Journal articles: 'Breath Holding Time'

1

Badami, Sukanya, and Mahesh C. Baragundi. "Effect of Smoking on Breath Holding Time." International Journal of Physiology 5, no. 2 (2017): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-608x.2017.00095.6.

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Nishino, Takashi, Kunio Sugimori, and Teruhiko Ishikawa. "Changes in the Period of No Respiratory Sensation and Total Breath-Holding Time in Successive Breath-Holding Trials." Clinical Science 91, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0910755.

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1. Immediately after breath-holding at end-expiratory level, there is a certain period of no particular respiratory sensation which is terminated by the onset of an unpleasant sensation and followed by progressive discomfort during breath-holding. This period, defined as the time from the start of voluntary breath-holding to the point where the onset of an unpleasant sensation occurs, is designated ‘the period of no respiratory sensation’. Although it has been shown that the maximum breath-holding performance is improved with successive trials, it is not clear whether this training effect exerts a similar influence on the period of no respiratory sensation during breath-holding. 2. Since the training effect seems to be associated with the stresses of breath-holding, we hypothesized that the initial period of no respiratory sensation during breath-holding might be less influenced by the training effect. 3. We studied 13 normal subjects who performed repeated breath holds while continuously rating their respiratory discomfort using a visual analogue scale. In addition, we measured the hypercapnic ventilatory response of each individual and obtained the relationship between the slope of the hypercapnic response curve and breath-holding periods. 4. Our results showed that there was little training effect on the period of no respiratory sensation and that the period of no sensation during breath-holding is inversely related to the slope of the hypercapnic ventilatory response curve. 5. The period of no respiratory sensation was also measured in eight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The values of the period of no respiratory sensation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were apparently lower than those obtained in normal subjects. 6. These findings suggest that measurement of the period of no respiratory sensation can be a useful clinical test for the study of genesis of dyspnoea.

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Gahn, Hallmeyer-Elgner, Becker, Barrett, and Ackermann. "Cerebrovascular response time to a breath-holding challenge." Vasa 36, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.36.3.181.

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Background: To evaluate the timecourse of cerebrovascular reserve response to breath-holding. Patients and methods: Using simultaneous bilateral transcranial Doppler (TCD) recordings from the MCA during a breath-holding challenge, we measured the time interval between baseline and peak blood flow velocity values in 25 patients with critical unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (> 85% lumen diameter reduction), in 9 patients with a non-critical (70–85%) ICA-stenosis and in 27 normal controls. Results: Normal controls and patients with non-critical stenosis reached peak MCA velocities on both sides almost simultaneously. For the patients with critical stenosis the peak response time ipsilateral to the stenosis was delayed 2.40 ± 3.43 sec compared to the opposite side. This delay resolved after carotid endarterectomy. Conclusions: In response to a breath-holding challenge unilateral critical ICA stenosis is associated with a significant ipsilateral prolongation of the rise time from baseline to peak MCA velocity.

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Dr. A. S. NAGESWARAN, Dr A. S. NAGESWARAN. "Influence of Breathing Exercise on Breath Holding Time and Resting Pulse Rate Among Sprinters." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 3 (October 1, 2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2013/132.

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Нафеева, A. Nafeeva, Зеленкова, I. Zelenkova, Кулин, A. Kulin, Чернышов, et al. "Unctional Support of the Athletes’ Physical Stress at Breath Holding." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 8, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5943.

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The heart beat rate and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the freedivers, basketball players and athletes were investigated at the maximum time of breath holding in a situation of the rest, under increasing stress during work on a cycle ergometer and at the interrupted breath holdings in the course of work on the cycle ergometer with a constant load. The free divers hold their breath for a longer time than the bas-ketball players and athletes. The free divers physical endurance was higher than endurance of the basketball players and athletes at the inter-rupted breath-holdings in the course of work on the cycle ergometer. The breath holding at rest was accompanied by a decrease in the heart beat rate and SpO2 in the free-divers and basketball players. The examinees heart beat rate increased at the physical work on a cycle ergo-meter without breath-holdings. The heart beat rate greatest increase was in the basketball players. The SpO2 had a tendency to reduce. The SpO2 in the free-divers and basketball players declined at the interrupted breath-holdings in the course of work on the cycle ergometer. The athletes SpO2 did not alter. While the free-divers heart beat rate decreased, and the basketball and athletes heart beat rate had a tendency to increase. Consequently the free divers had high capacity for work and high resistance to hypoxia. The basketball players have high capacity for work and low resistance to hypoxia. The athletes have low efficiency and lacked resistance to hypoxia.

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Zins, Marc. "Breath-holding 3D MRCP: the time is now?" European Radiology 28, no. 9 (June 21, 2018): 3719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5550-8.

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Morooka, Hiroaki, Yoshitaka Wakasugi, Hiroko Shimamoto, Osamu Shibata, and Koji Sumikawa. "Hyperbaric Nitrogen Prolongs Breath-Holding Time in Humans." Anesthesia & Analgesia 91, no. 3 (September 2000): 749–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-200009000-00047.

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Hurewitz, A. N., and M. G. Sampson. "Voluntary breath holding in the obese." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 2371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2371.

