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Journal articles on the topic 'Break-up process'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Bałdyga, Jerzy, Wojciech Orciuch, Łukasz Makowski, Maciej Malski‐Brodzicki, and Katarzyna Malik. "Break‐Up of Nanoparticle Clusters—Process Modeling." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (March 2008): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932690701729120.

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2

Gomes, P. R. S., R. M. Anjos, and J. Lubian. "Does the break-up process influence the fusion cross section?" Brazilian Journal of Physics 34, no. 3a (September 2004): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-97332004000500008.

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3

Djavareshk, M. H., and A. Ghasemi. "Investigation of Jet Break-Up Process in Diesel Engine Spray Modelling." Journal of Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 15, 2009): 2078–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2009.2078.2087.

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4

Onaga, T. "Eikonal approach to the atomic break-up process by polarized electrons." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 25, no. 22 (November 28, 1992): 4875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/25/22/021.

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5

FACHRUDDIN, IMAM, CHARLOTTE ELSTER, and WALTER GLÖCKLE. "THE PROTON-DEUTERON BREAK-UP PROCESS IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 02n06 (February 28, 2003): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303010673.

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The pd break-up amplitude in the Faddeev scheme is calculated by employing a three-dimensional method without partial wave decomposition (PWD). In the first step and in view of higher energies only the leading term is evaluated and this for the process d(p,n)pp. A comparison with the results based on PWD reveals discrepancies in the cross section around 200 MeV. This indicates the onset of a limitation of the partial wave scheme. Also around 200 MeV relativistic effects are clearly visible and the use of relativistic kinematics shifts the cross section peak to where the experimental peak is located. The theoretical peak height, however, is wrong and calls first of all for the inclusion of rescattering terms, which are shown to be important in a nonrelativistic full Faddeev calculation in PWD.

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6

Sousa, D. P., D. Pereira, J. Lubian, L. C. Chamon, J. R. B. Oliveira, E. S. Rossi, C. P. Silva, et al. "Probing the 6,7Li nucleon densities through a new break-up process approach." Nuclear Physics A 836, no. 1-2 (May 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.01.245.

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7

Bracamontes-Rodríguez, Y. E., I. Armas Rivera, G. Beltrán-Pérez, O. Pottiez, B. Ibarra-Escamilla, M. Durán-Sánchez, and E. A. Kuzin. "Polarization of vector solitons generated in break-up process in twisted fiber." Optics Communications 349 (August 2015): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2015.03.030.

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8

Fath, A., K. U. Munch, and Alfred Leipertz. "Spray Break-Up Process of Diesel Fuel Investigated Close to the Nozzle." International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 24, no. 1-3 (1997): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjfluidmechres.v24.i1-3.250.

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9

Sano, Yosuke, Yasushi Kino, Toshitaka Oka, and Tsutomu Sekine. "Ps slowing down process below the Ps break-up energy in Ar gas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 635, no. 5 (September 7, 2015): 052088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/635/5/052088.

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10

Doleschall, P., and I. Borbély. "Phenomenological Non-Local Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions and the Neutron-Deuteron Break-Up Process." Few-Body Systems 27, no. 1 (September 13, 1999): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s006010050120.

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11

Witala, H., Th Cornelius, and W. Gl�ckle. "Faddeev calculations with meson-exchangeN-N interactions for then-d break-up process." Few-Body Systems 5, no. 3 (September 1988): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01079581.

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12

NITSCHE, J. M., and G. K. BATCHELOR. "Break-up of a falling drop containing dispersed particles." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 340 (June 10, 1997): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097005223.

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The general purpose of this paper is to investigate some consequences of the randomness of the velocities of interacting rigid particles falling under gravity through viscous fluid at small Reynolds number. Random velocities often imply diffusive transport of the particles, but particle diffusion of the conventional kind exists only when the length characteristic of the diffusion process is small compared with the distance over which the particle concentration is effectively uniform. When this condition is not satisfied, some alternative analytical description of the dispersion process is needed. Here we suppose that a dilute dispersion of sedimenting particles is bounded externally by pure fluid and enquire about the rate at which particles make outward random crossings of the (imaginary) boundary. If the particles are initially distributed with uniform concentration within a spherical boundary, we gain the convenience of approximately steady conditions with a velocity distribution like that in a falling spherical drop of pure liquid. However, randomness of the particle velocities causes some particles to make an outward crossing of the spherical boundary and to be carried round the boundary and thence downstream in a vertical ‘tail’. This is the nature of break-up of a falling cloud of particles.A numerical simulation of the motion of a number of interacting particles (maximum 320) assumed to act as Stokeslets confirms the validity of the above picture of the way in which particles leak away from a spherical cluster of particles. A dimensionally correct empirical relation for the rate at which particles are lost from the cluster involves a constant which is indeed found to depend only weakly on the various parameters occurring in the numerical simulation. According to this relation the rate at which particles are lost from the blob is proportional to the fall speed of an isolated particle and to the area of the blob boundary. Some photographs of a leaking tail of particles in figure 5 also provide support for the qualitative picture.

