Academic literature on the topic 'Breast and cervical cancer screening'

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Journal articles on the topic "Breast and cervical cancer screening"

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Zheng, Senshuang, Xiaorui Zhang, Marcel J. W. Greuter, Geertruida H. de Bock, and Wenli Lu. "Determinants of Population-Based Cancer Screening Performance at Primary Healthcare Institutions in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063312.

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Background: For a decade, most population-based cancer screenings in China are performed by primary healthcare institutions. To assess the determinants of performance of primary healthcare institutions in population-based breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening in China. Methods: A total of 262 primary healthcare institutions in Tianjin participated in a survey on cancer screening. The survey consisted of questions on screening tests, the number of staff members and training, the introduction of the screening programs to residents, the invitation of residents, and the number of performed screenings per year. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the determinants of performance of an institution to fulfil the target number of screenings. Results: In 58% and 61% of the institutions between three and nine staff members were dedicated to breast and cervical cancer screening, respectively, whereas in 71% of the institutions ≥10 staff members were dedicated to colorectal cancer screening. On average 60% of institutions fulfilled the target number of breast and cervical cancer screenings, whereas 93% fulfilled the target number for colorectal cancer screening. The determinants of performance were rural districts for breast (OR = 5.16 (95%CI: 2.51–10.63)) and cervical (OR = 4.17 (95%CI: 2.14–8.11)) cancer screenings, and ≥3 staff members dedicated to cervical cancer screening (OR = 2.34 (95%CI: 1.09–5.01)). Conclusions: Primary healthcare institutions in China perform better in colorectal than in breast and cervical cancer screening, and institutions in rural districts perform better than institutions in urban districts. Increasing the number of staff members on breast and cervical cancer screening could improve the performance of population-based cancer screening.
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Utami, I., and Y. Yulianti. "Evaluation of The Counseling on Breast and Cervical Cancers Screening Among Women in Their Reproductive Age." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 1301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211551301.

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Background: Breast and cervical cancers are one of the leading causes of women's mortality. About 87% of cases of cervical cancer occur in developing countries. Breast cancer has the most increasing number amongst other cancers. Moreover, most of the cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in the late stadium. The late diagnosis of cancer cases is most probably due to a lack of screening at the beginning. Aim: The research aimed to discover the evaluation of breast cancer counseling and cervical cancer screening amongst women of their reproductive age. Methods: This research employed a survey method with a cross-sectional approach. The population and 63 samples were respondents taken using total sampling. The instruments were questionnaires. Results: The results showed that 37 respondents (58.7%) showed fair rates on breast cancer counseling, while 36 respondents (57.1%) gave a fair rating on cervical cancer counseling. Conclusion: This research has proven that women in this study gave fair ratings towards the counseling conducted. It is expected for midwives and health promotion teams to improve the promotional and preventive efforts, especially regarding breast and cervical cancer screening. Besides, women should be active in exploring more information and participating in every activity related to reproductive health, especially breast and cervical cancer screening. Keywords: Counseling Evaluation, Breast Cancer, Cervical Cance
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Jovanović, Verica, and Tamara Naumović. "Main characteristics of the organized screening program for cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer in the Republic of Serbia." Glasnik javnog zdravlja 95, no. 1 (2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gjz2101033j.

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The paper aims to provide a descriptive, detailed review of the organized screening programs for cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer in the Republic of Serbia. In this research, data from the Regulations on the National Program for Early Detection of Breast Cancer, Cervical Cancer and Colorectal Cancer were used, as well as published and unpublished data from the Institute of Public Health of Serbia. Screening for cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer is carried out on the territory of the Republic of Serbia in the form of an organized decentralized program. Cervical cancer screening program encompasses women aged 25-64 years; the breast cancer screening program covers women aged 50-69 years; and the colorectal cancer screening program is offered to men and women aged 50-74 years. All three screening programs aim to cover at least 75% of the target population. The screening cycle for cervical cancer is three years, and for breast cancer and colorectal cancer, two years. The screening test used in the organized cervical cancer screening program is the PAP test; for breast cancer, the screening methodology relies on mammography; and for colorectal cancer, the screening program involves an immunohistochemical FOB test. Organized screening for cervical and breast cancers are offered through gynaecology specialists, while the organized screening for colorectal cancer is provided through the family physician, a medical doctor (or general medicine specialist) at the health centre. Organized cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer screening programs represent a key activity at all levels of the healthcare system for early detection, prevention and reduction of mortality from malignant diseases. All programs are a part of continual healthcare activities in the Republic of Serbia, as a highly efficient cancer control strategy.
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van Luijt, Paula A., Kirsten Rozemeijer, Steffie K. Naber, Eveline AM Heijnsdijk, Joost van Rosmalen, Marjolein van Ballegooijen, and Harry J. de Koning. "The role of pre-invasive disease in overdiagnosis: A microsimulation study comparing mass screening for breast cancer and cervical cancer." Journal of Medical Screening 23, no. 4 (June 23, 2016): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141316629505.

