Journal articles: 'Breath analysi'

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Vitalis, Timothy Z., and William K. Milsom. "Mechanical Analysis of Spontaneous Breathing in the Semi-Aquatic Turtle, Pseudemys Scripta." Journal of Experimental Biology 125, no. 1 (September 1, 1986): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.125.1.157.

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The normal breathing pattern of Pseudemys scripta (Schoepff) consists of a continuous burst of breaths separated by a variable period of breath holding. Under normoxic conditions, tidal volume was 6.9 ml kg−1 and the number of breaths was 1.9 min−1. Increases in pulmonary ventilation upon stimulation by hypercapnia (3% CO2) or hypoxia (4% O2) are caused primarily by increases in the number of breaths per minute due to a shortening of the breath-hold period. Tidal volume and breath duration remain unchanged. The instantaneous breathing frequency (f' = 60/Ttot) of 35 ± 2min−1 corresponds to continuous pump frequencies that minimize the rate of the mechanical work of breathing in anaesthetized turtles. This indicates that turtles breathe at a combination of tidal volume and f' that minimizes the power required to ventilate the lungs. To increase ventilation, the breath hold is shortened and more breaths are taken at this optimal combination. Bilateral vagotomy drastically alters the breathing pattern, producing an elevation in tidal volume, a slowing of breathing frequency, and a prolongation of breath duration while total ventilation remains unchanged. These data suggest that periodic breathing in this species may represent an adaptive strategy which is under vagal control and which serves to minimize the cost of breathing.

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Bukreyeva, Ye B., A. A. Bulanova, and Yu V. Kistenev. "APPLYING OF GAS ANALYSIS IN DIAGNOSIS OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DISEASES." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 13, no. 5 (October 28, 2014): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2014-5-122-129.

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Bronchopulmonary system diseases are on the first place among the causes of people's death. Most of methods for lung diseases diagnosis are invasive or not suitable for children and patients with severe disease. One of the promising methods of clinical diagnosis and disease activity monitoring of bronchopulmonary system is analyzing of human breath. Directly exhaled breath or exhaled breath condensate are using for human breaths analyzing. Analysis of human breath can apply for diagnostic, long monitoring and evaluation of efficacy of the treatment bronchopulmonary diseases. Differential diagnostic between chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma is complicated because they have differences in pathogenesis. Analysis of human breath allows to explore features of COPD and bronchial asthma and to improve differential diagnostic of these diseases. Human breaths analyzing can apply for diagnostic dangerous diseases, such as tuberculosis, lung cancer. The analysis of breath air by spectroscopy methods is new noninvasive way for diagnosis of bronchopulmonary diseases.

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Oestreich, Marc-Alexander, Florian Wyler, Bettina S. Frauchiger, Philipp Latzin, and Kathryn A. Ramsey. "Breath detection algorithms affect multiple-breath washout outcomes in pre-school and school age children." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): e0275866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275866.

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Background Accurate breath detection is essential for the computation of outcomes in the multiple-breath washout (MBW) technique. This is particularly important in young children, where irregular breathing is common, and the designation of inspirations and expirations can be challenging. Aim To investigate differences between a commercial and a novel breath-detection algorithm and to characterize effects on MBW outcomes in children. Methods We replicated the signal processing and algorithms used in Spiroware software (v3.3.1, Eco Medics AG). We developed a novel breath detection algorithm (custom) and compared it to Spiroware using 2,455 nitrogen (N2) and 325 sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) trials collected in infants, children, and adolescents. Results In 83% of N2 and 32% of SF6 trials, the Spiroware breath detection algorithm rejected breaths and did not use them for the calculation of MBW outcomes. Our custom breath detection algorithm determines inspirations and expirations based on flow reversal and corresponding CO2 elevations, and uses all breaths for data analysis. In trials with regular tidal breathing, there were no differences in outcomes between algorithms. However, in 10% of pre-school children tests the number of breaths detected differed by more than 10% and the commercial algorithm underestimated the lung clearance index by up to 21%. Conclusion Accurate breath detection is challenging in young children. As the MBW technique relies on the cumulative analysis of all washout breaths, the rejection of breaths should be limited. We provide an improved algorithm that accurately detects breaths based on both flow reversal and CO2 concentration.

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Ashe, William B., Sarah E. Innis, Julia N. Shanno, Camille J. Hochheimer, Ronald D. Williams, Sarah J. Ratcliffe, J. Randall Moorman, and Shrirang M. Gadrey. "Analysis of respiratory kinematics: a method to characterize breaths from motion signals." Physiological Measurement 43, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 015007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ac4d1a.

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Abstract Objective. Breathing motion (respiratory kinematics) can be characterized by the interval and depth of each breath, and by magnitude-synchrony relationships between locations. Such characteristics and their breath-by-breath variability might be useful indicators of respiratory health. To enable breath-by-breath characterization of respiratory kinematics, we developed a method to detect breaths using motion sensors. Approach. In 34 volunteers who underwent maximal exercise testing, we used 8 motion sensors to record upper rib, lower rib and abdominal kinematics at 3 exercise stages (rest, lactate threshold and exhaustion). We recorded volumetric air flow signals using clinical exercise laboratory equipment and synchronized them with kinematic signals. Using instantaneous phase landmarks from the analytic representation of kinematic and flow signals, we identified individual breaths and derived respiratory rate (RR) signals at 1 Hz. To evaluate the fidelity of kinematics-derived RR, we calculated bias, limits of agreement, and cross-correlation coefficients (CCC) relative to flow-derived RR. To identify coupling between kinematics and flow, we calculated the Shannon entropy of the relative frequency with which flow landmarks were distributed over the phase of the kinematic cycle. Main Results. We found good agreement in the kinematics-derived and flow-derived RR signals [bias (95% limit of agreement) = 0.1 (± 7) breaths/minute; CCC median (IQR) = 0.80 (0.48–0.91)]. In individual signals, kinematics and flow were well-coupled (entropy 0.9–1.4 across sensors), but the relationship varied within (by exercise stage) and between individuals. The final result was that the flow landmarks did not consistently localize to any particular phase of the kinematic signals (entropy 2.2–3.0 across sensors). Significance. The Analysis of Respiratory Kinematics method can yield highly resolved respiratory rate signals by separating individual breaths. This method will facilitate characterization of clinically significant breathing motion patterns on a breath-by-breath basis. The relationship between respiratory kinematics and flow is much more complex than expected, varying between and within individuals.

