Journal articles: 'Breast measurement'

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Al-Qattan, Mohammad M., Sahar S. Aldakhil, Turki S. Al-Hassan, and Abdulah Al-Qahtani. "Anthropometric Breast Measurement." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 7, no. 8 (August 2019): e2326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000002326.

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Bourqui, Jeremie, John Garrett, and Elise Fear. "Measurement and Analysis of Microwave Frequency Signals Transmitted through the Breast." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/562563.

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Microwave approaches to breast imaging include the measurement of signals transmitted through and reflected from the breast. Prototype systems typically feature sensors separated from the breast, resulting in measurements that include the effects of the environment and system. To gain insight into transmission of microwave signals through the breast, a system that places sensors in direct contact with the breast is proposed. The system also includes a lossy immersion medium that enables measurement of the signal passing through the breast while significantly attenuating signals traveling along other paths. Collecting measurements at different separations between sensors also provides the opportunity to estimate the average electrical properties of the breast tissues. After validation through simulations and measurements, a study of 10 volunteers was performed. Results indicate symmetry between the right and left breast and demonstrate differences in attenuation, maximum frequency for reliable measurement, and average properties that likely relate to variations in breast composition.

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Hansson, Emma, Jonas Manjer, and Anita Ringberg. "Inter-observer reliability of clinical measurement of suprasternal notch-nipple distance and breast ptosis." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 47, no. 01 (January 2014): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.129625.

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ABSTRACT Context: Suprasternal notch-nipple distance and breast ptosis are two measurements that are often used in everyday plastic surgical clinical practice. Nonetheless, the reliability of standard breast measurements has never been tested. Aim: The aim of the present study was to test the inter-observer reliability of clinical measurement of ptosis and suprasternal notch-nipple distance. Settings and Design: Six raters measured ptosis and suprasternal notch-nipple distance in 12 breasts on the same day. Statistical Analysis Used: Intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients, the coefficient of variation (CV) and Bland-Altman plots. Results and Conclusions: The results show that there is certain variation between different raters. The ICC of average measures between raters is 0.92 for the ptosis and 0.94 for the suprasternal notch-nipple distance, that is, the agreement between different raters is high. According to the Bland—Altman plots, the overall assessment of the comparisons of measurements between the different raters shows that the direction of the mean differences is close to zero. This study shows that there is a good reliability for measurements of suprasternal notch-nipple distance and ptosis. Nonetheless, there is a slight inter-rater variability in the measurements. Even though standardised, measurement of breasts is not an exact science and care has to be taken when the measurements are performed. The surgeon should have this in mind when measurements are used in clinical practice to evaluate breasts and to choose the right surgical method, as well as when guidelines for indications for surgery are set up.

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Li, Zhouxiao, Thilo Ludwig Schenck, Riccardo Enzo Giunta, Lucas Etzel, and Konstantin Christoph Koban. "Nonsubjective Assessment of Shape, Volume and Symmetry during Breast Augmentation with Handheld 3D Device." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144002.

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Three-dimensional Surface Imaging (3DSI) has become a valuable tool for planning and documenting surgical procedures. Although surface scanners have allowed for a better understanding of breast shape, size, and asymmetry during patient consultation, its use has not been included in intraoperative assessment so far. Validation of the reliability of the intraoperative use of a portable handheld 3DSI equipment as a tool to evaluate morphological changes during breast augmentation surgery. The patients who underwent bilateral subpectoral breast augmentation through an inframammary incision were included in this study. Intraoperative 3DSI was performed with the Artec Eva device, allowing for visualization of the surgical area before incision, after use of breast sizers and implant, and after wound closure. Intraoperatively manual measurements of breast distances and volume changes due to known sizer and implant volumes were in comparison with digital measurements calculated from 3DSI of the surgical area. Bilateral breasts of 40 patients were 3D photographed before incision and after suture successfully. A further 108 implant sizer uses were digitally documented. There was no significant difference between manual tape measurement and digital breast distance measurement. Pre- to postoperative 3D volume change showed no significant difference to the known sizer and implant volume.

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Hartmann, Peter E., Robyn A. Owens, David B. Cox, and Jacqueline C. Kent. "Breast Development and Control of Milk Synthesis." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 17, no. 4 (December 1996): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659601700404.

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We have developed a computerized breast measurement system that can quantitate both long-term (lactation cycle) and short-term (between breastfeedings) changes in breast volume. The increase in breast volume during pregnancy was not related to milk production at one month of lactation, whereas milk production from one to six months of lactation remained constant and was not controlled directly by the suckling-evoked secretion of prolactin. From the measurement of circadian changes in breast volume, it was concluded that infants rarely emptied the breasts at a single breastfeeding and that short-term variation in the rate of synthesis during the day and between the left and right breasts was closely related to the degree of breast fullness. Furthermore, differences between women in the storage capacity of the breasts dictated their flexibility in frequency of breastfeeding. These observations are consistent with the autocrine (local) control of milk synthesis during established lactation in women.

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Palin, William E., J. Anthony von Fraunhofer, and David J. Smith. "Measurement of Breast Volume." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 77, no. 2 (February 1986): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198602000-00013.

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Palin, William E., J. Anthony von Fraunhofer, David J. Smith, A. Jack Grossman, and Leonard A. Roudner. "Measurement of Breast Volume." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 77, no. 2 (February 1986): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198602000-00014.

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Mathers, M. E., and J. Shrimankar. "Measurement of breast tumours." Histopathology 43, no. 3 (September 2003): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01671.x.

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Fearn, Nicola Rachel, Farid Meybodi, Sharon Kilbreath, Elizabeth Dylke, Catalina Llanos, and Kirsty Stuart. "Abstract P3-18-15: Reliability and measurement error of breast volume calculation using 3D surface imagery." Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P3–18–15—P3–18–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p3-18-15.