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13

ESLAMI-KALANTARI, M., H. R. AMIR-AHMADI, A. BIEGUN, I. GAŠPARIĆ, L. JOULAEIZADEH, N. KALANTAR-NAYESTANAKI, ST KISTRYN, et al. "PROTON-DEUTERON BREAK-UP MEASUREMENTS WITH BINA AT 135 MeV." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 11n13 (April 30, 2009): 839–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309000127.

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High-precision measurements of the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up reaction have been performed in the past at KVI and elsewhere with the aim to study three-nucleon force (3NF) effects. In the present work, we explored 3NF effects in the break-up scattering process by performing a measurement of vector analyzing powers and differential cross sections using a 135 MeV polarized-proton beam impinging on a liquid-deuterium target. For this study, we used a new experimental setup, Big Instrument for Nuclear-polarization Analysis, BINA, which covers almost the entire kinematical phase space of the break-up reaction. The results are interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations.

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14

Wang, Hai-Shuo, and Xi-Yun Hou. "Break-up of the synchronous state of binary asteroid systems." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 505, no. 4 (June 2, 2021): 6037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1585.

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ABSTRACT This paper continues the authors’ previous work and presents a coplanar averaged ellipsoid–ellipsoid model of synchronous binary asteroid system (BAS) plus thermal and tidal effects. Using this model, we analyse the break-up mechanism of the synchronous BAS. Different from the classical spin-orbit coupling model that neglects the rotational motion’s influence on the orbital motion, our model considers simultaneously the orbital motion and the rotational motions. Our findings are as follows: (1) Stable region of the secondary’s synchronous state is mainly up to the secondary’s shape. The primary’s shape has little influence on it. (2) The stable region shrinks continuously with the increasing value of the secondary’s shape parameter aB/bB. Beyond the value of $a_B/b_B=\sqrt{2}$, the planar stable region for the secondary’s synchronous rotation is small but not zero. (3) Considering the BYORP torque, our model shows agreement with the 1-degree-of-freedom adiabatic invariance theory in the outwards migration process, but an obvious difference in the inwards migration process. In particular, our studies show that the so-called ‘long-term’ stable equilibrium between the BYORP torque and the tidal torque is never a real equilibrium state, although the BAS can be captured in this state for quite a long time. (4) In case that the primary’s angular velocity gradually reduces due to the YORP effect, the secondary’s synchronous state may be broken when the primary’s rotational motion crosses some major spin-orbit resonances.

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15

Radin, M., and H. Ghasemi. "Nd break-up process with considering 3NF at intermediate energies in a 3D approach." Nuclear Physics A 945 (January 2016): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.11.003.

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16

Innings, F., and C. Trägårdh. "Visualization of the Drop Deformation and Break-Up Process in a High Pressure Homogenizer." Chemical Engineering & Technology 28, no. 8 (August 2005): 882–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200500080.

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17

Ivashniov, O. E., and K. I. Soplenkov. "A model involving break-up to explain peculiarities of the boiling liquid efflux process." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 18, no. 5 (September 1992): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9322(92)90041-e.

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18

Rodd, Lucy E., Timothy P. Scott, Justin J. Cooper-White, and Gareth H. McKinley. "Capillary Break-up Rheometry of Low-Viscosity Elastic Fluids." Applied Rheology 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2005-0001.

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Abstract We investigate the dynamics of the capillary thinning and break-up process for low viscosity elastic fluids such as dilute polymer solutions. Standard measurements of the evolution of the midpoint diameter of the necking fluid filament are augmented by high speed digital video images of the break up dynamics. We show that the successful operation of a capillary thinning device is governed by three important time scales (which characterize the relative importance of inertial, viscous and elastic processes), and also by two important length scales (which specify the initial sample size and the total stretch imposed on the sample). By optimizing the ranges of these geometric parameters, we are able to measure characteristic time scales for tensile stress growth as small as 1 millisecond for a number of model dilute and semi-dilute solutions of polyethylene oxide (PEO) in water and glycerol. If the final aspect ratio of the sample is too small, or the total axial stretch is too great, measurements are limited, respectively, by inertial oscillations of the liquid bridge or by the development of the well-known beads-on-a-string morphology which disrupt the formation of a uniform necking filament. By considering the magnitudes of the natural time scales associated with viscous flow, elastic stress growth and inertial oscillations it is possible to construct an “operability diagram” characterizing successful operation of a capillary breakup extensional rheometer. For Newtonian fluids, viscosities greater than approximately 70 mPas are required; however for dilute solutions of high molecular weight polymer, the minimum viscosity is substantially lower due to the additional elastic stresses arising from molecular extension. For PEO of molecular weight 2 · 106 g/mol, it is possible to measure relaxation times of order 1 ms in dilute polymer solutions with zero-shear-rate viscosities on the order of 2 – 10 mPas.