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Alveolar gas tensions and arterial O2 saturation (Sao2) during a voluntary breath hold at functional residual capacity (FRC) were examined in 13 healthy seated subjects. An excellent correlation (r = 0.80) was found between the fall of alveolar O2 tensions (delta PETo2) and body weight, expressed as the ratio of weight to height (wt/ht, kg/cm). An even greater correlation (r = 0.89) was found between delta PETo2 and the ratio of breath-hold time X O2 consumption/FRC. Alveolar Po2 decreased to 70 mmHg in the obese group after just 15 s of apnea, whereas this degree of hypoxia did not occur in the nonobese until the breath hold was sustained for 30 s. This variable rate of fall of alveolar Po2 during a breath hold can be ascribed to the changes of O2 consumption (Vo2) and FRC associated with changing body weight. In the obese, Vo2/FRC was twice as large as in the nonobese, thus accounting for the differences of breath-hold time needed to obtain the same alveolar Po2. Sao2 measured at the end of the breath hold was the same as that value predicted from the reduction of PETo2. This suggests that the fall of alveolar Po2 can entirely account for the observed fall of O2 saturation and that venous admixture had not increased during the 15-s apnea. In patients with sleep apnea, the ratio of Vo2/(initial lung volume) may also be an important determinant of the severity of hypoxemia observed.

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Ferrigno, M., D. D. Hickey, M. H. Liner, and C. E. Lundgren. "Cardiac performance in humans during breath holding." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 1871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.1871.

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The effects on cardiac performance of high and low intrathoracic pressures induced by breath holding at large and small lung volumes have been investigated. Cardiac index and systolic time intervals were recorded from six resting subjects with impedance cardiography in both the nonimmersed and immersed condition. A thermoneutral environment (air 28 degrees C, water 35 degrees C) was used to eliminate the cold-induced circulatory component of the diving response. Cardiac performance was enhanced during immersion compared with nonimmersion, whereas it was depressed by breath holding at large lung volume. The depressed performance was apparent from the decrease in cardiac index (24.1% in the immersed and 20.9% in the nonimmersed condition) and from changes in systolic time intervals, e.g., shortening of left ventricular ejection time coupled with lengthening of preejection period. In the absence of the cold water component of the diving response, breath holding at the large lung volume used by breath-hold divers tends to reduce cardiac performance presumably by impeding venous return.

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Dr. A. S. NAGESWARAN, Dr A. S. NAGESWARAN. "An Impact of Yogic Practices and Weight Training on Breath Holding Time of College Men Players." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2012): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/jan2014/78.

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11

Mitrouska, I., M. Tsoumakidou, G. Prinianakis, J. Milic-Emili, and N. M. Siafakas. "Effect of voluntary respiratory efforts on breath-holding time." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 157, no. 2-3 (August 2007): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2007.01.014.

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Kumar, Sanjay, B. H. Paudel, S. Dhungel, and R. Khadka. "EFFECT OF COLD INDUCED PAIN AND MENTAL TASK ON BREATH HOLDING TIME." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 41, no. 141 (January 1, 2003): 262–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.742.

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The breath holding time (BHT) is under voluntary control to a considerable extentand is dependent on various factors. Pain interrupts ongoing mental processes andmental task stimulates the respiratory complex as a part of generalised central nervoussystem arousal. We hypothesised that the concurrent cold-induced pain and mentaltask may change BHT. In this study BHT with concurrent mental task (MT) or coldinducedpain (CPT) was assessed in healthy individuals (n=25). The objective was toinvestigate the effect of CPT and MT on BHT. Initially basal BHT was recorded thenthe BHT was recorded during MT and CPT. The data were analysed by Friedmantest. The results showed no significant effect of MT and CPT on BHT. However, BHTshowed an increasing trend with CPT and MT. It is concluded that cold pressor painand mental task do not have vital influence on breath holding time.Key Words: breath holding time, cold pressor test, pain, mental task.

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13

Whitelaw, W. A., B. McBride, and G. T. Ford. "Effect of lung volume on breath holding." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1962.

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The mechanism by which large lung volume lessens the discomfort of breath holding and prolongs breath-hold time was studied by analyzing the pressure waves made by diaphragm contractions during breath holds at various lung volumes. Subjects rebreathed a mixture of 8% CO2–92% O2 and commenced breath holding after reaching an alveolar plateau. At all volumes, regular rhythmic contractions of inspiratory muscles, followed by means of gastric and pleural pressures, increased in amplitude and frequency until the breakpoint. Expiratory muscle activity was more prominent in some subjects than others, and increased through each breath hold. Increasing lung volume caused a delay in onset and a decrease in frequency of contractions with no consistent change in duty cycle and a decline in magnitude of esophageal pressure swings that could be accounted for by force-length and geometric properties. The effect of lung volume on the timing of contractions most resembled that of a chest wall reflex and is consistent with the hypothesis that the contractions are a major source of dyspnea in breath holding.

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Kumar Sinha, Rajesh, and Geetanjali a. "IMPACT OF SHORT TERM BREATHING EXERCISE ON BREATH HOLDING TIME." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11574.

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15

Ward, S. A., and B. J. Whipp. "BREATH-HOLDING TIME AND RESPIRATORY SENSATION DURING EXERCISE IN HUMANS1633." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (May 1997): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-01632.

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Nair, Akhila, Anagha Palkar, and Priyanka Honkalas. "EFFECT OF YOGA AND PRANAYAMA ON CHEST EXPANSION AND BREATH HOLDING TIME IN CHEFS EXPOSED TO COOKING FUMES." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 8, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 3499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2020.137.

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17

Liu, Daliang, Xiansheng Cai, Xiaoshuang Che, Yong Ma, Yucun Fu, and Lin Li. "Visibility and image quality of peripheral pulmonary arteries in pulmonary embolism patients using free-breathing combined with a high-threshold bolus-triggering technique in CT pulmonary angiography." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 8 (August 2020): 030006052093932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520939326.

