough." Medicine 41, no. 2 (February 2013): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.11.009.

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29

Aggarwal, Deepak, Prasanta Raghab Mohapatra, and Anup Kumar Singh. "Language of Breathlessness." Chest 135, no. 4 (April 2009): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-2294.

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30

Dua, J., W. h. Cheung, S. Russell, and Z. Dabbagh. "Breathlessness and plethora." BMJ 343, jul26 2 (July 26, 2011): d4466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4466.

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31

Elbehairy, Amany F., Jennifer K. Quint, Judith Rogers, Michael Laffan, Michael I. Polkey, and Nicholas S. Hopkinson. "Patterns of breathlessness and associated consulting behaviour: results of an online survey." Thorax 74, no. 8 (April 8, 2019): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212950.

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The online British Lung Foundation Breath Test provides an opportunity to study the relationship between breathlessness, common sociobehavioural risk factors and interaction with healthcare. We analysed data from 356 799 responders: 71% were ≥50 years old and 18% were smokers. 20% reported limiting breathlessness (Medical Research Council breathlessness score ≥3), and the majority of these (85%) worried about their breathing; of these, 29% had not sought medical advice. Of those who had, 58% reported that the advice received had not helped their breathlessness. Limiting breathlessness was associated with being older, physically inactive, smoking and a higher body mass index. These data suggest a considerable unmet need associated with breathlessness as well as possibilities for intervention.
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32

Maddocks, Matthew, Charles C. Reilly, Caroline Jolley, and Irene J. Higginson. "What Next in Refractory Breathlessness? Breathlessness? Research Questions for Palliative Care." Journal of Palliative Care 30, no. 4 (December 2014): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585971403000405.

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33

Donesky, DorAnne. "Management of acute breathlessness in the person with chronic refractory breathlessness." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 9, no. 3 (September 2015): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000153.

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34

Gronwald, Benjamin, Michael Wolff, Jan Gaertner, Patric Bialas, Marcus Niewald, Andrea Schmitz, Sebastian Faehndrich, and Sven Gottschling. "Breathlessness and opioid therapy: A retrospective chart analysis in 2,958 patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2015): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.29_suppl.192.

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192 Background: Breathlessness is a common and distressing symptom, which increases in many diseases as they progress and is difficult to manage. It is widely accepted that opioids are safe and effective for treating dyspnea, although no single opioid has an authorization for the treatment of breathlessness. The aims of the study were to assess prevalence rates of breathlessness as well as the treatment approaches especially with respect to opioid therapy in all patients cared by a hospital palliative care team in a university hospital over a period of five years. Methods: A systematic review of all electronically available records of patients under palliative care service from April 2010 – April 2015 was performed. Results: Breathlessness was the third most common symptom in our patient group behind fatigue and pain. Furthermore it was classified as the utmost distressing symptom of all. Many patients suffering from breathlessness were opioid-naive before contact with our palliative care team. Many of these patients were put on prolonged-release opioids together with short-acting opioids (mucosal fentanyl) as rescue medication for breathlessness. Opioid therapy was judged to be very effective by the majority of patients suffering from breathlessness however caused (cancer-related or due to a benign disease e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients breathlessness is a major topic and is clearly positively influenceable by opioids. In our opinion it is longtime overdue to strive for an authorization for opioids against breathlessness.
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35

Manning, H. L., R. Basner, J. Ringler, C. Rand, V. Fencl, S. E. Weinberger, J. W. Weiss, and R. M. Schwartzstein. "Effect of chest wall vibration on breathlessness in normal subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.1.175.