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19

Muhammad, P., C. Duguay, and K. K. Kang. "Monitoring ice break-up on the Mackenzie River using MODIS data." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 2783–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-2783-2015.

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Abstract. This study involves the analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 3 500 m snow products (MOD/MYD10A1), complemented with 250 m Level 1B data (MOD/MYD02QKM), to monitor ice cover during the break-up period on the Mackenzie River, Canada. Results from the analysis of data for 13 ice seasons (2001–2013) show that first day ice-off dates are observed between days of year (DOY) 115–125 and end DOY 145–155, resulting in average melt durations of about 30–40 days. Floating ice transported northbound could therefore generate multiple periods of ice-on and ice-off observations at the same geographic location. During the ice break-up period, ice melt was initiated by in situ (thermodynamic) melt over the drainage basin especially between 61–61.8° N (75–300 km). However, ice break-up process north of 61.8° N was more dynamically driven. Furthermore, years with earlier initiation of the ice break-up period correlated with above normal air temperatures and precipitation, whereas later ice break-up period was correlated with below normal precipitation and air temperatures. MODIS observations revealed that ice runs were largely influenced by channel morphology (islands and bars, confluences and channel constriction). It is concluded that the numerous MODIS daily overpasses possible with the Terra and Aqua polar orbiting satellites, provide a powerful means for monitoring ice break-up processes at multiple geographical locations simultaneously along the Mackenzie River.

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20

Voermans, Joey J., Jean Rabault, Kirill Filchuk, Ivan Ryzhov, Petra Heil, Aleksey Marchenko, Clarence O. Collins III, Mohammed Dabboor, Graig Sutherland, and Alexander V. Babanin. "Experimental evidence for a universal threshold characterizing wave-induced sea ice break-up." Cryosphere 14, no. 11 (November 27, 2020): 4265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4265-2020.

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Abstract. Waves can drastically transform a sea ice cover by inducing break-up over vast distances in the course of a few hours. However, relatively few detailed studies have described this phenomenon in a quantitative manner, and the process of sea ice break-up by waves needs to be further parameterized and verified before it can be reliably included in forecasting models. In the present work, we discuss sea ice break-up parameterization and demonstrate the existence of an observational threshold separating breaking and non-breaking cases. This threshold is based on information from two recent field campaigns, supplemented with existing observations of sea ice break-up. The data used cover a wide range of scales, from laboratory-grown sea ice to polar field observations. Remarkably, we show that both field and laboratory observations tend to converge to a single quantitative threshold at which the wave-induced sea ice break-up takes place, which opens a promising avenue for robust parametrization in operational forecasting models.

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21

Kim, Dae Soo, Geon Bae, Byung Seong Bae, Seungoh Han, Sung Sik Shin, Jin Seog Gwag, and Chul Gyu Jhun. "Monodispersed Liquid Crystal Droplets Fabricated by the Droplet Break-up Process in the Microfluidic System." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 596, no. 1 (June 13, 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2014.918302.

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22

Bałdyga, Jerzy, Wojciech Orciuch, Łukasz Makowski, Maciej Malski-Brodzicki, and Katarzyna Malik. "Break up of nano-particle clusters in high-shear devices." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 46, no. 9 (September 2007): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.05.016.

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23

Lundin, E. R., and A. G. Doré. "Non-Wilsonian break-up predisposed by transforms: examples from the North Atlantic and Arctic." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 470, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 375–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp470.6.

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AbstractThe Atlantic Ocean margins formed the basis for the seminal Wilson cycle concept, which suggests that oceans close, form fold belts, and later reopen in a concertina-like fashion. However, we observe that continental break-up of the North Atlantic–Arctic region only weakly reflects Wilson's concept. Rather than utilizing fold belts, transforms have been the dominant weaknesses that guided break-up, primarily because less force is required to break a plate via strike-slip related shearing than via rifting. Some transforms were inherited features, whereas others formed as part of the continental break-up process. Regardless of cause, once a transform has formed, the plate is broken and further rifting is not required before seafloor spreading can start. This is particularly well expressed in the NE Atlantic, where the line of Early Eocene break-up is very sharp, with minor or no preceding Paleocene rifting. Other examples include the De Geer, Ungava and Lomonosov transforms. We propose that the transform break-up mechanism is an important adjunct to the Wilson cycle theory and that it provides an explanation for ‘non-Wilson’ oceans, where old collision zones are not reactivated.

