Journal articles on the topic 'Breast and cervical cancer screening'
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Zheng, Senshuang, Xiaorui Zhang, Marcel J. W. Greuter, Geertruida H. de Bock, and Wenli Lu. "Determinants of Population-Based Cancer Screening Performance at Primary Healthcare Institutions in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063312.
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Background: For a decade, most population-based cancer screenings in China are performed by primary healthcare institutions. To assess the determinants of performance of primary healthcare institutions in population-based breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening in China. Methods: A total of 262 primary healthcare institutions in Tianjin participated in a survey on cancer screening. The survey consisted of questions on screening tests, the number of staff members and training, the introduction of the screening programs to residents, the invitation of residents, and the number of performed screenings per year. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the determinants of performance of an institution to fulfil the target number of screenings. Results: In 58% and 61% of the institutions between three and nine staff members were dedicated to breast and cervical cancer screening, respectively, whereas in 71% of the institutions ≥10 staff members were dedicated to colorectal cancer screening. On average 60% of institutions fulfilled the target number of breast and cervical cancer screenings, whereas 93% fulfilled the target number for colorectal cancer screening. The determinants of performance were rural districts for breast (OR = 5.16 (95%CI: 2.51–10.63)) and cervical (OR = 4.17 (95%CI: 2.14–8.11)) cancer screenings, and ≥3 staff members dedicated to cervical cancer screening (OR = 2.34 (95%CI: 1.09–5.01)). Conclusions: Primary healthcare institutions in China perform better in colorectal than in breast and cervical cancer screening, and institutions in rural districts perform better than institutions in urban districts. Increasing the number of staff members on breast and cervical cancer screening could improve the performance of population-based cancer screening.
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Utami, I., and Y. Yulianti. "Evaluation of The Counseling on Breast and Cervical Cancers Screening Among Women in Their Reproductive Age." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 1301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211551301.
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Background: Breast and cervical cancers are one of the leading causes of women's mortality. About 87% of cases of cervical cancer occur in developing countries. Breast cancer has the most increasing number amongst other cancers. Moreover, most of the cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in the late stadium. The late diagnosis of cancer cases is most probably due to a lack of screening at the beginning. Aim: The research aimed to discover the evaluation of breast cancer counseling and cervical cancer screening amongst women of their reproductive age. Methods: This research employed a survey method with a cross-sectional approach. The population and 63 samples were respondents taken using total sampling. The instruments were questionnaires. Results: The results showed that 37 respondents (58.7%) showed fair rates on breast cancer counseling, while 36 respondents (57.1%) gave a fair rating on cervical cancer counseling. Conclusion: This research has proven that women in this study gave fair ratings towards the counseling conducted. It is expected for midwives and health promotion teams to improve the promotional and preventive efforts, especially regarding breast and cervical cancer screening. Besides, women should be active in exploring more information and participating in every activity related to reproductive health, especially breast and cervical cancer screening. Keywords: Counseling Evaluation, Breast Cancer, Cervical Cance
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Jovanović, Verica, and Tamara Naumović. "Main characteristics of the organized screening program for cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer in the Republic of Serbia." Glasnik javnog zdravlja 95, no. 1 (2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gjz2101033j.
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The paper aims to provide a descriptive, detailed review of the organized screening programs for cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer in the Republic of Serbia. In this research, data from the Regulations on the National Program for Early Detection of Breast Cancer, Cervical Cancer and Colorectal Cancer were used, as well as published and unpublished data from the Institute of Public Health of Serbia. Screening for cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer is carried out on the territory of the Republic of Serbia in the form of an organized decentralized program. Cervical cancer screening program encompasses women aged 25-64 years; the breast cancer screening program covers women aged 50-69 years; and the colorectal cancer screening program is offered to men and women aged 50-74 years. All three screening programs aim to cover at least 75% of the target population. The screening cycle for cervical cancer is three years, and for breast cancer and colorectal cancer, two years. The screening test used in the organized cervical cancer screening program is the PAP test; for breast cancer, the screening methodology relies on mammography; and for colorectal cancer, the screening program involves an immunohistochemical FOB test. Organized screening for cervical and breast cancers are offered through gynaecology specialists, while the organized screening for colorectal cancer is provided through the family physician, a medical doctor (or general medicine specialist) at the health centre. Organized cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer screening programs represent a key activity at all levels of the healthcare system for early detection, prevention and reduction of mortality from malignant diseases. All programs are a part of continual healthcare activities in the Republic of Serbia, as a highly efficient cancer control strategy.
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van Luijt, Paula A., Kirsten Rozemeijer, Steffie K. Naber, Eveline AM Heijnsdijk, Joost van Rosmalen, Marjolein van Ballegooijen, and Harry J. de Koning. "The role of pre-invasive disease in overdiagnosis: A microsimulation study comparing mass screening for breast cancer and cervical cancer." Journal of Medical Screening 23, no. 4 (June 23, 2016): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141316629505.
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Objective Although early detection of cancer through screening can prevent cancer deaths, a drawback of screening is overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis has been much debated in breast cancer screening, but less so in cervical cancer screening. We examined the impact of overdiagnosis by comparing two screening programmes in the Netherlands. Methods We estimated overdiagnosis rates by microsimulation for breast cancer screening and cervical cancer screening, using a cohort of women born in 1982 with lifelong follow-up. Overdiagnosis estimates were made analogous to two definitions formed by the UK 2012 breast screening review. Pre-invasive disease was included in both definitions. Results Screening prevented 921 cervical cancers (−55%) and 378 cervical cancer deaths (−59%), and 169 (−1.3%) breast cancer cases and 970 breast cancer deaths (−21%). The cervical cancer overdiagnosis rate was 74.8% (including pre-invasive disease). Breast cancer overdiagnosis was estimated at 2.5% (including pre-invasive disease). For women of all ages in breast cancer screening, an excess of 207 diagnoses/100,000 women was found, compared with an excess of 3999 diagnoses/100,000 women in cervical cancer screening. Conclusions For breast cancer, the frequency of overdiagnosis in screening is relatively low, but consequences are evident. For cervical cancer, the frequency of overdiagnosis in screening is high, because of detection of pre-invasive disease, but the consequences per case are relatively small due to less invasive treatment. This illustrates that it is necessary to present overdiagnosis in relation to disease stage and consequences.
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Reungwetwattana, Thanyanan, Julian R. Molina, and Jeanette Y. Ziegenfuss. "Factors and trends in cancer screening in the United States from 2004 to 2010." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.1565.
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1565 Background: Understanding the prevalence of cancer screening in the US and the factors associated with its accessibility is important for public health promotion. Methods: The 2004 and 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systems were used to ascertain cancer screening rates among populations indicated for each test by age, gender, and the American Cancer Society recommendation for cancer screenings [fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or endoscopy for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, digital rectal examination (DRE) or prostate specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer screening, clinical breast examination (CBE) or mammogram for breast cancer screening, and Papanicolaou (Pap) test for cervical cancer screening]. Results: Over this period, CRC and breast cancer screening rates significantly increased (15.9%, 13.9%) while prostate and cervical cancer screening rates significantly decreased (1.2%, 5.2%). Race/ethnicity might be an influence in CRC and cervical cancer screening accessibility. Prostate cancer screening accessibility might be influenced by education and income. The older-aged populations (70-79, >79) had high prevalence of CRC, prostate and breast cancer screenings even though there is insufficient evidence for the benefits and harms of screenings in the older-aged group. Conclusions: The disparities in age, race/ethnicity, health insurance, education, employment, and income for the accession to cancer screening of the US population have decreased since 2004. The trajectory of increasing rates of CRC and breast cancer screenings should be maintained. To reverse the trend, the causes of the decreased rate of cervical cancer screening and the high rates of screenings in older-aged populations should, however, be further explored. [Table: see text]
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Barlow, William E., Elisabeth F. Beaber, Berta M. Geller, Aruna Kamineni, Yingye Zheng, Jennifer S. Haas, Chun R. Chao, et al. "Evaluating Screening Participation, Follow-up, and Outcomes for Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer in the PROSPR Consortium." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 112, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djz137.
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Abstract Background Cancer screening is a complex process encompassing risk assessment, the initial screening examination, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of cancer precursors or early cancers. Metrics that enable comparisons across different screening targets are needed. We present population-based screening metrics for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers for nine sites participating in the Population-based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens consortium. Methods We describe how selected metrics map to a trans-organ conceptual model of the screening process. For each cancer type, we calculated calendar year 2013 metrics for the screen-eligible target population (breast: ages 40–74 years; cervical: ages 21–64 years; colorectal: ages 50–75 years). Metrics for screening participation, timely diagnostic evaluation, and diagnosed cancers in the screened and total populations are presented for the total eligible population and stratified by age group and cancer type. Results The overall screening-eligible populations in 2013 were 305 568 participants for breast, 3 160 128 for cervical, and 2 363 922 for colorectal cancer screening. Being up-to-date for testing was common for all three cancer types: breast (63.5%), cervical (84.6%), and colorectal (77.5%). The percentage of abnormal screens ranged from 10.7% for breast, 4.4% for cervical, and 4.5% for colorectal cancer screening. Abnormal breast screens were followed up diagnostically in almost all (96.8%) cases, and cervical and colorectal were similar (76.2% and 76.3%, respectively). Cancer rates per 1000 screens were 5.66, 0.17, and 1.46 for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, respectively. Conclusions Comprehensive assessment of metrics by the Population-based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens consortium enabled systematic identification of screening process steps in need of improvement. We encourage widespread use of common metrics to allow interventions to be tested across cancer types and health-care settings.
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Hamashima, Chisato. "PD26 Overscreening For Older Women In Cervical And Breast Cancer Screening In Japan." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322002872.