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This study evaluated the effect of chest wall vibration (115 Hz) on breathlessness. Breathlessness was induced in normal subjects by a combination of hypercapnia and an inspiratory resistive load; both minute ventilation and end-tidal CO2 were kept constant. Cross-modality matching was used to rate breathlessness. Ratings during intercostal vibration were expressed as a percentage of ratings during the control condition (either deltoid vibration or no vibration). To evaluate their potential contribution to any changes in breathlessness, we assessed several aspects of ventilation, including chest wall configuration, functional residual capacity (FRC), and the ventilatory response to steady-state hypercapnia. Intercostal vibration reduced breathlessness ratings by 6.5 +/- 5.7% compared with deltoid vibration (P less than 0.05) and by 7.0 +/- 8.3% compared with no vibration (P less than 0.05). The reduction in breathlessness was accompanied by either no change or negligible change in minute ventilation, tidal volume, frequency, duty cycle, compartmental ventilation, FRC, and the steady-state hypercapnic response. We conclude that chest wall vibration reduces breathlessness and speculate that it may do so through stimulation of receptors in the chest wall.
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36

Currow, David C., Magnus Ekström, Sandra Louw, Julie Hill, Belinda Fazekas, Katherine Clark, Patricia M. Davidson, et al. "Sertraline in symptomatic chronic breathlessness: a double blind, randomised trial." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 1801270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01270-2018.

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Does sertraline provide symptomatic relief for chronic breathlessness in people with advanced disease whose underlying cause(s) are optimally treated?223 participants with chronic breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council breathlessness scale ≥2) who had optimal treatment of underlying cause(s) were randomised 1:1 to sertraline 25–100 mg (titrated upwards over 9 days) or placebo for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the proportion who had an improvement in intensity of current breathlessness >15% from baseline on a 100-mm visual analogue scale.The proportion of people responding to sertraline was similar to placebo for current breathlessness on days 26–28 (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.71–1.40) and for other measures of breathlessness. Quality of life in the sertraline arm had a higher likelihood of improving than in the placebo arm over the 4 weeks (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.01–0.41; p=0.044). No differences in performance status, anxiety and depression, or survival were observed. Adverse event rates were similar between arms.Sertraline does not appear to provide any benefit over placebo in the symptomatic relief of chronic breathlessness in this patient population.
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37

RIETVELD, S., W. EVERAERD, and I. VANBEEST. "Can biased symptom perception explain false-alarm choking sensations?" Psychological Medicine 29, no. 1 (January 1999): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798007764.

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Background. Breathlessness in asthma often cannot be explained with objective variables indicating airways obstruction. The hypothesis that unrealistic breathlessness results from false interpretation of sensations was tested.Methods. Sixty-four children and adolescents with asthma, aged 9–18 years, were randomly assigned to: (1) standardized physical exercise for induction of general symptoms; (2) equipment causing itching through skin irritation; or (3) physical exercise combined with equipment causing itching through skin irritation. Pre-test and post-test measures were: lung function; breathlessness; general symptoms; itching; state anxiety; and worry.Results. Lung function decreased within normal parameters (3·8%, 1·1%, 2·6%, respectively) and did not differ significantly between conditions. Breathlessness increased significantly after exercise, particularly in condition 3. Breathlessness correlated with general symptoms and worrying, but not with changes in lung function, age, or asthma severity.Conclusion. Biased symptom perception can explain unrealistic breathlessness. Prerequisites are situational cues triggering selective perception and ambiguous sensations associated with the anticipated (feared) physical state. Excessive breathlessness may often warrant objective confirmation by means of lung-function testing.
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38

Wilson, Rachel C., and P. W. Jones. "Influence of prior ventilatory experience on the estimation of breathlessness during exercise." Clinical Science 78, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0780149.