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24

Partridge, L., D. C. Y. Wong, M. J. H. Simmons, E. I. Părău, and S. P. Decent. "Experimental and Theoretical Description of the Break-up of Curved Liquid Jets in the Prilling Process." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 83, no. 11 (November 2005): 1267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/cherd.05090.

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25

Mukhtar, Syeda Masooda, and Desalegn Abraha Gebrekidan. "Determinants of International Strategic Alliance Process and Alliance Failure: Learning from the Volvo-Renault Break-up." International Journal of Strategic Business Alliances 6, no. 2 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsba.2017.10009842.

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26

SASAKI, Atsushi, Masamichi TOSAKI, and Masaharu Matsubara. "1601 Observation of break-up process of water sheet using an optical liquid surface inclinometer(2)." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2006 (2006): _1601–1_—_1601–4_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2006._1601-1_.

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27

SASAKI, Atsushi, Masamichi TOSAKI, and Masaharu Matsubara. "1601 Observation of break-up process of water sheet using an optical liquid surface inclinometer(1)." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2006 (2006): _1601—a_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2006._1601-a_.

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28

Lan, Tian, Jian Qing Wang, and Zheng Wei Jin. "Influence of Blow-Up Ratio on Properties of Cellulose Packaging Films by Blow-Extrusion Process." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.260.

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The blow-extruded tube-like regeneration cellulose films in different blow-up ratios were prepared by NMMO technology. It was studied the effect of different blow-up ratio on the mechanical and obstructing properties as well as the morphology cross-section of cellulose blown films. It is found that the tensile strength and obstructing performance except elongation at break of films are improved when blow-up ratios increasing. The tensile strength of 1.3, 1.7 blow-up ratio cellulose blown films in longitudinal and transverse is 36.4MPa and 39.9MPa, 13.8MPa and 29.04MPa, respectively. The elongation at a break of 1.3, 1.7 blow-up ratio cellulose blown films in longitudinal and transverse is 105.4% and 72.01%, 42.4% and 25.79%, respectively. The OPF and WVP value of 1.3, 1.7 blow-up ratio cellulose blown films are 13.34×10-15cm3•cm/(cm2•s•Pa) and 1.36×10-15cm3•cm/(cm2•s•Pa) , 4.18×10-13g•cm/cm2•s•Pa and 1.87×10-13g•cm/cm2•s•Pa, respectively. The SEM picture of cross-section of 1.7 blow-up ratio films displays denser and lower porosity than 1.3 blow-up ratio films. According to the results of study, the films prepared by using NMMO technology would be used in food packaging or other fields as a kind of green packaging material.

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29

Wolstencroft, Martin, and J. Huw Davies. "Breaking supercontinents; no need to choose between passive or active." Solid Earth 8, no. 4 (August 7, 2017): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-817-2017.

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Abstract. Much debate has centred on whether continental break-up is predominantly caused by active upwelling in the mantle (e.g. plumes) or by long-range extensional stresses in the lithosphere. We propose the hypothesis that global supercontinent break-up events should always involve both. The fundamental principle involved is the conservation of mass within the spherical shell of the mantle, which requires a return flow for any major upwelling beneath a supercontinent. This shallow horizontal return flow away from the locus of upwelling produces extensional stress. We demonstrate this principle with numerical models, which simultaneously exhibit both upwellings and significant lateral flow in the upper mantle. For non-global break-up the impact of the finite geometry of the mantle will be less pronounced, weakening this process. This observation should motivate future studies of continental break-up to explicitly consider the global perspective, even when observations or models are of regional extent.

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30

Yule, A. J., and D. G. Salters. "On the Distance Required to Atomize Diesel Sprays Injected from Orifice-Type Nozzles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 209, no. 3 (July 1995): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_205_02.

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Conductivity probe measurements, using ranges of nozzles, liquid properties and gas densities, have revealed more extensive and reliable information on the break-up process of diesel sprays than has been published to date. The spray generated from a single-hole orifice-type nozzle has an incompletely atomized break-up length which typically extends at least 100 hole diameters downstream. The physical structure of this break-up zone varies, depending on the liquid properties and both initial and boundary conditions, from that of a central liquid column, with outer drops and ligaments, to, more typically, that of a chaotic ‘wire wool’ structure of ligaments and drops. Time variations of the break-up length are found during spray pulses and concentrations of poorly atomized liquid are convected downstream in the form of coherent structures. The existence of this zone has repercussions with respect to spray-gas flow interaction, fuel vaporization and wall wetting in internal combustion engines.