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Wickham, P. J., and D. W. Walker. "Analysis of fetal breathing in real time using a microprocessor." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.4.1733.

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A system has been designed using an inexpensive microprocessor to analyze fetal breathing movements on a breath-by-breath basis in real time. An algorithm was developed which would recognize fetal breathing from the changes in tracheal pressure and which was capable of rejecting the artifactual changes caused by fetal or maternal movements. The tracheal pressure signal was digitized (at 51 samples/s), differentiated, and the start and peak of each breath was recognized from the zero-crossing points of the differentiated signal. Each breath was validated for size and shape according to a set of criteria incorporated into the breath recognition algorithm. On acceptance of the pressure change as a valid breath, the inspiratory time, breath amplitude, breath-to-breath interval, and inspiratory effort were calculated and stored in memory. The program was structured so that the microprocessor was able to accept new data and output summarizes of previous data concurrently. More than 95% of breaths in records contaminated with movement artifacts were recognized.

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Proctor, David N., and Kenneth C. Beck. "Delay time adjustments to minimize errors in breath-by-breath measurement of V˙o 2 during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 2495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2495.

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Proctor, David N., and Kenneth C. Beck. Delay time adjustments to minimize errors in breath-by-breath measurement ofV˙o 2 during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(6): 2495–2499, 1996.—If the delay time between gas concentration and flow signals is not adequately corrected during breath-by-breath analysis of expired gas, an error in calculation of oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) will result. To examine the frequency and delay time dependences of errors inV˙o 2 measurement, six healthy men exercised at 100, 200, and 250 W on a cycle ergometer while breath-by-breath assessment ofV˙o 2 was made simultaneously with collection of expired air. Subjects breathed first at normal rates (15–30 breaths/min) and then at 70 breaths/min. Each subject performed each level of exercise twice by using erroneous values for the delay time between gas concentration and flow signals. At normal breathing frequencies, errors inV˙o 2 measurement were ±10% over the full range of delay times used, and the errors were not tightly correlated with variations in delay times from optimum. However, at 70 breaths/min, errors approached ±30% as the variations in delay times deviated ±0.1 s from the optimal, and the errors were highly correlated with the variations in delay times. We conclude that there is greater potential for errors inV˙o 2 measurement with incorrect delay time at higher breathing frequencies. These findings suggest that the optimal delay time for breath-by-breath systems should be adjusted by using high breathing frequencies.

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Fadel, Paul J., Susan M. Barman, Shaun W. Phillips, and Gerard L. Gebber. "Fractal fluctuations in human respiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 6 (December 2004): 2056–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00657.2004.

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The present study was designed to characterize respiratory fluctuations in awake, healthy adult humans under resting conditions. For this purpose, we recorded respiratory movements with a strain-gauge pneumograph in 20 subjects. We then used Allan factor, Fano factor, and dispersional analysis to test whether the fluctuations in the number of breaths, respiratory period, and breath amplitude were fractal (i.e., time-scale-invariant) or random in occurrence. Specifically, we measured the slopes of the power laws in the Allan factor, Fano factor, and dispersional analysis curves for original time series and compared these with the slopes of the curves for surrogates (randomized data sets). In addition, the Hurst exponent was calculated from the slope of the power law in the Allan factor curve to determine whether the long-range correlations among the fluctuations in breath number were positively or negatively correlated. The results can be summarized as follows. Fluctuations in all three parameters were fractal in nine subjects. There were four subjects in whom only the fluctuations in number of breaths and breath amplitude were fractal, three subjects in whom only the fluctuations in number of breaths were fractal, and two subjects in whom only fluctuations in breath number and respiratory period were fractal. Time-scale-invariant behavior was absent in the two remaining subjects. The results indicate that, in most cases, apparently random fluctuations in respiratory pattern are, in fact, correlated over more than one time scale. Moreover, the data suggest that fractal fluctuations in breath number, respiratory period, and breath amplitude are controlled by separate processes.

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Massaroni, Carlo, Daniel Simões Lopes, Daniela Lo Presti, Emiliano Schena, and Sergio Silvestri. "Contactless Monitoring of Breathing Patterns and Respiratory Rate at the Pit of the Neck: A Single Camera Approach." Journal of Sensors 2018 (September 23, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4567213.

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Vital signs monitoring is pivotal not only in clinical settings but also in home environments. Remote monitoring devices, systems, and services are emerging as tracking vital signs must be performed on a daily basis. Different types of sensors can be used to monitor breathing patterns and respiratory rate. However, the latter remains the least measured vital sign in several scenarios due to the intrusiveness of most adopted sensors. In this paper, we propose an inexpensive, off-the-shelf, and contactless measuring system for respiration signals taking as region of interest the pit of the neck. The system analyses video recorded by a single RGB camera and extracts the respiratory pattern from intensity variations of reflected light at the level of the collar bones and above the sternum. Breath-by-breath respiratory rate is then estimated from the processed breathing pattern. In addition, the effect of image resolution on monitoring breathing patterns and respiratory rate has been investigated. The proposed system was tested on twelve healthy volunteers (males and females) during quiet breathing at different sensor resolution (i.e., HD 720, PAL, WVGA, VGA, SVGA, and NTSC). Signals collected with the proposed system have been compared against a reference signal in both the frequency domain and time domain. By using the HD 720 resolution, frequency domain analysis showed perfect agreement between average breathing frequency values gathered by the proposed measuring system and reference instrument. An average mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.55 breaths/min was assessed in breath-by-breath monitoring in the time domain, while Bland-Altman showed a bias of −0.03 ± 1.78 breaths/min. Even in the case of lower camera resolution setting (i.e., NTSC), the system demonstrated good performances (MAE of 1.53 breaths/min, bias of −0.06 ± 2.08 breaths/min) for contactless monitoring of both breathing pattern and breath-by-breath respiratory rate over time.