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Abstract Introduction Breast volume measurement is important for oncoplastic surgery planning and measuring outcomes and side effects of both surgery and radiotherapy, including breast lymphedema. However, accurate breast volume quantification is difficult due to the shape of the breast and isolation of the breast border. Numerous techniques to quantify breast volume exist, but none have been established as a gold standard outcome measure. Three-dimensional (3D) surface imagery using VECTRA-XT can measure breast volume quickly and non-invasively. However, as measurement properties associated with quantification of breast volume using VECTRA-XT have yet to be fully determined, including extent of reliability, standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable change (SDC), the aim of this study is to determine these properties.Method A reliability study using retrospective VECTRA®-XT 3D surface images taken during clinical practice was conducted. Images from 51 women (101 breasts) before or after breast conserving surgery for breast cancer were retrieved for analysis. The breast images were taken pre-operatively in 70% of cases and following wide local excision in the remaining 30% of cases. Radiotherapy had also been performed in 20% of cases. Women were excluded if they had breast implants or mastectomy, had a breast ptosis grade of 3 (nipple was below the inferior mammary fold and close or below the lowest breast contour) or if the inferior mammary fold could not be visualised from any view of the 3D image. Three assessors trained using a standardised technique to use two software analysis programs, Vectra® 3D Analysis Module (VAM) and Breast Sculptor® software, completed the measurements. One assessor completed breast volume calculations twice (intra-rater reliability) and the remaining two assessors completed calculations once (inter-rater reliability). Results Mean breast volume for the population was 493.7cc (95%CI=469.4-517.9, range=135-1161cc) when measured by VAM and 488.7cc (95%CI= 461.2-516.2, range=104-1596cc) when measured by Breast Sculptor®. The difference in breast volume assessed using paired t-test was not statistically significant (p=0.491). Measurement of breast volume using VAM had excellent intra and inter-rater reliability with a SEM of less than 5.0% for a single rater and less than 9.0% for multiple raters. In comparison, Breast Sculptor® had excellent intra-rater reliability and substantial inter-rater reliability but the SEM was 14.3% and 20.5% for intra and inter-raters respectively (Table 1). A single rater using VAM software had the lowest SDC value indicating a change in breast volume exceeding 58.6cc would be a meaningful change in breast volume beyond measurement error. Conclusion The reliability for the assessment of breast volume using VECTRA-XT 3D surface imagery was high when a standardised approach was used. However, the SDC, i.e. the amount of change beyond error of measurement, varied depending on which program was used and whether one or more than one rater assessed the volume. A single assessor using VAM software should be considered as the ideal in. evaluation of changes in breast volume secondary to edema, as the SDC is likely too large to detect changes using the other approaches. The project was funded by a Betty Schofield and Joyce Anderson Bequest Grant. Table 1.Reliability, standard error of measurement and smallest detectable changeICC (95% CI)Standard error of measurement (cc)Standard error of measurement %Smallest detectable change (cc)VAM Inter-rater reliability0.961 (0.943-0.973)42.78.7118.4VAM Intra-rater reliability0.990 (0.986-0.993)21.14.258.6Breast Sculptor® Inter-rater reliability0.837 (0.785-0.880)100.220.5277.7Breast Sculptor® Intra-rater reliability0.915 (0.876-0.942)74.014.3205.2 Citation Format: Nicola Rachel Fearn, Farid Meybodi, Sharon Kilbreath, Elizabeth Dylke, Catalina Llanos, Kirsty Stuart. Reliability and measurement error of breast volume calculation using 3D surface imagery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-18-15.

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Pawar, Shivaji D., Pratibha T. Joshi, Vishwayogita A. Savalkar, Kamal Kr Sharma, and Suhas G. Sapate. "Past, Present and Future of Automated Mammographic Density Measurement for Breast Cancer Risk Prediction." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012076.

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Abstract Mammography is one of the essential screening technologies which is helpful to save the lives of women against breast cancer. Prediction of breast cancer from mammograms is not reached on its optimal level; hence there is a constant enhancement in clinical applications for mammographic breast density measurement. Optimal results in breast density measurement can be helpful to provide better care for women who have dense breasts. The sensitivity of digital mammograms reduces significantly in case dense breast, which may lead further to hide the cancerous lesions and may be converted into high stage breast cancer. Many research innovations and clinical applications are developed to support radiologists for the second opinion and predict breast cancer risk in advance. But still, there is an unsolved research question: which one is “dense breast” and which screening modularity is suitable for the dense breast to avoid the risk of breast cancer. Hence, currently, radiologists measure mammographic breast density with the help of BI-RADS classification, which is subjective. The basic inclination of this paper is to provide an overview of different clinical applications used for breast density measurement in the past and present with their potential technologies, advantages, disadvantages and current status of all various clinical applications in the market and provides thoughts on the future of automated mammographic breast density measurement.

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Kunos, Csaba, Gusztáv Gulyás, Pál Pesthy, Eszter Kovács, and Zoltán Mátrai. "Methods and importance of volume measurement in reconstructive and aesthetic breast surgery." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 11 (March 2014): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29810.

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Volume measurment of the breast allows for better surgical planning and implant selection in breast reconstructive and symmetrization procedures. The safety and accuracy of tumor removal, in accordance with oncoplastic principles, may be imporved by knowing the true breast- and breast tumor volume. The authors discuss the methods of volume measurement of the breast and describe the method based on magnetic resonance imaging digital volume measurment in details. The volume of the breast parenchyma and the tumor was determined by processing the diagnostic magnetic resonance scans, and the difference in the volume of the two breasts was measured. Surgery was planned and implant selection was made based on the measured volume details. The authors conclude that digital volume measurement proved to be a valuable tool in preoperative planning of volume reducing mammaplasty, replacement of unknown size implants and in cases when breast asymmetry is treated. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(11), 407–413.

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Isono, Minami, and Yumiko Tateoka. "Fundamental Research on the Invention of Breast Support Underwear with a Focus on Women’s Comfort." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010025.

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The purpose of this study was to establish a system for measuring breast underling pressure, evaluate the degree of sustained underling pressure, and verify basic data on the breast lifting distance to improve it. We measured the lifting distance and force at which 24 adult women felt comfortable when their breasts were lifted with an uncovered cloth. The results revealed that the larger the breast size, the greater the pull-up distance and the wider the lifting distance perceived as comfortable. The validity of the measurement method in this study was determined to be useful for the measurement of breast ptosis pressure and breast ptosis position because the measurement was performed at least three times per participant, and the error was small. In the future, we would like to clarify the type of brassiere that supports the breast and gives women a sense of comfort.