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Objective Although early detection of cancer through screening can prevent cancer deaths, a drawback of screening is overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis has been much debated in breast cancer screening, but less so in cervical cancer screening. We examined the impact of overdiagnosis by comparing two screening programmes in the Netherlands. Methods We estimated overdiagnosis rates by microsimulation for breast cancer screening and cervical cancer screening, using a cohort of women born in 1982 with lifelong follow-up. Overdiagnosis estimates were made analogous to two definitions formed by the UK 2012 breast screening review. Pre-invasive disease was included in both definitions. Results Screening prevented 921 cervical cancers (−55%) and 378 cervical cancer deaths (−59%), and 169 (−1.3%) breast cancer cases and 970 breast cancer deaths (−21%). The cervical cancer overdiagnosis rate was 74.8% (including pre-invasive disease). Breast cancer overdiagnosis was estimated at 2.5% (including pre-invasive disease). For women of all ages in breast cancer screening, an excess of 207 diagnoses/100,000 women was found, compared with an excess of 3999 diagnoses/100,000 women in cervical cancer screening. Conclusions For breast cancer, the frequency of overdiagnosis in screening is relatively low, but consequences are evident. For cervical cancer, the frequency of overdiagnosis in screening is high, because of detection of pre-invasive disease, but the consequences per case are relatively small due to less invasive treatment. This illustrates that it is necessary to present overdiagnosis in relation to disease stage and consequences.
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Reungwetwattana, Thanyanan, Julian R. Molina, and Jeanette Y. Ziegenfuss. "Factors and trends in cancer screening in the United States from 2004 to 2010." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.1565.

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1565 Background: Understanding the prevalence of cancer screening in the US and the factors associated with its accessibility is important for public health promotion. Methods: The 2004 and 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systems were used to ascertain cancer screening rates among populations indicated for each test by age, gender, and the American Cancer Society recommendation for cancer screenings [fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or endoscopy for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, digital rectal examination (DRE) or prostate specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer screening, clinical breast examination (CBE) or mammogram for breast cancer screening, and Papanicolaou (Pap) test for cervical cancer screening]. Results: Over this period, CRC and breast cancer screening rates significantly increased (15.9%, 13.9%) while prostate and cervical cancer screening rates significantly decreased (1.2%, 5.2%). Race/ethnicity might be an influence in CRC and cervical cancer screening accessibility. Prostate cancer screening accessibility might be influenced by education and income. The older-aged populations (70-79, >79) had high prevalence of CRC, prostate and breast cancer screenings even though there is insufficient evidence for the benefits and harms of screenings in the older-aged group. Conclusions: The disparities in age, race/ethnicity, health insurance, education, employment, and income for the accession to cancer screening of the US population have decreased since 2004. The trajectory of increasing rates of CRC and breast cancer screenings should be maintained. To reverse the trend, the causes of the decreased rate of cervical cancer screening and the high rates of screenings in older-aged populations should, however, be further explored. [Table: see text]
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Barlow, William E., Elisabeth F. Beaber, Berta M. Geller, Aruna Kamineni, Yingye Zheng, Jennifer S. Haas, Chun R. Chao, et al. "Evaluating Screening Participation, Follow-up, and Outcomes for Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer in the PROSPR Consortium." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 112, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djz137.

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Abstract Background Cancer screening is a complex process encompassing risk assessment, the initial screening examination, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of cancer precursors or early cancers. Metrics that enable comparisons across different screening targets are needed. We present population-based screening metrics for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers for nine sites participating in the Population-based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens consortium. Methods We describe how selected metrics map to a trans-organ conceptual model of the screening process. For each cancer type, we calculated calendar year 2013 metrics for the screen-eligible target population (breast: ages 40–74 years; cervical: ages 21–64 years; colorectal: ages 50–75 years). Metrics for screening participation, timely diagnostic evaluation, and diagnosed cancers in the screened and total populations are presented for the total eligible population and stratified by age group and cancer type. Results The overall screening-eligible populations in 2013 were 305 568 participants for breast, 3 160 128 for cervical, and 2 363 922 for colorectal cancer screening. Being up-to-date for testing was common for all three cancer types: breast (63.5%), cervical (84.6%), and colorectal (77.5%). The percentage of abnormal screens ranged from 10.7% for breast, 4.4% for cervical, and 4.5% for colorectal cancer screening. Abnormal breast screens were followed up diagnostically in almost all (96.8%) cases, and cervical and colorectal were similar (76.2% and 76.3%, respectively). Cancer rates per 1000 screens were 5.66, 0.17, and 1.46 for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, respectively. Conclusions Comprehensive assessment of metrics by the Population-based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens consortium enabled systematic identification of screening process steps in need of improvement. We encourage widespread use of common metrics to allow interventions to be tested across cancer types and health-care settings.
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Hamashima, Chisato. "PD26 Overscreening For Older Women In Cervical And Breast Cancer Screening In Japan." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322002872.

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IntroductionAppropriate resource utilization is crucial for cancer screening programs. Overscreening is defined as screening provided beyond the upper age limit of the target age or at a shorter interval than recommended in national programs. In Japan, there are no upper age limits set for cancer screening programs, and the recommended screening interval for cervical and breast cancer screening is 2 years. To examine the efficient use of resources for cervical and breast cancer screening, we investigated how often overscreening occurred in both programs.MethodsThe target age for this study was defined as 20-69 years for cervical cancer screening and 40-69 years for breast cancer screening. We used the national report for cancer screening in 2017 in Japan and estimated the number of participants over 70 years old or those who participated in screening annually. The percentage of overscreening was compared between cervical cancer and breast cancer screening by chi-square test.ResultsThe number of participants was 4,294,127 for cervical cancer screening and 3,087,781 for breast cancer screening in 2017. The percentage of overscreening in total participants was 38.0 percent for cervical cancer screening and 35.7 percent for breast cancer screening (p<0.01). The percentage of screening at overage was higher in breast cancer screening than in cervical cancer screening (21.1% vs. 13.9%, p<0.01), whereas more frequent screening was seen more often in cervical cancer screening than in breast cancer screening (29.7% vs. 19.6%, p<0.01). If the resources used in overscreening could be used for the target population, it was estimated that the participation rate could increase by 4.1% for cervical cancer screening and 4.3% for breast cancer screening.ConclusionsIn Japan, screening for overage participants and short intervals may have contributed to unnecessary screening for cervical cancer and breast cancer. These resources used for overscreening could be allocated to screening for the target population.
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Ludman, Evette J., Laura E. Ichikawa, Gregory E. Simon, Paul Rohde, David Arterburn, Belinda H. Operskalski, Jennifer A. Linde, and Robert W. Jeffery. "Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38, no. 3 (March 2010): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.039.