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IntroductionAppropriate resource utilization is crucial for cancer screening programs. Overscreening is defined as screening provided beyond the upper age limit of the target age or at a shorter interval than recommended in national programs. In Japan, there are no upper age limits set for cancer screening programs, and the recommended screening interval for cervical and breast cancer screening is 2 years. To examine the efficient use of resources for cervical and breast cancer screening, we investigated how often overscreening occurred in both programs.MethodsThe target age for this study was defined as 20-69 years for cervical cancer screening and 40-69 years for breast cancer screening. We used the national report for cancer screening in 2017 in Japan and estimated the number of participants over 70 years old or those who participated in screening annually. The percentage of overscreening was compared between cervical cancer and breast cancer screening by chi-square test.ResultsThe number of participants was 4,294,127 for cervical cancer screening and 3,087,781 for breast cancer screening in 2017. The percentage of overscreening in total participants was 38.0 percent for cervical cancer screening and 35.7 percent for breast cancer screening (p<0.01). The percentage of screening at overage was higher in breast cancer screening than in cervical cancer screening (21.1% vs. 13.9%, p<0.01), whereas more frequent screening was seen more often in cervical cancer screening than in breast cancer screening (29.7% vs. 19.6%, p<0.01). If the resources used in overscreening could be used for the target population, it was estimated that the participation rate could increase by 4.1% for cervical cancer screening and 4.3% for breast cancer screening.ConclusionsIn Japan, screening for overage participants and short intervals may have contributed to unnecessary screening for cervical cancer and breast cancer. These resources used for overscreening could be allocated to screening for the target population.
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Ludman, Evette J., Laura E. Ichikawa, Gregory E. Simon, Paul Rohde, David Arterburn, Belinda H. Operskalski, Jennifer A. Linde, and Robert W. Jeffery. "Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38, no. 3 (March 2010): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.039.
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Kolo, H. T. "Increasing Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake in Women of Child-Bearing Age in Niger State, Nigeria." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 213s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.85900.
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Background: Prevalence of breast and cervical cancer are on the increase in the developing countries despite the knowledge of how these diseases can be prevented through screening. Reproductive rights, Advocacy, Safe space and Empowerment Foundation (RAISE) initiated breast and cervical cancer screening program in Niger State as part of its reproductive health services. The program is hereby evaluated with the aim of improving its performance toward reducing burden of these diseases in Niger State. Aim: To evaluate the breast and cervical cancer screening program, to report the experience from the program, and to recommend necessary changes and scaling up of best practices. Methods: Audit of the breast and cervical cancer screening program was conducted. The basic components of cervical cancer screening programs; screening uptake, screening services, treatment of screen positives, follow-up and referrals were audited against previously set standards for the program. The difference in screening uptake for breast and cervical cancer was evaluated for better understanding of factors determining screening uptake in Niger state. Results: Between 18 July 2016 and 30 April 2018, 2035 women between the age of 15-75 years were screened for breast cancer and 1258 women between the age of 20-55 years were screened for cervical cancer, representing about 38% higher uptake of breast cancer screening compared with cervical cancer. The parity range of these women is 0-20. The mean age and parity for women screened during the audit period were; 35 years and 8 for breast cancer, while 29 years and 7 for cervical cancer. Fifty-two (2.56%) of the 2035 women screened for breast cancer had a palpable lump in either 1 or both breasts, while 4 (0.3%) of the 1258 women screened for cervical cancer had a positive result (aceto-white lesions) treated with cryotherapy. The women have low socioeconomic status with predominantly farmers, petty traders and housewives earning less than $2 per day. Most of the women are illiterate with little or no form of education. Other possible barriers for low uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening is lack of transportation, religious and cultural beliefs, shyness and lack of sensitization. Conclusion: Screening uptake is still very poor despite massive awareness campaign. The current awareness creation strategy has not been able to create needed demand for the available screening services. A total overhaul of awareness creation strategies is therefore advocated.
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Rimer, Barbara K. "Adherence to Cancer Screening." Cancer Control 2, no. 6 (November 1995): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107327489500200604.
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Routine breast cancer screening for women 50 years of age and older can reduce mortality from breast cancer by 30% to 35%. Regular Papanicolaou tests can decrease mortality from cervical cancer dramatically, and skin cancer screening could decrease deaths from melanoma. Adherence to recommended screening procedures for breast, cervical, and skin cancer screening increases the potential to lower the risk of death and disability from these diseases. The National Cancer Institute's goals include increasing the proportion of women who get regular mammograms to 80%, and similar goals have been issued for Pap tests. Yet, most women still are not being screened for breast or cervical cancer on a regular basis, and most people do not have regular skin checks for cancer.
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Salako, O., K. Okunade, P. Okediji, L. A. Agaga, and O. Olajiga. "Determinants of Uptake of Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening by Users in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 53s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.68100.
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Background: Breast and cervical cancer are the two most common cancers in Nigerian women with a huge morbidity and mortality burden in those affected. Previous Nigerian studies indicate a wide variation in the knowledge and perceptions of women, which significantly impacts on their willingness and motivations to make use of available cancer screening services. The result of this is late presentations and poor treatment outcomes. This study assessed the factors affecting the uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening services in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among female users of a breast and cervical cancer screening service in Lagos, Nigeria. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with the level of significance set at < 0.05. Results: A total of 491 women were screened between October and December 2017 for breast and cervical cancer. The mean age was 38.3 ± 12.7 years, with majority married (60.3%), educated up to tertiary level (47.7%), and were professionals (30.8%). Majority knew about cervical cancer screening (61.3%) ( Table 1 ), with 23.6% having a previous cervical cancer screening and 9.8% had vaccination for cervical cancer. Older (42.3 ± 10.8 years), married professionals with tertiary education who have heard about cervical cancer were more likely to have had a previous cervical cancer screening ( P < 0.05) ( Fig. 1 ). About 65.9% of the total sample population knew about breast cancer screening ( Table 2 ) and 62.0% of these do periodic breast self-examination. However, many of the women sampled had never had a clinical breast examination (64.2%) nor a screening mammogram (74.3%) ( Fig. 2 ). Determinants of breast self-examination were tertiary education and those in professional occupations ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: In line with the goal of ensuring that every eligible woman is screened for breast and cervical cancer, there is an urgent need to improve knowledge and awareness of breast and cervical cancer, as well as the need for screening, among Nigerian women with little or no education, who are involved in unskilled or semiskilled occupations.[Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]
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Parish, Susan L., Jamie G. Swaine, Karen Luken, Roderick A. Rose, and Sarah Dababnah. "Cervical and Breast Cancer–screening Knowledge of Women with Developmental Disabilities." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 50, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-50.2.79.
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Abstract Women with developmental disabilities are significantly less likely than women without disabilities to receive cervical and breast cancer screening according to clinical guidelines. The reasons for this gap are not understood. The present study examined the extent of women's knowledge about cervical and breast cancer screening, with the intention of informing the development and testing of interventions to increase cervical and breast cancer screening rates for these women. In a sample of 202 community-dwelling women with developmental disabilities, most women had little knowledge of cervical and breast cancer screening. Women who were living at home with family caregivers had the most limited understanding of cervical and breast cancer screening. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
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Park, Hyeree, Seung Hee Seo, Jong Heon Park, Bhumsuk Keam, Shin Hye Yoo, and Aesun Shin. "Abstract 441: The impact of the COVID-19 on the screening of breast and cervical cancer in Korea." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-441.
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Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected use of healthcare services, especially disrupting individual participation in cancer screening programs. The National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) of Korea provides screening services for six common cancers - stomach, liver, colorectum, breast, cervix, and lung. As complete national lockdown measures were not implemented, the NCSP continued operation during the three major COVID-19 waves in Korea, which allowed us to assess the changes in health-seeking behavior. We examined the cancer screening rates for breast and cervical cancers among NCSP participants in different geographic regions and by age group, in association with the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: From the National Health Insurance Service database, we obtained information on the number of eligible population and NCSP participants from January 2019 to December 2020. The target group for biennial mammography screening is women aged 40 years and over, and that for biennial pap smear is women aged 20 years and over. We compared monthly screening rates for breast and cervical cancer between 2020 vs 2019 and described them as a percentage change. Results: The overall cancer screening rate has decreased in both cancers in 2020 compared with that of 2019: breast (55.8% vs 63.8%), cervical (52.2% vs 57.8%). Screening rates for both cancers declined in all age groups in March and December of 2020, which corresponds to the first and third COVID-19 wave. The month of March 2020 had the sharpest drop in screening rates, by 57.9% for breast cancer and 43.7% for cervical cancer compared with March 2019. In June 2020, screening rates for both cancers rebounded compared with 2019 (breast, +29.2%; cervical, +26.3%), which remained higher compared with the same months in 2019 until November 2020. By December 2020, screening rates for both cancers have dropped, compared with December 2019 (breast, -19.5%; cervical, -21.0%). For breast cancer, the screening rate decreased in all age groups, and the largest decline was observed in women aged 80 years and over. Although the cervical cancer screening rate has been steadily increasing since 2010, it decreased in all age groups in 2020 compared with that of 2019, with the exception of the 20-29 age group. Considering social distancing measures that were implemented nationwide during each COVID-19 wave, we observed a similar pattern of cancer screening rates in major cities. Conclusions: It was observed that after the two major COVID-19 waves, mammography and pap smear rates declined compared with that of 2019. The largest decline in cancer screening rates was seen in elderly women. The pattern of screening rate changes was comparable according to geographic region. In contrast to reports showing a deficit in cancer screening in other countries, our results suggest a substantial recovery in cancer screening in Korea. Additional analyses are needed to assess the effect of the 6-month extension of NCSP. Citation Format: Hyeree Park, Seung Hee Seo, Jong Heon Park, Bhumsuk Keam, Shin Hye Yoo, Aesun Shin. The impact of the COVID-19 on the screening of breast and cervical cancer in Korea [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 441.
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Yang, Zhenjie, Juan Liu, and Qing Wang. "Diagnose earlier, live longer? The impact of cervical and breast cancer screening on life span." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): e0270347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270347.
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Cancer has become a leading cause of death and aroused the cancer scare. Breast and cervical cancer are two main health threats for women. In order to reduce mortality through early detection and early treatment, cancer screening has been widely recommended and applied for breast and cervical cancer detection and prevention. However, the benefit of cancer screening has been a controversial issue for the recent decades. The Chinese government has launched a free screening program on breast and cervical cancer for women since 2009. There is lack of strong data and sufficient information, however, to examine the effect of breast and cervical cancer screening. A Difference-in-Difference model estimated by Cox proportional hazard estimation was applied to evaluate the effects of breast and cervical cancer screening using data from Nown County Cancer Registry between the year 2009 and 2013. Based on the case study in a county of central China, this study found that the screening program reduced the risk of death, but found the lion’s share for the benefit has been mainly due to the cervical cancer screening rather breast cancer screening, which may be related to the difference between early detection screening and preventive screening. Our results suggest sufficient funding and better education of related cancer knowledge will be meaningful measures for the prevention and treatment of breast and cervical cancer.