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Murphy, Tracey, Stephen Brown, and Tim Brown. "A Durometer (Mammometer) for Objective Measurement Capsular Contraction Following Breast Implant Surgery." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 37, no. 4 (May 22, 2020): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748806820925722.

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The importance of measuring breast firmness reproducibly to monitor postsurgical progress has been appreciated for many years. This study ascertains whether a durometer can be used to quantify capsular contraction and to provide an objective, reproducible measure of fibrosis around an implant. Patients with clinically detected Baker 3 or 4 capsules following breast augmentation underwent firmness measurements using a durometer prior to corrective surgery. Durometry was undertaken on both breasts by an operator who was blinded to the clinical diagnosis. Firmness measurements were taken in each breast quadrant and directly over the nipple-areolar complex on each side. In the study, 16 patients were included. Capsules presented 16 to 714 weeks following surgery (mean 217, standard deviation (STD) 205.4 weeks). Differences in pressure were demonstrated in all quadrants of the breast and at the nipple-areolar complex except the lower inner quadrant. All significant differences demonstrated a higher pressure in the encapsulated breast. The mean pressure in an encapsulated breast was 0.66 kPa (STD 0.25) and 0.46 kPa (STD 0.16) in the normal breast. The durometer can reproducibly describe changes in pressure associated with capsular contraction compared with the contralateral breast. It provides a means of objectively describing capsular contraction following breast augmentation surgery for research and patient care.

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Flanagan, F. L., M. B. McDermott, P. T. Barton, T. K. Pilgram, F. Dehdashti, M. R. Wick, and B. S. Monsees. "Invasive breast cancer: mammographic measurement." Radiology 199, no. 3 (June 1996): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.199.3.8638011.

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Williams, K. Lloyd. "TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN BREAST DISEASE*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 121, no. 1 (December 16, 2006): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb13703.x.

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Edge, Stephen B. "Quality measurement in breast cancer." Journal of Surgical Oncology 110, no. 5 (August 27, 2014): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.23760.

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Wells, Lucas A., and Woodam Chung. "Evaluation of Ground Plane Detection for Estimating Breast Height in Stereo Images." Forest Science 66, no. 5 (April 9, 2020): 612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa006.

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Abstract Diameter at breast height is a standard method for characterizing trees and ultimately forests over large geographical scales. Expressing the cross-section of a tree stem with a diameter measurement has inherent errors, as stems are not perfect conical frustums. Diameter suffices as an approximation, since methods for the exact cross-sectional area of a stem are infeasible in practice. There are other primary sources of error in diameter at breast height measurements: diameter measurement error and breast height measurement error. This paper addresses the latter in the context of an automated measurement system using 3D photography. We consider breast height estimation a fundamental component in such systems, as errors in measurement height can precipitate significant errors in stand-level attribute estimation as diameter changes along the height of the stem because of taper. We evaluate the efficacy of breast height estimation using stereo photogrammetry by fitting a planar surface to the ground and elevating the plane to breast height. Results from a validation test on 560 observations show that breast height can be estimated with a root mean squared error of 10.20 cm within 10 m from the camera and 13.36 cm within 20 m from the camera on flat terrain in varying levels of stem density. Study Implications Increasing the level of automation in forest operations is one approach to address workforce attrition and safety issues in the industry. Automated tree measurement and mapping systems present an opportunity to reduce operational costs by providing machine operators with necessary information to carry out silvicultural prescriptions and eliminate the need for individual tree marking in certain situations. In order to maintain trust between landowners and harvesting contractors, it is imperative that automatic measurement systems are rigorously tested to determine that measurement accuracy is within acceptable limits. Breast height measurement error is often overlooked as a source of error in estimating diameter at breast height. However, accurate breast height estimation is a necessary prerequisite for reliable, consistent, and precise diameter at breast height measurement. The capacity of machine vision systems to automate forest inventory and monitoring tasks is increasing and can help managers achieve sustainable forestry objectives on more acres in less time.

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Li, Shangyang, Luming Fang, Yuanjing Sun, Lei Xia, and Xiongwei Lou. "Development of Measuring Device for Diameter at Breast Height of Trees." Forests 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020192.

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Diameter at breast height (DBH) is the main metric for standing tree growth measurements. Developing fast and efficient measurement devices for measuring DBH is of great values in forest resource surveys. In this paper, we propose a new tree diameter measurement instrument developed using self-reset displacement sensor, which is equipped with a Personal Computer (PC) terminal to enable the measurement, transmission, storage, and analysis of tree diameters in one. The measurements showed an overall bias of 1.44% and an accuracy of 97.35% compared to the caliper, a conventional diameter measuring instrument. The overall bias was −0.52% compared to the diameter tape, and the measurement accuracy was 98.43%. Compared to the conventional devices, the proposed device is small and easy to carry, the measurement efficiency is significantly improved, and the measurement data can be directly derived for analysis. Compared with related electronic measuring instruments, this proposed device has the advantages of small volume, easy operation, large measurement range, and wider applicability.

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Maniakova, Eva, and Dagmar Faktorova. "MEASURING THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF TUMOR AND BREAST PHANTOMS USED IN THE MICROWAVE FREQUENCY RANGE." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 16, 2016): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.826.

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INTRODUCTION: This article deals with measurement of dielectric properties (relative permittivity and conductivity) of phantoms, specifically a tumor phantom and a breast phantom. We focused on the waveguide and resonance methods for the measurement of dielectric properties. The article describes the principle of these methods, and also the production process of a breast phantom and a tumor phantom. These phantoms can be used for measurements in the microwave frequency range, 8–12 GHz.OBJECTIVE: The study’s objective was to design a tumor phantom and a breast phantom, and to measure their dielectric properties. These properties must simulate human tissue.METHODS: To measure dielectric properties of human tissue, phantoms were designed using the waveguide Hippel`s method and the resonance method with a cavity resonator.RESULTS: The aim of this work was to create the phantoms that would have properties comparable to those of real tissues. Results of measurement are shown as frequency dependence of relative permittivity and conductivity for breast, breast phantom, tumor, and tumor phantom.