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Kolo, H. T. "Increasing Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake in Women of Child-Bearing Age in Niger State, Nigeria." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 213s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.85900.

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Background: Prevalence of breast and cervical cancer are on the increase in the developing countries despite the knowledge of how these diseases can be prevented through screening. Reproductive rights, Advocacy, Safe space and Empowerment Foundation (RAISE) initiated breast and cervical cancer screening program in Niger State as part of its reproductive health services. The program is hereby evaluated with the aim of improving its performance toward reducing burden of these diseases in Niger State. Aim: To evaluate the breast and cervical cancer screening program, to report the experience from the program, and to recommend necessary changes and scaling up of best practices. Methods: Audit of the breast and cervical cancer screening program was conducted. The basic components of cervical cancer screening programs; screening uptake, screening services, treatment of screen positives, follow-up and referrals were audited against previously set standards for the program. The difference in screening uptake for breast and cervical cancer was evaluated for better understanding of factors determining screening uptake in Niger state. Results: Between 18 July 2016 and 30 April 2018, 2035 women between the age of 15-75 years were screened for breast cancer and 1258 women between the age of 20-55 years were screened for cervical cancer, representing about 38% higher uptake of breast cancer screening compared with cervical cancer. The parity range of these women is 0-20. The mean age and parity for women screened during the audit period were; 35 years and 8 for breast cancer, while 29 years and 7 for cervical cancer. Fifty-two (2.56%) of the 2035 women screened for breast cancer had a palpable lump in either 1 or both breasts, while 4 (0.3%) of the 1258 women screened for cervical cancer had a positive result (aceto-white lesions) treated with cryotherapy. The women have low socioeconomic status with predominantly farmers, petty traders and housewives earning less than $2 per day. Most of the women are illiterate with little or no form of education. Other possible barriers for low uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening is lack of transportation, religious and cultural beliefs, shyness and lack of sensitization. Conclusion: Screening uptake is still very poor despite massive awareness campaign. The current awareness creation strategy has not been able to create needed demand for the available screening services. A total overhaul of awareness creation strategies is therefore advocated.
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Rimer, Barbara K. "Adherence to Cancer Screening." Cancer Control 2, no. 6 (November 1995): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107327489500200604.

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Routine breast cancer screening for women 50 years of age and older can reduce mortality from breast cancer by 30% to 35%. Regular Papanicolaou tests can decrease mortality from cervical cancer dramatically, and skin cancer screening could decrease deaths from melanoma. Adherence to recommended screening procedures for breast, cervical, and skin cancer screening increases the potential to lower the risk of death and disability from these diseases. The National Cancer Institute's goals include increasing the proportion of women who get regular mammograms to 80%, and similar goals have been issued for Pap tests. Yet, most women still are not being screened for breast or cervical cancer on a regular basis, and most people do not have regular skin checks for cancer.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Breast and cervical cancer screening"

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Batarfi, Nahid. "Saudi women's experiences, barriers, and facilitators when accessing breast and cervical cancer screening services." Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7558/.

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Background: Breast cancer is considered the most common cancer among females followed by cancers of the cervix, lung, and stomach. Its mortality can be avoided by early detection. Aim: This thesis aimed to explore Saudi women’s barriers facilitators and experiences, when accessing breast and cervical cancer screening services in the United Kingdom (UK) and Saudi Arabia. Methods: A mixed method approach was used to fulfil the thesis objectives. A quantitative questionnaire was administered to 503 Saudi women living in the United Kingdom and in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This was followed up by a qualitative study using seven focus groups discussions. Results: Survey and focus groups provided some consistent findings regarding Saudi women’s perceptions, knowledge, beliefs of the barriers and facilitators in accessing both breast and cervical cancer screening services in the UK and Saudi Arabia. Fear of having cancer and lack of knowledge of the importance of early detection, particularly in cervical cancer were major findings with regard to barriers to attend screening services. However, being employed and highly educated was correlated with better knowledge and awareness of the signs, symptoms, and treatment of both breast and cervical cancer. Participants shared their responsibilities with health professionals and the structure of the health system in the arrangement of early screening of breast and cervical cancers. Additionally, they suggested the role of media, education, and use of places such as mosques in disseminating information about the importance of early cancer detection. Conclusion: While the data reported in this thesis are encouraging, rich and diverse, conclusions must be drawn with caution. Important barriers included health and cultural beliefs and attitudes, language and unsupportive attitudes of health professionals. A majority of Saudi participants believed educational programs would increase breast and cervical cancer awareness and knowledge and use of screening services. The health belief model was utilized to structure and explain the thesis findings and analysis.
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Starczewska, J. M. "Predictors of breast and cervical cancer screening uptake prior to the introduction of centralised nationwide screening in Poland." Thesis, University of Salford, 2013. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30863/.

