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Journal articles on the topic 'Breast'
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1
Smolanka, I. I., and A. D. Loboda. "Modern view on treatment of patients with fibrocystic mastopathy." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 6(112) (July 29, 2016): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2016.112.149.
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The aim of the study: to determine the effectiveness of the drug Epigalin® Brest in the treatment of fibrocystic breast disease in women. Materials and methods. The study included 50 women with an established diagnosis of fibrocystic breast disease (diffuse cystic mastopathy). All women complained of pain and swelling of both breast 3-20 days before the start of menstruation. By blind randomization, all women were divided into 2 groups. Patients of the first group used the drug Epigalin® Brest 1 tablet 2 times a day for three months. Patients of the second group used the drug prostrate summer cypress on the approved user scheme. Patients of both groups did not differ in age (from 22 to 48 years, mean age 35 years). All patients during General examination were performed ultrasound of the breast, and patients older than 40 years also performed the mammogram. Patients of both groups were found multiple cysts in both breasts, the size of which ranged from 3 mm to 22 mm. the average size of the cysts groups were comparable. To assess the effectiveness of treatment in both groups was determined by three parameters: 1. Pain in the Breasts, which were evaluated on a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (unbearable pain). 2. Tissue density breast, to determine which was performed by transient elastography (kPa). 3. The average diameter of the cyst. Results. According to the study in the first group identified the implementation of a positive effect of the drug Apigalin Brest. Patients in this group there was a decrease in the average degree of pain, i.e. the patient almost did not feel pain before menstruation, and the complete absence of cystic elements in the Breasts was detected in 90% of patients. No patient noted the deterioration of the breast during the observation. Patients of the second group the average degree of pain, but 10% of the patients noted aggravation of pain syndrome after discontinuation of the drug prostrate summer cypress. In 15% of patients in this group appeared again cysts, and their average diameter began to increase. Tissue density of the breast tended to increase. Conclusion. 1. Complex herbal preparation Epigalin® Brest is effective in the treatment of mastitis. In the case of regular use Apigalin Brest reduce by 68% the presence of cystic component in women with mastopathy. 2. Epigalin® Brest with regular use reduces the density of the tissue of the breast, realizing the function of oncoprotektor. 3. Epigalin® Brest significantly reduces pain before menstruation, which considerably improves the quality of life. Key words: mastopathy, pain, breast gland, treatment, Epigalin® Brest.
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Calinescu, Gina, Corina Grigoriu, Athir Eddan, Nicolae Bacalbasa, Irina Balescu, Bianca-Margareta Mihai, Roxana Elena Bohiltea, and Claudia Stoica. "Breast density and breast cancer." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 16, S7 (December 30, 2021): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2021.s7.9.
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Breast density is increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for the development of breast cancer. It has been shown to be associated with a four-to sixfold increase a woman's risk of malignant breast disease. Increased breast density, as identified on mammography, is known to decrease the diagnostic sensitivity of the examination, which is of great concern to women at increased risk for breast cancer. Dense tissue has generally been associated with younger age and premenopausal status, with the assumption that breast density gradually decreases after menopause. However, the actual proportion of older women with dense breasts is unknown. Unfortunately, mammography is less accurate on dense breast tissue compared to fattier breast tissue. Multiple studies suggest a solution to this by demonstrating the ability of supplemental screening ultrasound to detect additional malignant lesions in women with dense breast tissue but with negative mammography. Improved screening methods for women with dense breasts are needed due to their increased risk of breast cancer and of failed early diagnosis by screening mammography.
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Corvino, Antonio, Carlo Varelli, Fabio Catalano, Giulio Cocco, Andrea Delli Pizzi, Andrea Boccatonda, Fabio Corvino, Luigi Basile, and Orlando Catalano. "Use of High-Frequency Transducers in Breast Sonography." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2022): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12121960.
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Sonography companies have recently developed high-frequency transducers (20–30 MHz) to image the skin and small joints. In this pictorial review, we present a number of settings where these probes can be usefully employed to scan the breast. These include skin abnormalities of the breast and axilla; nipple–areolar complex abnormalities; superficial breast parenchyma abnormalities; breast parenchyma abnormalities in subjects with implants; very small female breasts; peripheral areas in breasts of any size; pre-puberal breasts; male breasts; post-mastectomy chest wall; and intraoperative breast sonography. Comparatively, side-by-side images obtained with conventional breast frequencies and high frequencies are shown.
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Pinsky, Renee W., and Mark A. Helvie. "Mammographic Breast Density: Effect on Imaging and Breast Cancer Risk." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 8, no. 10 (October 2010): 1157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2010.0085.
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Mammographic breast density has been studied for more than 30 years. Greater breast density not only is related to decreased sensitivity of mammograms because of a masking effect but also is a major independent risk factor for breast cancer. This article defines breast density and reviews literature on quantification of mammographic density that is key to future clinical and research protocols. Important influences on breast density are addressed, including age, menopausal status, exogenous hormones, and genetics of density. Young women with dense breasts benefit from digital mammographic technique. The potential use of supplemental MRI and ultrasound screening techniques in high-risk women and women with dense breasts is explored, as are potential risk reduction strategies.
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Suh, Minyoung, and Jung Hyun Park. "Breast Geometry Characterization of Young American Females Using 3D Image Analysis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 8578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178578.
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The current research deals with the characterization of breast geometries in young American populations. Breast measurements using 3D image analysis tools are focused on spatial assessments, such as quadrant evaluations of angle, surface area, and volume, together with traditional linear measurements. Through the statistical analysis, different types of breast shapes and placements are clustered, and characteristic breast anthropometry was identified for each cluster. The research findings indicate that there are four shape clusters and three placement clusters. Among the American females aged 26 to 35, four different breast shapes are identified: droopy breasts (31%), small/flat breasts (19%), upward breasts (24%), and large/inward breasts (26%). Taking 36%, 44%, and 20% of the population, respectively, their breast placement characteristics are either high, medium, or low/open. Breast shapes and placement are highly associated with each other. Larger breasts are located relatively lower, while most smaller/flat breasts are positioned relatively high.
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Patel, Bhavika K., Kay Pepin, Kathy R. Brandt, Gina L. Mazza, Barbara A. Pockaj, Jun Chen, Yuxiang Zhou, et al. "Global tissue stiffness on breast MR elastography: High-risk dense breast patients have higher stiffness compared to average-risk dense breast patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 10541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.10541.
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10541 Background: Biomechanical tissue properties may vary in the breasts of patients at elevated risk for breast cancer. We aim to quantify in vivo biomechanical tissue properties in various breast densities and in both normal risk and high risk women using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)/MRE and examine the association of biomechanical properties of the breast with cancer risk. Methods: In this IRB–approved prospective single-institution study, we recruited two groups of women differing by breast cancer risk to undergo a 3.0 T dynamic contrast enhanced MRI/MRE of the breast. Low-average risk women were defined as having no personal or significant family history of breast cancer, no prior high risk breast biopsies and a negative mammography within 12 months. High-risk breast cancer patients were recruited from those patients who underwent standard of care breast MR. Within each breast density group (non-dense versus dense), two-sample t-tests were used to compare breast stiffness, elasticity, and viscosity across risk groups (low-average vs high). Results: There were 50 low-average risk and 86 high-risk patients recruited to the study. The risk groups were similar on age (mean age = 55.6 and 53.6 years), density (68% vs. 64% dense breasts) and menopausal status (66.0% vs. 69.8%). Among patients with dense breasts, mean stiffness, elasticity, and viscosity were significantly higher in high risk patients ( N = 55) compared to low-average risk patients ( N = 34; all p < 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression model, breast stiffness remained a significant predictor of risk status (OR=4.26, 95% CI [1.96, 9.25]) even after controlling for breast density, MRI BPE, age, and menopausal status. Similar results were seen for breast elasticity (OR=4.88, 95% CI [2.08, 11.43]) and viscosity (OR=11.49, 95% CI [1.15, 114.89]). Conclusions: Structurally-based, quantitative biomarker of tissue stiffness obtained from global 3D breast MRE is associated with differences in breast cancer risk in dense breasts. As such, tissue stiffness could provide a novel prognostic marker to help identify the subset of high-risk women with dense breasts who would benefit from increased surveillance.[Table: see text]
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Ma, Le, Yuxing Cai, Xiaojia Lin, Zilong He, Hui Zeng, Weiguo Chen, and Genggeng Qin. "Association of the Differences in Average Glandular Dose with Breast Cancer Risk." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 19, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8943659.