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Choi, Yoon Jung, Jeon-Hor Chen, Hon J. Yu, Yifan Li, and Min-Ying Su. "Impact of Different Analytic Approaches on the Analysis of the Breast Fibroglandular Tissue Using Diffusion Weighted Imaging." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1094354.

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Purpose. This study investigated the impact of the different region of interest (ROI) approaches on measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the breast firbroglandular tissue (FT). Methods. Breast MR images of 38 women diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer were studied. Percent density (PD) and ADC were measured from the contralateral normal breast. Four different ROIs were used for ADC measurement. The measured PD and ADC were correlated. Results. Among the four ROIs, the manually placed small ROI on FT gave the highest mean ADC (ADC = 1839 ± 343 [×10−6 mm2/s]), while measurement from the whole breast gave the lowest mean ADC (ADC = 933 ± 383 [×10−6 mm2/s]). The ADC measured from the whole breast was highly correlated with PD with r=0.95. In slice-to-slice comparison, the central slices with more FT had higher ADC values than the peripheral slices did, presumably due to less partial volume effect from fat. Conclusions. Our results indicated that the measured ADC heavily depends on the composition of breast tissue contained in the ROI used for the ADC measurements. Women with low breast density showing lower ADC values were most likely due to the partial volume effect of fatty tissues.

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Ucar, Zennure, Ahmet Salih Değermenci, Hayati Zengin, and Pete Bettinger. "Evaluating the Accuracy of Remote Dendrometers in Tree Diameter Measurements at Breast Height." Croatian journal of forest engineering 43, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2022.1016.

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An accurate tree diameter (DBH) measurement is a significant component of forest inventory. This study assessed the reliability of remote dendrometers to measure tree DBH. We compared direct caliper measurements (reference measurements) to the remote measurements collected from a laser caliper and a smartphone at 0.5 m, 1 m, and 1.5 m distances from each tree within three forest types (pine, oak, and poplar forests). In general, all remote dendrometers underestimated the mean diameter compared to direct caliper measurements, regardless of forest types and distances. We observed that the mean deviation of direct caliper measurement and smartphone measurement at 1.5 m within a pine forest and oak forest were the lowest (0.3 cm and 0.36 cm, respectively). The deviations between direct caliper measurements and smartphone measurements at a 0.5 m distance, across forest types, were noticeably larger compared to others. An ANOVA test was used to determine whether significant deviations existed between caliper measurements and remote measurements at a specific distance, and among three different forest types. We rejected the null hypothesis, which suggested that there were no statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between tree DBH measurements obtained from the direct caliper measurements and indirect measurements (smartphone and laser caliper) captured at a distance. Then, a post-hoc test was performed to examine which set of estimated deviations was different from the reference data. The results suggested that indirect tree DBH measurements using the smartphone app at 1 m and 1.5 m in certain forest types (pine and oak) were not significantly different from direct tree DBH measurements. Also, our test results mostly indicated no significant difference within each forest, except for measurements using the smartphone app at 0.5 m across all forest types when the smartphone measurements were compared to laser caliper measurements. Although forest characteristics and measurement distance may play an important role in remote tree DBH measurement accuracy, the smartphone app may be used as a practical alternative to direct measurement in measuring the DBH of a tree, which may be a positive development for forestry due to the increased use of smartphones and the availability of a free measure app.

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SANTO, PAULO ROGÉRIO Q. DO ESPIRITO, MIGUEL SABINO NETO, FABIANE FURTADO, THALES WALTENIOR TRIGO JUNIOR, ANDREA DO AMARAL Q. DO ESPIRITO SANTO, FÁBIO LUIS NONATO, RAFAEL ALVES TUMEH, and LYDIA MASAKO FERREIRA. "Breast measurement using Adobe Photoshop®." Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (RBCP) – Brazilian Journal of Plastic Sugery 33, no. 1 (2018): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2177-1235.2018rbcp0014.

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Ng, Kwan-Hoong, Cheng-Har Yip, and Nur Aishah Mohd Taib. "Standardisation of clinical breast-density measurement." Lancet Oncology 13, no. 4 (April 2012): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70093-1.

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Ekpo, E. U., P. Hogg, R. Highnam, and M. F. McEntee. "Breast composition: Measurement and clinical use." Radiography 21, no. 4 (November 2015): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2015.06.006.

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Kulendran, Myutan, B. Krupowicz, C. Pogson, S. Joshi, and S. Ebbs. "Breast Tumour Measurement: Ultrasound versus Mammography." European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 34, no. 10 (October 2008): 1174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2008.06.090.

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Yoshida, Reika, Takenori Yamauchi, Sadako Akashi-Tanaka, Misaki Matsuyanagi, Kanae Taruno, Terumasa Sawada, Akatsuki Kokaze, and Seigo Nakamura. "Optimal Breast Density Characterization Using a Three-Dimensional Automated Breast Densitometry System." Current Oncology 28, no. 6 (December 14, 2021): 5384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol28060448.

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Dense breasts are a risk factor for breast cancer. Assessment of breast density is important and radiologist-dependent. We objectively measured mammographic density using the three-dimensional automatic mammographic density measurement device Volpara™ and examined the criteria for combined use of ultrasonography (US). Of 1227 patients who underwent primary breast cancer surgery between January 2019 and April 2021 at our hospital, 441 were included. A case series study was conducted based on patient age, diagnostic accuracy, effects of mammography (MMG) combined with US, size of invasion, and calcifications. The mean density of both breasts according to the Volpara Density Grade (VDG) was 0–3.4% in 2 patients, 3.5–7.4% in 55 patients, 7.5–15.4% in 173 patients, and ≥15.5% in 211 patients. Breast density tended to be higher in younger patients. Diagnostic accuracy of MMG tended to decrease with increasing breast density. US detection rates were not associated with VDG on MMG and were favorable at all densities. The risk of a non-detected result was high in patients without malignant suspicious calcifications. Supplementary use of US for patients without suspicious calcifications on MMG and high breast density, particularly ≥25.5%, could improve the breast cancer detection rate.