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31

Gebrekidan, Desalegn Abraha, and Syeda Masooda Mukhtar. "Determinants of the international strategic alliance process and alliance failure: learning from the Volvo-Renault break-up." International Journal of Strategic Business Alliances 6, no. 1/2 (2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsba.2017.089846.

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32

Silva, Fabricio S., Ricardo A. Medronho, and Luiz Fernando Barca. "Experimental study of water droplet break up in water in oil dispersions using an apparatus that produces localized pressure drops." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 74 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018079.

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Oil production facilities have choke/control valves to control production and protect downstream equipment against over pressurization. This process is responsible for droplets break up and the formation of emulsions which are difficult to treat. An experimental study of water in oil dispersion droplets break up in localized pressure drop is presented. To accomplish that, an apparatus simulating a gate valve was constructed. Droplet Size Distribution (DSD) was measured by laser light scattering. Oil physical properties were controlled and three different break up models were compared with the experimental results. All experimental maximum diameters (dmax) were above Kolmogorov length scale. The results show that dmax decreases with increase of energy dissipation rate (ε) according to the relation dmax ∝ ε−0.42. The Hinze (1955, AIChE J.1, 3, 289–295) model failed to predict the experimental results, although, it was able to adjust reasonably well those points when the original proportional constant was changed. It was observed that increasing the dispersed phase concentration increases dmax due to turbulence suppression and/or coalescence phenomenon. Turbulent viscous break up model gave fairly good prediction.

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33

BOTTA, Oana Daciana, István MAGOS, and Corneliu BALAN. "Experimental study on the formation and break-up of fluid bubbles." INCAS BULLETIN 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2020.12.1.3.

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The study of fluid surfaces plays an important role in understanding the interfaces encountered in biological systems, as it allows for the investigation of the basic characteristics such as the formation, stability and permeability. Moreover, the adhesion and the fusion of biological membranes can be better understood by the experimental investigations of drops and bubbles formation in controlled dynamical processes. These studies have the potential to generate novel and value information for medical applications in the diagnosis and therapy using microfluidic-based biosensors and controlled drug-delivery micro-devices. In this paper, the dynamics of fluid interfaces have been studied experimentally and a method for determining the surface/interfacial tension is proposed. The analysis started with the investigation of the soap bubble formation and break-up. The rupture was triggered manually, by pinching the tip with a needle. The burst was recorded with high-speed cameras and the burst speed was determined. Furthermore, the thickness of the fluid membrane was approximated and the surface tension was calculated using the Culick-Taylor's law. The obtained values for the surface tension were in the same order of magnitude with that from the literature, thus, considering that the employed method can lead to adequate results. Subsequently, a set-up was created to automatically generate fluid bubbles, at different imposed flow rates. The spontaneous burst was analyzed for three different liquids: soap solution, vegetable oil and polyacrylamide. The phenomenon is characterized by the Ohnesorge number, which takes into account the influence of viscous forces in relation to the inertial and surface tension forces. For the soap bubbles, the obtained thickness of the membrane was in the range of (300-500) nm. The calculated surface tension was found to be 0.038 N/m. In the case of automatically generated fluid bubbles, the lowest Ohnesorge number was obtained for soap bubbles and the highest for oil bubbles. Moreover, soap bubbles had the highest break-up speed, while vegetable oil and polyacrylamide had lower and similar break-up speeds. The experimental study described in this paper is an alternative method for the identification of material parameters, such as density and surface tension, in a dynamical process. Numerical simulations are reported from the viewpoint of servo time constant performance.

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34

Jeffries, Martin O., and Kim Morris. "Some aspects of ice phenology on ponds in central Alaska, USA." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871576.

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AbstractIce phenology (freeze-up, break-up and duration) was monitored for five seasons between autumn 2001 and spring 2006 at 11 small, shallow ponds in the boreal forest of central Alaska, USA. The sequence in which freeze-up (FU; day of 100% ice cover) and break-up (BU; day of zero ice cover) occurred at the 11 ponds showed moderately high to very high coherence each season. This was probably due to FU and BU being poorly correlated with pond morphometry (area, depth). BU is strongly correlated with April mean air temperature; a ±1˚C change in mean April air temperature is equivalent to a ±1.86 day change in BU. FU and air-temperature relationships are inconclusive, primarily because post-FU warm intervals in two autumns cause an anticorrelation between mean September air temperature and FU. Mean ice duration varies between 205 and 225 days, and is strongly correlated with maximum ice thickness through its effect on BU. A ±10mm change in maximum ice thickness will cause a ±0.6 day change in ice duration. Maximum ice thickness and ice composition (snow ice, congelation ice) also have a strong influence on break-up when all data from all ponds and all years are considered. The predictability of FU and BU sequence, the minor role of morphometry in FU and BU, the strong role of April mean air temperature in BU, and the role of maximum ice thickness in duration suggests that these ponds would be good sites for continued long-term observation of phenology and the influence of weather/climate variation and change, and for freeze-up/break-up process studies, particularly the role of ice composition and albedo.