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Yanagihara, Toyoshi, and Martin Kolb. "Molecular breath analysis for IPF: Can we make a few breaths count?" Respirology 24, no. 5 (February 12, 2019): 404–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.13503.

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Biagini, Denise, Jonathan Fusi, Annasilvia Vezzosi, Paolo Oliveri, Silvia Ghimenti, Alessio Lenzi, Pietro Salvo, et al. "Effects of long-term vegan diet on breath composition." Journal of Breath Research 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 026004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ac4d41.

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Abstract The composition of exhaled breath derives from an intricate combination of normal and abnormal physiological processes that are modified by the consumption of food and beverages, circadian rhythms, bacterial infections, and genetics as well as exposure to xenobiotics. This complexity, which results wide intra- and inter-individual variability and is further influenced by sampling conditions, hinders the identification of specific biomarkers and makes it difficult to differentiate between pathological and nominally healthy subjects. The identification of a ‘normal’ breath composition and the relative influence of the aforementioned parameters would make breath analyses much faster for diagnostic applications. We thus compared, for the first time, the breath composition of age-matched volunteers following a vegan and a Mediterranean omnivorous diet in order to evaluate the impact of diet on breath composition. Mixed breath was collected from 38 nominally healthy volunteers who were asked to breathe into a 2 l handmade Nalophan bag. Exhalation flow rate and carbon dioxide values were monitored during breath sampling. An aliquot (100 ml) of breath was loaded into a sorbent tube (250 mg of Tenax GR, 60/80 mesh) before being analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Breath profiling using TD-GC-MS analysis identified five compounds (methanol, 1-propanol, pentane, hexane, and hexanal), thus enabling differentiation between samples collected from the different group members. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation between groups, suggesting that breath analysis could be used to study the influence of dietary habits in the fields of nutrition and metabolism. Surprisingly, one Italian woman and her brother showed extremely low breath isoprene levels (about 5 pbv), despite their normal lipidic profile and respiratory data, such as flow rate and pCO2. Further investigations to reveal the reasons behind low isoprene levels in breath would help reveal the origin of isoprene in breath.

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Yan, Jing Feng, and Shao Hua Tao. "Research of a Novel P2P Search Algorithm Based on Small-World Phenomena." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 1144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.1144.

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This paper proposes a novel breadth-first search algorithm and deals with the problem of duplicate web pages removing and page ranking by the principle of Small World phenomena. The features of algorithm in this paper are as follows: 1) it proposes the Unit Tree-based Breadth-First Search Algorithm and performs a qualitative analysis and simulated calculation of the performance, with the results demonstrating that the algorithm in this paper reduces the number of neighboring nodes to which messages shall be forwarded and redundant messages as compared with traditional Breath-First Search algorithm and Random Breath-First Search algorithm; 2) it proposes a solution to the problem of duplicate web pages removing and page ranking by Small World phenomena, with the results demonstrating that the method in this paper can effectively bring processing workload, waiting time and the pointless network bandwidth consumption of source node searching into balance.

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Zolotov, Yu A. "Breath Analysis." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 60, no. 6 (June 2005): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10809-005-0127-5.

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Hedrick, M., S. Katz, and D. Jones. "PERIODIC AIR-BREATHING BEHAVIOUR IN A PRIMITIVE FISH REVEALED BY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS." Journal of Experimental Biology 197, no. 1 (December 1, 1994): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197.1.429.

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The ventilatory patterns of air-breathing fish are commonly described as 'arrhythmic' or 'irregular' because the variable periods of breath-holding are punctuated by seemingly unpredictable air-breathing events (see Shelton et al. 1986). This apparent arrhythmicity contrasts with the perceived periodism or regularity in the gill ventilation patterns of some fish and with lung ventilation in birds and mammals. In this sense, periodism refers to behaviour that occurs with a definite, recurring interval (Bendat and Piersol, 1986). The characterisation of aerial ventilation patterns in fish as 'aperiodic' has been generally accepted on the basis of qualitative examination and it remains to be validated with rigorous testing. The bowfin, Amia calva (L.), is a primitive air-breathing fish that makes intermittent excursions to the airwater interface to gulp air, which is transferred to its well-vascularized gas bladder. Its phylogenetic position as the only extant member of the sister lineage of modern teleosts affords a unique opportunity to examine the evolution of aerial ventilation and provides a model for the examination of ventilatory patterns in primitive fishes. To establish whether Amia calva exhibit a particular pattern of air-breathing, we examined time series records of aerial ventilations from undisturbed fish over long periods (8 h). These records were the same as those used to calculate average ventilation intervals under a variety of experimental conditions (Hedrick and Jones, 1993). Their study also reported the occurrence of two distinct breath types. Type I breaths were characterised by an exhalation followed by an inhalation, whereas type II breaths were characterised by inhalation only. It was also hypothesized that the type I breaths were employed to meet oxygen demands, whereas the type II breaths were used to regulate gas bladder volume. However, they did not investigate the potential presence of a periodic ventilatory pattern. We now report the results of just such an analysis of ventilatory pattern that demonstrates a clear periodism to air-breathing in a primitive fish.