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McLean, K. E., and J. Stone. "Role of breast density measurement in screening for breast cancer." Climacteric 21, no. 3 (February 15, 2018): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2018.1424816.

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Said Camilleri, Jeantide, Lourdes Farrugia, Sergio Curto, Dario B. Rodrigues, Laura Farina, Gordon Caruana Dingli, Julian Bonello, Iman Farhat, and Charles V. Sammut. "Review of Thermal and Physiological Properties of Human Breast Tissue." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 3894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103894.

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Electromagnetic thermal therapies for cancer treatment, such as microwave hyperthermia, aim to heat up a targeted tumour site to temperatures within 40 and 44 °C. Computational simulations used to investigate such heating systems employ the Pennes’ bioheat equation to model the heat exchange within the tissue, which accounts for several tissue properties: density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, metabolic heat generation rate, and blood perfusion rate. We present a review of these thermal and physiological properties relevant for hyperthermia treatments of breast including fibroglandular breast, fatty breast, and breast tumours. The data included in this review were obtained from both experimental measurement studies and estimated properties of human breast tissues. The latter were used in computational studies of breast thermal treatments. The measurement methods, where available, are discussed together with the estimations and approximations considered for values where measurements were unavailable. The review concludes that measurement data for the thermal and physiological properties of breast and tumour tissue are limited. Fibroglandular and fatty breast tissue properties are often approximated from those of generic muscle or fat tissue. Tumour tissue properties are mostly obtained from approximating equations or assumed to be the same as those of glandular tissue. We also present a set of reliable data, which can be used for more accurate modelling and simulation studies to better treat breast cancer using thermal therapies.

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Hayashi, Maho, Nobuko Yoshizawa, Yukio Ueda, Tetsuya Mimura, Etsuko Ohmae, Kenji Yoshimoto, Hiroko Wada, Hatusko Nasu, Hiroyuki Ogura, and Harumi Sakahara. "Effect of Source-Detector Distance on the Measurement of Hemoglobin Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Breast Cancer." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 18 (January 1, 2019): 153303381983041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033819830411.

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We measured total hemoglobin concentrations in breast tumors by near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Muscles interfere with measurement when the probe is close to the chest wall. Since the target area of measurement depends on the distance between the light source and probe detector, we inferred that this issue could be solved by reducing the source-detector distance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the source-detector distance on the measurement of total hemoglobin concentration in the breast. We examined 26 patients with breast tumors. Total hemoglobin concentration was measured in tumors and the contralateral normal breasts at source-detector distances of 20 and 30 mm. The difference in total hemoglobin concentration between each tumor and the contralateral breast was calculated. The normal breast total hemoglobin concentration was significantly smaller for the source-detector distance of 20 mm than for the source-detector distance of 30 mm. Differences in source-detector distance did not significantly affect tumor total hemoglobin. The difference in total hemoglobin concentration between the tumor and the contralateral breast obtained at the source-detector distance of 20 mm was significantly higher than that obtained at the source-detector distance of 30 mm. From these results, we considered that measurement with a source-detector distance of 20 mm is less affected by the chest wall than with a source-detector distance of 30 mm and that the difference in total hemoglobin concentration between the tumor and the contralateral breast at a source-detector distance of 20 mm can better reflect the net total hemoglobin concentrations of the breast tumors. In conclusion, using a probe with a source-detector distance of 20 mm can more accurately evaluate the total hemoglobin concentration in breast tumors.

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Parmar, Chetan, Malcolm West, Samir Pathak, J. Nelson, and Lee Martin. "Weight versus volume in breast surgery: an observational study." JRSM Short Reports 2, no. 11 (November 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2011.011070.

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Objectives The study hypothesis is to assess correlation of breast specimen weight versus volume. Design Consecutive patients undergoing breast surgery at a single tertiary referral centre during a 6-month period were included. Specimen weight was measured in grams. Direct volume measurements were performed using water displacement. Data including side of the breast, age and menstrual status of the patient were noted. Setting Knowledge of breast volume provides an objective guide in facilitating the achievements of balance in reconstructive operations. Surgeons use intraoperative weight measurements from individual breasts to calculate the breast volume assuming that weight is equal to the volume of the specimen. However, it is unclear whether weight accurately reveals the true volume of resection. Participants Forty-one patients were included in the study with 28 having bilateral surgeries, 13 having unilateral procedures giving a total of 69 breast specimens. Main outcome measures Breast specimen weight correlation to breast specimen volume. Results The mean age of the group was 42.4 years. Fifty-two specimens were from premenopausal patients and 17 were of postmenopausal. Thirty-five were left-sided. Twenty-six patients had bilateral breast reduction, two had bilateral mastectomy, nine had a unilateral mastectomy and four patients had a unilateral breast reduction. The difference between weight and volume of these breasts was 36.4 units (6.6% difference). The difference in measurement of weight and volume in premenopausal was 37.6 units compared to 32.6 units in postmenopausal women. The density was 1.07 and 1.06, respectively. This was statistically not significant. Conclusions No significant difference between volume and weight was seen in this series. Furthermore, we are unable to support the notion that premenopausal patients have a significant difference in the proportion of fatty and glandular tissue as there was little difference between the weight and the volume. An easy, clinically proper formula for the quantification of actual breast volume has yet to be derived.

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Sindi, Rooa, Yin How Wong, Chai Hong Yeong, and Zhonghua Sun. "Quantitative Measurement of Breast Density Using Personalized 3D-Printed Breast Model for Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Diagnostics 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10100793.

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Despite the development and implementation of several MRI techniques for breast density assessments, there is no consensus on the optimal protocol in this regard. This study aimed to determine the most appropriate MRI protocols for the quantitative assessment of breast density using a personalized 3D-printed breast model. The breast model was developed using silicone and peanut oils to simulate the MRI related-characteristics of fibroglandular and adipose breast tissues, and then scanned on a 3T MRI system using non-fat-suppressed and fat-suppressed sequences. Breast volume, fibroglandular tissue volume, and percentage of breast density from these imaging sequences were objectively assessed using Analyze 14.0 software. Finally, the repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine the differences between the quantitative measurements of breast volume, fibroglandular tissue volume, and percentage of breast density with respect to the corresponding sequences. The volume of fibroglandular tissue and the percentage of breast density were significantly higher in the fat-suppressed sequences than in the non-fat-suppressed sequences (p < 0.05); however, the difference in breast volume was not statistically significant (p = 0.529). Further, a fat-suppressed T2-weighted with turbo inversion recovery magnitude (TIRM) imaging sequence was superior to the non-fat- and fat-suppressed T1- and T2-weighted sequences for the quantitative measurement of breast density due to its ability to represent the exact breast tissue compositions. This study shows that the fat-suppressed sequences tended to be more useful than the non-fat-suppressed sequences for the quantitative measurements of the volume of fibroglandular tissue and the percentage of breast density.