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Objectives. To compare the differences in normalized average glandular dose (NAGD) between the breasts of healthy subjects and those of cancer patients and to determine if the NAGD difference is associated with breast cancer risk and improves breast cancer classification. Materials and Methods. Craniocaudal view and mediolateral view full-field digital mammography (FFDM) images were obtained from 1682 healthy subjects whose breasts were categorized as Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) I or II and from 811 biopsy-confirmed unilateral breast cancer patients whose breasts on the contralateral side were category I or II. Both populations were randomized into training and test sets. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to build the breast cancer risk assessment model, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( A z ) was used to evaluate the model. Twenty-two breast cancer patients who were originally categorized as BI-RADS I or II for both breasts, but were diagnosed with unilateral biopsy-confirmed breast cancer subsequently, were included to validate the model. Results. The NAGD differences in both FFDM images between tumor-bearing breasts and the healthy breasts of patients were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects ( P < 0.001 ). The model with NAGD differences had a higher A z value than the model without NAGD differences. While there was no NAGD differences between originally healthy breasts of breast cancer patients, significant NAGD differences between now tumor-bearing breasts and the then previously healthy breasts were found in both FFDM images. Conclusions. NAGD differences between both breasts can be included in the breast cancer risk assessment model to evaluate breast cancer risk.
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Chen, Xiaona, Guangwu Sun, Jianping Wang, Yanmei Li, and Hong Xie. "Effects of Breast Support and Gait Speed on Three-Dimensional Breast Displacement for Women with Small Breasts." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, no. 2(146) (April 30, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6088.
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This paper investigated three-dimensional breast displacement under different breast support conditions and gait speeds for women with small breasts. The breast coordinates of fifteen female participants with small breasts (sizes ranging from A to C) were recorded during treadmill walking and running tests under two different sports bra conditions and a no bra condition. The results showed that although vertical breast displacement was always the greatest in each condition, mediolateral breast displacement was significantly greater than anteroposterior breast displacement. Mediolateral breast displacement was not effectively reduced in the two sports bra conditions compared to the no bra condition. It is recommended that sports bra designed for women with small breasts should aim to limit mediolateral breast displacement instead of anteroposterior breast displacement, on the premise of controlling vertical breast displacement. The findings also suggest that the effectiveness of sports bras at reducing side-to-side breast movement requires further optimisation.
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Lozano, Adolfo, Jody C. Hayes, Lindsay M. Compton, and Fatemeh Hassanipour. "Pilot Clinical Study Investigating the Thermal Physiology of Breast Cancer via High-Resolution Infrared Imaging." Bioengineering 8, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8070086.
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This descriptive study investigates breast thermal characteristics in females histologically diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer and in their contralateral normal breasts. The multi-institutional clinical pilot study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at participating institutions. Eleven female subjects with radiologic breast abnormalities were enrolled in the study between June 2019 and September 2019 after informed consent was obtained. Static infrared images were recorded for each subject. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to conduct paired comparisons in temperature data between breasts among the eight histologically diagnosed breast cancer subjects (n = 8). Localized temperatures of cancerous breast lesions were significantly warmer than corresponding regions in contralateral breasts (34.0 ± 0.9 °C vs. 33.2 ± 0.5 °C, p = 0.0142, 95% CI 0.25–1.5 °C). Generalized temperatures over cancerous breasts, in contrast, were not significantly warmer than corresponding regions in contralateral breasts (33.9 ± 0.8 °C vs. 33.4 ± 0.4 °C, p = 0.0625, 95% CI −0.05–1.45 °C). Among the breast cancers enrolled, breast cancers elevated temperatures locally at the site of the lesion (localized hyperthermia), but not over the entire breast (generalized hyperthermia).
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Lebovici, Serge, and Evelyne Kestemberg. "The breast and breasts." Journal of Child Psychotherapy 19, no. 1 (January 1993): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00754179308259378.
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Ahmed, Saja Ali, and Salam M. Joori. "Automated breast ultrasound: A comparison study with handheld ultrasound in detection and characterization of lesions in mammographically dense breast." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v18i2.794.
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Background: Although mammography is a powerful screening tool in detection of early breast cancer, it is imperfect, particularly for women with dense breast, which have a higher risk to develop cancer and decrease the sensitivity of mammogram, Automated breast ultrasound is a recently introduced ultrasonography technique, developed with the purpose to standardize breast ultrasonography and overcome some limitations of handheld ultrasound, this study aims to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of Automated breast ultrasound and compare it with handheld ultrasound in the detection and characterization of breast lesions in women with dense breasts. Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of Automated breast ultrasound and compare it with hand held ultrasound in detection and characterization of breast lesions in women with dense breast. Subjects and Methods: A prospective observational study conducted at Oncology Teaching Hospital during the period of ten months from 1st of February till 1st of December 2020. Included 62 women with dense breasts on diagnostic mammograms. All women underwent technician performed automated breast ultrasound and radiologist performed handheld ultrasound for both breasts. All suspicious lesions with selected probably benign lesions underwent biopsy, handheld ultrasound detected 48 masses (67.6%), 15 of them (21.1%) were cystic, automated breast ultrasound detected 54 masses (76.1%); 20 of them (28.2%) were cystic. The sensitivity of handheld ultrasound was=87.5%, Specificity=58.8%, the sensitivity of automated breast ultrasound was=93.8%, Specificity=70.6%. Conclusion: Automated breast ultrasound is an effective modality to detect occult breast lesion in women with dense breasts, automated breast ultrasound and handheld ultrasound have a reliable agreement in detection and characterization of breast lesions with higher accuracy of automated breast ultrasound in the evaluation of malignant lesions.
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Dabrosin, Nina, and Charlotta Dabrosin. "Postmenopausal Dense Breasts Maintain Premenopausal Levels of GH and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Vivo." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 5 (January 4, 2020): 1617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz323.
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Abstract Context Dense breast tissue is associated with 4 to 6 times higher risk of breast cancer by poorly understood mechanisms. No preventive therapy for this high-risk group is available. After menopause, breast density decreases due to involution of the mammary gland. In dense breast tissue, this process is haltered by undetermined biological actions. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like binding proteins (IGFBPs) play major roles in normal mammary gland development, but their roles in maintaining breast density are unknown. Objective To reveal in vivo levels of GH, IGFBPs, and other pro-tumorigenic proteins in the extracellular microenvironment in breast cancer, in normal breast tissue with various breast density in postmenopausal women, and premenopausal breasts. We also sought to determine possible correlations between these determinants. Setting and Design Microdialysis was used to collect extracellular in vivo proteins intratumorally from breast cancers before surgery and from normal human breast tissue from premenopausal women and postmenopausal women with mammographic dense or nondense breasts. Results Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers exhibited increased extracellular GH (P < .01). Dense breasts of postmenopausal women exhibited similar levels of GH as premenopausal breasts and significantly higher levels than in nondense breasts (P < .001). Similar results were found for IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -7 (P < .01) and for IGFBP-6 (P <.05). Strong positive correlations were revealed between GH and IGFBPs and pro-tumorigenic matrix metalloproteinases, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, and vascular endothelial growth factor in normal breast tissue. Conclusions GH pathways may be targetable for cancer prevention therapeutics in postmenopausal women with dense breast tissue.
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Fitriani Agustina, Handry Darussalam, and Indah Julia. "Application of Breast Care to Prevent Breast Milk Dams in Postpartum Mothers." Lentera Perawat 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52235/lp.v5i2.344.
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The first day after delivery is when the breasts become overfilled with milk, causing them to become swollen, hard and painful. Breast care is an action to take care of the breasts to prevent the occurrence of breast milk dams, reduce pain and discomfort, prevent more serious complications, maintain breast milk production, prevent early termination of breastfeeding breast milk. The purpose of this case study is to provide nursing care to post partum mothers with the problem of ineffective breastfeeding with the application of Breast Care. The research method used is a case study of 2 patients with post partum by applying the nursing process method: Interview, examination, observation of activities to obtain diagnostic records and reports. After taking nursing action for 3 days with a diagnosis: ineffectiveness of breastfeeding associated with breast swelling. with the application of breast care with the results resolved on day 4. breast discomfort has decreased after breast care, there is no dam or swelling in the mother's breast, there is no dam or swelling in the mother's breast, feeling more relieved and relaxed after breast care is performed. The application of breast care in both post partum patients can reduce breast swelling due to breast milk dams. Researchers suggest that patients can apply breast care as one of the treatments that can be done alone at home, because one of the benefits of breast care is to reduce breast swelling.
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Lange, Jane M., Charlotte Gard, Ellen O’meara, and Ruth Etzioni. "Abstract P4-03-03: Elevated Risk of Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Women with Dense Breasts reflects a similarly Elevated Risk of Breast Cancer Onset that is Robust to the Effect of Density on Mammography Sensitivity." Cancer Research 83, no. 5_Supplement (March 1, 2023): P4–03–03—P4–03–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-p4-03-03.