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Polaka, Inese, Manohar Prasad Bhandari, Linda Mezmale, Linda Anarkulova, Viktors Veliks, Armands Sivins, Anna Marija Lescinska, et al. "Modular Point-of-Care Breath Analyzer and Shape Taxonomy-Based Machine Learning for Gastric Cancer Detection." Diagnostics 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020491.

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Background: Gastric cancer is one of the deadliest malignant diseases, and the non-invasive screening and diagnostics options for it are limited. In this article, we present a multi-modular device for breath analysis coupled with a machine learning approach for the detection of cancer-specific breath from the shapes of sensor response curves (taxonomies of clusters). Methods: We analyzed the breaths of 54 gastric cancer patients and 85 control group participants. The analysis was carried out using a breath analyzer with gold nanoparticle and metal oxide sensors. The response of the sensors was analyzed on the basis of the curve shapes and other features commonly used for comparison. These features were then used to train machine learning models using Naïve Bayes classifiers, Support Vector Machines and Random Forests. Results: The accuracy of the trained models reached 77.8% (sensitivity: up to 66.54%; specificity: up to 92.39%). The use of the proposed shape-based features improved the accuracy in most cases, especially the overall accuracy and sensitivity. Conclusions: The results show that this point-of-care breath analyzer and data analysis approach constitute a promising combination for the detection of gastric cancer-specific breath. The cluster taxonomy-based sensor reaction curve representation improved the results, and could be used in other similar applications.

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Inada, Katsushige, Hiroshi Kojima, Yukiko Cho-Isoda, Ryo Tamura, Gaku Imamura, Kosuke Minami, Takahiro Nemoto, and Genki Yoshikawa. "Statistical Evaluation of Total Expiratory Breath Samples Collected throughout a Year: Reproducibility and Applicability toward Olfactory Sensor-Based Breath Diagnostics." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 4742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144742.

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The endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath can be promising biomarkers for various diseases including cancers. An olfactory sensor has a possibility for extracting a specific feature from collective variations of the related VOCs with a certain health condition. For this approach, it is important to establish a feasible protocol for sampling exhaled breath in practical conditions to provide reproducible signal features. Here we report a robust protocol for the breath analysis, focusing on total expiratory breath measured by a Membrane-type Surface stress Sensor (MSS), which possesses practical characteristics for artificial olfactory systems. To assess its reproducibility, 83 exhaled breath samples were collected from one subject throughout more than a year. It has been confirmed that the reduction of humidity effects on the sensing signals either by controlling the humidity of purging room air or by normalizing the signal intensities leads to reasonable reproducibility verified by statistical analyses. We have also demonstrated the applicability of the protocol for detecting a target material by discriminating exhaled breaths collected from different subjects with pre- and post-alcohol ingestion on different occasions. This simple yet reproducible protocol based on the total expiratory breath measured by the MSS olfactory sensors will contribute to exploring the possibilities of clinical applications of breath diagnostics.

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Edwards, Michael R., Zigniew L. Topor, and Richard L. Hughson. "A new two-breath technique for extracting the cerebrovascular response to arterial carbon dioxide." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 284, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): R853—R859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00601.2002.

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Cerebrovascular autoregulation is evaluated from spontaneous fluctuations in mean flow velocity (MFV) by transcranial Doppler ultrasound of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) with respect to changes in arterial blood pressure (BPMCA), but the effects of spontaneous fluctuations in arterial Pco 2 on MFV have been largely ignored. Autoregressive moving average analysis (ARMA), a closed-loop system identification technique, was applied to data from nine healthy subjects during spontaneous breathing, during inspiration of 10% CO2 for two breaths once per minute for 4 min, and during sustained breathing of 7% CO2. Cerebrovascular resistance index (CVRi) was calculated (CVRi = BPMCA/MFV). Reliable estimates of gain for BPMCA → MFV were obtained for spontaneous breathing and the two-breath method. In contrast, reliable gain estimates for Pco 2 → MFV or Pco 2 → CVRi were achieved only under the two-breath method. Pco 2 → MFV gain was smaller with the two-breath method than during sustained 7% CO2 ( P < 0.05). BPMCA was elevated by 7% CO2 but not by the two-breath method. The closed-loop model provides insight into interactions between BPMCA and Pco 2 on cerebrovascular control, but reliable solutions for Pco 2effects with ARMA analysis require perturbation by the two-breath method.

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Hoffman, G. M., A. Torres, and H. V. Forster. "Validation of a volumeless breath-by-breath method for measurement of respiratory quotient." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 1903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.4.1903.

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Measurement of respiratory quotient (RQ) is useful as an indicator of changes in CO2 equilibrium or metabolism. Because of technical difficulties when volumetric or mixed expired methods are applied to clinical practice, we sought to validate a method of volumeless breath-by-breath RQ measurement based on real-time analysis of inspired and alveolar concentrations of O2, CO2, and N2 alone. We derived our volumeless method from a modified three-compartment lung model and tested the validity of the model by comparing it with a standard volumetric open-circuit method. Data from 1,736 breaths from 25 healthy adult volunteers for a total of 78 epochs were collected. Inspired, end-tidal, and mixed expired gas compositions were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, and RQ values from 0.6 to 2.4 were obtained. Linear regression of the volumeless breath-by-breath method against the open-circuit method yielded a line with a slope of 1.002 (95% confidence interval 0.928 to 1.076) and an intercept of 0.066 (95% confidence interval -0.008 to 0.146) with an R2 of 0.91 (P < 0.001). We analyzed agreement by several methods and used mathematical modeling to predict precision with variations in epoch length and breath volume, which were verified by Monte Carlo techniques. We demonstrated that RQ can be measured reliably and easily using this volumeless breath-by-breath technique.

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Gaston, Benjamin. "Breath Condensate Analysis." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 167, no. 3 (February 2003): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2211005.