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Objective To investigate the visibility of peripheral pulmonary arteries by computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and image quality using a free-breathing combined with a high-threshold bolus triggering technique and to explore the feasibility of this technique in pulmonary embolism (PE) patients who cannot hold their breath. Methods Patients with suspected PE who underwent CTPA (n=240) were randomly assigned to two groups: free-breathing (n=120) or breath-holding (n=120). Results The mean scanning time or visible pulmonary artery distal branches were not different between the groups. Mean CT main pulmonary artery (MPA) values, apical segment (S1), and posterior basal segment (S10) in the free-breathing group were higher compared with the breath-holding group. The subjective image quality score in the free-breathing group was higher compared with the breath-holding group. In the free-breathing group, no respiratory artifact was observed. In the breath-holding group, obvious respiratory artifacts were caused by severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dyspnea, or other diseases that preclude patients from holding their breath. Conclusion The free-breathing mode CTPA combined with a high-threshold bolus triggering technique can provide high quality images with a lower incidence of respiratory and cardiac motion artifacts, which is especially valuable for patients who cannot hold their breath.

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JG, GADAKARI, and MENDHURWAR SS. "EFFECT OF TRANSCENDAL MEDITATION ON RESPIRATORY RATE AND BREATH HOLDING TIME." International Journal of Medical and Clinical Research 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2012): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9735/0976-5530.3.1.101-104.

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Vino, E. Jenzer. "INFLUENCE OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON BREATH HOLDING TIME OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS." IOSR Journal of Engineering 02, no. 04 (April 2012): 629–931. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-0204629631.

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Taskar, Varsha, Nigel Clayton, Mark Atkins, Zubair Shaheen, Patricia Stone, and Ashley Woodcock. "Breath-holding Time in Normal Subjects, Snorers, and Sleep Apnea Patients." Chest 107, no. 4 (April 1995): 959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.107.4.959.

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Dr. A. S. NAGESWARAN, Dr A. S. NAGESWARAN. "Influence of Yogic Practices On Resting Pulse Rate, Breath Holding Time And Cardio Respiratory Endurance Of College Basketball Players." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/156.

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22

RZHANOV, A. A. "APPLICATION OF BREATHHOLD IN SPORTS TRAINING OF 10–12 YEAR OLD CHILDREN AS A WAY TO INCREASE THEIR FUNCTIONAL ENDURANCE." Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafiev 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/1995-0861-2020-54-4-252.

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Statement of the problem. The article describes an alternative and affordable method of hypoxic training through holding the breath on inhalation and exhalation, as a tool for developing endurance. The relevance of the topic is in the absence of a method that develops endurance and hypoxic characteristics with a sparing effect on heart rate (HR) and availability in use. Research methodology (materials and methods). Using hypoxic tests of Stange and Genchi (holding the breath on the inhale and exhale by the stopwatch), as markers that determine the development of endurance, we arranged the experiment. We divided 24 young men of volleyball players aged 10–12 into two groups, experimental and control, 12 people in each group with a uniform level of sports fitness. The arithmetic mean of indices in the introductory Stange samples in the control group and in the Genchi samples showed 1 minute 8 seconds and 31 seconds, respectively. In the experimental group, there were 48 seconds in the Barbell samples and 25 seconds in the Genchi samples, confirming the uniformity of training in the development of endurance. The experiment lasted three months, during which time the experimental group underwent breathing exercises on inhalation and exhalation, regulated by the time of 20 and 7 seconds, maximum in the corridor of execution, and the control group trained in the normal mode. At the end of the experiment, samples were taken, similar to the introductory ones. The average result of the breath holding time in the control group changed by 4 seconds in the Genchi and Stange samples, in relation to their own results, and the results of the experimental group in relation to their own results increased by 1 minute 13 seconds in the Stange sample and by 23 seconds in the Genchi sample. The values of the samples are detailed in Table. Research results. As a result of the study, the experimental group exceeded the control group in the samples with breath-holding during inhalation (Stange) by 47 seconds and breath-holding during exhalation (Genchi) by 31 seconds. This practically confirms the significance of hypoxic training with regulated breath holding to develop endurance. Conclusion. The experiment proves the effectiveness of alternative hypoxic training with regulated breath holding during inhalation and exhalation and contributes to the further study of the tool, which is available for material and technical use.

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Courteix, D., M. Bedu, N. Fellmann, M. C. Heraud, and J. Coudert. "Chemical and nonchemical stimuli during breath holding in divers are not independent." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 2022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2022.

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In the breath-hold model described by S. Godfrey and E. J. M. Campbell (Respir. Physiol. 5: 385–400, 1968), chemical and nonchemical stimuli are independent. Because these two factors are time dependent, the effect of each could not be measured by breath-holding time (BHT). The aim of this study is to dissociate chemical and nonchemical stimuli and to assess the effects of BHT and PCO2 on respiratory center output by measurement of occlusion pressure (P0.1) and mean inspiratory flow (VI). Nine well-trained divers (age 36.5 +/- 5.0 yr) took part in the study. Each subject had to hold his breath at 75% of vital capacity for 30, 50, and 70 s of BHT. Before each breath hold, the subject inspired successively two vital capacities of the same CO2-O2 gas mixture. P0.1 and VI were measured during the first reinspiration after the breath hold. For the same BHT, we observed good linear relationships between P0.1 or VI and alveolar PCO2. The slopes of these relationships increased with BHT. For alveolar PCO2 of > 50 Torr, P0.1 increased linearly with BHT. These results indicate that, during breath holding, chemical and nonchemical stimuli acted linearly on respiratory motoneuron activity, but they were not independent.

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Silvestrini, Mauro, Elio Troisi, Maria Matteis, Letizia Maria Cupini, and Giorgio Bernardi. "Effect of Smoking on Cerebrovascular Reactivity." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 16, no. 4 (July 1996): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199607000-00027.