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Keetile, Mpho, Kagiso Ndlovu, Gobopamang Letamo, Mpho Disang, Sanni Yaya, and Kannan Navaneetham. "Factors associated with and socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening among women aged 15–64 years in Botswana." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): e0255581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255581.
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Background The most commonly diagnosed cancers among women are breast and cervical cancers, with cervical cancer being a relatively bigger problem in low and middle income countries (LMICs) than breast cancer. Methods The main aim of this study was to asses factors associated with and socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening among women aged 15–64 years in Botswana. This study is part of the broad study on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Botswana conducted (NCD survey) in 2016. The NCD survey was conducted across 3 cities and towns, 15 urban villages and 15 rural areas of Botswana. The survey collected information on several NCDs and risk factors including cervical and breast cancer screening. The survey adopted a multistage sampling design and a sample of 1178 participants (males and females) aged 15 years and above was selected in both urban and rural areas of Botswana. For this study, a sub-sample of 813 women aged 15–64 years was selected and included in the analysis. The inequality analysis was conducted using decomposition analysis using ADePT software version 6. Logistic regression models were used to show the association between socioeconomic variables and cervical and breast cancer screening using SPSS version 25. All comparisons were considered statistically significant at 5%. Results Overall, 6% and 62% of women reported that they were screened for breast and cervical cancer, respectively. Women in the poorest (AOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.06–0.45) and poorer (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.14–0.96) wealth quintiles were less likely to report cervical cancer screening compared to women in the richest wealth quintile. Similarly, for breast cancer, the odds of screening were found to be low among women in the poorest (AOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.06–0.68) and the poorer (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.13–0.81)) wealth quintiles. Concentration indices (CI) showed that cervical (CI = 0.2443) and breast cancer (CI = 0.3975) screening were more concentrated among women with high SES than women with low SES. Wealth status was observed to be the leading contributor to socioeconomic inequality observed for both cervical and breast cancer screening. Conclusions Findings in this study indicate the need for concerted efforts to address the health care needs of the poor in order to reduce cervical and breast cancer screening inequalities.
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Kiptoo, Stephen, Naftali Wisindi Busakhala, Peter Itsura, Philip Tonui, Terry Vik, Patrick J. Loehrer, and Omenge Elkanah Orang'o. "Impact of a sustainable breast and cervical cancer screening program in spite of COVID-19 pandemic: The AMPATH experience in Kenya." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 10556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.10556.
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10556 Background: Cancer is the third leading cause of death with about 48,000 new yearly diagnoses in Kenya. Breast and cervical cancers are the major leading cancers in females, both of which are curable with access to timely and effective care. To meet population health goals, early abnormalities of the cervix and breast must be treated promptly to maximize the chance for cure. The AMPATH Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (ABCCCP) was initiated to improve access to screening and diagnostic services for breast and cervical cancer in Kenya by addressing the barriers of cancer care through a population health approach, working with communities and the Ministry of Health in Kenya with a potential for scaling these efforts to other parts of the region. Methods: We performed an interim analysis 3 years into a 5-year program, to assess the impact of COVID-19 on our screening program. Statistical descriptive summaries were used to show the trend of screening using visual inspection with acetic acid and breast clinical examination. The screening was conducted facility-based along with community screening upon requests across nine counties. Also, we conducted capacity building through mentoring of health care providers and initiating a telemedicine program to improve patient care and management plans. Results: From 2018-2021, we conducted training, connected 12 centers with telemedicine capacity and screened a total of 100,973 persons were for breast and cervical cancer. The yearly trends demonstrate that the facility routine screenings were maintained: 23,421 (2018); 27,997 (2019); and 28,045 (2020). The total women seen through organized mass screenings however declined (10,304 (2018); 10,107 (2019); and 1,099 (2020), respectively) as this type of screening was stopped after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. Of all women screened, 3,019 (2.98%) had clinical abnormalities requiring follow-up per standard of care including 1,781(1.8%) who were eventually histologically confirmed to have cancer. During our first and second year of the program, 83 physicians were trained on cancer management and treatment, 341 nurses were trained on breast and cervical cancer screening procedures, and 247 community health workers (CHW) were trained on the importance of screening to enlighten the community on awareness. However, this training was suspended in our year three due to COVID-19. Conclusions: An integrated training program utilizing CHW, nurses and physicians are an effective means for breast and cervical cancer screening in LMC, such as Kenya. This capacity building allows flexibility and sustainability even in the midst of the global COVID-19 pandemic. We also demonstrated successful integration with the county government for program sustainability. The use of telemedicine has greatly enhanced our screening and patient care across several facilities in western Kenya.
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Jang, Sou Hyun, Eun Jeong Lee, Jae A. Lim, Thuy Vu, Victoria M. Taylor, and Linda K. Ko. "The Role of Medical Tourism in Cancer Screening among Korean Immigrant Women." Health Behavior and Policy Review 6, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 522–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14485/hbpr.6.5.10.
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Objective: Korean immigrant (KI) women have lower breast and cervical cancer screening rates than other Asian women subgroups. Medical tourism has emerged as a strong predictor for some types of cancer screening but has not been examined thoroughly with breast and cervical cancer screening. This study examines the association between medical tourism and breast and cervical cancer screening among KI women. Methods: Data came from a cross-sectional study examining health behaviors of KIs in the Seattle, Washington metropolitan area. Women ages 40-74 years were included in the analysis (N = 102). Outcomes were up-to-date with breast cancer screening and up-to-date with cervical cancer screening. Predictors included socio-demographics, health factors, acculturation, worry about cost of care, and medical tourism. Data analysis included logistic regression. Results: In multivariate modeling, medical tourism was the only predictor associated with both breast and cervical cancer screening. Women who engaged in medical tourism had greater odds of being up-to-date with breast cancer and cervical cancer screening respectively, compared to those not engaged in medical tourism. Conclusion: Many KI women are participating in medical tourism for cancer care. Our findings have broad implications for KI women in the US and their US providers.
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Kwon, JungMi. "Cancer screening test." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2010.7.1.45.
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SCreening lest is Iimited to asymptomatic individuals and its purpose is to decrease mortality. Beyond the technical issues involved in study design, other requirements addressing implementation，analysis，and interpretation including biases, must be met to demonstrate that a screening test is useful. A positive screening test may lead to early intervention that could allow "cure'' of the disease but not be efficacious for a person's general health. There are effective screening modalities for breast cancer ‘colorectal cancers , and cervical cancers，whereas no compelling evidence exists for the value to screening for lung cancer. Over the past few years ‘there have been rapid developments applying new imaging and molecular diagnostic modalities for the purpose of cancer screenings. Appropriate methods for incorporating these new techniques into screening trials must be considered.
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Rockson, Lois, Margaret Swarbrick, and Carlos Pratt. "Cancer Screening in Behavioral Health Care Programs." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 26, no. 2 (October 3, 2019): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078390319877227.
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OBJECTIVE: Adults with serious mental illnesses have a lower life expectancy attributable to many factors including metabolic disorders and cancer. Access to cancer screening has been shown to decrease morbidity and increase chances of survival. This study examined access to cancer screening services among individuals with serious mental illnesses served by a community behavioral health care agency partial hospitalization program at four locations. METHOD: A self-administered paper-and-pencil survey was provided to adults attending partial hospitalization programs. The survey consisted of open- and closed-ended questions about utilization, access to, and barriers to cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screenings. RESULTS: Surveys were completed by 136 individuals. Participant screening rates were above national rates for cervical and breast cancer but lower for colorectal cancer. The main cited barrier to receiving the screening tests was lack of physician recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric nurses are ideally suited to communicate with this population and other behavioral health care professions about the importance of these screenings. Communication should also advocate for improved education and increased support for cancer screenings to address this health care disparity.
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Tsai, Meng-Han, Justin X. Moore, Lorriane Odhiambo, Sydney E. Andrzejak, and Martha S. Tingen. "Abstract A121: Colorectal cancer screening utilization among breast, cervical, prostate, skin, and lung cancer survivors." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): A121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-a121.
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Abstract Background: Advancement in cancer detection and treatment has improved survival rates leading to a growing population of cancer survivors, yet cancer survivors are at a 20% increased risk of developing a secondary cancer. Breast, cervical, prostate, and lung cancer survivors as well as malignant melanoma survivors have been reported an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Although receiving appropriate cancer screening for secondary cancers is recommended, evidence on CRC screening among different cancer survivors are lacking. Methods: We examined the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, access to care, risk behavior factors, and chronic health conditions in cancer survivors, with up-to-date CRC screening utilization (colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, fecal occult blood test) among breast, cervical, prostate, skin (including melanoma), and lung cancer survivors, using data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and multivariable logistic regressions were applied to assess the association of these characteristics with up-to-date CRC screening use. Results: Among 9,780 cancer survivors included in the analysis, most were age 60-69 years, had first cancer at 41-59 years, were Non-Hispanic White, and had some college or college graduate education. Compared to CRC screening rates in breast, prostate, skin, and lung cancer survivors, cervical cancer survivors had a lower rate of screening at 65% (breast cancer: 82%, prostate cancer: 88%, skin cancer: 78%, and lung cancer: 80%). In multivariable analysis, breast, cervical, and skin cancer survivors aged ≥ 60 years were associated with higher odds of receiving CRC screening compared to adults aged 45-59 years (p-value <0.05). Respondents that had their last routine checkup two or more years prior, had lower odds of having CRC screening among cervical (OR=0.06; 95% CI, 0.02-0.22), prostate (OR=0.26; 95% CI, 0.14-0.49), and skin cancer (OR=0.50; 95% CI, 0.36-0.70) survivors. The presence of one or more chronic diseases were associated with higher odds of having up-to-date CRC screening among breast, prostate, and skin cancer survivors; however, lung cancer survivors with one or two chronic diseases exhibited lower odds of receiving CRC screening (OR=0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.61) compared to respondents without chronic disease. Conclusion: Findings from this study provide important evidence on factors that may be associated with up-to-date CRC screening use across different cancer survivors which include older age, routine checkup, and multiple chronic diseases. Moreover, variations of CRC screening utilization among cancer survivors may highlight missed opportunities for secondary cancer prevention. These findings will inform the importance of secondary cancer prevention in survivorship care plans for breast, cervical, prostate, skin, and lung cancer survivors and effective implementation of these plans through primary health care initiatives. Citation Format: Meng-Han Tsai, Justin X. Moore, Lorriane Odhiambo, Sydney E. Andrzejak, Martha S. Tingen. Colorectal cancer screening utilization among breast, cervical, prostate, skin, and lung cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A121.