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Welch, T. P., and B. M. Wright. "BREATH ALCOHOL ANALYSIS." Lancet 330, no. 8562 (October 1987): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92518-9.

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Modarreszadeh, M., E. N. Bruce, and B. Gothe. "Nonrandom variability in respiratory cycle parameters of humans during stage 2 sleep." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.2.630.

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We analyzed breath-to-breath inspiratory time (TI), expiratory time (TE), inspiratory volume (VI), and minute ventilation (Vm) from 11 normal subjects during stage 2 sleep. The analysis consisted of 1) fitting first- and second-order autoregressive models (AR1 and AR2) and 2) obtaining the power spectra of the data by fast-Fourier transform. For the AR2 model, the only coefficients that were statistically different from zero were the average alpha 1 (a1) for TI, VI, and Vm (a1 = 0.19, 0.29, and 0.15, respectively). However, the power spectra of all parameters often exhibited peaks at low frequency (less than 0.2 cycles/breath) and/or at high frequency (greater than 0.2 cycles/breath), indicative of periodic oscillations. After accounting for the corrupting effects of added oscillations on the a1 estimates, we conclude that 1) breath-to-breath fluctuations of VI, and to a lesser extent TI and Vm, exhibit a first-order autoregressive structure such that fluctuations of each breath are positively correlated with those of immediately preceding breaths and 2) the correlated components of variability in TE are mostly due to discrete high- and/or low-frequency oscillations with no underlying autoregressive structure. We propose that the autoregressive structure of VI, TI, and Vm during spontaneous breathing in stage 2 sleep may reflect either a central neural mechanism or the effects of noise in respiratory chemical feedback loops; the presence of low-frequency oscillations, seen more often in Vm, suggests possible instability in the chemical feedback loops. Mechanisms of high-frequency periodicities, seen more often in TE, are unknown.

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Evans, Karleyton C., Robert B. Banzett, Lewis Adams, Leanne McKay, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, and Douglas R. Corfield. "BOLD fMRI Identifies Limbic, Paralimbic, and Cerebellar Activation During Air Hunger." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 1500–1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1500.

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Air hunger (uncomfortable urge to breathe) is a component of dyspnea (shortness of breath). Three human H2 15O positron emission tomography (PET) studies have identified activation of phylogenetically ancient structures in limbic and paralimbic regions during dyspnea. Other studies have shown activation of these structures during other sensations that alert the organism to urgent homeostatic imbalance: pain, thirst, and hunger for food. We employed blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine activation during air hunger. fMRI conferred several advantages over PET: enhanced signal-to-noise, greater spatial resolution, and lack of ionizing radiation, enabling a greater number of trials in each subject. Six healthy men and women were mechanically ventilated at 12–14 breaths/min. The primary experiment was conducted at mean end-tidal Pco 2 of 41 Torr. Moderate to severe air hunger was evoked during 42-s epochs of lower tidal volume (mean = 0.75 L). Subjects described the sensation as “like breath-hold,” “urge to breathe,” and “starved for air.” In the baseline condition, air hunger was consistently relieved by epochs of higher tidal volume (mean = 1.47 L). A control experiment in the same subjects under a background of mild hypocapnia (mean end-tidal PCO2 = 33 Torr) employed similar tidal volumes but did not evoke air hunger, controlling for stimulus variables not related to dyspnea. During each experiment, we maintained constant end-tidal Pco 2 and PO2 to avoid systematic changes in global cerebral blood flow. Whole-brain images were acquired every 5 s (T2*, 56 slices, voxel resolution 3 × 3 × 3 mm). Activations associated with air hunger were determined using voxel-based interaction analysis of covariance that compared data between primary and control experiments (SPM99). We detected activations not seen in the earlier PET study using a similar air hunger stimulus ( Banzett et al. 2000 ). Limbic and paralimbic loci activated in the present study were within anterior insula (seen in all 3 published studies of dyspnea), anterior cingulate, operculum, cerebellum, amygdala, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Elements of frontoparietal attentional networks were also identified. The consistency of anterior insular activation across subjects in this study and across published studies suggests that the insula is essential to dyspnea perception, although present data suggest that the insula acts in concert with a larger neural network.

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Bhavra, K. K., M. Wilde, M. Richardson, R. Cordell, P. Thomas, B. Zhao, L. Bryant, et al. "The utility of a standardised breath sampler in school age children within a real-world prospective study." Journal of Breath Research 16, no. 2 (March 3, 2022): 027104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ac5526.

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Abstract Clinical assessment of children with asthma is problematic, and non-invasive biomarkers are needed urgently. Monitoring exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an attractive alternative to invasive tests (blood and sputum) and may be used as frequently as required. Standardised reproducible breath-sampling is essential for exhaled-VOC analysis, and although the ReCIVA (Owlstone Medical Limited) breath-sampler was designed to satisfy this requirement, paediatric use was not in the original design brief. The efficacy of the ReCIVA at sampling breath from children has been studied, and 90 breath-samples from 64 children (5–15 years) with, and without asthma (controls), were collected with two different ReCIVA units. Seventy samples (77.8%) contained the specified 1 l of sampled-breath. Median sampling times were longer in children with acute asthma (770.2 s, range: 532.2–900.1 s) compared to stable asthma (690.6 s, range: 477.5–900.1 s; p = 0.01). The ReCIVA successfully detected operational faults, in 21 samples. A leak, caused by a poor fit of the face mask seal was the most common (15); the others were USB communication-faults (5); and, a single instance of a file-creation error. Paediatric breath-profiles were reliably monitored, however synchronisation of sampling to breathing-phases was sometimes lost, causing some breaths not to be sampled, and some to be sampled continuously. This occurred in 60 (66.7%) of the samples and was a source of variability. Importantly, multi-variate modelling of untargeted VOC analysis indicated the absence of significant batch effects for eight operational variables. The ReCIVA appears suitable for paediatric breath-sampling. Post-processing of breath-sample meta-data is recommended to assess the quality of sample-acquisition. Further, future studies should explore the effect of pump-synchronisation faults on recovered VOC profiles, and mask sizes to fit all ages will reduce the potential for leaks and importantly, provide higher levels of comfort to children with asthma.