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Background: Introduction of nationwide breast and cervical screening programmes in Poland (2006) created an unprecedented opportunity to explore the predictors of breast and cervical cancer prophylactic behaviours in a society unexposed to population screening. The study aims to add to the body of knowledge on predictors that could be common for other countries in a similar geo-political situation, aiming to introduce nationwide breast and cervical screening programmes. Methods: A data subset (N=4,290) from a large representative survey (N=7,948) on cancer knowledge and prophylaxis, conducted by the Cancer Oncology Institute in Warsaw close to the introduction of nationwide breast and cervical cancer screening, was used in this thesis. Behaviours and knowledge were described and logistic regression used to identify predictors of mammography and cytology uptake. Results: Women’s level of cancer knowledge was evenly distributed (49.2% low and 50.8% high scores). However, knowledge on cervical cancer was lower than for breast. Higher knowledge was linked to higher education, better material conditions, cancer diagnosis, or practicing any type of the studied prophylaxis and lower levels of knowledge was associated with being aged 18-24 or ≥70 y.o., being widowed, and living in village. Even though 93% (N=3,970) of respondents were aware of the need for breast self-examination (BSE), only 32.3% regularly practiced BSE. Majority (92.3%, N=3,943) knew that mammography can allow early cancer detection but only 52.5% ≥ 50 y.o. (32.1% all ages) declared ever having it. Similarly, 90.7% (N=3,871) knew that cytology allows early detection of cancer and 78.8% have ever undertaken it cytology but only 53.6% had it done every 1-3 years. Up to 4% indicated test unavailability of either test as the reason for non-attendance. The most common barriers included: feeling of no need for such test (37.9-44.9%) and lack of referral (28.7%-39.2%). Women with the highest education levels, the 3 ones living in cities above 100,000 inhabitants, or with highest cancer knowledge were the most likely to ever get screened for breast and cervical cancers. Additionally BSE was found to predict mammography whilst cytology was also predicted by: household size, marital status, having a family member or a friend with cancer. Conclusions: Low screening uptake could be reflective of the fact that there was no nationally available screening but only a small proportion reported non-attendance due to unavailability of tests. This suggests that the uptake was driven by other factors (e.g., cancer knowledge, education) than population screening availability. Particular attention should be paid to the provision of cancer related knowledge. A follow up study is recommended to assess whether women’s knowledge and screening behaviours improved since the conduct of this survey.
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Nuño, Thomas. "Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Patterns among Rural Hispanic and American Indian Women in Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202518.

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Breast and cervical cancer disparities among Hispanic and American Indian women are a significant public health problem. Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm among Hispanic women. Cervical cancer has a higher incidence and mortality among Hispanic women compared to non-Hispanic White women. Breast cancer detection often comes late for American Indian women and breast cancer survival for this population is relatively poor. Hispanic and American Indian women who reside in rural areas of Arizona are especially at-risk of non-participation in breast and cervical cancer screening programs. This dissertation utilized data from two sources: a health-education intervention trial designed to increase mammography screening among women living in a rural area along the U.S.-Mexico border of Arizona and survey data from multiple years of the Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Survey (BRFS) focusing on breast and cervical cancer screening self-reported behaviors. The purpose of the dissertation research was to identify factors associated with cancer screening behaviors among Hispanic and American Indian women that reside in rural Arizona settings. Hispanic women who participated in the promotora-based educational intervention program were more likely to report receiving a mammogram at the followup compared to women who did not participate in the program. Results from both the baseline community survey and the BRFS showed that Hispanic women who received prior recommendations from a clinician to get both mammography and Pap smear were more likely to report they received a mammogram within the past year and a Pap smear within the past three years. Rural Hispanic and American Indian women reported lower rates of ever having had breast and cervical cancer screening compared to their urban counterparts. Breast and cervical cancer screening use in these populations can potentially be increased with at least two strategies. First, clinician recommendation of both mammograms and Pap smears and opportunistic screening during regular clinic visits may increase breast and cervical cancer screening coverage. Secondly, culturallyappropriate interventions that utilize promotoras or lay health advisors could increase screening rates. In conclusion, Hispanic and American Indian women that reside in rural areas of Arizona, whether throughout the State or along the U.S.-Mexico border, are two underserved populations in Arizona with low rates of breast and cervical cancer screening that need to be addressed in order to reduce the burden of cancer in these populations.
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Somayaji, Kamila. "Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening in Virginia: The Impact of Insurance Coverage and the Every Woman's Life Screening Program." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1890.

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Pendrick, Danielle M. "An Evaluation of the Client Navigator Program for Enhanced Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Underserved Women in the State of Georgia." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/181.

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Screening for breast and cervical cancers can reduce morbidity and mortality through early detection, yet many women are not getting regular lifesaving screenings as recommended. 2 The National Breast and Cervical Detection Program (NBCCEDP) was established in 1990 in order to provide low-income, uninsured, and underserved women access to breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic services. Georgia’s participation in the NBCCEDP led to the development of The Breast and Cervical Cancer Program (BCCP), which provides cancer screening to women 40 to 64 years of age who are uninsured and/or underinsured and at or below 200% poverty level. Deaths from breast and cervical cancers could be avoided if screening rates increased among women at risk. In order to better eliminate barriers to screening, Georgia’s Breast and Cervical Cancer Program uses client navigators to communicate with minority populations. The purpose of my thesis study was to assess the effectiveness of the Client Navigator Program utilized to enhance breast and cervical cancer screening rates for women throughout Georgia. Evaluation findings demonstrated that personal characteristics of Client Navigators, internal characteristics of the program itself, resources provided by the program, and program partnerships were the areas of greatest program strength. Funding was repeatedly listed as the greatest program threat. Findings from this study provide insights for how the overall program can be improved in the future, and thus, improving health outcomes for women who are at greatest risk of breast and cervical cancer throughout the state.
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Habib, Sanzida Zohra. "South Asian immigrant women’s access to and experiences with breast and cervical cancer screening services in Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42855.