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Park, Ji Yeon. "Evaluation of Breast Cancer Size Measurement by Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) and a Radiologist on Breast MRI." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051172.

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Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate cancer size measurement by computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and radiologist on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relative to histopathology and to determine clinicopathologic and MRI factors that may affect measurements. Methods: Preoperative MRI of 208 breast cancers taken between January 2017 and March 2021 were included. We evaluated correlation between CAD-generated size and pathologic size as well as that between radiologist-measured size and pathologic size. We classified size discrepancies into accurate and inaccurate groups. For both CAD and radiologist, clinicopathologic and imaging factors were compared between accurate and inaccurate groups. Results: The mean sizes as predicted by CAD, radiologist and pathology were 2.66 ± 1.68 cm, 2.54 ± 1.68 cm, and 2.30 ± 1.61 cm, with significant difference (p < 0.001). Correlation coefficients of cancer size measurement by radiologist and CAD in reference to pathology were 0.898 and 0.823. Radiologist’s measurement was more accurate than CAD, with statistical significance (p < 0.001). CAD-generated measurement was significantly more inaccurate for cancers of larger pathologic size (>2 cm), in the presence of an extensive intraductal component (EIC), with positive progesterone receptor (PR), and of non-mass enhancement (p = 0.045, 0.045, 0.03 and 0.002). Radiologist-measured size was significantly more inaccurate for cancers in presence of an in situ component, EIC, positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and non-mass enhancement (p = 0.017, 0.008, 0.003 and <0.001). Conclusion: Breast cancer size measurement showed a very strong correlation between CAD and pathology and radiologist and pathology. Radiologist-measured size was significantly more accurate than CAD size. Cancer size measurement by CAD and radiologist can both be inaccurate for cancers with EIC or non-mass enhancement.

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Kronqvist, Pauliina, Teijo Kuopio, Yrjö Collan, Csaba Horvath, and Ülle Tamm. "The Reproducibility of Nuclear Morphometric Measurements in Invasive Breast Carcinoma." Analytical Cellular Pathology 15, no. 1 (1997): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/402125.

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The intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of computerized nuclear morphometry was determined in repeated measurements of 212 samples of invasive breast cancer. The influence of biological variation and the selection of the measurement area was also tested. Morphometrically determined mean nuclear profile area (Pearson’sr0.89, grading efficiency (GE) 0.95) and standard deviation (SD) of nuclear profile area (Pearson’sr0.84, GE 0.89) showed high reproducibility. In this respect, nuclear morphometry equals with other established methods of quantitative pathology and exceeds the results of subjective grading of nuclear atypia in invasive breast cancer. A training period of eight days was sufficient to produce clear improvement in consistency of nuclear morphometry results. By estimating the sources of variation it could be shown that the variation associated with the measurement procedure itself is small. Instead, sample associated variation is responsible for the majority of variation in the measurements (82.9% in mean nuclear profile area and 65.9% in SD of nuclear profile area). This study points out that when standardized methods are applied computerized morphometry is a reproducible and reliable method of assessing nuclear atypia in invasive breast cancer. For further improvement special emphasize should be put on sampling rules of selecting the microscope fields and measurement areas.

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Ohmae, Etsuko, Nobuko Yoshizawa, Kenji Yoshimoto, Maho Hayashi, Hiroko Wada, Tetsuya Mimura, Yuko Asano, et al. "Comparison of Lipid and Water Contents by Time-domain Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy and Dual-energy Computed Tomography in Breast Cancer Patients." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071482.

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We previously compared time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (TD-DOS) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using various water/lipid phantoms. However, it is difficult to conduct similar comparisons in the breast, because of measurement differences due to modality-dependent differences in posture. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) examination is performed in the same supine position as a TD-DOS measurement. Therefore, we first verified the accuracy of the measured fat fraction of fibroglandular tissue in the normal breast on DECT by comparing it with MRI in breast cancer patients (n = 28). Then, we compared lipid and water signals obtained in TD-DOS and DECT from normal and tumor-tissue regions (n = 16). The TD-DOS breast measurements were carried out using reflectance geometry with a source–detector separation of 3 cm. A semicircular region of interest (ROI), with a transverse diameter of 3 cm and a depth of 2 cm that included the breast surface, was set on the DECT image. Although the measurement area differed between the modalities, the correlation coefficients of lipid and water signals between TD-DOS and DECT were rs = 0.58 (p < 0.01) and rs = 0.90 (p < 0.01), respectively. These results indicate that TD-DOS captures the characteristics of the lipid and water contents of the breast.

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Jiang, Dong, Jian Ping Wang, and Xiao Na Chen. "Comparison and Exploration on Breast Volume Measurement Methods." Advanced Materials Research 645 (January 2013): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.645.295.

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Underdeveloped 3D virtual fitting technology was a barrier to apparel e-commerce, especially for the development of online bra trading. Bra cup fitting was most important for bra fitting. Bra cup fitting is decided by the relationship between bra cup and breast volume. There were many breast volume measuring methods , such as anthropometric method, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), mammography, thermoplastic modeling and Archimedes principle. However, these methods cannot be applied to virtual fitting evaluation and apparel e-commerce. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare kinds of br east volume measurement methods, and then proposed a new method based on 3D human body scan data, which can be used in apparel e-commerce. 3D scan imaging method was proposed because it can calculate breast volume from 3D scan data on the Internet. The accuracy of 3D scan imaging method was acceptable by comparing with that of traditional breast volume measurement methods. The development of 3D scan imaging method was the basis of virtual fitting evaluation on breast cup and can promote bra e-commerce.