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Abstract Dense breasts are associated with a higher risk of breast cancer diagnosis, which has impacted risk prediction tools and patient notification policies. However, given that mammography is less sensitive for women with dense breasts and these women may be subject to different confirmation testing pathways, the true association between breast density and cancer risk is unknown. We investigated the relationship between breast density and onset using a natural history model that accounts for differential sensitivity and rates of exams by breast density. Data consisted of Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium mammogram and cancer outcomes among women aged 40-54 with a first digital mammogram between 2000-2018 (N=33,542). Of these, 15,092 had non-dense (almost entirely fatty or scattered fibroglandular densities) and18,450 had dense (heterogeneously dense or extremely dense) breasts. We estimated the empirical sensitivity of mammograms in dense and non-dense breasts (fraction of diagnosed cancers that were screen detected) and examined rates of mammograms by density. We estimated the relative risk of breast cancer diagnosis five years after the first exam using Kaplan Meier methods and the relative risk of breast cancer onset from a natural history model, assuming density-specific sensitivity was equal to the empirical sensitivity. Empirical sensitivity was .88 in women with non-dense and .78 in women with dense breasts. Mammogram utilization was somewhat higher in women with dense breasts (HR for subsequent mammograms 1.10 (95% CI [1.07, 1.12]). The relative risk of diagnosis for dense versus non-dense breasts was 1.80 (95% CI [1.46,2.57]); based on the natural history model the relative risk of onset was 1.73 [1.43,2.25]. The estimated relative risk of onset ranged from 1.67 to 2.03 under assumptions that the relative sensitivity of the screening episode for dense versus non-dense breasts was 1.0 to 0.4. In conclusion, the association of risk of breast cancer onset with breast density is robust to assumptions about the relative sensitivity in dense and non-dense breasts. Citation Format: Jane M. Lange, Charlotte Gard, Ellen O’meara, Ruth Etzioni. Elevated Risk of Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Women with Dense Breasts reflects a similarly Elevated Risk of Breast Cancer Onset that is Robust to the Effect of Density on Mammography Sensitivity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-03-03.
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Zuki, Nurul Aini, Fairuz Mohd Nasir, and Azizah AB Ghani. "A case study of breast siliconoma." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 5, S1 (December 31, 2021): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2021.5.s1.444.
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Background: Silicone or foreign materials injection is widely used for aesthetic breast augmentation and reconstructions in many countries. Once injected, it will stimulate a foreign body reaction between body tissues and silicone. This reaction can cause the formation of a granuloma known as siliconoma, which represent by the lumping at the breast. This symptom usually mimics breast cancer and sometimes be the origin of breast cancer. This paper is focused on the discussion on radiographic appearance of silicone and a case study of breast siliconoma. Case Study: A 66-year-old Chinese female with a family history of cancer presents with palpable painless lumps in her breasts. The lumps were present in both breasts without any mobility and other inflammatory processes. Mammographic examination demonstrated a dense bilateral mass towards the chest wall and asymmetrical rounded densities in both breasts. There are no breast cancer indications were reported. The pathology demonstrated a siliconoma.
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Mustonen, P., and M. Härmä. "Viewpoints on Oncoplastic Surgery in Invasive Breast Cancer." Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 91, no. 3 (September 2002): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145749690209100308.
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Breast conserving therapy is the best method to the breast cancer treatment when concerning the psychological sequelae to the patient. Cosmetic results after conservative surgery are not always acceptable: about 20 % of patients need a revision operation and correcting the residual defect of the breast or asymmetry of the breasts afterwards. On-coplastic surgery means that the methods familiar to plastic surgeon are used to increase the number of patients treated with conservative surgery without compromising the oncologic results. Even wider margins than in normal breast conservation can be gained, if local glandular flaps, musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi flaps or microvascular free TRAM flaps are used to immediately preserve the shape and symmetry of the breasts. With plastic surgery it is possible to reshape the breast, replace the nipple and gain breast symmetry. As we know every tenth woman will have a breast cancer during her lifetime, and 80 % of breast cancer women will survive. It is important to operate breast cancer immediately to save costs and help a patient feel that her breasts are still a part of her own body.
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PARVANI, ZEHRA. "BREAST SELF EXAMINATION." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 02 (June 10, 2011): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.02.2107.
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Aim: The purpose of this systemic review is to explore the literature on breast self examination and on breast awareness. Objectives: To evaluate the importance of breast awareness. (1) To prove breast awareness is a an effective strategy for health promotion. (2) To clarify the difference between breast awareness and breast self examination. (3) To critique self breast examination as an effective method for screening breast cancers. Methodology: To review the literature supporting breast self examination and breast awareness Medline, CINAHL, Pubmed, Science Direct and Cochrane Databases were used. The key words “breast awareness”, “difference” and “breast self examination” were used in conjunction with “breast cancer”, “breast screening” and “health promotion” to search the recent articles of last 5 years from 2005 to 2010. Conclusions: It was concluded through the literature support that breast self-examination does not reduce breast cancer mortality whereas; breast awareness provides women with some knowledge about the breasts to fight breast disease and to reduce morbidity but not to reduce the mortality.
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Baird, Grayson L., Elizabeth H. Dibble, Martha B. Mainiero, Randy C. Miles, and Ana P. Lourenco. "Dense Breast Notification Letters: What Do Breast Radiologists Think?" Journal of Breast Imaging 2, no. 3 (April 18, 2020): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbaa010.
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Abstract Objective The Food and Drug Administration is currently creating national standards for language used in letters sent to women after mammography concerning dense breasts. The purpose of the current study is to survey breast radiologists on their opinions about language to be included in dense breast notification (DBN) letters. Methods An anonymous survey (17 questions and 10 open-ended response fields) was sent to Society of Breast Imaging members between May 2019 and June 2019. Analyses were conducted using a chi-square test and the generalized linear model. Results A total of 262 surveys were completed (25% response rate). The majority of breast radiologists believe letters should be sent to patients (91%), with most (66%) believing that patients should receive DBN letters regardless of having dense breasts or not. The majority of breast radiologists believe DBNs should be sent to referring physicians (69%), include statements that define masking (89%), inform patients that dense breasts are associated with cancer risk (77%), inform patients about the possible benefits of supplemental screening (86%), be written at the sixth- or eighth-grade reading level (92%), and should be provided in other languages in addition to English (89%); half of the respondents (51%) believe the letters should contain BI-RADS density descriptors. Conclusion There is consensus that patients and referring physicians should receive DBN letters and that those letters should address masking, increased cancer risk, and supplemental screening. Respondents believe the letters should be written at a sixth- or eighth-grade reading level.
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Kasielska-Trojan, Anna, Tomasz Zawadzki, and Bogusław Antoszewski. "Breast Fluctuating Asymmetry in Women with Macromastia/Gigantomastia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 16895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416895.
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Background: A number of studies have reported breasts have high fluctuating asymmetry (FA:|Right-Left|), suggesting that they contain evolutionary and clinical information (e.g., high FA correlates with breast cancer risk). Here we focus on breast FA in women with a wide range of breast sizes, including participants with macromastia and/or gigantomastia. Material and methods: The sample included 65 women (mean age 33.97 ± 12.1 years). Thirty were randomly selected students and/or patients who regarded their breast size as small, normal or average and who had not undergone or intended to have any breast surgery. The remainder (n = 35) were qualified for breast reduction due to macromastia and/or gigantomastia. In all participants we measured/calculated weight, height and BMI, as well as took chest photographs. Breast volumes and nipple areola complex FAs were evaluated in a specifically-designed software. Results: Breast size significantly positively correlated with breast volume FA in all women (t = 5.17, p < 0.0001) and in women with macromastia/gigantomastia (t = 2.32, p = 0.027). All nipple location FAs correlated positively with breast size. Conclusions: In women with different breast sizes, breast size correlates with FA calculated from breast volume and nipple location FAs. In women with macromastia and/or gigantomastia, breasts present higher FA than “normal” breasts. This observation may give a rationale for earlier and more frequent prophylactic breast imaging in women with macromastia and/or gigantomastia.
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Tran, Thi Xuan Mai, Yoosoo Chang, Soyeoun Kim, Huiyeon Song, Seungho Ryu, and Boyoung Park. "Association of Breast Cancer Family History With Breast Density Over Time in Korean Women." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 3 (March 10, 2023): e232420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.2420.
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ImportanceEvidence suggests that women with a family history of breast cancer (FHBC) in first-degree relatives have a higher level of breast density; however, studies of premenopausal women remain limited.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between FHBC and mammographic breast density and breast density changes among premenopausal women.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study used population-based data obtained from the National Health Insurance Service–National Health Information Database of Korea. We included premenopausal women aged 40 to 55 years who underwent mammography for breast cancer screening once between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2016 (n = 1 174 214), and women who underwent mammography twice (first in 2015-2016 and again between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018) (n = 838 855).ExposuresFamily history of breast cancer was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire, which included information on FHBC in the mother and/or sister.Main Outcomes and MeasuresBreast density, based on the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, was categorized as dense (heterogeneously or extremely dense) and nondense (almost entirely fat or scattered fibroglandular areas). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association among FHBC, breast density, and changes in breast density from the first to second screening. Data analysis was performed from June 1 to September 31, 2022.ResultsOf the 1 174 214 premenopausal women, 34 003 (2.4%; mean [SD] age, 46.3 [3.2] years) reported having FHBC among their first-degree relatives, and 1 140 211 (97.1%; mean [SD] age, 46.3 [3.2] years) reported no FHBC. Odds of having dense breasts was 22% higher (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.19-1.26) in women with FHBC than in women without FHBC, and the association varied by affected relatives: mother alone (aOR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.10-1.21), sister alone (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.22-1.31), and both mother and sister (aOR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.20-2.25). Among women with fatty breasts at baseline, the odds of developing dense breasts was higher in women with FHBC than in those without FHBC (aOR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.11-1.26), whereas among women with dense breasts, higher odds of having persistently dense breasts were observed in women with FHBC (aOR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16) than in those without FHBC.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of premenopausal Korean women, FHBC was positively associated with an increased incidence of having increased or persistently dense breasts over time. These findings suggest the need for a tailored breast cancer risk assessment for women with FHBC.