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A qualitative feminist study, informed by social constructionist epistemology, antiracist theories and intersectionality perspectives, was conducted in order to understand South Asian immigrant women’s access to and experiences with breast and cervical cancer screening services in Canada. Particular attention was paid to the wider context of their lives and their experiences of migration, resettlement, integration and general access to the Canadian healthcare system. The study also explored how the broader systems, structures and policies in Canadian society shape South Asian immigrant women’s participation in and access to cancer screening services. Thirty one South Asian immigrant women were interviewed in individual, couple and group settings in greater Vancouver. Research findings indicated that women’s age, length of stay since immigration, educational and generational status, not/having a family history or symptoms impact their use or lack of use of cancer screening services; but these factors also intersect in complex ways with various systemic and structural issues including not having a recommendation from physicians, women’s financial instability, access to income, employment, settlement services and community resources, levels of socioeconomic integration and familiarity with the Canadian healthcare system, and gender roles and responsibilities. Women’s narratives also showed that the immigration factor amplify the intersecting forms of inequities and the social determinants of health such as gender, class, poverty, racialization and discrimination, and affect women’s physical and mental health and access to healthcare services, cancer screening being one of them. An intersectional analysis revealed that the gendered and racialized immigration and integration policies, multicultural discourses and neoliberal ideologies and practices intersect to situate South Asian immigrant women into racialized and disadvantaged situations as the ‘other’ wherein access to preventive cancer screening services becomes especially challenging. South Asian women’s access to cancer screening and other healthcare services needs to be understood beyond the attempts to know their cultural health beliefs and practices, and beyond the neoliberal ideas of ‘self-care,’ ‘individual responsibility,’ ‘patient empowerment,’ and ‘culturally sensitive care.’ Also, equitable access to health care cannot be ensured without resisting these women’s racialized position as the ‘other’ and addressing the social, political, historical, material and structural inequities in Canadian society.
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Nguyen, Anh. "Suc Khoe La Quan Trong Hon Sac Dep! Health is Better than Beauty! Improving Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Outcomes among Vietnamese Women." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/186.

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Vietnamese women experience cancer screening disparities and inconsistent adherence to screening guidelines. The goal of this study was to implement and evaluate a breast and cervical cancer screening intervention to promote cancer screening knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, intention, and behavior for Vietnamese women. Secondary objectives of the study included examining the relationships between cultural variables (e.g., acculturation, ethnic identity, religiosity, and collectivism) and cancer screening variables. The study enrolled 102 women from the greater Richmond metropolitan area. Participants were assigned to an intervention group or a print material control group. In the intervention session, participants were exposed to information on female cancers and were taught how and where to access Pap tests and clinical breast exams (CBE). Follow-up data were collected six months after the intervention to determine whether or not there were longer-term program effects. Intervention participants also took part in focus groups that examined their reactions, thoughts, feelings, and experiences in regards to the intervention. In addition, focus groups explored participants’ sources of motivation for cancer screening and whether they shared information obtained in the sessions with other individuals. The intervention was effective in promoting immediate and longer-term gains in breast and cervical cancer knowledge, attitudes towards screening, self-efficacy for screening, and actual screening behaviors. The study’s findings indicated that acculturation was linked to higher levels of self-efficacy and screening behavior and less positive attitudes towards screening. Personal and social extrinsic religiosity were associated with more positive attitudes towards screening. Social extrinsic religiosity was also associated with more self-efficacy for screening and screening behavior. Intrinsic religiosity was linked to lower levels of self-efficacy for screening. Focus group discussions revealed that the women shared cancer-related information with friends, female family members, and husbands. Focus group discussions also revealed that emphasis on caretaking roles may help increase women’s adherence to screening guidelines. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of culturally-tailored strategies in developing cancer screening interventions for the Vietnamese population. This study also demonstrates how health information is transmitted across informal channels within faith-based communities.
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Coppe, Raelee Sharon, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "Correlates of Screening Mammography for Italian and Anglo-Australian Women." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040825.105605.