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MacDonald, Madeline, Abu-Sayeef Mirza, Rahul Mhaskar, Aldenise Ewing, Liwei Chen, Katherine Robinson, Yuanyuan Lu, et al. "Preventative Cancer Screening Rates Among Uninsured Patients in Free Clinics: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Cancer Survivors and Non-cancer Survivors." Cancer Control 29 (January 2022): 107327482110729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10732748211072983.
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Background There is limited research on screening rates among uninsured cancer survivors. Uninsured cancer survivors are at higher risk of poorer health outcomes than the insured due to limited access to preventative screening for secondary cancers. This study examines the rates of surveillance and screening of uninsured cancer survivors and compares to uninsured patients without a cancer history seen in free clinics. Methods Data were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records and paper charts of patients from 10 free clinics between January 2016 and December 2018 in the Tampa Bay area. The prevalence of socioeconomic characteristics, cancer diagnoses, and screening practices were compared for cancer survivors and free clinic patients without a history of cancer. Study participants were determined to be eligible for cancer screenings based on the United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines. Results Out of 13 982 uninsured patients frequenting free clinics between 2016 and 2018, 402 (2.9%) had a documented history of cancer. Out of the 285 eligible cancer survivors, 44 (15.4%) had completed age-appropriate colon cancer screening. Among the 170 female cancer survivors, 75 (44.1%) had completed breast cancer screenings, and only 5.9% (59/246) had completed cervical cancer screenings. After adjusting for age, gender, race, salary, employment status, and household size, cancer survivors were more likely to undergo colorectal cancer screening (OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 2.10–6.15) and breast cancer screening (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.30–3.84) than patients without a cancer history. This difference was not seen for cervical cancer screening (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: .62–1.58). Conclusions Uninsured cancer survivors frequenting free clinics represent a unique population that is underrepresented in the medical literature. Our results suggest that uninsured survivors use screening services at higher rates when compared to uninsured patients without a reported cancer diagnosis. However, these rates are suboptimal when compared to national screening rates of insured cancer survivors.
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Christe, D. M., S. Vijaya, and K. Tharangini. "Screening for non-communicable diseases." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20200881.
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Background: This study was conducted to enumerate the results of screening for non-communicable diseases in the NCD clinic over a period of one year in a tertiary health centre.Methods: The results from screening tests conducted in the NCD clinic, for detecting hypertension, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and cervical cancer, in Government tertiary care Hospital for Women, Chennai, were recorded. The flowchart and screening methods followed were those recommended by the NHM - NPCDCS. Data thus obtained was analyzed using standard statistical methods.Results: Of 42,519 women screened for common non communicable diseases - hypertension, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and cervical cancer, nearly 5.55% women (n = 2359) had positive results, for any one of the diseases screened. Of 11,708 women screened for diabetes mellitus and 13,971 screened for hypertension, positive results were found in 856 women and 1,216 women respectively. Around 7,568 women were screened for cervical cancer and 175 women tested positive. A large number of 9,272 women were screened for breast cancer and 112 women had positive results. As per the guidelines, women who tested positive for screening tests were referred to the concerned departments in RGGGH.Conclusions: Nearly 42,519 women were screened for common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) - hypertension, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and cervical cancer, and 5.55% women had positive test results for any one of the diseases screened. The screening revealed, 8.7% of women had raised blood pressure, 7.31% had raised blood sugar levels, 1.21% women had positive screening test results for breast cancer, and 2.31% women for cervical cancer.
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Kelly, David Mark, Carla Estaquio, Christophe Léon, Pierre Arwidson, and Hermann Nabi. "Temporal trend in socioeconomic inequalities in the uptake of cancer screening programmes in France between 2005 and 2010: results from the Cancer Barometer surveys." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e016941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016941.
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ObjectivesCancer screening is a form of secondary prevention for a disease which is now the leading cause of death in France. Various socioeconomic indicators have been identified as potential factors for disparities in breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening uptake. We aimed to identify the socioeconomic inequalities, which persisted in screening uptake for these cancers, and to quantify these disparities over a 5-year period.SettingThe Cancer Barometer was a population-based-survey carried out in 2005 and 2010 in France.ParticipantsA randomly selected sample of participants aged 15–85 years (n=3820 in 2005 and n=3727 in 2010) were interviewed on their participation in breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening-programmes and their socioeconomic profile.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFor each type of screening programme, we calculated participation rates, OR and relative inequality indices (RII) for participation, derived from logistic regression of the following socioeconomic variables: income, education, occupation, employment and health insurance. Changes in participation between 2005 and 2010 were then analysed.ResultsParticipation rates for breast and colorectal screening increased significantly among the majority of socioeconomic categories, whereas for cervical cancer screening there were no significant changes between 2005 and 2010. RIIs for income remained significant for cervical smear in 2005 (RII=0.25, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.48) and in 2010 (RII=0.31, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.64). RIIs for education in mammography (RII=0.43, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.98) and cervical smear (RII=0.36, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.64) were significant in 2005 and remained significant for cervical smear (RII=0.40, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.74) in 2010.ConclusionsThere was a persistence of socioeconomic inequalities in the uptake of opportunistic cervical cancer screening. Conversely, organised screening programmes for breast and colorectal cancer saw a reduction in relative socioeconomic inequalities, even though the results were not statistically significant. The findings suggest that organised cancer screening programmes may have the potential to reduce socioeconomic disparities in participation.
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Gürel Köksal, Neslişah, and Mustafa Köksal. "One-year results of the national breast and cervical cancer screening program: Giresun province in the black sea region." Journal of Surgery and Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.28982/josam.7483.
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Background/Aim: Increasing the survival rate of patients with breast and cervical cancers is possible by early diagnosis through screening individuals for cancer in the asymptomatic period. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic period, the possibility of early diagnosis in breast and cervical cancers has decreased due to the decrease in cancer screening applications. The aim of cancer screening is to increase the survival of patients by detecting precancerous lesions early. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the application and results of breast and cervical cancer screening in the Black Sea region’s Giresun province. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The results of patients who were admitted to the Giresun Early Diagnosis Cancer Screening and Education Center between July 1, 2021, and June 28, 2022, were examined. The mammography report results of women aged 40–69 years who applied to the cancer screening center for breast cancer screening, and the HPV and Pap smear results of the patients aged 30–65 years who applied for cervical cancer screening, were evaluated retrospectively through the public health management system. Mammography results were evaluated with BIRADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Dated System) scoring. The type of HPV and the cytology results from cervical swab samples were analyzed for cervical cancer screening. Results: A total of 3567 people underwent mammography. Per the mammography results, the percentage of those with BIRADS 0 was 7.7% (n=278), the percentage of those with BIRADS 1–2 was 91% (n=3256), the percentage of those with BIRADS 4 was 0.7% (n=25), and the percentage of those with BIRADS 5 was 0.14% (n=5). HPV-DNA and cervical cytology examinations were performed for cervical cancer screening in 2326 patients. As a result of cervical cancer screening, HPV positivity was found in 6.44% (n=150) patients, and 14 different HPV types were found in the positive samples. When HPV types were examined, the two most common types were HPV type 16 (13.6%) and type 56 (11.9%). When the HPV types were examined in the positive samples, the two most common types were HPV type 16 (13.6%) and type 56 (11.9%). HPV type 18 was the least detected HPV type in patients (3.7%). When the Pap smear screening results of the 150 cases with positive screening results were examined, 3.33% were ASC-US (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance), 22% were reported as infection, and 62.6% were normal. Conclusion: The role of primary care physicians directing patients registered in their coverage area to cancer screening programs is especially effective in raising society’s awareness and education on the issue. As a result, it is important that primary care physicians and related specialist physicians, together with cancer early detection and screening centers, adopt a supportive stance towards these programs in order for them to be implemented effectively.
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Kihn-Alarcón, Alba J., Juan F. Alvarado-Muñoz, Loida I. Orozco-Fuentes, Erwin Calgua-Guerra, Vicky Fuentes-de Falla, and Angel Velarde. "Years of Potential Life Lost Because of Breast and Cervical Cancers in Guatemala." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00398.
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PURPOSE Worldwide cervical and breast cancers are among the most commonly diagnosed cancers and are leading cause of cancer deaths among females in low- and middle-income countries. In Guatemala, breast and cervical cancers are the main cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the years of potential life lost (YPLL) as an indicator of premature deaths as a result of breast and cervical cancers. METHODS Data on the number of deaths as a result of breast and cervical cancers (International Classification of Diseases [10th revision] codes C50 and C53) between 2012 and 2016 and age composition by quinquennials were retrieved from the Health Information System of the Guatemalan Health Ministry. On the basis of each individual’s age at death, YPLL was estimated for females between 20 and 70 years of age. RESULTS A total of 1,476 deaths related to breast and cervical cancers was reported over the study period. The trend in breast cancer mortality rate and YPLL did not change from 2012 to 2016. The cervical cancer mortality rate has decreased to 10 deaths per 1 million habitants ( P = .046). There has been a reduction in YPLL because of cervical cancer, from 50.18 YPLL in 2012 to 29.19 YPLL by 2016, mainly in women between 30 and 34 years of age, in whom YPLL decreased from 600 to 112.50 ( P = .046). CONCLUSION Cervical cancer screening has significantly reduced the mortality rate of this malignancy, and screening of breast cancer must include creating awareness of the disease and providing access to women at risk.
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Hurtado-de-Mendoza, Alejandra, Sara Gómez-Trillos, Evelyn Arana-Chicas, Francisco Cartujano-Barrera, Silvia Angélica Xinico Ajú, Dejana Braithwaite, Natalia Monsalve, Daniela Morales, Federico Palacardo, and Ana Paula Cupertino. "Cancer Knowledge and Practices Among Indigenous Women in Guatemala." JCO Global Oncology 6, Supplement_1 (July 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.58000.