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1. The intensity of breathlessness was measured during exercise in nine normal subjects using a modified Borg scale to examine the effect of prior experience of breathlessness on subsequent estimates of breathlessness. 2. Each subject performed four exercise tests, each of which consisted of two identical runs of workload incrementation (run 1 and run 2). An inspiratory resistive load of 3.8 cmH2O s−1 l−1 was applied during the appropriate run of the exercise test to examine the effect of (a) prior experience of ‘loaded’ breathing on breathlessness estimation during ‘unloaded’ breathing, and (b) prior experience of ‘unloaded’ breathing on breathlessness estimation during ‘loaded’ breathing. Run 1 was the conditioning run; run 2 was the run in which the effect of conditioning was measured. 3. There was a good correlation between breathlessness and minute ventilation during both unloaded’ breathing (median r = 0.93) and ‘loaded’ breathing (median r = 0.95). 4. The slope of the Borg score/minute ventilation relationship was greater during ‘loaded’ breathing than during ‘unloaded’ breathing (P < 0.01). There was no difference in mean Borg score between ‘unloaded’ and ‘loaded’ breathing. 5. After a period of ‘loaded’ breathing during run 1, estimated breathlessness was significantly reduced during ensuing ‘unloaded’ breathing in run 2 (P < 0.01) compared with the exercise test in which ‘unloaded’ breathing was experienced throughout both run 1 and run 2. 6. After a period of ‘unloaded’ breathing in run 1, estimated breathlessness was significantly increased during ensuing ‘loaded’ breathing in run 2 (P < 0.01) compared with the exercise test in which the inspiratory load had already been experienced in run 1. 7. Changes in the pattern of breathing (inspiratory time, expiratory time, total breath duration, inspiration time/total breath duration ratio and tidal volume) were not consistent with the changes in breathlessness. 8. We suggest that perception of breathlessness may be influenced by a subject's immediate prior experience of an altered relationship between breathlessness and ventilation.
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39

Olsson, Max, David C. Currow, Miriam J. Johnson, Jacob Sandberg, Gunnar Engström, and Magnus Ekström. "Prevalence and severity of differing dimensions of breathlessness among elderly males in the population." ERJ Open Research 8, no. 1 (December 10, 2021): 00553–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00553-2021.

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Breathlessness is common in the general population. Existing data were obtained primarily with the uni-dimensional modified Medical Research Council breathlessness scale (mMRC) that does not assess intensities of unpleasantness nor physical, emotional and affective dimensions. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and intensity of these dimensions of breathlessness in elderly males and any associations with their duration, change over time and mMRC grade.We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study of 73-year-old males in a county in southern Sweden. Breathlessness was self-reported at one time point using a postal survey including the Dyspnea-12 (D-12), the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP) and the mMRC. Presence of an increased dimension score was defined as a score ≥minimal clinically important difference for each dimension scale. Association with the mMRC, recalled change since age 65, and duration of breathlessness were analysed with linear regression.Among 907 men, an increased dimension score was present in 17% (D-12 total score), 33% (MDP A1 unpleasantness), 19% (D-12 physical), 17% (MDP immediate perception), 10% (D-12 affective) and 17% (MDP emotional response). The unpleasantness and affective dimensions were strongly associated with mMRC≥3. Higher MDP and D-12 scores were associated with worsening of breathlessness since age 65, and higher MDP A1 unpleasantness was associated with breathlessness of less than 1 year duration.Increased scores of several dimensions of breathlessness are prevalent in 73-year-old males and are positively correlated with mMRC scores, worsening of breathlessness after age 65, and duration of less than 1 year.
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40

Brighton, Lisa Jane, Wei Gao, Morag Farquhar, Sara Booth, Sabrina Bajwah, William D.-C. Man, Charles C. Reilly, Deokhee Yi, Irene J. Higginson, and Matthew Maddocks. "Predicting outcomes following holistic breathlessness services: A pooled analysis of individual patient data." Palliative Medicine 33, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216319830299.