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35

Stratmann, F., H. Siebert, G. Spindler, B. Wehner, D. Althausen, J. Heintzenberg, O. Hellmuth, et al. "New-particle formation events in a continental boundary layer: First results from the SATURN experiment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 2 (March 27, 2003): 1693–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-1693-2003.

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Abstract. During the SATURN experiment, which took place from 27 May to 4 June 2002, new particle formation in the continental boundary layer was investigated. Simultaneous ground-based and tethered-balloon-borne measurements were performed, including meteorological parameters, particle number concentrations and size distributions, gaseous precursor concentrations and SODAR and LIDAR observations. Newly formed particles were observed inside the residual layer, before the break-up process of the nocturnal inversion, and inside the mixing layer throughout the break-up of the nocturnal inversion and during the evolution of the planetary boundary layer.

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Stratmann, F., H. Siebert, G. Spindler, B. Wehner, D. Althausen, J. Heintzenberg, O. Hellmuth, et al. "New-particle formation events in a continental boundary layer: first results from the SATURN experiment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 5 (September 22, 2003): 1445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1445-2003.

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Abstract. During the SATURN experiment, which took place from 27 May to 14 June 2002, new particle formation in the continental boundary layer was investigated. Simultaneous ground-based and tethered-balloon-borne measurements were performed, including meteorological parameters, particle number concentrations and size distributions, gaseous precursor concentrations and SODAR and LIDAR observations. Newly formed particles were observed inside the residual layer, before the break-up process of the nocturnal inversion, and inside the mixing layer throughout the break-up of the nocturnal inversion and during the evolution of the planetary boundary layer.

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Škarica, Mihovil. "Process of local government fragmentation in Croatia: From a big-bang to a status quo." Miscellanea Geographica 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0043.

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Abstract The paper explores and explains the fragmentation process in Croatian local government during the transition period from 1990 onwards. Special focus is given to the emergence of new municipalities (municipal splits/secessions) that occurred after the new two-tier local government system was established in 1993. Excessive fragmentation of territorial structure at the beginning of the 1990s was a systematic and centrally driven reform that was meant to break with the inherited local government model and break up its territorial structure as radically as possible. While the initial overhaul in 1993 was mostly the result of conscious policy implemented in a top-down manner, subsequent municipal splits were mostly the outcome of local initiatives and lobbying, and were predominantly shaped by local, primarily economic factors, whereas political and cultural factors were of secondary importance. The national institutional context, including criteria and procedural rules for splits, were quite liberal during this whole period, with a moderate tightening-up trajectory. The number of municipalities finally stabilised in 2006, since when there have been no more splits.

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Wu, Xi Wang, Jian Zhong Xiao, Feng Xia, Yong Gang Hu, and Zhou Peng. "A Simple Method to Disperse Carbon Nanotubes by Shearing Process." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.255.

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The key problem to prepare carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced ceramic matrix composites is how to break up massive agglomerates of CNTs and disperse uniformly CNTs. We obtain the CNTs-Al2O3composite powder by shear treatment on melted CNTs-Al2O3-agents mixture. Microstructure observations of CNTs-Al2O3composite powder show that CNTs can be dispersed uniformly by shearing process. The rheological results also affirm the conclusion. According to the rheological theory, we build the ideal dispersion model of CNTs-Al2O3suspension system and discuss the dispersion mechanism.

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LASHERAS, J. C., E. VILLERMAUX, and E. J. HOPFINGER. "Break-up and atomization of a round water jet by a high-speed annular air jet." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 357 (February 25, 1998): 351–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097008070.