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Miwa, Takashi, and Yoshiki Yamakoshi. "Simulator for Application of Shear Wave Velocity Measurement System to Arbitrary Tissue Elasticity Distribution." Key Engineering Materials 497 (December 2011): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.497.161.

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Local shear wave velocity measurements are effective to obtain tissue elasticity map. We have proposed novel wave number spectrum based shear wave velocity measurement system. However, the accuracy and resolution of this technique should be optimized and sophisticated in future clinical application for breast cancer diagnosis. We propose a simulator of RF signal in shear wave velocity measurement system which can consider arbitrary shear wave propagation. We demonstrate the usefulness of this simulator by experimental result. Moreover, accuracy and resolution of small object is discussed for breast cancer application.

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Wengert, Georg, Thomas Helbich, Stephan Polanec, Peter Christian Dubsky, Zsuzsanna Bago-Horvath, Rupert Bartsch, Wolf-Dieter Vogl, Michael Curda, and Katja Pinker-Domenig. "Objective measurement of breast density, a marker of breast cancer risk, using fully automated radiation- and compression-free MRI." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 11088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.11088.

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11088 Background: Women may have contraindications to mammography (MG) or simply refuse the test due to subjective reservations usually concerning compression and/or radiation. Other than the detection of suspicious findings these women do not have standardized information concerning their breast density (BD), one of the strongest independent predictors of breast cancer (BC) risk. We developed a fully-automated quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based BD measurement system, provided correlation to MG BD estimation and compared BD in BC patients and age-matched healthy controls. Methods: In this IRB-approved prospective study 35 healthy women and 19 BC patients age-matched to one of the healthy controls were included. BD for healthy women and BC patients was assessed using a) subjective qualitative radiologist´s review allocating 1 of 4 ACR BIRADS BD categories, b) Cumulus, a MG based semi-automatic method and c) a radiation- and compression-free MRI measurements system, which automatically calculates volume of breast (cm3), % of fatty tissue and % of glandular tissue. Descriptive statistics were used to define the typical range of quantitative MRI BD readings corresponding to the qualitative four ACR BIRADS BD categories. Áppropriate statistical tests were used to compare mean values of method b) and c) and BD readings of cancers and controls. Results: % MRI BD correlated well with % MG BD (r = 0.83; P < 0.0001). MRI BD measurements ranged from 1.7% to 61.9% (mean 29.05%). MG BD measurements ranged from 5.42% to 74.33% (mean 40.23%). Equivalent values were found with MRI BD readings of 0-7.2%, 7.3-26%, 26.1-39.6% and >39.7% respectively for each of the four ACR BIRADS BD categories. Mean BD (%) was higher in BC patients than in healthy controls: 24% (SD 16.9%) vs. 18.4% (16.6). Conclusions: MRI BD measurement strongly correlates with MG based BD readings. The data suggest that objective, radiation- and compression-free MRI BD measurement is a convenient alternative to MG for assessment of BD. MRI BD measurement confirms higher breast density in BC patients compared to healthy women. The data is entirely consistent with the fact that BD is a strong independent risk factor for BC.

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Wielema, M., P. E. Sijens, H. Dijkstra, G. H. De Bock, I. G. van Bruggen, J. E. Siegersma, E. Langius, R. M. Pijnappel, M. D. Dorrius, and M. Oudkerk. "Diffusion weighted imaging of the breast: Performance of standardized breast tumor tissue selection methods in clinical decision making." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): e0245930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245930.

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Objectives In breast diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) protocol standardization, it is recently shown that no breast tumor tissue selection (BTTS) method outperformed the others. The purpose of this study is to analyze the feasibility of three fixed-size breast tumor tissue selection (BTTS) methods based on the reproducibility, accuracy and time-measurement in comparison to the largest oval and manual delineation in breast diffusion weighted imaging data. Methods This study is performed with a consecutive dataset of 116 breast lesions (98 malignant) of at least 1.0 cm, scanned in accordance with the EUSOBI breast DWI working group recommendations. Reproducibility of the maximum size manual (BTTS1) and of the maximal size round/oval (BTTS2) methods were compared with three smaller fixed-size circular BTTS methods in the middle of each lesion (BTTS3, 0.12 cm3 volume) and at lowest apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) (BTTS4, 0.12 cm3; BTTS5, 0.24 cm3). Mean ADC values, intraclass-correlation-coefficients (ICCs), area under the curve (AUC) and measurement times (sec) of the 5 BTTS methods were assessed by two observers. Results Excellent inter- and intra-observer agreement was found for any BTTS (with ICC 0.88–0.92 and 0.92–0.94, respectively). Significant difference in ADCmean between any pair of BTTS methods was shown (p = <0.001–0.009), except for BTTS2 vs. BTTS3 for observer 1 (p = 0.10). AUCs were comparable between BTTS methods, with highest AUC for BTTS2 (0.89–0.91) and lowest for BTTS4 (0.76–0.85). However, as an indicator of clinical feasibility, BTTS2-3 showed shortest measurement times (10–15 sec) compared to BTTS1, 4–5 (19–39 sec). Conclusion The performance of fixed-size BTTS methods, as a potential tool for clinical decision making, shows equal AUC but shorter ADC measurement time compared to manual or oval whole lesion measurements. The advantage of a fixed size BTTS method is the excellent reproducibility. A central fixed breast tumor tissue volume of 0.12 cm3 is the most feasible method for use in clinical practice.

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Ekpo, E. U., and M. F. McEntee. "Measurement of breast density with digital breast tomosynthesis—a systematic review." British Journal of Radiology 87, no. 1043 (November 2014): 20140460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20140460.

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Park, Sang Uk, and Jeong Su Shim. "Measurement of Breast Volume after Breast Reconstruction Using Computed Tomographic Scanning." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 129, no. 6 (June 2012): 1020e—1021e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e31824f000c.

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Liu, Liang Q., Olivier A. Branford, and Sinead Mehigan. "BREAST-Q Measurement of the Patient Perspective in Oncoplastic Breast Surgery." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 6, no. 8 (August 2018): e1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000001904.