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Euhus, D., R. Ashfaq, D. Bu, A. M. Leitch, and C. Lewis. "Assessment of tumor suppressor gene methylation for breast cancer risk screening." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.1004.
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1004 Background: Tumor suppressor gene (TSG) methylation is frequently detected in benign proliferative breast tissue suggesting that it occurs early in breast carcinogenesis. If it can be screen-detected and is associated with breast cancer risk it could be exploited for breast cancer prevention. Methods: Nipple duct lavage (NDL) samples, obtained from 150 women selected to represent a wide range of breast cancer risk, were evaluated by quantitative methylation-specific real time PCR. High risk breasts were defined as those contralateral to a breast cancer (N = 63) and those of women with a 5-year Gail risk ≥ twice the age- and race-matched general population risk (N = 64). The prevelence of TSG methylation and marked atypia was compared for high risk and lower risk breasts using Chi-square. Data for breasts ipsilateral to a breast cancer are shown for comparison, but not included in the calculations for the high risk category. Results: Samples with adequate cellularity were obtained for 219 breasts (76%). The proportion of healthy breasts with ≥ 1% of the gene copies methylated was 13% for Cyclin D2, 19% for APC, 19% for HIN-1, 16% for RASSF1A, and 9% for RAR-beta. RAR-beta provided the best risk discrimination as 15% of high risk breasts were methylated at a level that exceeded the 95th percentile of the lower risk breasts (0.9% of gene copies methylated, P = 0.05). For the table , methylation fractions for all five genes were summed and the threshold for classifying a breast as positive was set to the 95th percentile of the lower risk breasts (methylation sum = 25.0%). Both methylation and marked atypia provide some discrimination between high and lower risk breasts; the combination, however, provides the best discrimination (24% marker positive for high risk versus 9% for lower risk, P = 0.02). Conclusions: TSG methylation in NDL samples is a marker of breast cancer risk that is complementary to cytology. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Zhao, Yashuang, Sigitas J. Verselis, Neil Klar, Norman L. Sadowsky, Carolyn M. Kaelin, Barbara Smith, Lenka Foretova, and Frederick P. Li. "Nipple Fluid Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Prostate-Specific Antigen in Cancer-Bearing and Tumor-Free Breasts." Journal of Clinical Oncology 19, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 1462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2001.19.5.1462.
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PURPOSE: Mammograms and breast examinations are established methods for early breast cancer detection. Routine mammography screening reduces breast cancer mortality among women ages ≥ 50 years, but additional screening methods are needed. We and others have found high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in nipple aspirate fluids (NAFs), but the usefulness for these bio-markers for early breast cancer detection is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: NAFs from one or both breasts of 388 women were analyzed for CEA, PSA, and albumin levels. The study included 44 women with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers, 67 women with proliferative breast lesions (ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical ductal hyperplasia), and 277 controls without these breast lesions. Analyses were conducted using the log10-transformed CEA and PSA levels to normalize the distributions of these tumor markers. RESULTS: Nipple fluid CEAs are significantly higher for cancerous breasts than tumor-free breasts (median 1,830 and 1,400 ng/mL, respectively; P < .01). However, at 90% specificity of the assay (CEA = 11,750 ng/mL), the corresponding sensitivity for cancer detection is 32%. CEA levels are not significantly different for breasts with proliferative lesions compared with tumor-free breasts. Nipple fluid PSAs do not differ by tumor status. Analyses of NAF albumin-standardized CEAs and PSAs yield similar results. Nipple fluid CEA and PSA titers are correlated in the affected and unaffected breast of women with unilateral lesions. CONCLUSION: Nipple fluid CEAs are higher for breasts with untreated invasive cancers, but the test sensitivity is low. Nipple fluid PSA titers do not seem to be useful for breast cancer detection.
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Tapiavala, Shaili, Minsoo Son, Graham Colditz, Ah Young Goo, and Adetunji Toriola. "Abstract PO5-09-02: Breast Tissue Proteomic Profile of Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Women and Association with Mammographic Breast Density." Cancer Research 84, no. 9_Supplement (May 2, 2024): PO5–09–02—PO5–09–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs23-po5-09-02.
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Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer incidence is rising in premenopausal, hence, there is a critical need to understand factors underlying premenopausal breast cancer development in order to guide targeted prevention. Mammographic breast density is a strong risk factor for, as well as an intermediate phenotype for premenopausal breast cancer. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying the associations of dense breasts with breast cancer are not well understood. Our objectives in this study are to perform proteomic analysis in breast tissues to (i) identify proteins that are associated with breast cancer development in premenopausal women; (ii) determine which of these proteins are also associated with dense breasts. Methods: We performed proteomic analysis on tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 50 premenopausal women with breast cancer who had breast tissue samples archived at the St. Louis Breast Tumor Registry. Samples were analyzed on Orbitrap Eclipse Tribrid coupled with Vanquish Neo LC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Database search was performed using MaxQuant and MS1 LFQ intensities were used for further data analysis. We performed multiple imputation using Bayesian Principal Component Analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis using ‘ConsensusClusterPlus’ package in R. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using Reactome Pathway database. 10 times repeated 5-fold cross validation using Logistic Regression (LR) was performed for model development. Top 10 proteins were selected by variable importance in logistic regression, and recursive feature elimination was performed for feature selection. We corrected for multiple testing by setting the false discovery rate, FDR, p-value < 0.05. Results: After imputing for missing values, we identified 3,571 proteins that were expressed in tumor and normal breast tissues. We selected 1,640 proteins for further analysis using median absolute deviation analysis. In multivariable-adjusted analysis, 451 proteins were up-regulated, and 180 proteins were down-regulated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (FDR < 0.05). 53 of the 451 proteins that were upregulated in tumor tissues were also upregulated in dense breasts. Some of the top proteins that were upregulated in both tumor tissues and dense breasts were AIMP2, ALDH18A1, BZW1, CKAP5, COPG1, ERGIC1, GSPT1, ILF2, IPO7, LRBA, and PSMD12. Mammographic breast density protein clusters were highly correlated with hormone receptor positivity clusters and were enriched in ESR-mediated signaling, IGF1R signaling, NOTCH4, PTEN regulation, and NFkB pathway. Discussion: Using untargeted proteomics, we identified proteomic signatures of breast cancer development in premenopausal women. We further identified protein biomarkers and pathways that are shared between breast tumors and dense breast tissues in premenopausal women. Our novel findings highlight mammographic breast density as a strong intermediate phenotype that can be targeted in breast cancer prevention in premenopausal women. Larger studies are needed to validate our findings. Citation Format: Shaili Tapiavala, Minsoo Son, Graham Colditz, Ah Young Goo, Adetunji Toriola. Breast Tissue Proteomic Profile of Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Women and Association with Mammographic Breast Density [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-09-02.
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Yoshida, Reika, Takenori Yamauchi, Sadako Akashi-Tanaka, Misaki Matsuyanagi, Kanae Taruno, Terumasa Sawada, Akatsuki Kokaze, and Seigo Nakamura. "Optimal Breast Density Characterization Using a Three-Dimensional Automated Breast Densitometry System." Current Oncology 28, no. 6 (December 14, 2021): 5384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol28060448.
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Dense breasts are a risk factor for breast cancer. Assessment of breast density is important and radiologist-dependent. We objectively measured mammographic density using the three-dimensional automatic mammographic density measurement device Volpara™ and examined the criteria for combined use of ultrasonography (US). Of 1227 patients who underwent primary breast cancer surgery between January 2019 and April 2021 at our hospital, 441 were included. A case series study was conducted based on patient age, diagnostic accuracy, effects of mammography (MMG) combined with US, size of invasion, and calcifications. The mean density of both breasts according to the Volpara Density Grade (VDG) was 0–3.4% in 2 patients, 3.5–7.4% in 55 patients, 7.5–15.4% in 173 patients, and ≥15.5% in 211 patients. Breast density tended to be higher in younger patients. Diagnostic accuracy of MMG tended to decrease with increasing breast density. US detection rates were not associated with VDG on MMG and were favorable at all densities. The risk of a non-detected result was high in patients without malignant suspicious calcifications. Supplementary use of US for patients without suspicious calcifications on MMG and high breast density, particularly ≥25.5%, could improve the breast cancer detection rate.
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Crawford, Kristina, and Matthew Endara. "Lipotransfer Strategies and Techniques to Achieve Successful Breast Reconstruction in the Radiated Breast." Medicina 56, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56100516.