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Cavallin, Clemens. "Sacrifice as action and actions as sacrifices: the role of breath in the internalisation of sacrificial action in the Vedic Brahmanas." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 18 (January 1, 2003): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67280.

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Over the last hundred years different attempts have been made to explain why sacrifices have had such a prominent place within many religious traditions. Such theories of sacrifice are sometimes part of a more general theory of (religious) rituals, or a theory of religion in general. In most cases, actual sacrifices are thus explained through recourse to their position within a more general category. The opposite is, however, sometimes the case, i.e. a theory of one sacrificial tradition is extended to cover all sacrifices, or even ritual in general. The aim of the following discussion is to delineate some central issues that are important for the analysis of the references to breath in the Vedic correspondences. First of all, a working definition of ritual correspondence will be given and then a short discussion of the nature of the correspondences will follow. Thereafter, a general presentation of the different notions of breath and three different sorts of ritual internalisation will be made. The last section of the paper will concentrate on the relation between the breaths and the self (ātman), as this is expressed in a few tex-tual passages. These discussions will provide a basis for a more comprehensive study of the role of the breaths in the internalisation of sacrifice in Vedic ritual theology.

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Di Gilio, Alessia, Jolanda Palmisani, Gianrocco Ventrella, Laura Facchini, Annamaria Catino, Niccolò Varesano, Pamela Pizzutilo, et al. "Breath Analysis: Comparison among Methodological Approaches for Breath Sampling." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 5823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245823.

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Despite promising results obtained in the early diagnosis of several pathologies, breath analysis still remains an unused technique in clinical practice due to the lack of breath sampling standardized procedures able to guarantee a good repeatability and comparability of results. The most diffuse on an international scale breath sampling method uses polymeric bags, but, recently, devices named Mistral and ReCIVA, able to directly concentrate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto sorbent tubes, have been developed and launched on the market. In order to explore performances of these new automatic devices with respect to sampling in the polymeric bag and to study the differences in VOCs profile when whole or alveolar breath is collected and when pulmonary wash out with clean air is done, a tailored experimental design was developed. Three different breath sampling approaches were compared: (a) whole breath sampling by means of Tedlar bags, (b) the end-tidal breath collection using the Mistral sampler, and (c) the simultaneous collection of the whole and alveolar breath by using the ReCIVA. The obtained results showed that alveolar fraction of breath was relatively less affected by ambient air (AA) contaminants (p-values equal to 0.04 for Mistral and 0.002 for ReCIVA Low) with respect to whole breath (p-values equal to 0.97 for ReCIVA Whole). Compared to Tedlar bags, coherent results were obtained by using Mistral while lower VOCs levels were detected for samples (both breath and AA) collected by ReCIVA, likely due to uncorrected and fluctuating flow rates applied by this device. Finally, the analysis of all data also including data obtained by explorative analysis of the unique lung cancer (LC) breath sample showed that a clean air supply might determine a further confounding factor in breath analysis considering that lung wash-out is species-dependent.

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Mochalski, Pawel, Gregory Shuster, Marcis Leja, Karl Unterkofler, Carsten Jaeschke, Roberts Skapars, Evita Gasenko, et al. "Non-contact breath sampling for sensor-based breath analysis." Journal of Breath Research 13, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 036001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ab0b8d.

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Rosenthal, Kerry, Dorota M. Ruszkiewicz, Hayden Allen, Martin R. Lindley, Matthew A. Turner, and Eugenie Hunsicker. "Breath selection methods for compact mass spectrometry breath analysis." Journal of Breath Research 13, no. 4 (September 30, 2019): 046013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ab34d4.

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Peltonen, J. E., and J. J. Ritola. "CONTINUOUS GAS DELAY DETERMINATION DURING BREATH-BY-BREATH ANALYSIS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01272.

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van Houdt, P. J., P. P. W. Ossenblok, M. G. van Erp, K. E. Schreuder, R. J. J. Krijn, P. A. J. M. Boon, and P. J. M. Cluitmans. "Automatic breath-to-breath analysis of nocturnal polysomnographic recordings." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 49, no. 7 (March 30, 2011): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11517-011-0755-x.

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Popov, Todor A. "Human exhaled breath analysis." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 106, no. 6 (June 2011): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2011.02.016.

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Condorelli, Peter, Hye-Won Shin, and Steven C. George. "Characterizing airway and alveolar nitric oxide exchange during tidal breathing using a three-compartment model." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 5 (May 2004): 1832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01157.2003.

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Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) may be a useful marker of lung inflammation, but the concentration is highly dependent on exhalation flow rate due to a significant airway source. Current methods for partitioning pulmonary NO gas exchange into airway and alveolar regions utilize multiple exhalation flow rates or a single-breath maneuver with a preexpiratory breath hold, which is cumbersome for children and individuals with compromised lung function. Analysis of tidal breathing data has the potential to overcome these limitations, while still identifying region-specific parameters. In six healthy adults, we utilized a three-compartment model (two airway compartments and one alveolar compartment) to identify two potential flow-independent parameters that represent the average volumetric airway flux (pl/s) and the time-averaged alveolar concentration (parts/billion). Significant background noise and distortion of the signal from the sampling system were compensated for by using a Gaussian wavelet filter and a series of convolution integrals. Mean values for average volumetric airway flux and time-averaged alveolar concentration were 2,500 ± 2,700 pl/s and 3.2 ± 3.4 parts/billion, respectively, and were strongly correlated with analogous parameters determined from vital capacity breathing maneuvers. Analysis of multiple tidal breaths significantly reduced the standard error of the parameter estimates relative to the single-breath technique. Our initial assessment demonstrates the potential of utilizing tidal breathing for noninvasive characterization of pulmonary NO exchange dynamics.