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Current smoking is a risk factor for stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking one cigarette on cerebral hemodynamics. Using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we studied the changes of flow velocity after hypercapnia in the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of 24 healthy young smokers and 24 healthy controls matched for age and sex. We obtained hypercapnia with breath-holding and evaluated cerebrovascular reactivity with the breath-holding index. In smokers, the evaluation was performed during basal condition, immediately after smoking one cigarette, and at 10-, 20-, and 30-min intervals thereafter. In controls, the evaluation was performed at corresponding time intervals. Breath-holding index (BHI) values at rest were similar for both controls and smokers. In the former, breath-holding index values remained constant for each of the different evaluations. On the contrary, in smokers, breath-holding index values were significantly lower immediately ( p < 0.0001), at 10 min ( p < 0.001), and at 20 min ( p < 0.0001) after smoking with respect to baseline values. Smoking also caused more short-lasting changes, in this case increases in mean flow velocity (MFV), heart rate (HR), and mean blood pressure (MBP). These results suggest that a failure of cerebrovascular regulation occurs after smoking. This phenomenon might contribute to the increased risk of cerebrovascular disease in current smokers.

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Jay, Ollie, and Matthew D. White. "Maximum effort breath-hold times for males and females of similar pulmonary capacities during sudden face-only immersion at water temperatures from 0 to 33 °C." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 5 (October 2006): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-050.

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For non breath-hold-trained males and females matched for pulmonary capacity and body size, the effects of sex, water temperature, and end-tidal gas tensions were studied for their potential influences on breath-holding ability. Maximum breath-hold time (BHTmax) was measured a total of 546 times in 13 males and 13 females, each repeating 3 trials of sudden face immersion (i.e., no prior hyperventilation) in water at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 33 °C and in an air control condition (AIR). End-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) and oxygen (PETO2) gas tensions were measured before and after breath-holding in a subset of 11 males and 11 females. For BHTmax there was no main effect of sex (p = 0.20), but there was a main effect of immersion condition (p < 0.001). Relative to pre-immersion rest values, end-tidal gas tensions were significantly higher in males than in females (p ≤ 0.05) and significantly lower at decreased water temperatures relative to AIR (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, for these matched groups (i) sex did not influence BHTmax; (ii) irrespective of sex, decreases in water temperature at 0, 5, 10, and 15 °C gave proportionate decreases of BHTmax; (iii) significantly greater deviations in both PETCO2 and PETO2 following breath-holding were evident in males relative to females; and (iv) irrespective of sex, there were significantly smaller changes in both PETCO2 and PETO2 at lower water temperatures relative to AIR, with or without removing the variance due to breath holding.

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Ferrigno, M., D. D. Hickey, M. H. Liner, and C. E. Lundgren. "Simulated breath-hold diving to 20 meters: cardiac performance in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 2160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2160.

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Cardiac performance was assessed in six subjects breath-hold diving to 20 m in a hyperbaric chamber, while nonsubmersed or submersed in a thermoneutral environment. Cardiac index and systolic time intervals were obtained with impedance cardiography and intrathoracic pressure with an esophageal balloon. Breath holding at large lung volume (80% vital capacity) decreased cardiac index, probably by increasing intrathoracic pressure and thereby impeding venous return. During diving, cardiac index increased (compared with breath holding at the surface) by 35.1% in the nonsubmersed and by 29.5% in the submersed condition. This increase was attributed to a fall in intrathoracic pressure. Combination of the opposite effects of breath holding and diving to 20 m left cardiac performance unchanged during the dives (relative to the surface control). A larger intrathoracic blood redistribution probably explains a smaller reduction in intrathoracic pressure observed during submersed compared with nonsubmersed diving. Submersed breath-hold diving may entail a smaller risk of thoracic squeeze (lesser intrathoracic pressure drop) but a greater risk of overloading the central circulation (larger intrathoracic blood pooling) than simulated nonsubmersed diving.

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Kumar, R. Aravind, T. T. Ganesan, Sheela Ravindar S, and Subhashini A. "STUDY OF EFFECT OF YOGA ON BREATH HOLDING TIME IN MEDICAL STUDENTS." Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion 1, no. 2 (September 14, 2013): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2321-6328.01204.

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Thompson-Lake, Daisy G. Y., Richard De La Garza II, and Peter Hajek. "Breath holding endurance: stability over time and relationship with self-assessed persistence." Heliyon 3, no. 9 (September 2017): e00398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00398.

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Darquenne, Chantal, Manuel Paiva, and G. Kim Prisk. "Effect of gravity on aerosol dispersion and deposition in the human lung after periods of breath holding." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 1787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1787.

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To determine the extent of the role that gravity plays in dispersion and deposition during breath holds, we performed aerosol bolus inhalations of 1-μm-diameter particles followed by breath holds of various lengths on four subjects on the ground (1G) and during short periods of microgravity (μG). Boluses of ∼70 ml were inhaled to penetration volumes (Vp) of 150 and 500 ml, at a constant flow rate of ∼0.45 l/s. Aerosol concentration and flow rate were continuously measured at the mouth. Aerosol deposition and dispersion were calculated from these data. Deposition was independent of breath-hold time at both Vp in μG, whereas, in 1G, deposition increased with increasing breath hold time. At Vp = 150 ml, dispersion was similar at both gravity levels and increased with breath hold time. At Vp = 500 ml, dispersion in 1G was always significantly higher than in μG. The data provide direct evidence that gravitational sedimentation is the main mechanism of deposition and dispersion during breath holds. The data also suggest that cardiogenic mixing and turbulent mixing contribute to deposition and dispersion at shallow Vp.