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PURPOSE Guatemala, a low- and middle-income country, has some of the poorest worldwide health indicators, including a high cancer incidence. We explored general cancer knowledge and breast and cervical cancer screening practices among Indigenous women in Lake Atitlán, Guatemala. METHODS We conducted 14 in-person, semistructured interviews and one focus group with 5 traditional midwives (comadronas). All participants were Mayan women from a rural community in Lake Atitlán (median age, 43.5 years; range, 18-72 years). The interviews and focus group were conducted in the participant’s preferred language, Spanish or Kaqchikel. Three coders analyzed the data using a process of inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Participants had little knowledge and awareness about cancer in general, including screening and prevention. They associated the term cancer with death. Most had more knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors and screening compared with breast cancer. Participants voiced misinformation that breast cancer is caused by bad breast milk and that screenings for cervical cancer involve a hysterectomy. The terms uterine, ovarian, and cervical cancer were used interchangeably. None of the participants had ever been screened for breast cancer and all participants reported not knowing anyone who had been screened in the community. Some participants reported having received pap smears in the past. Major barriers reported include the cost and travel to health institutions and fear that the procedures may hurt. There was a strong preference for female doctors to conduct screenings given stigma. Participants reported experiencing discrimination and language barriers when attending hospitals. Participants mostly relied on family members and natural traditional medicine when they felt sick. Community and family support seemed to be key for health-seeking behaviors. CONCLUSION Findings highlight the lack of knowledge, limited screening practices, and numerous barriers among Mayan women in Guatemala. Efforts should focus on health promotion through educational workshops and increased accessibility to health services.
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Oladeru, Oluwadamilola Temilade, Sung Jun Ma, Joseph Miccio, Katy Wang, Kristopher Attwood, Anurag K. Singh, Daphne A. Haas-Kogan, and Paula M. Neira. "Breast and cervical cancer screening disparities among transgender patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 7024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.7024.
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7024 Background: Over a million Americans identify themselves as transgender and this population is growing. Transgender status was a pre-existing condition prior to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and transgender individuals faced unique disparities in gender-specific cancer screening in part due to discrimination in health insurance coverage. Modern literature for transgender adults’ adherence to cancer screening is limited. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a cross sectional study to investigate transgender individuals’ self-reported adherence to cancer screening and access to primary care compared to cisgender individuals. Methods: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System database was queried for transgender (either male-to-female [MTF] or female-to-male [FTM]) and cisgender adults from 2014-2016 and 2018. Primary endpoints were adherence to breast and cervical cancer screening guidelines and access to primary health care. Those with prior hysterectomy, breast and cervical cancer were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of transgender status with cancer screening and healthcare access, after adjusting for demographic characteristics and survey weights. Results: A total of 219,665 and 206,446 participants were eligible for breast and cervical cancer screening, respectively. Of those, 614 (0.28%) and 587 (0.29%) transgender participants were eligible for each cancer screening type, respectively, representing a weighted estimate of nearly 200,000 transgender participants total. When compared to cisgender counterparts, transgender participants were less likely to adhere to breast cancer screening (FTM: OR 0.47, p < 0.001; MTF: OR 0.04, p < 0.001) and to have received any breast cancer screening (FTM: OR 0.32, p < 0.001; MTF: OR 0.02, p < 0.001). Similarly, FTM participants were less likely to adhere to cervical cancer screening (OR 0.42, p < 0.001) and to have received any cervical cancer screening (OR 0.26, p < 0.001). In addition, transgender participants were more likely to have no primary care physician (FTM: OR 0.79, p < 0.001; MTF: OR 0.58, p < 0.001) and to be unable to see a physician when needed within the past year due to medical cost (FTM: OR 1.44, p < 0.001; MTF: OR 1.36, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Despite the implementation of the ACA, limited primary care access and poor adherence to breast and cervical cancer screening are evident for transgender populations. Further research efforts to improve the utilization of preventive cancer services are needed for this underserved population.
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Saunders, Catherine L., Efthalia Massou, Jo Waller, Catherine Meads, Laura AV Marlow, and Juliet A. Usher-Smith. "Cervical screening attendance and cervical cancer risk among women who have sex with women." Journal of Medical Screening 28, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141320987271.
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Objectives To describe cervical cancer screening participation among women who have sex exclusively with women (WSEW) and women who have sex with women and men (WSWM) compared with women who have sex exclusively with men (WSEM), and women who have never had sex and compare this with bowel (colorectal) and breast screening participation. To explore whether there is evidence of differential stage 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN3) or cervical cancer risk. Methods We describe cervical, bowel and breast cancer screening uptake in age groups eligible for the national screening programmes, prevalent CIN3 and cervical cancer at baseline, and incident CIN3 and cervical cancer at five years follow-up, among 218,674 women in UK Biobank, a cohort of healthy volunteers from the UK. Results Compared with WSEM, in adjusted analysis [odds ratio (95% confidence interval)], WSEW 0.10 (0.08–0.13), WSWM 0.73 (0.58–0.91), and women who have never had sex 0.02 (0.01–0.02) were less likely to report ever having attended cervical screening. There were no differences when considering bowel cancer screening uptake ( p = 0.61). For breast cancer screening, attendance was lower among WSWM 0.79 (0.68 to 0.91) and women who have never had sex 0.47 (0.29–0.58), compared with WSEM. There were incident and prevalent cases of both CIN3 and cervical cancer among WSEW and WSWM. Compared with WSEM with a single male partner, among WSEW there was a twofold increase in CIN3 1.91 (1.01 to 3.59); among WSWM with only one male partner, this was 2.25 (1.19 to 4.24). Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of improving uptake of cervical screening among all women who have sex with women and breast screening among WSWM and women who have never had sex.
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Bowie, Janice V., Barbara A. Curbow, Mary A. Garza, Erin K. Dreyling, Lisa A. Benz Scott, and Karen A. Mcdonnell. "A Review of Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Interventions in Older Women." Cancer Control 12, no. 4_suppl (November 2005): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073274805012004s09.
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Although cancer-screening guidelines recommend periodic testing for women 50 years of age and older, these tests are underused. A search of databases identified 156 community-based breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening intervention studies published before April 2003. Most were conducted in the United States. More than half used randomization procedures or pre-post measures, and one third used both. Most reported significant intervention effects. Cervical and combined cervical and breast studies had higher rates of pre-post designs, and breast studies had the highest percentage using randomization. Although effective community-based breast and cervical interventions have been conducted, there is an urgent need for amplification of colorectal cancer screening.
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Bauer, Cici, Kehe Zhang, Qian Xiao, Jiachen Lu, Young-Rock Hong, and Ryan Suk. "County-Level Social Vulnerability and Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates in the US, 2018." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 9 (September 27, 2022): e2233429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.33429.
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ImportanceArea-level factors have been identified as important social determinants of health (SDoH) that impact many health-related outcomes. Less is known about how the social vulnerability index (SVI), as a scalable composite score, can multidimensionally explain the population-based cancer screening program uptake at a county level.ObjectiveTo examine the geographic variation of US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)–recommended breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates and the association between county-level SVI and the 3 screening rates.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cross-sectional study used county-level information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s PLACES and SVI data sets from 2018 for 3141 US counties. Analyses were conducted from October 2021 to February 2022.ExposuresSocial vulnerability index score categorized in quintiles.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was county-level rates of USPSTF guideline-concordant, up-to-date breast, cervical, and colorectal screenings. Odds ratios were calculated for each cancer screening by SVI quintile as unadjusted (only accounting for eligible population per county) or adjusted for urban-rural status, percentage of uninsured adults, and primary care physician rate per 100 000 residents.ResultsAcross 3141 counties, county-level cancer screening rates showed regional disparities ranging from 54.0% to 81.8% for breast cancer screening, from 69.9% to 89.7% for cervical cancer screening, and from 39.8% to 74.4% for colorectal cancer screening. The multivariable regression model showed that a higher SVI was significantly associated with lower odds of cancer screening, with the lowest odds in the highest SVI quintile. When comparing the highest quintile of SVI (SVI-Q5) with the lowest quintile of SVI (SVI-Q1), the unadjusted odds ratio was 0.86 (95% posterior credible interval [CrI], 0.84-0.87) for breast cancer screening, 0.80 (95% CrI, 0.79-0.81) for cervical cancer screening, and 0.72 (95% CrI, 0.71-0.73) for colorectal cancer screening. When fully adjusted, the odds ratio was 0.92 (95% CrI, 0.90-0.93) for breast cancer screening, 0.87 (95% CrI, 0.86-0.88) for cervical cancer screening, and 0.86 (95% CrI, 0.85-0.88) for colorectal cancer screening, showing slightly attenuated associations.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, regional disparities were found in cancer screening rates at a county level. Quantifying how SVI associates with each cancer screening rate could provide insight into the design and focus of future interventions targeting cancer prevention disparities.
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Swenson, Wade T., John M. Lindblom, and John Reber. "The effect of cancer awareness month campaigns on internet search volume and incidence of cancer diagnoses." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e17512-e17512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e17512.
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e17512 Background: Cancer awareness month campaigns are a health promotion tool used to increase public awareness about a specific cancer, its prevention, and treatment. Cancer awareness month campaigns could be most impactful in promoting awareness of cancers for which established screening guidelines exist. Currently, the United States Preventive Task Force endorses screening the general population for colon, cervical and breast cancers. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of campaigns by identifying internet search volume and monthly cancer diagnoses. Methods: GoogleTrends was utilized to identify the relative monthly volume of search terms from 2004 to 2009 as a proxy for public awareness. Search trends for“breast cancer”, “colon cancer”, and “cervical cancer” were analyzed and an average monthly search volume index (SVI) was determined. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) data was analyzed during the same time period. These data were compared using Pearson's correlation coefficient and the chi square test for seasonality. The monthly trends were compared to corresponding cancer awareness month campaigns (breast cancer-October, colon cancer-March, cervical cancer-January). Results: Internet search volume was highest for colon cancer and breast cancer in the respective cancer awareness campaign months. The frequencies of breast cancer and colon cancer diagnoseswere not significantly higher in the respective cancer awareness months. Cervical cancer search volume and cancer diagnoses did not correlate with awareness campaign months. Search volume and cancer diagnoses were not well correlated for breast cancer (r=0.089) or cervical cancer (r=0.228); however, they were significantly correlated for colon cancer (r=0.386; p-value=0.0008). Conclusions: Cancer awareness month campaigns appear to raise public awareness as estimated by internet search volume for breast cancer and colon cancer. Cervical cancer awareness month campaigns do not have the same effect. There is no significant correlation between cancer awareness campaign months and cancer diagnosis incidence for either breast cancer or cervical cancer, whereas there is a significant correlation for colon cancer.