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The first aim of the research was to determine the applicability of certain variables from the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the risk dimensions from the Psychometric Paradigm, the Common-Sense Model of Illness Representations and the Locus of Control to Italian women’s beliefs and behaviours in relation to screening mammography. These models have predominantly been derived and evaluated with English-speaking persons. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods to enable explanation of research-driven and participant-driven issues. The second aim was to include Italian women in health behaviour research and to contrast the Italian sample with the Anglo-Australian sample to determine if differences exist in relation to their beliefs. In Australia many studies in health behaviour research do not include women whose first language is not English. The third aim was to evaluate the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria’s (ACCV) Community Language Program (CLP) by: (a) identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the program as seen by the participants; and (b) assessing the impact of the program on women’s knowledge and beliefs about breast cancer, early detection of breast cancer, self-reported and intended breast screening behaviours. The CLP is an information service that uses women’s first language to convey information to women whose first language is not English. The CLP was designed to increase knowledge about breast and cervical cancer. The research used a pre-test-intervention-post-test design with 174 Italian-born and 138 Anglo-Australian women aged 40 years and over. Interviews for the Italian sample were conducted in Italian. The intervention was an information session that related to breast health and screening mammography. Demographic variables were collected in the Pre-Test only. Qualitative open-ended questions that related specifically to the information session were collected in the Post-Test phase of the study. Direct logistic regression was used with the participants’ beliefs and behaviours to identify the relevant variables for language (Italian speaking and English-speaking), attendance to an information session, mammography screening and breast self-examination (BSE) behaviour. Pre- and Post-Test comparisons were conducted using chi-square tests for the non-parametric data and paired sample t-tests for the parametric data. Differences were found between the Italian and Anglo-Australian women in relation to their beliefs about breast cancer screening. The Italian women were: (1) more likely to state that medical experts understood the causes of breast cancer; (2) more likely to feel that they had less control over their personal risk of getting breast cancer; (3) more likely to be upset and frightened by thinking about breast cancer; (4) less likely to perceive breast cancer as serious; (4) more likely to only do what their doctor told them to do; and (5) less likely to agree that there were times when a person has cancer and they don’t know it. A pattern emerged for the Italian and Anglo-Australian women from the logistic regression analyses. The Italian women were much more likely to comply with medical authority and advice. The Anglo-Australian women were more likely to feel that they had some control over their health. Specifically, the risk variable ‘dread’ was more applicable to the Italian women’s behaviour and internal locus of control variable was more relevant to the Anglo-Australian women. The qualitative responses also differed for the two samples. The Italian women’s comments were more general, less specific, and more limited than that of the Anglo-Australian women. The Italian women talked about learning how to do BSE whereas the Anglo-Australian women said that attending the session had reminded them to do BSE more regularly. The key findings and contributions of the present research were numerous. The focus on one cultural group ensured comprehensive analyses, as did the inclusion of an adequate sample size to enable the use of multivariate statistics. Separating the Italian and Anglo-Australian samples in the analyses provided theoretical implications that would have been overlooked if the two groups were combined. The use of both qualitative and quantitative data capitalised on the strengths of both techniques. The inclusion of an Anglo-Australian group highlighted key theoretical findings, differences between the two groups and unique contributions made by both samples during the collection of the qualitative data. The use of a pre-test-intervention-post-test design emphasised the reticence of the Italian sample to participate and talk about breast cancer and confirmed and validated the consistency of the responses across the two interviews for both samples. The inclusion of non-cued responses allowed the researcher to identify the key salient issues relevant to the two groups. The limitations of the present research were the lack of many women who were not screening and reliance on self-report responses, although few differences were observed between the Pre- and Post-Test comparisons. The theoretical contribution of the HBM and the TRA variables was minimal in relation to screening mammography or attendance at the CLP. The applicability of these health behaviour theories may be less relevant for women today as they clearly knew the benefits of and the seriousness of breast cancer screening. The present research identified the applicability of the risk variables to the Italian women and the relevance of the locus of control variables to the Anglo-Australian women. Thus, clear cultural differences occurred between the two groups. The inclusion of the illness representations was advantageous as the responses highlighted ideas and personal theories salient to the women not identified by the HBM. The use of the illness representations and the qualitative responses further confirmed the relevance of the risk variables to the Italian women and the locus of control variables to the Anglo-Australian women. Attendance at the CLP did not influence the women to attend for mammography screening. Behavioural changes did not occur between the Pre- and Post-Test interviews. Small incremental changes as defined by the TTM and the stages of change may have occurred. Key practical implications for the CLP were identified. Improving the recruitment methods to gain a higher proportion of women who do not screen is imperative for the CLP promoters. The majority of the Italian and Anglo-Australian women who attended the information sessions were women who screen. The fact that Italian women do not like talking or thinking about cancer presents a challenge to promoters of the CLP. The key theoretical finding that Italian women dread breast cancer but comply with their doctor provides clear strategies to improve attendance at mammography screening. In addition, the inclusion of lay health advisors may be one way of increasing attendance to the CLP by including Italian women already attending screening and likely to have attended a CLP session. The present research identified the key finding that improving Anglo-Australian attendance at an information session is related to debunking the myth surrounding familial risk of breast cancer and encouraging the Anglo-Australian women to take more control of their health. Improving attendance for Italian women is related to reducing the fear and dread of breast cancer and building on the compliance pattern with medical authority. Therefore, providing an information session in the target language is insufficient to attract non-screeners to the session and then to screen for breast cancer. Suggestions for future research in relation to screening mammography were to include variables from more than one theory or model, namely the risk, locus of control and illness representations. The inclusion of non-cued responses to identify salient beliefs is advantageous. In addition, it is imperative to describe the profile of the cultural sample in detail, include detailed descriptions of the translation process and be aware of the tendency of Italian women to acquiesce with medical authority.
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Dempsey, Melanie C. "FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSES IN VIRGINIA WOMEN 40-64 YEARS OLD WHO UTLIZED THE EVERY WOMAN’S LIFE PROGRAM 1998-2012." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4052.

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This dissertation examines sociodemographic determinants and preventive health behaviors among women 40-64 years of age who participated in the Virginia Department of Health’s Every Woman’s Life breast cancer screening program. Utilizing secondary data, this research sought to explore patterns of breast cancer incidence, mammography screening utilization and sources of health information among low-income women. The Virginia Department of Health provided a large sample size (N=34,942) on which to perform binary logistic regression analyses. Sociodemographic determinants and preventive health behaviors were analyzed as potential influencing factors in the diagnosis of breast cancer, the stage at the time of diagnosis and source of health information. Additionally, frequencies across all variables were explored and compared to state and national statistics, where appropriate. In this study, cancer and preventive health disparities reported in the literature persist within this sample of low income women. The binary regression analyses demonstrated that there are marginally worse outcomes for each level of decreasing income. Those with the most “wealth” were less likely to be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and were more likely to obtain health information from a health provider. Additionally, it was determined that those without a prior mammogram were more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer and the cancer was more likely to be invasive. The aims of the Every Woman’s Life program align with Affordable Care Act (2010) to strengthen health care and eliminate cancer disparities. Highlighting program characteristics and presenting these analyses allows policymakers, program officials and practitioners an opportunity to tailor health promotion activities while considering all tiers of influence.
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Valášková, Veronika. "EFEKTIVITA SCREENINGOVÝCH PROGRAMŮ ZHOUBNÝCH NÁDORŮ V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194341.