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The near- and far-field break-up and atomization of a water jet by a high-speed annular air jet are examined by means of high-speed flow visualizations and phase Doppler particle sizing techniques. Visualization of the jet's near field and measurements of the frequencies associated with the gas–liquid interfacial instabilities are used to study the underlying physical mechanisms involved in the primary break-up of the water jet. This process is shown to consist of the stripping of water sheets, or ligaments, which subsequently break into smaller lumps or drops. An entrainment model of the near-field stripping of the liquid is proposed, and shown to describe the measured liquid shedding frequencies. This simplified model explains qualitatively the dependence of the shedding frequency on the air/water momentum ratio in both initially laminar and turbulent water jets. The role of the secondary liquid break-up in the far-field atomization of the water jet is also investigated, and an attempt is made to apply the classical concepts of local isotropy to explain qualitatively the measurement of the far-field droplet size distribution and its dependence on the water to air mass and momentum ratios. Models accounting for the effect of the local turbulent dissipation rate in the gas on both the break-up and coalescence of the droplets are developed and compared with the measurements of the variation of the droplet size along the jet's centreline. The total flux of kinetic energy supplied by the gas per unit total mass of the spray jet was found to be the primary parameter determining the secondary break-up and coalescence of the droplets in the far field.

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Double, Oliver. "Tragedy Plus Time: Transforming Life Experience into Stand-Up Comedy." New Theatre Quarterly 33, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x17000057.

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In this article, Oliver Double examines the process of turning traumatic personal experience into viable stand-up comedy material by offering a detailed account of the creative process behind his 2015 show Break a Leg. Drawing on Bergson, Brecht, and Noël Carroll, he explores the origins of comic ideas in personal observation, and argues for a two-stage process of joke creation. This is fleshed out in a detailed examination of a particular routine, in which he uses Koestler's concept of bisociation to show how an initial observation was shaped into a series of punchlines. He also discusses authenticating strategies which comedians employ to demonstrate that they are recalling their actual experiences, and ways in which the dialogic qualities of stand-up affect empathy and intimacy. Oliver Double is a former professional comedian who is now a Reader in Drama at the University of Kent. He is the author of Stand-Up! On Being a Comedian (1997), Britain Had Talent: a History of Variety Theatre (2012), and Getting the Joke: the Inner Workings of Stand-Up Comedy (2nd edition, 2014). A film of Break a Leg is available on YouTube, and the related podcast Breaking a Leg is accessible via iTunes.

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Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani, A., M. Mahjour-Shafiei, H. R. Amir-Ahmadi, A. D. Bacher, C. D. Bailey, A. Biegun, M. Eslami-Kalantari, et al. "Spin observables in the three-body break-up process near the quasi-free limit in deuteron–deuteron scattering." Physics Letters B 725, no. 4-5 (October 2013): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2013.07.041.

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Kozlov, V. S., and F. B. Shuman. "Using the energy of a controlled explosion to break up large hard-to-process metal objects into scrap." Metallurgist 41, no. 5-6 (May 1997): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02767862.

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MacAyeal, Douglas R., Marianne H. Okal, Jonathan E. Thom, Kelly M. Brunt, Young-Jin Kim, and Andrew K. Bliss. "Tabular iceberg collisions within the coastal regime." Journal of Glaciology 54, no. 185 (2008): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214308784886180.

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AbstractDuring 2000–07, five giant icebergs (B15A, B15J, B15K, C16 and C25) adrift in the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica, were instrumented with global positioning system (GPS) receivers and other instruments to monitor their behavior in the near-coastal environment. The measurements show that collision processes can strongly influence iceberg behavior and delay their progress in drifting to the open ocean. Collisions appear to have been a dominant control on the movement of B15A, the largest of the icebergs, during the 4-year period it gyrated within the limited confines of Ross Island, the fixed Ross Ice Shelf and grounded C16. Iceberg interactions in the near-coastal regime are largely driven by ocean tidal effects which determine the magnitude of forces generated during collision and break-up events. Estimates of forces derived from the observed drift trajectories during the iceberg-collisioninduced calving of iceberg C19 from the Ross Ice Shelf, during the iceberg-induced break-off of the tip of the Drygalski Ice Tongue and the break-up of B15A provide a crude estimate of the stress scale involved in iceberg calving. Considering the total area the vertical face of new rifts created in the calving or break-up process, and not accounting for local stress amplification near rift tips, this estimated stress scale is 104 Pa.

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Perovich, Donald K., Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge, and Walter B. Tucker. "Seasonal changes in Arctic sea-ice morphology." Annals of Glaciology 33 (2001): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818716.

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AbstractThe morphology of the Arctic sea-ice cover undergoes large changes over an annual cycle. These changes have a significant impact on the heat budget of the ice cover, primarily by affecting the distribution of the solar radiation absorbed in the ice-ocean system. In spring, the ice is snow-covered and ridges are the prominent features. The pack consists of large angular floes, with a small amount of open water contained primarily in linear leads. By the end of summer the ice cover has undergone a major transformation. The snow cover is gone, many of the ridges have been reduced to hummocks and the ice surface is mottled with melt ponds. One surface characteristic that changes little during the summer is the appearance of the bare ice, which remains white despite significant melting. The large floes have broken into a mosaic of smaller, rounded floes surrounded by a lace of open water. Interestingly, this break-up occurs during summer when the dynamic forcing and the internal ice stress are small During the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field experiment we had an opportunity to observe the break-up process both on a small scale from the ice surface, and on a larger scale via aerial photographs. Floe break-up resulted in large part from thermal deterioration of the ice. The large floes of spring are riddled with cracks and leads that formed and froze during fall, winter and spring. These features melt open during summer, weakening the ice so that modest dynamic forcing can break apart the large floes into many fragments. Associated with this break-up is an increase in the number of floes, a decrease in the size of floes, an increase in floe perimeter and an increase in the area of open water.