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BOSCO, Gerardo, Alessandro IONADI, Piergiorgio G. DATA, and Jacopo P. MORTOLA. "Voluntary breath-holding in the morning and in the evening." Clinical Science 106, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20030260.

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The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not voluntary breath-holding time (BHT) changes with the time of the day. BHT with airways closed at end-expiration was measured in six male subjects in the sitting position during the morning (08.00–12.00 hours, on days 1, 6, 7 and 8) and evening (20.00–24.00 hours, on days 2 and 4). BHT increased with the number of days of testing and, at day 8, the morning values averaged 160% of those on day 1. Also, ΔPACO2 [the difference between end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and alveolar PCO2 (PACO2) at the breaking point] increased in proportion to BHT. Hence the BHT/ΔPACO2 ratio remained nearly constant. Voluntary hyperventilation prolonged BHT and increased ΔPACO2. Conversely, in hypoxia (13% O2 for 1–2 h), BHT and ΔPACO2 were reduced proportionally. During the evening sessions, most of the BHT/ΔPACO2 ratios in normoxia, hypoxia or after hyperventilation were higher than the corresponding morning values, with the group difference reaching statistical significance for the measurements in normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, voluntary BHT varies in both duration and its relationship with ΔPACO2 between the morning and evening hours. The results should also imply that, with an interruption of breathing, changes in alveolar and arterial gases are not the same at different times of the day.

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Graham, B. L., J. T. Mink, and D. J. Cotton. "Effect of breath-hold time on DLCO(SB) in patients with airway obstruction." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.4.1319.

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The single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for CO [DLCO(SB)] is considered a measure of the conductance of CO across the alveolar-capillary membrane and its binding with hemoglobin. Although incomplete mixing of inspired gas with alveolar gas could theoretically influence overall diffusion, conventional calculations of DLCO(SB) spuriously overestimate DLCO(SB) during short breath-holding periods when incomplete mixing of gas within the lung might have the greatest effect. Using the three-equation method to calculate DLCO(SB) which analytically accounts for changes in breath-hold time, we found that DLCO(SB) did not change with breath-hold time in control subjects but increased with increasing breath-hold time in both patients with asthma and patients with emphysema. The increase in DLCO(SB) with increasing breath-hold time correlated with the phase III slope of the single-breath N2 washout curve. We suggest that in patients with ventilation maldistribution, DLCO(SB) may be decreased for the shorter breath-hold maneuvers because overall diffusion is limited by the reduced transport of CO from the inspired gas through the alveolar gas prior to alveolar-capillary gas exchange.

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Amatya, Mrigendra, and D. B. Pun. "Correlating Spirometric Parameters with Breath-Holding Time and Maximum Chest Expansion in Healthy Young Adults." Nepal Medical College Journal 21, no. 3 (November 26, 2019): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v21i3.26468.

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The spirometric measurements are very sensitive, accurate and reliable parameters, which have diagnostic as well as prognostic values. We aimed to find the reliability of two simple measurements, namely chest expansion and voluntary breath holding, which are often suggested as tools for screening and monitoring of respiratory diseases. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on students of Nepal Medical College. Measurements of spirometry (forced vital capacity, FVC in liter; forced expiratory volume in first second, FEV1 in liter; and peak expiratory flow rate, PEF in liter persecond), cirtometry (average of maximum chest expansion, CE in centimeter), and breath-holding time (maximum voluntary apnea at end-inspiration, MVAIT and maximum voluntary apnea at end expiration, MVAET in second) were performed. Degrees of correlation (Pearson’s r) were determined between different parameters; setting level of significance at 95%. Total 308 students (M=164, 53.25%;F=144, 46.75%) participated. Owing to very highly significant differences between males and females, gender-separate correlations were determined. In males, CE correlation was very highly significant (p=0.000) with FVC and FEV1 but not with PEF. MVAET correlated significantly with FVC, FEV1 and PEF; MVAIT correlation was not significant with any parameters. In females, CE correlation was significant with FVC and FEV1 but not with PEF; MVAET and MVAIT correlations were not significant with any of the parameters. In conclusion, the correlation of CE with different spirometric parameters is significant but not very strong (0.3<r<0.5). Also, gender differences exist. Therefore, using CE and breath-holding time may not be appropriate to assess respiratory ventilatory function.

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Andrade, Katia C., Octavio M. Pontes-Neto, Joao P. Leite, Antonio Carlos Santos, Oswaldo Baffa, and Draulio B. de Araujo. "Quantitative aspects of brain perfusion dynamic induced by BOLD fMRI." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 64, no. 4 (December 2006): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2006000600001.

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The increase of relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) may contribute for a change in blood oxygenation level dependent signal (BOLD). The main purpose of this study is to investigate some aspects of perfusional alterations in the human brain in response to a uniform stimulation: hypercapnia induced by breath holding. It was observed that the BOLD signal increased globally during hypercapnia and that it is correlated with the time of breath holding. This signal increase shows a clear distinction between gray and white matter, being greater in the grey matter.

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Kendrick, A. H., A. Rozkovec, M. Papouchado, J. West, and G. Laszlo. "Single-breath breath-holding estimate of pulmonary blood flow in man: comparison with direct Fick cardiac output." Clinical Science 76, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0760673.