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Radiation therapy is frequently a critical component of breast cancer care but carries with it side effects that are particularly damaging to reconstructive efforts. Autologous lipotransfer has the ability to improve radiated skin throughout the body due to the pluripotent stem cells and multiple growth factors transferred therein. The oncologic safety of lipotransfer to the breasts is demonstrated in the literature and is frequently considered an adjunctive procedure for improving the aesthetic outcomes of breast reconstruction. Using lipotransfer as an integral rather than adjunctive step in the reconstructive process for breast cancer patients requiring radiation results in improved complication rates equivalent to those of nonradiated breasts, expanding options in these otherwise complicated cases. Herein, we provide a detailed review of the cellular toxicity conferred by radiotherapy and describe at length our approach to autologous lipotransfer in radiated breasts.
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Gordon, Paula B. "The Impact of Dense Breasts on the Stage of Breast Cancer at Diagnosis: A Review and Options for Supplemental Screening." Current Oncology 29, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 3595–636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29050291.
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The purpose of breast cancer screening is to find cancers early to reduce mortality and to allow successful treatment with less aggressive therapy. Mammography is the gold standard for breast cancer screening. Its efficacy in reducing mortality from breast cancer was proven in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted from the early 1960s to the mid 1990s. Panels that recommend breast cancer screening guidelines have traditionally relied on the old RCTs, which did not include considerations of breast density, race/ethnicity, current hormone therapy, and other risk factors. Women do not all benefit equally from mammography. Mortality reduction is significantly lower in women with dense breasts because normal dense tissue can mask cancers on mammograms. Moreover, women with dense breasts are known to be at increased risk. To provide equity, breast cancer screening guidelines should be created with the goal of maximizing mortality reduction and allowing less aggressive therapy, which may include decreasing the interval between screening mammograms and recommending consideration of supplemental screening for women with dense breasts. This review will address the issue of dense breasts and the impact on the stage of breast cancer at the time of diagnosis, and discuss options for supplemental screening.
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Slaiki, Saad. "The Hidden Breast: A Compelling Case of Supernumerary Breast." Journal of Clinical Surgery and Research 4, no. 2 (May 2, 2023): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2768-2757/072.
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Supernumerary breast is a rare condition in which one or more additional breasts develop along the mammary line. Although it is often asymptomatic, it can cause discomfort or lactation problems in some women. This article with a review of literature provides a comprehensive overview of supernumerary breast, including its definition, prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, consequences, and prevention.
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Salem, Yousif, Abber Farhan, and Noof Alshaibani. "Breast tubular adenoma." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20193349.
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We present a case of a young woman, with no known comorbidities, who presented with bilateral breasts lumps noted 6 months prior to her initial clinic visit. On examination, both breast masses were felt bilaterally. The masses were completely excised, and histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of breast tubular adenoma. This report aimed to present a rare benign breast neoplasm and discuss the challenges in the diagnosis and management of such condition.
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Thomas, Princy. "Breast Massage: A Reliever for Mild Breast Engorgement." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING & MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 4, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.9318.201703.
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Bukhanov, Karina, Joel S. Ironstone, Cindy Basso, and Tina Bilodeau. "Determination of breast density by bioimpedance." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2012): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.27_suppl.56.
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56 Background: Mammographic breast density is a significant risk factor for breast cancer. Women with extremely dense breasts are at 4-to-6 times the risk of developing breast cancer than women with primarily fatty breast tissue. Electrical Breast Densitometry (EBD) is a new technique that assesses breast density. EBD is non-ionizing, fast, has low cost per test ($20-$30) and may help in breast cancer risk assessment in the primary care setting. Methods: This study evaluated the feasibility of the EBD in an IRB-approved pilot study of 20 patients. The study used a custom-made self-adhesive electrode (SenoSENSE Medical Systems, Toronto, Canada) interfaced to an off-the-shelf impedance meter (Bodystat 1500, Bodystat, Isle of Man, UK) with a customized cable. On the same day as the subject’s scheduled mammogram, impedance measurements were acquired for each breast. Mammogram densities were scored by a trained radiologist using standard BiRADS breast density categories 1 to 4. Results: A high correlation coefficient was observed (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.80) between breast density determined by the EBD and the BiRADS breast density score. In addition a statistically significant difference was observed between dense categories (BiRADS 3,4) and fatty categories (BiRADS 1,2) (p<0.01), as well as between extremely dense breasts (BiRADS 4) and all other categories (p<0.01). Very high correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.95) was observed between EBD measurements on the left and right breasts. Previous studies have reported a left/right correlation of 0.89 for blinded mammography readers. Conclusions: These results suggests that the EBD measure may be less variable than mammographic estimates of density. The results of the study suggest that Electrical Breast Densitometry is a promising technique for the assessment of breast density and the ability to aid in evaluation of breast cancer risk. It can be reasonably deployed at primary care facilities.
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Maliniak, Maret L., Rebecca L. Seidel, Kimberly Bertrand, and Lauren E. McCullough. "Abstract P5-03-08: Joint associations of mammographic breast density and obesity on the presence of crown-like structures in the breast adipose tissue of breast cancer patients." Cancer Research 83, no. 5_Supplement (March 1, 2023): P5–03–08—P5–03–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-p5-03-08.
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Abstract Background: Obesity is an established risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and is associated with poor outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests crown-like structures in the breast adipose tissue (CLS-B), a marker of local inflammation, play a role in explaining the obesity-breast cancer association. However, it is unknown whether breast tissue composition (i.e., the amount of fibroglandular tissue in the breast relative to fat) is related to CLS-B. Objective: We evaluated whether breast tissue composition, as reflected by mammographic breast density, is associated with breast adipose tissue inflammation, as indicated by the presence of CLS-B, and whether the combination of breast density and obesity increases the presence of CLS-B among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Methods: We examined the presence of CLS-B, detected by CD68 immunohistochemistry, in breast adipose tissue obtained via mastectomy from a quadrant uninvolved by tumor among 254 women with stage I–III breast cancer treated at Emory University Hospitals (2007–2012). Patient characteristics, including mammographic breast density (assessed on a mammogram up to 5 years before breast surgery) and body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis, were abstracted from electronic medical records. Mammographic density was assessed using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) density classification (1=almost entirely fat; 2=scattered fibroglandular densities; 3=heterogeneously dense; and 4=extremely dense); density was further categorized as fatty (BI-RADS 1-2) and dense (BI-RADS 3-4). Age and multivariable (MV)-adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the independent and joint associations of breast density (dense vs. fatty) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 vs. < 30 kg/m2) on the presence of CLS-B. Multivariable models adjusted for age (continuous, years) and parity (nulliparous, parous) with mutual adjustment of BMI (continuous, kg/m2) or mammographic breast density (dense, fatty) depending on the model. Results: Women with obesity were more likely to have fatty breasts than women without obesity (52% vs. 27%). Obesity was strongly associated with the presence of CLS-B in age-adjusted (OR=3.11, 95% CI: 1.79, 5.48) and multivariable models (MV-OR=3.70, 95% CI: 1.96, 7.15). There was no apparent association between dense breast tissue and presence of CLS-B in the age-adjusted model (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.85). After additional adjustment for BMI and parity, we noted that women with dense breasts had higher odds of having CLS-B compared to those with fatty breasts (MV-OR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.07, 4.41). MV-ORs from the joint model (common referent: not obese, fatty breasts) were 1.54 (95% CI: 0.62, 4.24) for women without obesity but with dense breasts, 3.18 (95% CI: 1.15, 9.56) for women with obesity and fatty breasts, and 6.24 (95% CI: 2.23, 19.2) for women with obesity and dense breasts. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dense rather than fatty breast tissue is associated with breast adipose tissue inflammation among women with breast cancer. Results of the joint analyses suggest obesity is more strongly predictive of CLS-B presence than breast density. However, density may be an important risk factor for CLS-B among women without obesity while patients with obesity and dense breast tissue are the most likely to have CLS-B present. Future studies may consider the mechanisms by which density leads to increased presence of CLS-B. Joint Associations Table Table 1. Joint associations between mammographic breast density (MD) and body mass index (BMI) on the presence of crown-like structures in breast adipose tissue (CLS-B) among 254 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancel (stage I-III) at Emory University between 2007 and 2012 Citation Format: Maret L. Maliniak, Rebecca L. Seidel, Kimberly Bertrand, Lauren E. McCullough. Joint associations of mammographic breast density and obesity on the presence of crown-like structures in the breast adipose tissue of breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-03-08.
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Spencer, Linda, Robyn Fary, Leanda McKenna, Angela Jacques, Jennifer Lalor, and Kathy Briffa. "The relationship between breast size and aspects of health and psychological wellbeing in mature-aged women." Women's Health 16 (January 2020): 174550652091833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745506520918335.