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Han, Jayoung, Paiboon Jungsuwadee, Olufunmilola Abraham, and Dongwoo Ko. "Shared Decision-Making and Women’s Adherence to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screenings." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071509.
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We examined the effect of shared decision-making (SDM) on women’s adherence to breast and cervical cancer screenings and estimated the prevalence and adherence rate of screenings. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design using the 2017 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) data collected by the National Cancer Institute. Adherence was defined based on the guidelines from the American Cancer Society and the composite measure of shared decision-making was constructed using three items in the data. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the association between the SDM and adherence, controlling for cancer beliefs and socio-demographic variables. The analysis included 742 responses. Weighted to represent the U.S. population, 68.1% adhered to both breast and cervical cancer screening guidelines. The composite measure of SDM was reliable (α = 0.85), and a higher SDM score was associated with women’s screening adherence (b = 0.17; p = 0.009). There were still women who did not receive cancer screenings as recommended. The results suggest that the use of the SDM approach for healthcare professionals’ communication with patients can improve screening adherence.
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Roznovjak, David, Andrew Petroll, Anne Lakatos, Raj Narayan, and Chandler Scott Cortina. "Perceptions towards breast and cervical cancer development and screening in transgender and nonbinary persons." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e18500-e18500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e18500.
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e18500 Background: Approximately 1.4 million adult Americans identify as transgender (TG) or non-binary (NB), a number that has steadily increased over time. In this population, cancer risk is unclear, and screening and treatment guidelines are lacking. We sought to assess TG and NB persons’ perceptions towards breast and cervical cancer screening, risk of cancer development, and thoughts towards gender-affirming hormone therapy in the setting of a hormone-receptor positive breast cancer. Methods: A single-institution online survey was administered from October 2021-January 2022 at our comprehensive LGBTQ+ Inclusion Health Clinic. Participants with female sex at birth were asked about breast and cervical cancer, while those assigned male sex at birth were exclusively asked about breast cancer. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess attitudes toward cancer screening and concerns regarding cancer development. Results: 40 patient responses were collected: 13% were TG women, 45% TG men, 23% NB, and 20% identified as other (i.e., agender, genderqueer, etc). 71% were assigned female sex at birth (59% of whom had chest masculinization surgery), 27% were assigned male sex at birth, and one individual was intersex at birth. 52.5% were age < 30, 84% were Caucasian, 65% had at least a bachelor’s degree, and all but one respondent had health insurance. The majority reported they were not familiar with breast (77%) or cervical (60%) cancer screening recommendations for their sex-assigned at birth or current gender identity. 23% reported concern regarding breast cancer development and cited family history as the primary reason. In patients age > 40, 50% had a mammogram (MMG) in the past 10 years. When presented with information regarding screening MMG and automated breast ultrasonography (ABUS), 78% reported they would prefer ABUS over MMG for breast cancer screening. 84% of respondents were currently using or had previously used gender-affirming hormone therapy, and of these, 61% reported they would stop therapy in the event they developed a hormone-receptor positive breast cancer. In patients assigned female sex at birth, 25% had a hysterectomy and, in those who still had a cervix, 50% reported having a Pap smear in the past 5 years and 38% were concerned about cervical cancer development. Conclusions: This survey identified that > 60% of TG and NB individuals are unaware of breast and cervical cancer screening guidelines, > 20% are concerned about breast and cervical cancer development, and < 50% of patients eligible for breast and cervical cancer screening had undergone screening in recent years. Additionally, in the setting of a hormone-receptor positive breast cancer, only 61% would consider stopping gender-affirming hormone therapy. Further data on the risk of breast and cervical cancer development and incidence in TG and NB persons is needed to inform optimal screening and treatment guidelines.
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Roznovjak, David, Andrew Petroll, Anne Lakatos, Raj Narayan, and Chandler Scott Cortina. "Perceptions towards breast and cervical cancer development and screening in transgender and nonbinary persons." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e18500-e18500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e18500.
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e18500 Background: Approximately 1.4 million adult Americans identify as transgender (TG) or non-binary (NB), a number that has steadily increased over time. In this population, cancer risk is unclear, and screening and treatment guidelines are lacking. We sought to assess TG and NB persons’ perceptions towards breast and cervical cancer screening, risk of cancer development, and thoughts towards gender-affirming hormone therapy in the setting of a hormone-receptor positive breast cancer. Methods: A single-institution online survey was administered from October 2021-January 2022 at our comprehensive LGBTQ+ Inclusion Health Clinic. Participants with female sex at birth were asked about breast and cervical cancer, while those assigned male sex at birth were exclusively asked about breast cancer. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess attitudes toward cancer screening and concerns regarding cancer development. Results: 40 patient responses were collected: 13% were TG women, 45% TG men, 23% NB, and 20% identified as other (i.e., agender, genderqueer, etc). 71% were assigned female sex at birth (59% of whom had chest masculinization surgery), 27% were assigned male sex at birth, and one individual was intersex at birth. 52.5% were age < 30, 84% were Caucasian, 65% had at least a bachelor’s degree, and all but one respondent had health insurance. The majority reported they were not familiar with breast (77%) or cervical (60%) cancer screening recommendations for their sex-assigned at birth or current gender identity. 23% reported concern regarding breast cancer development and cited family history as the primary reason. In patients age > 40, 50% had a mammogram (MMG) in the past 10 years. When presented with information regarding screening MMG and automated breast ultrasonography (ABUS), 78% reported they would prefer ABUS over MMG for breast cancer screening. 84% of respondents were currently using or had previously used gender-affirming hormone therapy, and of these, 61% reported they would stop therapy in the event they developed a hormone-receptor positive breast cancer. In patients assigned female sex at birth, 25% had a hysterectomy and, in those who still had a cervix, 50% reported having a Pap smear in the past 5 years and 38% were concerned about cervical cancer development. Conclusions: This survey identified that > 60% of TG and NB individuals are unaware of breast and cervical cancer screening guidelines, > 20% are concerned about breast and cervical cancer development, and < 50% of patients eligible for breast and cervical cancer screening had undergone screening in recent years. Additionally, in the setting of a hormone-receptor positive breast cancer, only 61% would consider stopping gender-affirming hormone therapy. Further data on the risk of breast and cervical cancer development and incidence in TG and NB persons is needed to inform optimal screening and treatment guidelines.
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Kedar, Ashwini, Roopa Hariprasad, Vipin Kumar, Kavitha Dhanasekaran, and Ravi Mehrotra. "Association of metabolic NCD risk factors with oral, breast and cervical precancers and cancers in India." Family Medicine and Community Health 7, no. 4 (October 2019): e000180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2019-000180.
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ObjectiveTo find an association between metabolic non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors (high blood pressure (BP), high random blood sugar (RBS) and overweight /obesity) and oral, breast, cervical cancers/precancerous or potentially malignant conditions.DesignThis is an observational study using convenience sampling. The participants were screened through opportunistic or population-based screening.SettingThe study was conducted at a health promotion clinic (HPC) located in Northern India under the Indian Council of Medical Research. HPC is a screening clinic where screening is done for hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and oral, breast and cervical cancers. The study was conducted between December 2016 and January 2019.ParticipantThe number of participants screened was 8352 (6712 women and 1640 men). All consenting men and women above 18 years were included. All participants were screened for oral cancer, DM, HT and obesity. All women were also screened for breast and cervical cancers. Cervical screening was done for non-pregnant women 21 years and above with history of sexual activity.ResultOral potentially malignant disease (OPMD) was the most prevalent, followed by breast cancer, oral cancer, cervical cancer and cervical precancer. High RBS had a strong association with oral cancer (OR=2.29, 95% CI 1.09 to 4.82, p=0.03) and breast cancer (OR=1.95, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.76, p=0.05). High BP had a strong association with breast cancer (OR=2.50, 95% CI 1.43 to 4.35, p<0.0001). An inverse association was noted between oral cancer and overweight/obesity (OR=0.20, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.48, p<0.0001). Current tobacco use was strongly associated with oral cancer (OR=6.51, 95% CI 3.63 to 11.67, p<0.0001) and OPMD (OR=9.82, 95% CI 8.13 to 11.86, p<0.0001). No association was elicited between the metabolic NCD risk factors and cervical cancer/precancer.ConclusionsThe study reaffirms that NCD metabolic risk factors determine oral and breast cancers. Besides NCD risk factors, current tobacco use was a strong determinant of OPMD and oral cancer. Hence, primary and primordial prevention measures to control NCD metabolic risk factors and tobacco use should move along with secondary prevention of breast and oral cancers.
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Gram, Inger Torhild. "Aspects of breast and cervical cancer screening." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 73, no. 2 (January 1994): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016349409013424.
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Carter, Stacy M., Jane Williams, Lisa Parker, Kristen Pickles, Gemma Jacklyn, Lucie Rychetnik, and Alexandra Barratt. "Screening for Cervical, Prostate, and Breast Cancer." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49, no. 2 (August 2015): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.009.
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Hysell, Kristen, Wei He, Yuchiao Chang, Scott Dryden-Peterson, and Virginia A. Triant. "325. Cancer Screening Disparities among Persons Living with HIV (PLWH)." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.398.