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1. Resting pulmonary blood flow (Q.), using the uptake of the soluble inert gas Freon-22 and an indirect estimate of lung tissue volume, has been estimated during breath-holding (Q.c) and compared with direct Fick cardiac output (Q.f) in 16 patients with various cardiac disorders. 2. The effect of breath-hold time was investigated by comparing Q.c estimated using 6 and 10 s of breath-holding in 17 patients. Repeatability was assessed by duplicate measurements of Q.c in the patients and in six normal subjects. 3. Q.c tended to overestimate Q.f, the bias and error being 0.09 l/min and 0.59, respectively. The coefficient of repeatability for Q.c in the patients was 0.75 l/min and in the normal subjects was 0.66 1/min. For Q.f it was 0.72 l/min. There was no significant difference in Q.c measured at the two breath-hold times. 4. The technique is simple to perform, and provides a rapid estimate of Q., monitoring acute and chronic changes in cardiac output in normal subjects and patients with cardiac disease.

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Ohmae, Yukio, Jeri A. Logemann, David G. Hanson, Peter Kaiser, and Peter J. Kahrilas. "Effects of Two Breath-Holding Maneuvers on Oropharyngeal Swallow." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 105, no. 2 (February 1996): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949610500207.

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This study quantified the effects of the supraglottic maneuver (SGM) and super supraglottic maneuver (SSGM) on laryngeal and pharyngeal movements before and during swallow. Simultaneous videofluoroscopic and videoendoscopic examinations of oropharyngeal swallowing were performed in eight healthy volunteers with and without maneuvers. Data analysis compared 1) temporal relationships of oropharyngeal events, 2) airway conditions at the time of selected oropharyngeal events, and 3) biomechanical computer analysis of swallowing events. Using these maneuvers, normal subjects produced earlier cricopharyngeal opening, prolonged pharyngeal swallow, some degree of laryngeal valving before swallow, and change in extent of vertical laryngeal position before swallow. These changes are more successful and maintained longer with the SSGM than the SGM. We concluded that breath-holding maneuvers alter not only airway conditions before swallow but also both the temporal relationships and biomechanical events during oropharyngeal swallow.

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Нечитайло, Y., and B. Othmen Mabrouk. "Peculiarities of breath holding tests in school age children." Bukovinian Medical Herald 25, no. 1(97) (May 26, 2021): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xxv.1.97.2021.15.

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Objective of the study was to examine the performance of breath-holding and Ruffier tests, relationship between them and other factors in healthy school age children.Material and methods. The cross-sectional descriptive study with 45 healthy participants in age 7-13 years (22 boys and 23 girls) was performed. The study included assessment of nutrition, physical activity habits, family and socioeconomic data, resting anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, pulse oximetry, tests for the functional status of the cardiorespiratory system and readiness of child organism for physical loading (Ruffier and volitional breath-holding hypoxic tests). Results. The Rufier index in most children was average and amounted to 8.75±0.32 units. Test with breath-holding on inspiration was at the level of 37.0±1.84 sec, on exhalation - 22.2±1.3 sec. In children with low tolerance to exercise during respiratory tests execution there were a decrease in blood saturation and changes in heart rate. The tests are based on different physiological processes in the human body that create physical load tolerance: heart tolerance and cardiorespiratory oxygen supply to tissues.Conclusions. All selected tests could be executed anywhere and in a short period of time. They are easy to perform and do not cause emotional reactions in children and could be used for tolerance for physical loading assessment. The results obtained are complementary and can be recommended for use in the complex when examining the health and tolerance for physical loading in children during different screening types.

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Delapille, Pascal, Eric Verin, Claire Tourny-Chollet, and Pierre Pasquis. "Breath-holding time: effects of non-chemical factors in divers and non-divers." Pfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 442, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240100568.

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Hedhli, Abir, Azza Slim, Yassine Ouahchi, Meriem Mjid, Jamel Koumenji, Sana Cheikh Rouhou, Sonia Toujani, and Besma Dhahri. "Maximal Voluntary Breath-Holding Tele-Inspiratory Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." American Journal of Men's Health 15, no. 3 (May 2021): 155798832110158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15579883211015857.

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Maximal voluntary inspiratory breath-holding time (MVIBHT) has proved to be of clinical utility in some obstructive ventilatory defects. This study aims to correlate the breath-holding time with pulmonary function tests in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to determine the feasibility of using a breath-holding test in assessing the severity of COPD. A cross-sectional study including male patients with stable COPD were conducted. Patients with respiratory comorbidities and severe or unstable cardiac diseases were excluded. Patients were interviewed and examined. Six-minute walk test (6MWT) and plethysmography were performed.For MVIBHT collection, the subject was asked to inspire deeply and to hold the breath as long as possible at the maximum inspiratory level. This maneuver was repeated three times. The best value was used for further analysis. A total of 79 patients (mean age: 64.2 ± 8) were included in this study. The mean value of MVIBHT was 24.2 ± 8.5 s. We identified a positive and significant correlations between MVIBHT and forced vital capacity ( r = .630; p < .001) as well as MVIBHT and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%) ( r = .671; p < .001). A significant inverse correlation with total lung capacity ( r = −.328; p = .019) and residual volume to total lung capacity ratio ( r = −.607; p < .001) was noted. MVIBHT was significantly correlated to the distance in the 6MWT ( r = .494; p < .001). The mean MVIBHT was significantly different within spirometric grades ( p < .001) and GOLD groups ( p = .002). At 20.5 s, MVIBHT had a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 96% in determining COPD patients with FEV1 <50%. Our results provide additional evidence of the usefulness of MVIBHT in COPD patients as a pulmonary function parameter.

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Cotton, DJ, JT Mink, and BL Graham. "Detection of Peripheral Ventilation Inhomogeneity in Smokers." Canadian Respiratory Journal 4, no. 1 (1997): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/234268.