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Objectives: Increases in breast size with age are common but have not been widely examined as a factor that could affect the health and psychological wellbeing of mature-aged women. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between breast size and aspects of health and psychological wellbeing in mature-aged women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of mature-aged women (⩾40 years). Breast size (breast size score) was determined from self-reported bra size and was examined against health-related quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 and BREAST-Q), body satisfaction (numerical rating scale), breast satisfaction (BREAST-Q), physical activity levels (Human Activity Profile), the presence of upper back pain and breast and bra fit perceptions. Results: Two hundred sixty-nine women (40–85 years) with bra band sizes ranging from 8 to 26 and bra cup sizes from A to HH participated. The mean (standard deviation) breast size score of 7.7 (2.7) was equivalent to a bra size of 14DD. Increasing breast size was associated with significantly lower breast-related physical wellbeing ( p < 0.001, R2 = 0.043) and lower ratings of body ( p = 0.002, R2 = 0.024) and breast satisfaction ( p < 0.001, R2 = 0.065). Women with larger breasts were more likely to be embarrassed by their breasts (odds ratio: 1.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.31 to 1.70); more likely to desire a change in their breasts (odds ratio: 1.55, 95% confidence interval: 1.37 to 1.75) and less likely to be satisfied with their bra fit (odds ratio: 0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.76 to 0.92). Breast size in addition to age contributed to explaining upper back pain. For each one-size increase in breast size score, women were 13% more likely to report the presence of upper back pain. Conclusion: Larger breast sizes have a small but significant negative relationship with breast-related physical wellbeing, body and breast satisfaction. Larger breasts are associated with a greater likelihood of upper back pain. Clinicians considering ways to improve the health and psychological wellbeing of mature-aged women should be aware of these relationships.
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Domingo, Laia, Maria Sala, Javier Louro, Marisa Baré, Teresa Barata, Joana Ferrer, Maria Carmen Carmona-Garcia, Mercè Comas, Xavier Castells, and CAMISS Study Group. "Exploring the Role of Breast Density on Cancer Prognosis among Women Attending Population-Based Screening Programmes." Journal of Oncology 2019 (November 27, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1781762.
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Background. Our aim was to assess the role of breast density on breast cancer mortality and recurrences, considering patient and tumour characteristics and the treatments received among women attending population-based screening programmes. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among women aged 50–69 years attending population-based screening programmes, diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2000 and 2009, and followed up to 2014. Breast density was categorised as low density (≤25% dense tissue), intermediate density (25–50%), and high density (≥50%). Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for death and recurrences, adjusting by patient characteristics, mode of detection (screen-detected vs. interval cancer), and tumour features. Results. The percentage of deaths and recurrences was higher among women with intermediate- and high-density breasts than among women with low-density breasts (p=0.011 for death; p=0.037 for recurrences). Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models revealed that women with intermediate- and high-density breasts had a higher risk of death than women with low-density breasts, being statistically significant for intermediate densities (aHR = 2.19 [95% CI: 1.16–4.13], aHR = 1.44 [95% CI: 0.67–3.1], respectively). No association was found between breast density and recurrences. Conclusions. Breast density was associated with a higher risk of death, but not of recurrences, among women participating in breast cancer screening. These findings reinforce the need to improve screening sensitivity among women with dense breasts and to routinely assess breast density, not only for its role as a risk factor for breast cancer but also for its potential influence on cancer prognosis.
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Zhong, Zejun, Beibei Zhang, Yupeng Hu, Lingling Zhang, Bingfei Gu, and Yue Sun. "Comparative Morphological Evaluation of Young Women’s Breast-Bra Reshaping by Different Bra Cups." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (February 21, 2023): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053856.
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Female breasts are regarded as a factor reflecting women’s morphological beauty. An appropriate bra can fulfill aesthetic needs, thus boosting self-esteem. This study proposed a method to analyze young women’s breast-bra morphological variations between two identical bras with different bra cup thicknesses. The 3D surface scan data of 129 female students who were braless and wore a thin bra (13 mm) and a thick bra (23 mm) were analyzed. Integral sections of the breasts and bra were cut at a fixed thickness of 10 mm, and slice maps were derived. Morphological parameters were extracted in braless and the two bra conditions. The variations in breast-bra shape caused by different thicknesses of bra cups were evaluated by quantifying breast ptosis, gathering, and breast slice area. The results showed that the thin bra lifted the breasts by 2.16 cm, whereas the thick bra decreased breast separation, gathering the breasts and moving them 2.15 cm laterally towards the center of the chest wall. Moreover, prediction models constructed using the critical morphological parameters were used to characterize breast-bra shape after wearing the provided bras. The findings lay the groundwork for quantifying the breast-bra shape variation caused by different bra cup thicknesses, allowing young females to choose optimally fitting bras to achieve their desired breast aesthetics.
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Fulton, James E. "Breast Contouring by Autologous Fat Transfer." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 9, no. 3 (September 1992): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880689200900308.
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The breast augmentation controversy continues. One alternative to silicone implants is to utilize the patient's own fat. Twenty patients completed the procedure of breast contouring with autologous fat transfer and have been followed closely with repeated breast volumetric measurements and mammograms for 1 to 5 years. The average fat retention has been 71% and the patients have been satisfied with the augmentation procedure. There has been no instance of firmness in these breasts and periodic mammogram examinations have demonstrated no distortion or masking of the breast tissue. The breast calcifications that have developed are of the benign type and are typical of any kind of breast sugery. The breasts may get larger with time. We feel this technique is a useful addition to our breast augmentation armamentarium and will become the procedure of choice for those who cannot have silicone implants and have good areas of disharmonious obesity to serve as donor sites.
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Novakovic, Marijan, Marija Lukac, Jefta Kozarski, Nenad Stepic, Boban Djordjevic, Dejan Vulovic, Milica Rajovic, Bosko Milev, and Sasa Milicevic. "Principles of surgical treatment of congenital, developmental and acquired female breast asymmetries." Vojnosanitetski pregled 67, no. 4 (2010): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1004313n.
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Background/Aim. There is a natural asymmetry in normal female brests. When the difference in the shape, size or position of the breast and nipple-areola complex is visible, surgical correction is the only treatment option and presents one of the greatest challenges for a plastic surgeon. Based on the Nahai classification presented in details, the aim of the study was to present the possibilities of plastic surgery to correct primary (congenital), secondary (developmental) and tertiary (acquired) brest asymmetries. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of female breast asymmetry surgeries performed in the Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Military Medical Academy (MMA), Belgrade over the last seven years (January 2002 - January 2009). Results. During the above mentioned period, 82 female patients, 18 - 65 years of age, underwent surgery for breast asymmetry. The most frequent asymmetries were developmental, 'pubertal' (n = 43); acquired asymmetries as a consequence of tumor surgery were found in the other 22 patients, while 7 patients were diagnosed with primary asymmetries such as congenital chest-wall asymmetry (Sy. Poland), accessory and tuberous breasts. All patients underwent preoperative ultrasound examination, while hormone status was determined in those with developmental, 'pubertal' asymmetries. The selection of surgical procedure for correction of breast asymmetry depended upon clinical examination findings and patient's wish relating to the shape and size of the breasts. The most of breast asymmetries were corrected by a combination of surgical procedures including primary and secondary reconstruction, reduction, suspension or augmentation mammoplasty. Having combined different surgical procedures, we managed to achieve satisfactory results. The hypertrophic scar formation after reduction mamoplasty was seen in some cases, however, they caused no significant patient's discomfort. Conclusion. Application of plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgical principles can considerably contribute to achieving excellent results in corrective surgery for breast asymmetries. In addition to most suitable breast asymmetry surgical procedures choice, motivation of a patient is also very important for achieving satisfactory results.
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Hartmann, Peter E., Robyn A. Owens, David B. Cox, and Jacqueline C. Kent. "Breast Development and Control of Milk Synthesis." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 17, no. 4 (December 1996): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659601700404.
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We have developed a computerized breast measurement system that can quantitate both long-term (lactation cycle) and short-term (between breastfeedings) changes in breast volume. The increase in breast volume during pregnancy was not related to milk production at one month of lactation, whereas milk production from one to six months of lactation remained constant and was not controlled directly by the suckling-evoked secretion of prolactin. From the measurement of circadian changes in breast volume, it was concluded that infants rarely emptied the breasts at a single breastfeeding and that short-term variation in the rate of synthesis during the day and between the left and right breasts was closely related to the degree of breast fullness. Furthermore, differences between women in the storage capacity of the breasts dictated their flexibility in frequency of breastfeeding. These observations are consistent with the autocrine (local) control of milk synthesis during established lactation in women.
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Siregar, Ice Ratnalela. "THE DESCRIPTION OF HISTOPATHOLOGY IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS AT RSUP.H. ADAM MALIK MEDAN." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 13, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v13i1.141.
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Breasts are an important organ for women. Breasts can experience various disorders or diseases, bothserious and mild disease. Among these are breast cancer which is one of the most dreaded breastabnormalities. Breast cancer is a cancer that comes from the gland, glandular, and breast supporttissue.Breast cancer has been known to attack only women. In fact, malignant tumors are also biased alsoagainst men. The histopathologic feature is a diagnostic feature of breast cancer. The purpose of this studywas to determine the histopathologic description of Breast Cancer at RSUP.H.Adam Malik. The sample inthis study is all breast cancer patients who have been diagnosed by doctors who visit the RSUP.H.AdamMalik (Population). The research method used is descriptive of taking secondary data in medical record atRSU.H.Adam Malik. The results of this study can be seen that of 60 breast cancer patients who do biopsy,the majority of patients have histopathology of breast cancer invasive Ductal Carcinoma as much as 31people (51.66%) and Invasive Breast Cancer Nos Type of 29 people (48.34%).