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This diploma thesis deals with the national screening programs for cancer diagnosis. The goal of this thesis is to find a proper way how to evaluate the effectivity of screening programs as well as their influence on the intensity of mortality from certain types of cancer. For the purpose of finding out necessary information were used data related to the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, a diagnosis of cervical cancer and breast cancer in the population of the Czech Republic between 1977 - 2011. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to the topic and contains the description of the main goals. The second chapter defines terms that are crucial for this thesis. The third chapter is devoted to data sources and institutions that collect different types of data and health statistics. The next chapter deals with the epidemiology of all described types of cancer and also provide information on risk factors and symptoms of the disease. The fifth chapter looks back at trends in mortality and incidence of the most common malignant tumors in the Czech Republic. The sixth chapter describes planning and implementation of screening processes. The seventh history of screening programs in the Czech Republic. The eighth chapter deals with the rules and regulations of the EU Council and the World Health Organization. The ninth chapter represents the final assessment of Czech screening programs, compared both to the WHO guidelines and the results in the world. The last chapter is including description of mortality and their reaction on screening programs. Text describes even comparison with two other European countries (Germany, France).
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Books on the topic "Breast and cervical cancer screening"

1

Craddock, Penny. Cancer screening for practice nurses: Breast and cervical modules. Abingdon, Oxon: The Medicine Group (UK), 1991.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 1999: Report together with additional views (to accompany H.R. 1070) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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Stalker, Shelley Ann. The impact of physician gender and continuity of care on rates of screening for cervical and breast cancer in Ontario. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.

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United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend title XIX of the Social Security Act to provide medical assistance for breast and cervical cancer-related treatment services to certain women screened and found to have breast or cervical cancer under a federally funded screening program. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1998.

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Senate, United States Congress. A bill to amend title XIX of the Social Security Act to provide medical assistance for breast and cervical cancer-related treatment services to certain women screened and found to have breast or cervical cancer under a federally funded screening program. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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Addressing the screening gap: The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program : hearing before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, January 29, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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GOVERNMENT, US. An Act to Amend Title XIX of the Social Security Act to Provide Medical Assistance for Certain Women Screened and Found to Have Breast or Cervical Cancer under a Federally Funded Screening Program to Amend the Public Health Service Act and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with Respect to Surveillance and Information Concerning the Relationship between Cervical Cancer and the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and for Other Purposes. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Illinois. Office of Women's Health. Pap and pelvic examination: Illinois women may qualify for free screenings. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Public Health, Office of Women's Health, 2004.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. Breast and cervical cancer federally funded screening programs: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, on H.R. 1070, July 21, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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House, United States Congress. A bill to amend title XIX of the Social Security Act to provide medical assistance for certain women screened and found to have breast or cervical cancer under a federally funded screening program. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Breast and cervical cancer screening"

1

Elit, Laurie. "Screening for Cervical Cancer in Low-Resource Countries." In Breast and Gynecological Cancers, 99–123. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1876-4_6.

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Kelly, Kevin M., Mahesh K. Shetty, and José Humberto Tavares Guerreiro Fregnani. "Breast Cancer Screening and Cervical Cancer Prevention in Developing Countries: Strategies for the Future." In Breast and Gynecological Cancers, 301–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1876-4_16.

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Buttigieg, Sandra C., and Adriana Pace. "Female Migrants’ Attitudes and Access to Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening in Europe." In SpringerBriefs in Public Health, 21–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73630-3_3.

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Moss, S. M. "Breast Cancer." In Cancer Screening, 143–70. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429179587-10.

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Phoolcharoen, Natacha, Ellen S. Baker, and Mila Pontremoli Salcedo. "Cervical Cancer Screening." In Oncologic Emergency Medicine, 151–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67123-5_11.

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Jethani, Roma, Debabrata Barmon, and Amal Chandra Kataki. "Cervical Cancer Screening." In Fundamentals in Gynaecologic Malignancy, 183–91. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5860-1_11.

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Cuzick, Jack. "Screening for Cervical Cancer." In Cancer Prevention — Cancer Causes, 261–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2016-3_10.

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Selvi, Radhakrishna. "Breast Cancer Screening." In Breast Diseases, 15–19. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2077-0_2.

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von Fournier, D., H. W. Anton, H. Junkermann, and G. Bastert. "Breast Cancer Screening." In Cancer Diagnosis, 78–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76899-6_9.

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Chamberlain, J. "Screening for Breast Cancer." In Breast Cancer, 45–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83675-6_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Breast and cervical cancer screening"

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Srivastava, Astha, Bindiya Gupta, Vikas Lakha, and Shilpa Singh. "Study on cervical cancer screening amongst nurses." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685284.

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Objective: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses at tertiary centre regarding cervical cancer screening. Material and Methods: Validated questionnaire was circulated amongst staff nurses at tertiary care centre after taking informed consent. Results and Discussion: Cancer of cervix is the most common genital tract malignancy in female and it is ranked second to breast cancer. It has a positive association with HPV infection. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality have declined substantially following introduction of screening programmes. This present study investigated the knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses at GTB Hospital towards cervical cancer risk factors, sign & symptoms and screening as they are important health professionals. In our study, the results showed that 99% of respondents were aware of Pap smear as screening programme and about 60-70% were aware of HPV as positive organism, but most of them never had a Pap smear done before. Majority of them did not know VIA, VILI and colposcopy as screening techniques. Conclusion: It may thus be recommended that institutions should periodically organize seminars and training for health personnel especially the nurses which form a group of professionals that should give health education to women about cervical cancer.
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Shamsunder, Saritha, Kavita Agarwal, Archana Mishra, and Sunita Malik. "Sample survey of cancer awareness in health care workers." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685266.