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Background: Holistic breathlessness services have been developed for people with advanced disease and chronic breathlessness, leading to improved psychological aspects of breathlessness and health. The extent to which patient characteristics influence outcomes is unclear. Aim: To identify patient characteristics predicting outcomes of mastery and distress due to breathlessness following holistic breathlessness services. Design: Secondary analysis of pooled individual patient data from three clinical trials. Our primary analysis assessed predictors of clinically important improvements in Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire mastery scores (+0.5 point), and our secondary analysis predictors of improvements in Numerical Rating Scale distress due to breathlessness (−1 point). Variables significantly related to improvement in univariate models were considered in separate backwards stepwise logistic regression models. Participants: The dataset comprised 259 participants (118 female; mean (standard deviation) age 69.2 (10.6) years) with primary diagnoses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (49.8%), cancer (34.7%) and interstitial lung disease (10.4%). Results: Controlling for age, sex and trial, baseline mastery remained the only significant independent predictor of improvement in mastery (odds ratio 0.57, 95% confidence intervals 0.43–0.74; p < 0.001), and baseline distress remained the only significant predictor of improvement in distress (odds ratio 1.64; 95% confidence intervals 1.35–2.03; p < 0.001). Baseline lung function, breathlessness severity, health status, mild anxiety and depression, and diagnosis did not predict outcomes. Conclusions: Outcomes of mastery and distress following holistic breathlessness services are influenced by baseline scores for these variables, and not by diagnosis, lung function or health status. Stratifying patients by levels of mastery and/or distress due to breathlessness appears appropriate for clinical trials and services.
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41

Jolley, Caroline J., Yuanming M. Luo, Joerg Steier, Gerrard F. Rafferty, Michael I. Polkey, and John Moxham. "Neural respiratory drive and breathlessness in COPD." European Respiratory Journal 45, no. 2 (October 16, 2014): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00063014.

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The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that neural respiratory drive, measured using diaphragm electromyogram (EMGdi) activity expressed as a percentage of maximum (EMGdi%max), is closely related to breathlessness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We also investigated whether neuroventilatory uncoupling contributes significantly to breathlessness intensity over an awareness of levels of neural respiratory drive alone.EMGdi and ventilation were measured continuously during incremental cycle and treadmill exercise in 12 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (forced expiratory volume in 1 s±sd was 38.7±14.5 % pred). EMGdi was expressed both as EMGdi%max and relative to tidal volume expressed as a percentage of predicted vital capacity to quantify neuroventilatory uncoupling.EMGdi%max was closely related to Borg breathlessness in both cycle (r=0.98, p=0.0001) and treadmill exercise (r=0.94, p=0.005), this relationship being similar to that between neuroventilatory uncoupling and breathlessness (cycling r=0.94, p=0.005; treadmill r=0.91, p=0.01). The relationship between breathlessness and ventilation was poor when expansion of tidal volume became limited.In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the intensity of exertional breathlessness is closely related to EMGdi%max. These data suggest that breathlessness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be largely explained by an awareness of levels of neural respiratory drive, rather than the degree of neuroventilatory uncoupling. EMGdi%max could provide a useful physiological biomarker for breathlessness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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42

Maddocks, Matthew, Lisa Jane Brighton, Morag Farquhar, Sara Booth, Sophie Miller, Lara Klass, India Tunnard, et al. "Holistic services for people with advanced disease and chronic or refractory breathlessness: a mixed-methods evidence synthesis." Health Services and Delivery Research 7, no. 22 (June 2019): 1–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr07220.