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Nikolic, Jelena, Marija Marinkovic, Dragana Lekovic-Stojanov, Isidora Djozic, Nada Vuckovic, and Zlata Janjic. "Bilateral axillary accessory breasts: A case report and literature review." Medical review 73, no. 5-6 (2020): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2006165n.
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Introduction. Accessory breast is a congenital anomaly where ectopic breast tissue is found at any place other than the normal location. It is an extra tissue or a fully developed breast with a nipple. The incidence of this malformation is 0.4-6%. It is believed that this congenital malformation is associated with incomplete regression of the primitive milk streak during embryonic development. The diagnosis and treatment of accessory breasts is very important, because an ectopic breast tissue can undergo various pathological changes, as well as the normal breast tissue. Case Report. The authors present a 45-year-old female patient who was referred to a surgeon by a general practitioner with a diagnosis of lipomas in both axillary regions. After clinical examination and additional imaging diagnostic procedures (ultrasound and mammography) accessory breasts were suspected. The patient underwent surgery and the accessory tissue was resected. The histopathological examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis of ectopic breasts without any pathological processes. Conclusion. Accessory breast is a rare congenital malformation and its early diagnosis and surgical removal should prevent development of different pathological processes, including breast cancer.
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Ingman, Wendy V., Bernadette Richards, Jacqueline M. Street, Drew Carter, Mary Rickard, Jennifer Stone, and Pallave Dasari. "Breast Density Notification: An Australian Perspective." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030681.
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Breast density, also known as mammographic density, refers to white and bright regions on a mammogram. Breast density can only be assessed by mammogram and is not related to how breasts look or feel. Therefore, women will only know their breast density if they are notified by the radiologist when they have a mammogram. Breast density affects a woman’s breast cancer risk and the sensitivity of a screening mammogram to detect cancer. Currently, the position of BreastScreen Australia and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists is to not notify women if they have dense breasts. However, patient advocacy organisations are lobbying for policy change. Whether or not to notify women of their breast density is a complex issue and can be framed within the context of both public health ethics and clinical ethics. Central ethical themes associated with breast density notification are equitable care, patient autonomy in decision-making, trust in health professionals, duty of care by the physician, and uncertainties around evidence relating to measurement and clinical management pathways for women with dense breasts. Legal guidance on this issue must be gained from broad legal principles found in the law of negligence and the test of materiality. We conclude a rigid legal framework for breast density notification in Australia would not be appropriate. Instead, a policy framework should be developed through engagement with all stakeholders to understand and take account of multiple perspectives and the values at stake.
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Holm, Johanna, Keith Humphreys, Jingmei Li, Alexander Ploner, Abbas Cheddad, Mikael Eriksson, Sven Törnberg, Per Hall, and Kamila Czene. "Risk Factors and Tumor Characteristics of Interval Cancers by Mammographic Density." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 9 (March 20, 2015): 1030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.58.9986.
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Purpose To compare tumor characteristics and risk factors of interval breast cancers and screen-detected breast cancers, taking mammographic density into account. Patients and Methods Women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 2001 to 2008 in Stockholm, Sweden, with data on tumor characteristics (n = 4,091), risk factors, and mammographic density (n = 1,957) were included. Logistic regression was used to compare interval breast cancers with screen-detected breast cancers, overall and by highest and lowest quartiles of percent mammographic density. Results Compared with screen-detected breast cancers, interval breast cancers in nondense breasts (≤ 20% mammographic density) were significantly more likely to exhibit lymph node involvement (odds ratio [OR], 3.55; 95% CI, 1.74 to 7.13) and to be estrogen receptor negative (OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 2.24 to 7.25), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (OR, 5.17; 95% CI, 1.64 to 17.01), progesterone receptor negative (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.58 to 4.38), and triple negative (OR, 5.33; 95% CI, 1.21 to 22.46). In contrast, interval breast cancers in dense breasts (> 40.9% mammographic density) were less aggressive than interval breast cancers in nondense breasts (overall difference, P = .008) and were phenotypically more similar to screen-detected breast cancers. Risk factors differentially associated with interval breast cancer relative to screen-detected breast cancer after adjusting for age and mammographic density were family history of breast cancer (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.70), current use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT; OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.44), and body mass index more than 25 kg/m2 (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.82). Conclusion Interval breast cancers in women with low mammographic density have the most aggressive phenotype. The effect of HRT on interval breast cancer risk is not fully explained by mammographic density. Family history is associated with interval breast cancers, possibly indicating disparate genetic background of screen-detected breast cancers and interval breast cancers.
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Klifto, Kevin M., Pathik Aravind, Melissa Major, Rachael M. Payne, Wen Shen, Gedge D. Rosson, Carisa M. Cooney, and Michele A. Manahan. "Establishing Institution-Specific Normative Data for the BREAST-Q Reconstruction Module: A Prospective Study." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 40, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): NP348—NP355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz296.
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Abstract Background Breast satisfaction in general female populations is relatively unknown and prior research populations do not reflect our community. Objectives We sought to assess breast satisfaction in a cohort of female participants utilizing the BREAST-Q and determine the impact of participant-related factors. Methods Females with no history of breast cancer or breast surgery attending gynecology appointments completed preoperative BREAST-Q reconstruction modules and demographic forms in this prospective, single-center, patient-reported outcomes study. We also assessed participant-related factors capable of influencing BREAST-Q scores. Results Three hundred females were included. Increasing body mass index had significant associations with lower Satisfaction with Breasts and Psychosocial Well-being scores. Increasing age was associated with significantly lower Sexual Well-being scores. African Americans had significantly higher scores for Satisfaction with Breasts, Psychosocial Well-being, and Sexual Well-being compared with Caucasians. Bra cup sizes A and C were associated with significantly higher Psychosocial Well-being scores than other sizes. Bra cup sizes A, B, and C were associated with significantly higher Sexual Well-being and Physical Well-being: Chest scores than larger sizes. Bra cup sizes B and C were associated with significantly higher Physical Well-being: Abdomen scores than size DD. Bra cup size A was associated with significantly higher Satisfaction with Breasts scores than sizes DD and >DD. Bra cup size C was associated with significantly higher Satisfaction with Breasts scores than larger sizes. Conclusions Body mass index, age, race, and bra cup sizes significantly impact BREAST-Q scores in our population. Determining normative BREAST-Q scores in female populations could represent important baselines for breast outcomes research. Level of Evidence: 2
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Conde, Délio Marques, Renato Zocchio Torresan, Eiji Kashimoto, Luiz Eduardo Campos de Carvalho, and Cássio Cardoso Filho. "Fibroadenoma in axillary supernumerary breast: case report." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 123, no. 5 (November 2005): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802005000500011.
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CONTEXT: Supernumerary breast tissue may be affected by the same diseases and alterations that compromise topical breast tissue. Nevertheless, reports of fibroadenoma in supernumerary breast tissue in the axillae are rare. OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of fibroadenoma in an axillary supernumerary breast. DESIGN: Case report. CASE REPORT: A 39-year-old woman was referred to the gynecology and obstetrics outpatient clinic at Hospital Estadual Sumaré, complaining of bilateral axillary masses. The patient reported cosmetic problems and local pain and discomfort. On physical examination, alterations compatible with bilateral axillary accessory breasts, without palpable nodules, were observed. Supplementary examinations (mammography and ultrasonography) revealed a 1.1 cm mass in the right axillary breast. The patient underwent resection of the supernumerary breasts and histopathological examination revealed fibroadenoma of the right axillary breast tissue.
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Aydogan, Fatih, Semih Baghaki, Varol Celik, Ahmet Kocael, Fahri Gokcal, Oguz Cetinkale, and Hilal Unal. "Surgical Treatment of Axillary Accessory Breasts." American Surgeon 76, no. 3 (March 2010): 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481007600305.
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Accessory breast tissue is a remnant persisting after normal embryological development of the breast. Although accessory breasts may be asymptomatic, they can cause discomfort during menstruation, anxiety, cosmetic problems, pain, or restriction of arm movement. The data of all patients who presented with axillary accessory breasts between January 2000 and September 2008 were recruited from a computer database. Medical charts, outpatient records, operative notes, and pathology reports were reviewed. A total of 29 patients underwent surgical treatment of axillary accessory breasts in the Department of Breast Surgery and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery. The ages of the patients at the time of surgery ranged from 19 to 54 years. The mean age was 28.8 years. All patients were female. Sixteen patients had unilateral accessory breast and 13 patients had bilateral accessory breasts. Fourteen patients had breast hypertrophy. Twenty-one patients had excision, five patients had liposuction, and three patients had both. Axillary accessory breasts can be satisfactorily treated with excision, liposuction, or both. In patients with concomitant macromastia, reduction mammaplasty and removal of accessory breasts can be performed at the same time with no additional morbidity.