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BACKGROUND: In smokers, ‘small airways’ narrowing alters the conventional, vital capacity single breath washout (SBWVC). Although, in some studies, the test predicts smokers at risk of developing chronic airflow limitation, its wide variability partly explains its poor positive predictive value. An alternative explanation for the test’s poor predictive value is that it may not accurately reflect small airway narrowing in the lung periphery.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether smoke-induced increases in ventilation inhomogeneity differ between SBWVCmanoeuvres, which augment topographical (apex-to-base) ventilation inhomogeneity, and submaximal manoeuvres (SBWSM), which enhance peripheral ventilation inhomogeneity.STUDY GROUP AND DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 21 current smokers and 21 nonsmokers with similar age and forced expiratory volumes in 1 s (FEV1).METHODS: Smokers and nonsmokers performed SBW with either slow vital capacity inhalation and exhalation of test gas without breath holding (SBWVC); or slow inhalation of test gas from functional residual capacity to one-half inspiratory capacity and, after 0 s or 10 s of breath holding, slow exhalation to residual volume (SBWSM). For all SBW the normalized phase III helium slope (Sn), closing capacity (CC) as a percentage of total lung capacity (TLC) and mixing efficiency (Emix) were measured.RESULTS: For SBWVC, smoking had no effect on Snor Emix. However, CC/TLC was increased in smokers (P<0.05), but did not correlate with pack years or age. For SBWSM, smoking had no effect on Emixor CC/TLC, but resulted in a steeper Sn(P <0.05), which decreased more with breath holding (P<0.01) and correlated with pack years (P<0.05) at 0 s but not 10 s of breath holding.CONCLUSIONS: In smokers with normal FEV1, SBWSM manoeuvres reveal increases in breath hold time-dependent ventilation inhomogeneity in the lung periphery, not detected by conventional SBWVC.

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Johnbosco, K. "Effect of Asanas on Selected Physical and Physiological Variables among Young Adult Women." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.2.1422.

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Today the awareness of maintaining good health has been on the high and people attend to physical exercise sessions even without knowing the actual physiological and spiritual values of yogic practices. To achieve this purpose, twenty four female students who are studying in Bharathidasan University affiliated college, Tiruchirappalli were selected as subjects at random and their age ranged between from 20-25 years Physical and physiological variable will be selected by reviewing and studying related literature in detail following criterion variables are selected for this. Physical variable flexibility and strength endurance physiological variable resting pulse rate breath holding time the pre and posttest control group design will be used for this study. To find out the significant difference on adjusted posttest among the groups, analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) would use. There was significant improvement on flexibility, strength endurance physiological variable resting pulse rate breath holding time due to the effect of asanas training among young adult women.

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Murakami, T., H. Igarashi, H. Oi, M. Matsushita, T. Kim, H. Kishimoto, H. Nakamura, J. Okamura, and T. Kozuka. "Time-of-Flight MR Angiography of Portal System and Collaterals in Portal Hypertension Using a 2-DFT Fast Spoiled Gradient Recalled Steady-State Precession Technique." Acta Radiologica 35, no. 6 (November 1994): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519403500614.

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MR angiographic examinations were performed in 26 patients. Approximately 30 contiguous fast spoiled GRASS images (8.1/3.1/30°, TR/TE/flip angle) were acquired during single breath-holding for about 35 s, and then new images were reconstructed with maximum intensity projection technique. Spoiled GRASS images (40/12/40) of 2 to 3 slices were taken during breath-holding for about 13 s, and these processes were repeated to obtain about 30 individual images for conventional MR angiography. The new MR angiograms were compared quantitatively and qualitatively with conventional MR angiograms with arterial portography as the gold standard. The new MR angiograms could visualize blood vessels with smooth margins, and provided almost the same anatomic information about the portal vein and collateral vessels as the conventional MR angiograms. Contrast-to-noise ratios between the portal or hepatic vein and liver parenchyma were significantly higher with fast spoiled GRASS images. The new MR angiograms using fast spoiled GRASS images provided useful diagnostic mapping of the collateral venous pathways within a shorter examination time.

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Raheja, Ramita, Mohan Lal Arora, Rajkumar, and Vikram Singh. "An Evaluation of Breath Holding Time between Male and Female in Elderly Population from India." International Journal of Physiology 5, no. 2 (2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-608x.2017.00060.9.

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Sethu., Dr S. "INFLUENCE OF LADDER TRAINING ON BREATH HOLDING TIME AND HEART RATE AMONG KHO-KHO PLAYERS." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1245.

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Cotton, DJ, JT Mink, and BL Graham. "Nonuniformity of Diffusing Capacity From Small Alveolar Gas Samples Is Increased in Smokers." Canadian Respiratory Journal 5, no. 2 (1998): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/324920.