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Background Breathlessness is a common and distressing symptom of many advanced diseases, affecting around 2 million people in the UK. Breathlessness increases with disease progression and often becomes chronic or refractory. Breathlessness-triggered services that integrate holistic assessment and specialist palliative care input as part of a multiprofessional approach have been developed for this group, offering tailored interventions to support self-management and reduce distress. Objectives The aim was to synthesise evidence on holistic breathlessness services for people with advanced disease and chronic or refractory breathlessness. The objectives were to describe the structure, organisation and delivery of services, determine clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability, identify predictors of treatment response, and elicit stakeholders’ evidence-based priorities for clinical practice, policy and research. Design The mixed-methods evidence synthesis comprised three components: (1) a systematic review to determine the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of holistic breathlessness services; (2) a secondary analysis of pooled individual data from three trials to determine predictors of clinical response; and (3) a transparent expert consultation (TEC), comprising a stakeholder workshop and an online consensus survey, to identify stakeholders’ priorities. Results Thirty-seven papers reporting on 18 holistic breathlessness services were included in the systematic review. Most studies enrolled people with thoracic cancer, were delivered over 4–6 weeks, and included breathing training, relaxation techniques and psychological support. Meta-analysis demonstrated significant reductions in the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) distress due to breathlessness, significant reductions in the Hospital Anxiety and Depressions Scale (HADS) depression scores, and non-significant reductions in the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) mastery and HADS anxiety, favouring the intervention. Recipients valued education, self-management interventions, and expertise of the staff in breathlessness and person-centred care. Evidence for cost-effectiveness was limited and inconclusive. The responder analysis (n = 259) revealed baseline CRQ mastery and NRS distress to be strong predictors of the response to breathlessness services assessed by these same measures, and no significant influence from baseline breathlessness intensity, patient diagnosis, lung function, health status, anxiety or depression. The TEC elicited 34 priorities from stakeholders. Seven priorities received high agreement and consensus, reflecting stakeholders’ (n = 74) views that services should be person-centred and multiprofessional, share their breathlessness management skills with others, and recognise the roles and support needs of informal carers. Limitations The evidence synthesis draws predominantly from UK services and may not be generalisable to other settings. Some meta-analyses were restricted by reporting biases and statistical heterogeneity. Conclusions Despite heterogeneity in composition and delivery, holistic breathlessness services are highly valued by recipients and can lead to significant improvements in the distress caused by breathlessness and depression. Outcomes of improved mastery and reduced distress caused by breathlessness are not influenced by patient diagnosis, lung function or health status. Stakeholders highlighted the need for improved access to person-centred, multiprofessional breathlessness services and support for informal carers. Future work Our research suggests that key therapeutic components of holistic breathlessness services be considered in clinical practice and models of delivery and educational strategies to address stakeholders’ priorities tested. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42017057508. Funding The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery programme. Matthew Maddocks, Wei Gao and Irene J Higginson are supported by the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London; Matthew Maddocks is supported by a NIHR Career Development Fellowship (CDF-2017-009), William D-C Man is supported by the NIHR CLAHRC Northwest London and Irene J Higginson holds a NIHR Emeritus Senior Investigator Award.
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43

Zuberi, Tahira, and Chantal Simon. "Acute Breathlessness in Adults." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 2, no. 5 (May 2009): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inp055.

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Dyspnoea is the subjective sensation of breathlessness that is excessive for any given level of physical activity. Acute breathlessness is defined as severe dyspnoea evolving rapidly over minutes to hours. The sudden development of dyspnoea heralds, in most cases, a significant cardiopulmonary insult. The aim of this article is to give GPs in training a strategy to deal with acute breathlessness in primary care
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44

Kumar, RVijai. "Breathlessness & respiratory diseases." Lung India 23, no. 1 (2006): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.44428.

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Gray, Jennifer E. A., Sara Booth, Soren Brage, Janelle Yorke, Shakeeb Moosavi, Claudia Bausewein, Alex Molassiotis, Miriam Johnson, and Morag C. Farquhar. "Breathlessness Research Interest Group." Progress in Palliative Care 18, no. 2 (April 2010): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/096992610x12624290276467.

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Lareau, Suzanne C., Bonnie Fahy, and Paula Meek. "Breathlessness–Shortness of Breath." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 202, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): P3—P4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2020c7.

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Currow, David C., and Amy P. Abernethy. "The science of breathlessness." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 8, no. 3 (September 2014): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000067.

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Noble, Simon. "Thromboembolic disease and breathlessness." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 10, no. 3 (September 2016): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000228.

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Williams, Marie T., and Kylie N. Johnston. "Multidimensional measurement of breathlessness." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 13, no. 3 (September 2019): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000436.

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Marlow, Lucy L., Olivia K. Faull, Sarah L. Finnegan, and Kyle T. S. Pattinson. "Breathlessness and the brain." Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 13, no. 3 (September 2019): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spc.0000000000000441.

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