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Objective: To see the awareness about cancer in women among ASHA workers. Place of Study: Awareness Sessions at Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Background: ASHA workers are the first point of contact for women in the community & bridge the back between the hospital and women. They have been instrumental in the success of the family planning programme & polio eradication program in India. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire about educational status, awareness about breast & cervical cancer statistics, methods of screening and diagnosis was distributed to Accredited Social Health Activists appointed by the government at two educational sessions organized at Safdarjung hospital. Results: Of the 200 ASHA workers attending, 188 completed the questionnaire. Their educational status ranged from 7th standard to post-graduate, majority had studied up to 10th standard. Their sources of information were mostly television and mobile phones, 23% had knowledge about internet, 36% were using Whats app. Only 28% knew about the commonest cancer in Indian women. Regarding breast cancer, 63% were aware of self examination of breasts, 41% knew the frequency of self examination; awareness about symptoms of breast cancer was prevalent in 46%, 24% knew about risk factors of breast cancer. Regarding Cervical Cancer, 28% knew about risk factors, 22% knew about symptoms of cervical cancer; 19% knew about screening methods for cervical cancer, 9.5% knew the screening intervals. Conclusion: Health education about cancer prevention should start at the primary school level. Special educational & motivational sessions for ASHA workers could help in cancer prevention programs.
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Gordon, Shiri, Oz Seadia, Effi Levi, and Ilan Landesman. "A novel multimodal optical imaging device for cervical cancer screening and diagnosis." In Diseases in the Breast and Reproductive System V, edited by Melissa C. Skala, Darren M. Roblyer, and Paul J. Campagnola. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2508338.

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Simon, Melissa A., Laura S. Tom, Erika E. de la Riva, and Emily L. Malin. "Abstract A10: Community navigators for breast and cervical cancer screening and follow up." In Abstracts: Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; November 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp14-a10.

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Ndukwe, Ezinne G., Karen Patricia Williams, Vanessa Sheppard, and Amr Soliman. "Abstract A79: Perspectives of breast and cervical cancer screening among female African immigrants to the U.S." In Abstracts: Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Oct 27–30, 2012; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp12-a79.

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Brown, Janet, Nannozi Ssenkoloto, Tyler Bartley, and Donna Williams. "Abstract B101: Assessment and resolution of breast and cervical cancer screening barriers for underserved women in Louisiana." In Abstracts: Eleventh AACR Conference on The Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; November 2-5, 2018; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp18-b101.

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Armin, Julie S., Heather J. Williamson, Janet Rothers, Julie Baldwin, Marissa Adams, Myka Becenti, Andria Begay, et al. "Abstract PO-026: Refining a breast and cervical cancer screening program for Native American women with disabilities." In Abstracts: AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; October 2-4, 2020. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp20-po-026.

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Diaz-Santana, Mary Vanellys, Susan Hankinson, Susan Sturgeon, Carol Bigelow, Milagros Rosal, Judith Ockene, and Katherine W. Reeves. "Abstract B70: Exploring the role of acculturation in breast, colorectal and cervical cancer screening among Hispanic women." In Abstracts: Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; September 25-28, 2016; Fort Lauderdale, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp16-b70.

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Diala, Prisca, Magdalene Randa, Jackline Odhiambo, Gregory Ganda, Craig Cohen, and Chemtai Mungo. "Abstract 104: Barriers and Facilitators to Integrating Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Outpatient Clinics in Western Kenya." In Abstracts: 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; March 10-11, 2021. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.asgcr21-104.

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Hardy, Clauda M., Kumari Seetela, Tara Bowman, Katherine Norris, and Nancy Wright. "Abstract A020: Utilizing a community navigator's approach to improve breast and cervical cancer screening in the Deep South." In Abstracts: Eleventh AACR Conference on The Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; November 2-5, 2018; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp18-a020.

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Reports on the topic "Breast and cervical cancer screening"

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Yelena, Gorina, and Elgaddal Nazik. Patterns of Mammography, Pap Smear, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Services Among Women Aged 45 and Over. National Center for Health Statistics, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:105533.

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This study examines and compares sociodemographic, health status, and health behavior patterns of screening for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colorectal cancer among women aged 45 and over in the United States.
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Wilbur, David C., Barbara A. Crothers, John H. Eichhorn, Min S. Ro, and Jeffrey A. Gelfand. Internet-Based Cervical Cancer Screening Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada486866.

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Greenberg, Robert, and Patricia Carney. Regional Breast Cancer Screening Network. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada394136.

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Alfano, Robert R. Breast Cancer Screening Using Photonic Technology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399367.

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Boone, John M. Computer Simulation of Breast Cancer Screening. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada383107.

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Alfano, Robert R. Breast Cancer Screening Using Photonic Technology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384638.

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Wang, Joseph. Miniaturized DNA Biosensor for Decentralized Breast-Cancer Screening. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada395007.

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Wang, Joseph. Miniaturized DNA Biosensor for Decentralized Breast-Cancer Screening. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406787.

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Wang, Joseph. Miniaturized DNA Biosensor for Decentralized Breast-Cancer Screening. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada426440.

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Wang, Joseph. Miniaturized DNA Biosensor for Decentralized Breast-Cancer Screening. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada418130.

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