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Osman, Noha Mohamed, Samer Malak Botros, Ahmed Fathy Abdel Ghany, and Ashraf Maher Farid. "Contralateral breast volume measurement during chest CT for postmastectomy breast reconstruction." International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 10, no. 2 (May 8, 2014): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-014-1061-5.

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Bourqui, J., J. M. Sill, and E. C. Fear. "A Prototype System for Measuring Microwave Frequency Reflections from the Breast." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/851234.

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Microwave imaging of the breast is of interest for monitoring breast health, and approaches to active microwave imaging include tomography and radar-based methods. While the literature contains a growing body of work related to microwave breast imaging, there are only a few prototype systems that have been used to collect data from humans. In this paper, a prototype system for monostatic radar-based imaging that has been used in an initial study measuring reflections from volunteers is discussed. The performance of the system is explored by examining the mechanical positioning of sensor, as well as microwave measurement sensitivity. To gain insight into the measurement of reflected signals, simulations and measurements of a simple phantom are compared and discussed in relation to system sensitivity. Finally, a successful scan of a volunteer is described.

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Ingman, Wendy V., Bernadette Richards, Jacqueline M. Street, Drew Carter, Mary Rickard, Jennifer Stone, and Pallave Dasari. "Breast Density Notification: An Australian Perspective." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030681.

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Breast density, also known as mammographic density, refers to white and bright regions on a mammogram. Breast density can only be assessed by mammogram and is not related to how breasts look or feel. Therefore, women will only know their breast density if they are notified by the radiologist when they have a mammogram. Breast density affects a woman’s breast cancer risk and the sensitivity of a screening mammogram to detect cancer. Currently, the position of BreastScreen Australia and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists is to not notify women if they have dense breasts. However, patient advocacy organisations are lobbying for policy change. Whether or not to notify women of their breast density is a complex issue and can be framed within the context of both public health ethics and clinical ethics. Central ethical themes associated with breast density notification are equitable care, patient autonomy in decision-making, trust in health professionals, duty of care by the physician, and uncertainties around evidence relating to measurement and clinical management pathways for women with dense breasts. Legal guidance on this issue must be gained from broad legal principles found in the law of negligence and the test of materiality. We conclude a rigid legal framework for breast density notification in Australia would not be appropriate. Instead, a policy framework should be developed through engagement with all stakeholders to understand and take account of multiple perspectives and the values at stake.

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Rydholm, Tomas, Andreas Fhager, Mikael Persson, Shireen Geimer, and Paul Meaney. "Effects of the Plastic of the Realistic GeePS-L2S-Breast Phantom." Diagnostics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8030061.

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A breast phantom developed at the Supelec Institute was interrogated to study its suitability for microwave tomography measurements. A microwave measurement system based on 16 monopole antennas and a vector network analyzer was used to study how the S-parameters are influenced by insertion of the phantom. The phantom is a 3D-printed structure consisting of plastic shells that can be filled with tissue mimicking liquids. The phantom was filled with different liquids and tested with the measurement system to determine whether the plastic has any effects on the recovered images or not. Measurements of the phantom when it is filled with the same liquid as the surrounding coupling medium are of particular interest. In this case, the phantom plastic has a substantial effects on the measurements which ultimately detracts from the desired images.

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Kozak, Antal. "Effects of upper stem measurements on the predictive ability of a variable-exponent taper equation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-120.

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Like several other taper equations, the predictive ability of Kozak's (1988. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1363-1368) variable-exponent taper equations can also be improved by an additional upper stem outside bark diameter measurement. This study indicated that improvements were small and were mainly restricted to increasing the precision of the estimates. Also, it was demonstrated that if additional diameter measurements are justified, they should be taken between 40 and 50% of the height above breast height for greatest improvement. Measurement errors in upper stem diameters and in their heights above breast height affected both the precision and bias of predictions.

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Crittenden, Tamara, Daisy E. Veitch, Maciej Henneberg, Karen Burford, Phillipa Van Essen, Kaveeta Deut, Kalavani Zeitouneh, Elizabeth Lomax, Philip A. Griffin, and Nicola R. Dean. "Measuring breast volume in hypertrophy: laser scanning or water displacement?" Australasian Journal of Plastic Surgery 1, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34239/ajops.v1i2.119.

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Background: The accurate determination of intact breast volume facilitates preoperative planning for women with breast hypertrophy and, in some jurisdictions, is essential in order to justify breast reduction surgery. Not all practitioners have access to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or three dimensional (3D) laser scanning facilities, so the purpose of this study was to determine whether water displacement of the intact breast is an effective substitute method of measurement in women with breast hypertrophy. Methods: A prospective cohort study of breast hypertrophy patients was undertaken. The volume of a total of 322 breasts were determined using water displacement and 3D laser scanning; 194 preoperatively and 128 at 12 months following breast reduction surgery. Pearson correlations, linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses were used to compare the methods of breast volume assessment. Results: The mean breast volume according to 3D laser scan was 1440 millilitres (SD = 588 millilitres) and for water displacement was 1419 millilitres (SD = 811 millilitres). There was a strong linear association between breast volumes as measured using water displacement and 3D laser scanning using a Pearson correlation (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). However, using the Bland-Altman analysis, the two methods were found not to be in agreement, with water displacement values consistently larger than 3D scan values. Conclusions: Despite the strong linear association, water displacement is not an accurate enough tool to be used as a substitute for 3D laser scanning, and therefore not an optimal method of breast volume measurement in women with breast hypertrophy.

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Edsander-Nord, ÅSa, Marie Wickman, and GÖRan Jurell. "Measurement of Breast Volume with Thermoplastic Casts." Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery 30, no. 2 (January 1996): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02844319609056394.

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Heath, J. L., and S. L. Owens. "Measurement of Broiler Breast Meat Shear Values." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6, no. 2 (July 1997): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/6.2.185.

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Kovacs, L., M. Eder, R. Hollweck, A. Zimmermann, M. Settels, A. Schneider, A. Müller, M. Endlich, N. Papadopulos, and E. Biemer. "Breast volume measurement using 3d surface imaging." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83778-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Breast measurement'

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