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Abstract Background Cancer is now the leading cause of mortality for persons living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States, but it is uncertain whether PLWH access cancer screening that could lower this burden. We sought to assess cancer screening for breast, cervical, and colon cancer among PLWH compared with the HIV-uninfected population at a multicenter healthcare system over the past two decades. Methods Data were obtained from a prospective, observational HIV clinical care cohort comprised of PLWH engaged in care in the Partners Healthcare System. Patients eligible for cancer screening between the years 2002 and 2016 were included. Patients were matched in a maximum of 1:4 ratio with HIV-uninfected patients from the Massachusetts General Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network based on age, sex, race, year of study entry, and length of follow-up. The mean proportion of time in which eligible patients were guideline concordant for cervical, breast, and colon cancer screening was assessed. Non-parametric tests were used to compared screening rates between PLWH and HIV-infected and on the basis of multiple clinical and sociodemographic factors. Results During the observation period, a total of 495 PLWH were eligible for breast cancer screening, 1011 for cervical cancer screening, and 1965 for colon cancer screening. For each screening group, the majority of PLWH were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and had relatively high CD4 cell counts (Table 1). Screening rates for PLWH compared with controls were 67.3% vs. 82.8% (P < 0.0001) for breast cancer, 49.0% vs. 73.3% (P < 0.0001) for cervical cancer, and 92.7% vs. 91.2% (P = 0.96) for colon cancer (Figure 1). Among PLWH, factors significantly associated with lower rates of screening guideline concordance were older age, lower CD4 count, HIV-1 RNA >1000 copies/mL, and HIV duration < 5 years for breast cancer, and older age, white race, English language, and lack of ART use for cervical cancer. Conclusion Among patients engaged in longitudinal care, PLWH had significantly lower rates of screening for breast and cervical cancer than HIV-uninfected. Disparity is not explained by racial or primary language differences. Further work to improve access to cancer screening for PLWH is needed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Omotoso, Olabode Ebenezer, Ghadier Matariek, Elizabeth F. Omotoso, Amira Matareek, Ghada M. Abdul-Rafee, Sucheta Malakar, and Nabanita Chutia. "Practice of Breast Self-Examination and Knowledge of Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening." SciMedicine Journal 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/scimedj-2021-0303-3.
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The burden of breast and cervical cancer is increasing exponentially, especially among women in low- and mid-income countries. Early detection, hinged on screening uptake is a key to higher survival rate and managing cancer outcome. The present study assessed Nigerians and Egyptians’ knowledge of breast self-examination (BSE) and breast and cervical cancer screening. A cross-sectional questionnaire was utilized to obtain 1,006 respondents via a convenient sampling method. The mean age of respondents was 30.43 ± 6.69. About one-third of participants had good knowledge (> 66%) of breast cancer screening (42%), cervical cancer screening (44%) and BSE practice (36%). Age range (26–40 years), educational level (tertiary), and marital status were demographic data that influenced knowledge level. The screening uptake among the studied population is very poor as only (11%) had ever been screened and only (2.2%) ever vaccinated. The major reasons for poor screening uptake were “no awareness of where to be screened” and “no symptoms”. Assessing the knowledge and uptake level of African women through studies like this is crucial in identifying the loopholes in the fight against cancer. More efforts are required for promoting the utilization of cancer screening services, HPV vaccination, and BSE practice among African women. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0303-3 Full Text: PDF
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Barsouk, Adam, Kalyan Saginala, John Sukumar Aluru, Prashanth Rawla, and Alexander Barsouk. "US Cancer Screening Recommendations: Developments and the Impact of COVID-19." Medical Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medsci10010016.
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The USPSTF and ACS recommend screening for breast, cervical, colorectal, and lung cancers. Rates of cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment decreased significantly in the US and other developed nations during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown (April 2020) and have since recovered, although not to baseline levels in many cases. For breast cancer, the USPSTF recommends biennial screening with mammography for women aged 50–74, while the ACS recommends annual screening for women aged 45–54, who may transition to biennial after 55. Minority and rural populations have lower rates of screening and lower utilization of DBT, which offers superior sensitivity and specificity. Among 20 US health networks in April 2020, mammography rates were down 89.2% and new breast cancer diagnoses down by 50.5%. For cervical cancer, the USPSTF recommends cervical cytology every three years for women 21–65, or cytology+hrHPV co-testing every five years for women aged 30–65. Cervical cancer screening rates declined by 87% in April 2020 and recovered to a 40% decline by June 2020, with American Indians and Asians most severely affected. For colorectal cancer (CRC), the USPSTF and ACS recommend screening for ages 45–75, recently lowered from a starting age of 50. Most commonly-used modalities include annual FIT testing, FIT+DNA testing every three years, and colonoscopy every ten years, with shorter repeat if polyps are found. In the US, CRC screenings were down by 79–84.5% in April 2020 across several retrospective studies. Patient encounters for CRC were down by 39.9%, and a UK-based model predicted that 5-year-survival would decrease by 6.4%. The USPSTF recommends screening low dose CT scans (LDCTs) for ages 50–80 with a >20 pack-year smoking history who have smoked within the past 15 years. In April 2020, screening LDCTs fell by 72–78% at one US institution and lung cancer diagnoses were down 39.1%.
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Prunoiu, Virgiliu Mihail, Oana Şaptefraţi, Rossana Iuliana Brătucu, Cristina Şaptefraţi, Eugen Bratucu, A. Grigorescu, and Maria Manuela Răvaş. "National screening for cervical cancer. Preliminary experience for breast cancer screening." Oncolog-Hematolog.ro 4, no. 49 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/onhe.49.4.2019.2741.
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Herriges, Michael Joseph, Ruben Pinkhasov, Keren Lehavot, Oleg Shapiro, Joseph M. Jacob, Thomas Sanford, Nick Liu, Gennady Bratslavsky, and Hanan Goldberg. "The association of sexual orientation with prostate, breast, and cervical cancer screening and diagnosis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.129.
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129 Background: Data on heterogeneity in cancer screening and diagnosis rates among lesbians/gays and bisexuals is lacking. Recent studies showed that lesbians/gays and bisexuals have decreased healthcare utilization compared to heterosexual counterparts and continue to experience discrimination in healthcare. Few studies have examined how sexual orientation impacts cancer screening and prevalence. We, therefore, investigated the association between sexual orientation and prevalent sex-specific cancer including prostate, breast, and cervical cancer. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey-based US study, including men and women aged 18+ from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) database between 2017-2019. The primary endpoint was individual-reported prostate, breast, and cervical cancer screening and prevalence rates among heterosexual and LGB men and women. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed association of various covariates with undergoing screening and diagnosis of these cancers. Results: Overall, 4,441 and 6,333 heterosexual men and women, respectively, were compared to 225 and 213 lesbian/gay and bisexual men and women, respectively. Lesbians/gays and bisexuals were younger and less likely to be screened for prostate, breast, and cervical cancer than heterosexuals. A higher proportion of heterosexual women than lesbian and bisexual women were screened for cervical cancer with pap smears (95.36% vs. 90.48% and 86.11%, p = < 0.001) and breast cancer with mammograms (80.74% vs. 63.81% and 45.37%, p = < 0.001). Similarly, a higher proportion of heterosexual men than gay and bisexual men were screened for prostate cancer with PSA blood tests (41.27% vs. 30.53% and 27.58%, p = < 0.001). Conclusions: Lesbians/gays and bisexuals in the US may be less likely to undergo screening of sex-specific prevalent malignancies, including prostate, breast, and cervical cancer. Healthcare professionals should be encouraged to improve cancer screening among lesbians/gays and bisexuals.
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Dewi, Rai Rosita Candra, Ika Widi Astuti, and I. Gusti Ayu Pramitaresthi. "GAMBARAN DUKUNGAN SUAMI TERHADAP DETEKSI DINI KANKER SERVIKS DI DESA TUMBAK BAYUH WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS MENGWI II BADUNG." Coping: Community of Publishing in Nursing 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/coping.2022.v10.i01.p09.
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Cervical cancer is the second killer cancer of women after breast cancer. The high mortality rate due to cervical cancer is caused by the low coverage of cervical cancer screening. One of the factors that influence cervical cancer screening is the husband’s support. This research aims to describe the husband’s support for cervical cancer screening. It was descriptive quantitative research. It applied the purposive sampling technique with a sample of 100 respondents. The data were collected using an online questionnaire and analyzed using univariate analysis. The results obtained that respondents who had done cervical cancer screening were 72%, but only 30% did it routinely. Husband’s support for cervical cancer screening was in a good category, namely 72%. It consists of four sub-sections. It was the informational support in the poor category (77%) and the rest were assessment support (65%), emotional support (81%), and instrumental support (83%) in the good category. The conclusion is most of the respondents had done their cervical cancer screening, but most of them did it not routinely. Husband’s support for cervical cancer screening was mostly in the good category. Education regarding cervical cancer screening's importance to prevent morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer, should not only targets women but also their husbands. Thus, husbands can provide support to their wives to do cervical cancer screening regularly.
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Carnahan, Leslie R., Chibuzor Abalsalim, Jeanette Santana González, Mari Goudy, Hunter Holt, Jessica Madrigal, Thrishka McKinnor, et al. "Abstract B020: “Access to these screenings have been a gift”: A mixed methods assessment of a community navigation program for breast and cervical in the era of COVID-19." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): B020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-b020.
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Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated health inequities among systematically marginalized populations. At the onset of the pandemic, routine cancer screenings were effectively halted; from March to May 2021, there was a deficit of 9.3 million screens. Early evidence suggests that non-White patients, compared to White, have experienced even greater declines in breast and cervical cancer screenings. Consequences of missed or late screenings include later stage diagnosis and poor outcomes. Community navigation programs have been used to promote engagement in cancer screenings in under-resourced communities, but these too were interrupted as restrictions were put in place to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.Objective: To use a mixed methods approach to describe the challenges, strengths, and lessons learned of implementing a community navigation program for breast and cervical cancer screening during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In 2019, The University of Illinois Cancer Screening, Access, Awareness, and Navigation (UI CAAN) intervention was established to address breast and cervical cancer disparities on Chicago’s West side, an area with large Black and Latinx populations. The intervention included community navigators who worked in partnership with community-based safety net hospitals and organizations. Participants were recruited at community events and through clinical referrals and were eligible if they were overdue for a guideline concordant breast or cervical cancer screening. Quantitative navigation and screening data were collected by the navigators in a REDCap database. Qualitative data, four focus groups with participants and partners, were also collected to broaden our understanding of impact of COVID-19 on the community navigation intervention. For these analyses, we describe participants’ navigation and screening outcomes and use content analysis methods for the focus groups. We then triangulate the findings to understand the challenges, strengths, and lessons learned of the UI CAAN. Results: From 2019-2022, a total of 366 individuals were navigated for breast and cervical cancer screenings. Of these, 68% (n = 248) received a breast and/or cervical cancer screening. Among those who were screened, 75% were Latinx and 23% were Black, 92% were uninsured, and 86% did not have a primary care provider. Concerning services received, 30% had a mammogram and a pap smear, 37% a pap smear only, and 33% a mammogram only. At the height of the pandemic, navigators coordinated with community and clinical partners to deliver 500 meals, held 9 PPE distribution events, distributed 3000 masks, and conducted 2 webinars about COVID-19. Conclusion: Despite the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, the UI CAAN community navigation program was able to shift its efforts at the height of the pandemic to assist its community and clinical partners. The continued collaboration allowed for a successful resumption of navigation and screening efforts once healthcare systems were able to re-engage patients in cancer screenings. Citation Format: Leslie R. Carnahan, Chibuzor Abalsalim, Jeanette Santana González, Mari Goudy, Hunter Holt, Jessica Madrigal, Thrishka McKinnor, Tigist Mersha, Theresa Mobley, Maria Olivero, Mary Rinder, Barbara Williams, Vida Henderson. “Access to these screenings have been a gift”: A mixed methods assessment of a community navigation program for breast and cervical in the era of COVID-19 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B020.