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BACKGROUND: Although centrilobular emphysema, and small airway, interstitial and alveoli inflammation can be detected pathologically in the lungs of smokers with relatively well preserved lung function, these changes are difficult to assess using available physiological tests. Because submaximal single breath washout (SBWSM) manoeuvres improve the detection of abnormalities in ventilation inhomogeneity in the lung periphery in smokers compared with traditional vital capacity manoeuvres, SBWSMmanoeuvres were used in this study to measure temporal differences in diffusing capacity using a rapid response carbon monoxide analyzer.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether abnormalities in the lung periphery can be detected in smokers with normal forced expired volumes in 1 s using the three-equation diffusing capacity (DLcoSB-3EQ) among small alveolar gas samples and whether the abnormalities correlate with increases in peripheral ventilation inhomogeneity.PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in 21 smokers and 21 nonsmokers all with normal forced exhaled flow rates.METHODS: Both smokers and nonsmokers performed SBWSMmanoeuvres consisting of slow inhalation of test gas from functional residual capacity to one-half inspiratory capacity with either 0 or 10 s of breath holding and slow exhalation to residual volume (RV). They also performed conventional vital capacity single breath (SBWVC) manoeuvres consisting of slow inhalation of test gas from RV to total lung capacity and, without breath holding, slow exhalation to RV. DLcoSB-3EQ was calculated from the total alveolar gas sample. DLcoSB-3EQ was also calculated from four equal sequential, simulated aliquots of the total alveolar gas sample. DLcoSB-3EQ values from the four alveolar samples were normalized by expressing each as a percentge of DLcoSB-3EQ from the entire alveolar gas sample. An index of variation (DI) among the small-sample DLcoSB-3EQ values was correlated with the normalized phase III helium slope (Sn) and the mixing efficiency (Emix).RESULTS: For SBWSM, DIwas increased in smokers at 0 s of breath holding compared with nonsmokers, and correlated with age, smoking pack-years and Sn. The decrease in DIwith breath holding was greater in smokers and correlated with the change in Sn with breath holding. For SBWVCmanoeuvres, there were no differences due to smoking in Sn or Emix, but DIwas increased in smokers and correlated with age and smoking pack-years, but not with Sn.CONCLUSIONS: For SBWSMmanoeuvres the increase in DIin smokers correlated with breath hold time-dependent increases in Sn, suggesting that the changes in DIreflected the same structural alterations that caused increases in peripheral ventilation inhomogeneity. For SBWVCmanoeuvres, the increase in DIin smokers was not associated with changes in ventilation inhomogeneity, suggesting that the effect of smoking on DIduring this manoeuvre was due to smoke-related changes in alveolar capillary diffusion, rather than due solely to alterations in the distribution of ventilation.

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Ohno, Naoki, Tosiaki Miyati, Tomohiro Noda, Noam Alperin, Takashi Hamaguchi, Masako Ohno, Tatsuhiko Matsushita, Mitsuhito Mase, Toshifumi Gabata, and Satoshi Kobayashi. "Fast Phase-Contrast Cine MRI for Assessing Intracranial Hemodynamics and Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics." Diagnostics 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10040241.

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We propose fast phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (PC-cine MRI) to allow breath-hold acquisition, and we compared intracranial hemo- and hydrodynamic parameters obtained during breath holding between full inspiration and end expiration. On a 3.0 T MRI, using electrocardiogram (ECG)-synchronized fast PC-cine MRI with parallel imaging, rectangular field of view, and segmented k-space, we obtained velocity-mapped phase images at the mid-C2 level with different velocity encoding for transcranial blood flow and cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) flow. Next, we calculated the peak-to-peak amplitudes of cerebral blood flow (ΔCBF), cerebral venous outflow, intracranial volume change, CSF pressure gradient (ΔPG), and intracranial compliance index. These parameters were compared between the proposed and conventional methods. Moreover, we compared these parameters between different utilized breath-hold maneuvers (inspiration, expiration, and free breathing). All parameters derived from the fast PC method agreed with those from the conventional method. The ΔPG was significantly higher during full inspiration breath holding than at the end of expiration and during free breathing. The proposed fast PC-cine MRI reduced scan time (within 30 s) with good agreement with conventional methods. The use of this method also makes it possible to assess the effects of respiration on intracranial hemo- and hydrodynamics.

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Suto, Y., Y. Ohuchi, T. Kimura, T. Shirakawa, N. Mizuuchi, O. Takizawa, T. Yamane, M. Kamba, S. Moriyama, and Y. Ohta. "Three-Dimensional Black Blood Mr Angiography of the Liver during Breath Holding." Acta Radiologica 35, no. 2 (March 1994): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519403500205.

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In 2-D time-of-flight MR angiography (2-D TOF MRA) of the liver, artifacts caused by respiratory motion are unavoidable. Therefore, a 3-D black blood MRA of the liver was attempted in 7 healthy volunteers, using a 3-D gradient echo sequence which allows imaging during breath holding. 2-D TOF MRA was performed as well. In all subjects, 3-D MRA allowed visualization of the trunk, 1st-, and 2nd-order branches of the portal vein without interruption. Right 3rd-order branches were visualized without interruption in 6 of 7 subjects (85%). However, with 2-D MRA, the transverse portion of the left main portal vein could not be visualized in any subject, and the periphery of the portal vein was less clear than with 3-D MRA.

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Jiandani, Mariya P., Rashmi D. Mahulkar, Amita U. Athavale, and Amita A. Mehta. "Yoga versus Physiotherapy: Effect on Pulmonary function, Breath Holding Time & Quality of Life in Asthmatics." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 7, no. 4 (2013): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0973-5674.7.4.141.

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Vijayashankar, Uma, and L. Rajeshwari. "Study of Variation in Breath Holding Time on Exposure to Mill Dust in Rice Mill Workers." International Journal of Physiology 6, no. 1 (2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-608x.2018.00032.x.

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Bera, Tusharkanti, Kanchan Chourasia, SanjayUddhav Shete, and Anita Verma. "Influence of pranayama on breath holding capacity and reaction time of junior state level elite swimmers." Yoga Mimamsa 49, no. 2 (2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ym.ym_19_17.

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Guerrero, T. M., R. L. Crownover, R. F. Rodebaugh, T. Pawlicki, D. P. Martin, G. D. Glosser, R. I. Whyte, et al. "Breath holding versus real-time target tracking for respiratory motion compensation during radiosurgery for lung tumors." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 51, no. 3 (November 2001): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01869-7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Breath Holding Time'

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