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Grosso, Giovanni, Tommaso Vezzosi, Angela Briganti, Chiara Di Franco, Rosalba Tognetti, and Jacopo P. Mortola. "Breath-by-breath analysis of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in dogs." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 294 (December 2021): 103776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2021.103776.

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Engebretson, J. E. "VALIDITY OF A BREATH-BY-BREATH GAS EXCHANGE ANALYSIS SYSTEM." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-01879.

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Winslow, Robert M., and Sarah S. McKneally. "Analysis of breath-by-breath exercise data from field studies." International Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2, no. 3 (September 1986): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02915884.

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Prado, Patricia Rezende do, Ana Rita de Cássia Bettencourt, and Juliana de Lima Lopes. "Defining characteristics and related factors of the nursing diagnosis for ineffective breathing pattern." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 72, no. 1 (February 2019): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0061.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify in the literature the defining characteristics and related factors of the nursing diagnosis "ineffective breathing pattern". Method: Integrative review with the steps: problem identification, literature search, evaluation and analysis of data and presentation of results. Results: Twenty articles and two dissertations were included. In children, the most prevalent related factor was bronchial secretion, followed by hyperventilation. The main defining characteristics were dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, use of accessory muscles to breathe, orthopnea and adventitious breath sounds. Bronchial secretion, cough and adventitious breath sounds are not included in the NANDA-International (NANDA-I). For adults and older adults, the related factors were fatigue, pain and obesity and the defining characteristics were dyspnea, orthopnea and tachypnea. Conclusion: This diagnosis manifests differently according to the patients’ age group. It was observed that some defining characteristics and related factors are not included in the NANDA-I. Their inclusion can improve this nursing diagnosis.

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Massaroni, Carlo, Daniela Lo Presti, Domenico Formica, Sergio Silvestri, and Emiliano Schena. "Non-Contact Monitoring of Breathing Pattern and Respiratory Rate via RGB Signal Measurement." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 2758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122758.

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Among all the vital signs, respiratory rate remains the least measured in several scenarios, mainly due to the intrusiveness of the sensors usually adopted. For this reason, all contactless monitoring systems are gaining increasing attention in this field. In this paper, we present a measuring system for contactless measurement of the respiratory pattern and the extraction of breath-by-breath respiratory rate. The system consists of a laptop’s built-in RGB camera and an algorithm for post-processing of acquired video data. From the recording of the chest movements of a subject, the analysis of the pixel intensity changes yields a waveform indicating respiratory pattern. The proposed system has been tested on 12 volunteers, both males and females seated in front of the webcam, wearing both slim-fit and loose-fit t-shirts. The pressure-drop signal recorded at the level of nostrils with a head-mounted wearable device was used as reference respiratory pattern. The two methods have been compared in terms of mean of absolute error, standard error, and percentage error. Additionally, a Bland–Altman plot was used to investigate the bias between methods. Results show the ability of the system to record accurate values of respiratory rate, with both slim-fit and loose-fit clothing. The measuring system shows better performance on females. Bland–Altman analysis showed a bias of −0.01 breaths · min − 1 , with respiratory rate values between 10 and 43 breaths · min − 1 . Promising performance has been found in the preliminary tests simulating tachypnea.

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Ilhamsyah, Rizky, Jean-Marie D. Dimandja, and Peter J. Hesketh. "Design and Analysis of Breath Collection System for Rapid Analysis of Breath Condensate." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-01, no. 62 (May 30, 2021): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-01621650mtgabs.

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Bojic, Tijana, Jasna Saponjic, Miodrag Radulovacki, David W. Carley, and Aleksandar Kalauzi. "Monotone Signal Segments Analysis as a novel method of breath detection and breath-to-breath interval analysis in rat." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 161, no. 3 (May 2008): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2008.03.001.

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38

OYAMADA, Noritaka, Masakazu KIKUCHI, and Mutsuo ISHIZAKI. "Determination of dimethyl selenide in breath air of mice by gas chromatography." Analytical Sciences 3, no. 4 (1987): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.3.373.

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Silverthorne, Colin, Sat Bir Khalsa, Robin Gueth, Nicole DeAvilla, and Janie Pansini. "Respiratory, Physical, and Psychological Benefits of Breath-Focused Yoga for Adults with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Brief Pilot Study Report." International Journal of Yoga Therapy 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17761/ijyt.22.1.1l804u9511623u25.

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Objective: This pilot study was designed to identify the potential benefits of breath-focused yoga on respiratory, physical, and psychological functioning for adults with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants: Ten individuals with severe TBI who self-selected to attend weekly yoga classes and 4 no-treatment controls were evaluated. Methods: Participants were assessed at pretreatment baseline and at 3-month intervals for a total of 4 time points over 40 weeks. Outcomes of interest included observed exhale strength, ability to hold a breath or a tone, breathing rate, counted breaths (inhale and exhale), and heart rate, as well as self-reported physical and psycho-logical well-being. Results: Repeated within-group analyses of variance revealed that the yoga group demonstrated significant longitudinal change on several measures of observed respiratory functioning and self-reported physical and psychological well-being over a 40-week period. Those in the control group showed marginal improvement on 2 of the 6 measures of respiratory health, physical and social functioning, emotional well-being, and general health. The small sample sizes precluded the analysis of between group differences. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that breath-focused yoga may improve respiratory functioning and self-perceived physical and psychological well-being of adults with severe TBI.