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Lee, Marion, Florence Lee, and Susan Stewart. "Pathways to Early Breast and Cervical Detection for Chinese American Women." Health Education Quarterly 23, no. 1_suppl (December 1996): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819602301s07.
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The authors used telephone interviews to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding breast and cervical cancer screening among 775 Chinese American women in San Francisco. The rates of ever had a mammogram, ever had a clinical breast examination, and ever examined one's breasts among women aged 40 and older were 70%, 75% and 70%, respectively. The rates of ever had a Pap smear and ever had a pelvic examination were 67% and 85%, respectively. However, the rates of having had these cancer screening tests at regular intervals were much lower (25% for mammograms, 37% for Pap smears). Ability to speak English and insurance status were significantly associated with breast and cervical cancer screening knowledge and practices. Further analysis of the data, together with the data collected from a survey on physicians serving this population, will provide a basis for future interventions.
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Olson, A. L., T. Bevers, M. Guzman, R. L. Theriault, G. N. Hortobagyi, and K. M. Hahn. "Cervical and colorectal cancer screening among breast cancer (BrCa) survivors followed in either a breast center (BC) or a breast survivorship clinic (SvC) at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e20506-e20506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e20506.
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e20506 Background: An essential component of cancer survivorship care includes the prevention and early detection of new cancers. We sought to determine if documentation of appropriate cervical and/or colon cancer screening differed between BrCa survivors followed in our BC (patients < 5 yrs from diagnosis of invasive BrCa or with active BrCa issues) and those seen in our SvC (patients with history of DCIS or ≥ 5 yrs from invasive BrCa diagnosis). Methods: IRB approval was obtained for this retrospective study. 5,982 BrCa survivors were seen for follow-up in our BC or SvC between 7/1/05 and 12/31/06. 2,811 BC patients and 1191 SvC patients (total = 4,002) met inclusion criteria: 1) not receiving chemotherapy, radiation, or undergoing surgical evaluation; 2) no evidence of recurrent BrCa; 3) ≥ 12 months from BrCa diagnosis, 4) no active GYN or GI complaints. Results: BrCa survivors followed our SvC were significantly more likely to have provider documentation of both cervical and colon cancer screening than those followed in our BC (72% versus 22.7%, and 68.4% versus 14.5%, respectively; both p values <0.001). Although nursing documentation of cervical cancer screening is required in both centers, SvC patients were more likely to have this documented than those in the BC (95.3% versus 56.5%, respectively; p <0.001). Nursing documentation of colon cancer screening is required in SvC (84.2% documented) but not in the BC (3.5% documented). Conclusions: BrCa survivors receiving care in our survivorship clinic were more likely to have nursing or provider documentation of cervical and/or colon cancer screening. Strategies that trigger documentation of non-BrCa screening take advantage of the “teachable moment” during a routine visit- thereby promoting the long-term health of cancer survivors. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Toyoda, Yasuhiro, Takahiro Tabuchi, Hitomi Hama, Toshitaka Morishima, and Isao Miyashiro. "Trends in clinical stage distribution and screening detection of cancer in Osaka, Japan: Stomach, colorectum, lung, breast and cervix." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244644.
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We examined clinical stage distribution and proportion of screen-detected cases of stomach, colorectal, lung, female breast and cervical cancer by sex and age group using Osaka Cancer Registry data from 2000–2014. The proportion of local or in situ stage cancer had increased for all age groups in all sites, except stomach cancer in the 0–49 years group and female breast cancer in the 80 years and older group. The proportion of screen-detected cases had increased during the study period for all age groups in all cancer sites. While the proportion increased noticeably in the younger groups, there was only a slight increase in the older groups. Regarding stomach, colorectal and lung cancers, the proportion of local and in situ stage had similarly increased in the 65–79 years and 80 years and older age groups compared with younger groups, despite lower exposure to cancer screening. Regarding breast and cervical cancers, the increases in local and in situ cancer paralleled the increase in screen-detected cases. These findings suggest that the increases in early stage stomach, colorectal and lung cancers might be due not only to the expansion of screening programs but also the development of clinical diagnostic imaging or other reasons. The increases in local and in situ stage breast and cervical cancers seemed to be due to the expansion of screening. Continued monitoring of trends in cancer incidence by clinical stage may be helpful for estimating the effectiveness of screening.
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Mohamed, Amel Abd-Elazim, Hanan Elzeblawy Hassan, Wafaa Mostafa Ahmed Gamel, and Ahmed Emadeldin Arafa. "Awareness about breast and cervical cancers among nursing students in Beni-Suef University." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 9, no. 5 (January 15, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v9n5p44.
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Background and objective: Breast and cervical cancers represent a public health concern since they result in high mortality and disability rates. The aim of our study was to assess the knowledge of nursing students in Beni-Suef University about both Breast and cervical.Subjects and methods: A total of 500 students representing all scholastic years from the Technical Institute of Nursing (both 2 years of post-high school nursing education), Beni-Suef University, Egypt, participated in this study that was conducted during the 1st semester of the academic year 2017/2018. The knowledge of the students was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The assessment included knowledge of students about 4 aspects; risk factors, manifestations, screening, and management of breast and cervical cancers.Results: The mean age of the students was 19.2 ± 0.7 years, and most of them (77.6%) were females. Precisely, 43% had optimal knowledge about breast cancer; 43.8% risk factors, 52.4% manifestations, 27.8% screening, and 48% management, while only 29% of students had optimal knowledge about cervical cancer; 21.8% risk factors, 38.2% manifestations, 12.4% screening, and 43.6% management. None of the studied personal characteristics showed association with the knowledge of students whether regarding breast or cervical cancers (p > .05). Healthcare givers, TV, and the Internet were the most commonly reported sources of knowledge about breast and cervical cancers: 42%, 33.2%, and 21.2%, respectively.Conclusion and recommendations: Students lacked the required knowledge about breast and cervical cancers. In particular, knowledge scores of students about screening for both cancers were the lowest. Further studies should focus on improving the knowledge of nursing students using awareness programs or educational modules.
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Pariser, Ada, Kelly A. Hirko, Gladys M. Muñoz, Gladys Pico-Gleason, Chelsea Robinson, and Jean M. Kerver. "Barriers to Access for Cervical and Breast Cancer Screenings Among Female Latinx Migrant Farmworkers in the US: A Scoping Literature Review." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 13 (January 2022): 215013192110732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501319211073252.
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Identification of barriers to cancer screening among female migrant farmworkers is needed to inform intervention development and healthcare policy. Thus, our purpose was to systematically review and summarize findings from prior studies of barriers faced by Latinx migrant farmworkers in accessing cervical and breast cancer screenings in the US. Medline and Embase were used to identify literature through October 2021 using the search terms “migrant farmworkers AND. . .cancer; healthcare access; breast; cervical; federally qualified health centers,” and “migrant cancer screening” and “migrant farmworker cancer screening.” Snowball sampling by reviewing citations in each selected article was also used. Exclusion criteria included those articles that focused on specific types of cancer other than breast or cervical, those not within the US, not referencing Latinx migrants, not referencing cancer screening, or those focused on pediatric populations. Data was synthesized by 3 authors and selected articles were assessed for common themes. Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria. Common themes about barriers to cancer screening included: lack of cancer knowledge, cost/inability to pay, lack of health insurance coverage, cultural perceptions, fear, language difficulties, and transportation and time constraints. Findings suggest that barriers to cancer screening among migrant farmworkers may be addressed by providing education about cancer screening and treatment, addressing fear, language, and cultural barriers, and providing transportation and health insurance coverage. Consideration of these barriers is necessary to effectively address cancer disparities in this vulnerable population of female farmworkers.
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Ajayi, Mofoluwake P., Emmanuel O. Amoo, Tomike I. Olawande, Tunde C. Iruonagbe, and Olujide A. Adekeye. "Awareness of Breast and Cervical Cancer among Women in the Informal Sector in Nigeria." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 14 (July 13, 2019): 2371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.259.
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BACKGROUND: There are no general consensuses on why the lifetime risk of dying from breast and cervical cancer in African is several times higher than that of developed countries. However, a notable window of opportunity for prevention and treatment are often wasted where there are little or no awareness and low level of screening.
AIM: To specifically highlight the awareness, knowledge and determinants of participation in the screening exercise for possible prevention or control of the diseases. To also provide insights on the development of contextual and relevant timely detection for effective early interventions.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in southern and northern geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The respondents, which consisted of 1,023 women aged 15-49 years, completed a 116-item questionnaire assessing the correlation between cancer awareness and participation in screening. Nineteen, In-depth interviews were also conducted for this study. The outcome measured included awareness of breast and cervical cancer, how it can be prevented or detected, and the availability and actual participation in screening exercises.
RESULTS: While women are familiar with breast cancer, little is known about cervical cancer, and the awareness of the former is not correlated with participation in screening. The lack of enthusiasm to seek screening exercise is rooted in three key factors: lack of specific information, belief, economic and inadequate screening facilities.
CONCLUSION: The study thus recommends that policies and programs aimed at the breast and cervical cancers awareness and early intervention should address the underlying problems.