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Wasan Mahdi Al-Ghanimi, Noufel Sh. Al-Shadood, and Hiba D. Al-Ameri. "Mammogram density estimation as breast cancer risk in intermediate-risk women in Warith International Cancer Institution." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 19, no. 1 (July 30, 2024): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0427.
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Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common malignant tumor worldwide and the leading cause of cancer death among women in developing regions, including the Middle East and North Africa. This study aims to evaluate Mammogram Density Estimation for Assessing Breast Cancer Risk in Intermediate-Risk Women at Warith International Cancer Institution. Methods: The study included 261 women aged 40-78 who visited the Warith International Cancer Institution in Karbala, Iraq, between May 2023 and April 2024. Participants were divided into two groups based on mammographic breast density (MBD) according to the BI-RADS classification: non-dense (fatty and scattered fibroglandular) and dense (heterogeneously dense and dense) breasts. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and the association between breast density and various breast conditions was analyzed using logistic regression. Results: For malignant cases, the odds ratio (OR) for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was 1.04, suggesting no significant difference in the likelihood of IDC between dense and non-dense breasts. The OR for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was 1.60, indicating a slightly higher, but not statistically significant, likelihood of DCIS in dense breasts. The overall OR for malignant cases was 1.26, showing a trend towards a higher likelihood of malignancy in dense breasts, but it was not statistically significant. For benign conditions, the OR for fibrocystic changes was 1.76, suggesting a higher likelihood in dense breasts, but the results were not statistically significant. Similarly, the ORs for fibroadenoma (1.27) and simple cysts (1.40) showed a slight increase in dense breasts but without statistical significance. Abscess and duct ectasia were less likely in dense breasts, but the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that some breast conditions may be more common in dense breasts, but the differences are not statistically significant in many cases. Further targeted research is needed to understand better the relationships between breast density and various breast pathologies.
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Gilmer, Gabrielle, Elaine Xu, Corinna Franklin, Nailah Adams, and Katherine Rizzone. "The Impact of Breasts and Bras on Physical Activity Amongst Women and Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 4, no. 1 (April 5, 2024): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/cdp9k364.
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BACKGROUND: Breast motion may cause breast pain in active women, which can negatively impact physical activity. Sports bras are essential pieces of sporting equipment and were designed to help women comfortably participate in sports and engage in physical activity. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review was to summarize how breasts and bras influence physical activity in women and girls. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by performing electronic searches of PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Title, abstract, and full text screening were performed by two independent reviewers to identify articles investigating how breasts or bras impact physical activity related outcomes in women or girls. We performed meta-analyses to evaluate the effect of (i) breast size, (ii) bra type, and (iii) breast reduction on (i) breast pain, (ii) physical activity level, and (iii) breast biomechanics. Standardized mean differences and pooled standard deviations of outcome measures were calculated using the DerSimonian-Laird method. All meta-analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics Software. RESULTS: Of the 323 articles identified, 77 were included in the final analysis. The majority of articles studied participants who were 20-29 years old, identified as white, lived in Western countries, were non-athletes, and weighed between 45-65 kg (BMI: 18.5-29.9), while they were performing a running movement. Very few articles reported household income and ethnicity/race. Key themes investigated by this body of literature were breast biomechanics, breast pain, and physical activity levels. Meta-analyses revealed that women and girls with larger breasts reported more exercise-induced breast pain and experienced greater breast mediolateral velocity and anterior/poster acceleration during physical activity than women and girls with smaller breasts. Meta-analyses revealed that sports bras were associated with less breast pain during physical activity than standard bras. CONCLUSION: This body of literature largely studied a homogenous population, and there is a need for greater inclusion of women and girls who identify with under-represented minorities, with disability, who are post-menopausal, and who are overweight. Factors such as ethnicity/race and household income, were underreported in the literature, and studies of movement patterns beyond running are needed. Mediolateral breast velocity and anterior/posterior breast acceleration may be contributors to breast pain in women and girls with larger breasts, thus these biomechanical outcomes are of particular interest for future research and for consideration in sports bra optimization.
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Dnyanmote, Anuradha, Sagar R. Ambre, and Shrrey Akhil. "Accessory Breast." New Indian Journal of Surgery 8, no. 4 (2017): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/nijs.0976.4747.8417.24.
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Sushma Devi Amandeep, Soibam. "Breast Engorgement." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 1539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24123215535.
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Koreti, Mithila, and Pramita Muntode. "A study on awareness of breast cancer and breast self-examination practices among women above 35 years of age in rural areas of Wardha District, Maharashtra: a protocol." F1000Research 13 (February 23, 2024): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.143236.1.
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Background Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women and a global health issue. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a recommended breast cancer screening technique that a woman can use on her own, in the privacy of her home. Hence, awareness regarding it and knowledge to identify any changes will be a boon to the early identification and promotion of treatment. This study aimed to increase awareness and educate women about breast self-examination (BSE) to facilitate the early detection of breast cancer in rural areas of Wardha District. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on rural women in Wardha district. Women older than 35 years of age will be included in the study and assessed using a ‘pre-designed’ and ‘pre-structured’ questionnaire inquiring about their socio-demographic profile, awareness of breast cancer, and breast self-examination. Research implications Most studies show how to self-examine breasts, but awareness and knowledge regarding the subject are not well demonstrated and applied in many studies. Although we now understand that women do not always need to use a specific BSE technique, they should still be taught and encouraged to recognize breast changes. BSE for early detection of breast cancer has undergone a paradigm change or development into breast awareness. The progression towards breast awareness is a concept where a woman is familiar with her breasts so that she detects any change that might emerge and brings this to the attention of her healthcare practitioner right away, whereas BSE is monthly palpation of the breasts in a specific manner in which women are professionally taught. Early detection of breast cancer relies heavily on breast awareness, which is why it should be covered in general breast health education.
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Sattayapiwat, Olivia, Karla Kerlikowske, Donald Weaver, Alexander Borowsky, Theresa Keegan, Brian Sprague, and Diana Miglioretti. "Abstract GS01-06: Advancing Evidence of the Associations Between Specific Benign Breast Diagnoses and Future Breast Cancer RIsk." Cancer Research 84, no. 9_Supplement (May 2, 2024): GS01–06—GS01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs23-gs01-06.
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Abstract Background: Benign breast disease (BBD) is a common breast biopsy finding encompassing a diverse spectrum of diagnoses. Breast cancer risk associated with many specific BBD diagnoses and their joint associations with breast density have not been extensively studied. We estimate the future risk of invasive breast cancer associated with specific BBD diagnoses typically categorized into the broad category of proliferative lesions without atypia (PWoA) and evaluate whether associations differ by breast density or by presence of calcifications. Methods: We included 1,313,943 women ages 40-79 years who underwent 5,282,063 mammograms in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium from 1996 to 2019 with no prior history of breast cancer. We fit a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios associated with each combination of PWoA BBD diagnoses, whether calcifications were present on biopsy, and breast density. We used classification trees to group combinations of PWoA diagnoses, breast density, age groups, and presence of calcifications with similar magnitudes of associations with 5-year risk of invasive breast cancer. Results: Compared with women with a PWoA BBD diagnosis without calcifications, presence of calcifications significantly elevated risk for breast cancer (HR=1.19, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.41, P=0.03). Considering specific PWoA diagnoses, classification trees identified groups of women with higher and lower invasive cancer risk than expected risk for all PWoA combined. Among women ages 60-79 years with heterogeneously or extremely dense breasts, the 2.6% of women with any PWoA diagnosis, except papillomatosis, were at high invasive breast cancer risk (5-year risk >2.5%) (Table 1). Among women ages 40-59 years with dense breasts, presence of calcifications with papillomas, usual ductal hyperplasia, columnar cell hyperplasia, or PWoA NOS diagnoses put these women at high risk (5-year risk >2.5%) compared to women with the same BBD diagnoses without calcifications who were at intermediate or average risk (1-2.49%) (Table 1). Among women ages 60-79 years with non-dense breasts, the 1.6% of women with papilloma, usual ductal hyperplasia, radial scar, or PWoA NOS diagnoses were at high breast cancer risk (Table 2). Among women ages 40-59 years with non-dense breasts, presence of calcifications with usual ductal hyperplasia or PwoA NOS diagnoses put these women at intermediate risk (1.67-2.49%) compared to women with these BBD diagnoses without calcifications who were at average risk (1-1.66%) (Table 2). Women 60-79 years with fatty breasts were at intermediate 5-year risk if they had papillomas, usual ductal hyperplasia, or PWoA NOS diagnoses. Women 40-59 years with fatty breasts were at low risk of breast cancer regardless of PWoA diagnosis (Table 2). Conclusion: Specific BBD diagnoses and the presence of calcifications can change a woman’s predicted 5-year breast cancer risk compared to broad BBD categories alone. This information could be incorporated into risk prediction models to improve model accuracy. Citation Format: Olivia Sattayapiwat, Karla Kerlikowske, Donald Weaver, Alexander Borowsky, Theresa Keegan, Brian Sprague, Diana Miglioretti. Advancing Evidence of the Associations Between Specific Benign Breast Diagnoses and Future Breast Cancer RIsk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr GS01-06.