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Purnama, N., R. Jayadi, and Istiarto. "Dam break analysis using 1D geometry at Jatigede Dam, Sumedang." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012088.

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Abstract Dam breaks can result in flash floods which have enormous destructive power. This destructive force becomes even more significant when the dam break occurs in a dam with a large capacity. An example is the Jatigede Dam, which has a capacity of 1,060 million m3. To determine the flash flood characteristics and potential impact of the collapse of the Jatigede Dam, an analysis of the dam break was carried out using HEC-RAS software. The dam break scenario uses a Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) inflow with the partial opening of two spillway gates in the middle, which causes the dam overtopping. The Froehlich and Von Thun, and Gillette regression methods were used to defining the breach parameters. Based on the dam break analysis, the simulated flash flood of the Von Thun-Gillette method resulted in a higher velocity and lower water surface elevation than the Froehlich method. The difference in the velocity, dimension of the breach shape, water surface elevation, and discharge is caused by the breaching shape and breach formation time.

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Hartung, Benno, Stefanie Ritz-Timme, and Thomas Daldrup. "Advantages and disadvantages of breath alcohol analysis—Reply to “Evidential breath alcohol analysis and the venous blood-to-breath ratio”." Forensic Science International 262 (May 2016): e40-e41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.011.

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Risby, Terence H. "Critical issues for breath analysis." Journal of Breath Research 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 030302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/2/3/030302.

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van Dartel, Dieuwke, H. Jurgen Schelhaas, Albert J. Colon, Kuan H. Kho, and Cecile C. de Vos. "Breath analysis in detecting epilepsy." Journal of Breath Research 14, no. 3 (April 15, 2020): 031001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ab6f14.

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Reinders, G., and J. Rabenhorst. "P28 Analysis of 'Morning Breath'." Oral Diseases 11, s1 (March 2005): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01105_51.x.

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45

Fowler, B. P. "SAMPLES FOR BREATH ALCOHOL ANALYSIS." Lancet 329, no. 8526 (January 1987): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90039-0.

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46

Van Der Schee, M., E. Gaude, J. Boschmans, B. Boyle, R. Rintoul, R. Smith, and A. Battista. "MS29.04 LuCID Exhaled Breath Analysis." Journal of Thoracic Oncology 13, no. 10 (October 2018): S302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.199.

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47

Hill, Darryl, and Russell Binions. "Breath Analysis for Medical Diagnosis." International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems 5, no. 2 (2012): 401–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/ijssis-2017-488.

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Alimoradian, Abbas, Saeed Pazhoohan, Omid Mirzabeygi, and Kiana Naderinia. "Comparing Benzodiazepines-morphine-induced Respiratory Depression by Analyzing Respiratory Pattern in Rats." Journal of Arak University Medical Sciences 23, no. 6 (February 1, 2021): 850–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jams.23.6.6329.1.

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Background and Aim: Opioid and benzodiazepine family drugs are concurrently used in various patients. Considering the respiratory depressant effects of both classes, in this study, we investigated the effect of coadministration of morphine and several widely used benzodiazepines in the clinic on the rate of respiratory depression in rats. Methods & Materials: Seventy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups; morphine, midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam, morphine-midazolam, morphine-diazepam, morphine-lorazepam, and morphine-alprazolam. Respiration signal was recorded using whole-body plethysmography 15 minutes after the intraperitoneal injection of the drugs. The respiratory pattern was examined using several parameters; the mean value of inter-breath interval and the respiratory rate, as well as the coefficient of variation and sample entropy analysis of inter-breath interval. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.327). Results: Analyzing respiratory data revealed that injecting the anxiolytic dose of alprazolam, and the combination of morphine-alprazolam and morphine-midazolam, altered the respiratory pattern. Such changes were associated with a decrease in the number of breaths and an increase in the inter-breath interval in the explored test animals, compared with the controls. The obtained data also indicated that morphine-midazolam injection increased the variability of the breathing pattern; such an alternation was associated with increased irregularity and decreased coefficient of variation of the inter-breath interval. Conclusion: The present research results suggested that the short-term injection of morphine-midazolam changes the respiratory pattern more severely than morphine combined with other benzodiazepines.

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Grönkvist, Mikael, Eddie Bergsten, and Per M. Gustafsson. "Effects of body posture and tidal volume on inter- and intraregional ventilation distribution in healthy men." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00161.2001.

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The influences of body posture and tidal volume (Vt) on inter- and intraregional ventilation inhomogeneity were assessed by normalized phase III slope ( SnIII) analysis of multiple-breath washout recordings of SF6 and He in 11 healthy men. Washouts with target Vt of 750, 1,000, and 1,250 ml were performed standing and supine. A linear-fit method was used to establish the contributions of convection-dependent (interregional) (cdi) and diffusion-convection interaction-dependent (intraregional) inhomogeneity (dcdi). Overall inhomogeneity was defined as the sum of cdi and dcdi. The difference in first-breath SnIII for SF6 vs. He, the (SF6 − He) SnIII, served as an index of intra-acinar inhomogeneity. Multiple-regression analysis revealed greater cdi supine vs. standing ( P < 0.001) but no significant effects of posture on dcdi or overall inhomogeneity. Larger Vt were associated with greater cdi ( P < 0.001), particularly when supine, but reduced dcdi ( P < 0.001), overall inhomogeneity ( P < 0.001), and (SF6 − He) SnIII ( P = 0.031). In conclusion, during resting breathing overall and intraregional ventilation inhomogeneities remain unchanged when the supine posture is assumed and improve with larger Vt, but supine posture and larger breaths result in greater interregional inhomogeneities.

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UEDA, Hideo, and Kyoichi KOBASHI. "Breath odor and disease: What will be promised with breath analysis?" Journal of Japan Association on Odor Environment 36, no. 5 (2005): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2171/jao.36.270.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Breath analysi'

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