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Mostaghimi, Javad, and Sanjeev Chandra. "Splat formation in plasma-spray coating process." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 3 (January 1, 2002): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274030441.

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The paper describes recent developments in modeling formation of plasma-spray coatings. This is a stochastic process in which particle-impact conditions, thermophysical properties, substrate topology, and temperature all play important roles in determining the structure of coating. Specific attention is paid to the simulation of droplet impact and solidification under plasma-spraying conditions. Results of 3-dimensional models show that on a flat surface solidification may cause splashing and break-up of the impacting particle. Undercooling effects result in faster solidification and, thus, smaller extent of spreading. More recent works investigate the effect of surrounding gas on dynamics of impact. It is shown that this could result in entrapment of a bubble under the droplet.

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Holladay, Holly Willson, and Amanda Nell Edgar. "‘I’m never gonna stop watching it’: The paradox of parasocial break-ups in a post-object era." Journal of Fandom Studies 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jfs_00001_1.

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In this article, we propose an understanding of parasocial relationships, in which fans build an affective relationship with characters and television programmes, as fandom’s emotional interior. Rather than being structured by fan productivity and community, parasocial relationships exist in a private, intimate space as fans develop deep emotional bonds with characters. When a series concludes, fans must therefore reconcile the dissolution of these relationships in a personal way, a process called the parasocial break-up. However, the current media landscape fosters the sense that the fan object is never truly ‘over’, which tempers the negative emotions of the parasocial break-up. Interviews with fans of The Office revealed that this process is paradoxical, as fans assert both the devastation of loss and the agency of denying that loss.

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Alpaslan Kocamemi, B., and D. Dityapak. "Real-time process dynamics monitoring in Anammox reactors." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (March 15, 2014): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.130.

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Process dynamics in Anammox systems were evaluated through continuous monitoring of pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and conductivity in two separate newly started-up sequencing batch reactors, one seeded with an enriched Anammox sludge and the other seeded with mixed activated sludge. The pH and ORP profiles exhibited characteristic patterns depending on the process dynamics during early start-up, start-up and enrichment phases of the operational period of 410 days. The simultaneously continuing processes of the start-up period showed apparent indicative trend lines in pH and ORP profiles. Conductivity profiles were consistent with the process dynamics in all phases. During the enrichment phase, conductivity decreases could quantitatively be related to process removal efficiencies and all real-time profiles exhibited specific break-points which coincided with the end of Anammox in each cycle. The end of Anammox was observed as an ‘apex’ on pH profiles and a ‘valley’ on ORP profiles. The ‘apex’ and ‘valley’ points exactly coincided with the end point of the linear decrease in the conductivity profiles. The overall findings suggested a great potential in using real-time pH, ORP and conductivity measurements for quick and reliable monitoring of Anammox systems during start-up and enrichment periods.

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Al-Asheh, Sameer, and Fawzi Banat. "Packed-Bed Removal of Copper and Zinc Ions Using Chemically-Treated Chicken Feathers." Energy & Environment 14, no. 4 (July 2003): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830503322364467.

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In this work, the sorption of copper by chemically treated chicken feathers was tested via packed-bed column. Chicken feathers were selected as adsorbent based on its high availability as environmental waste. The alkaline-treated chicken feathers column showed good sorption capacity toward copper and zinc ions. It was proved that an increase in metal concentration or flow rate of the influent solution shortens the break-through time. The break-through time increased with the bed depth. The break-through time occurred earlier when zinc was passed through the column rather than copper, but the bed capacity was higher for the later than for the former. The key process design parameters, which could serve as a basis for sorption process scale up, were calculated by applying the Bed-Depth-Service-Time (BDST) model to the experimental data.

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Valtonen, M. "Three-Body Problem and Multiple Stellar Systems." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 191 (August 2004): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100008678.

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AbstractThree-body processes go on in star clusters where binary stars meet single stars and frequently form temporary triple systems. The triples are typically unstable and break up into a new binary and a single star. Also a simple scattering of a single star from a binary may take place. Both processes can be handled by the statistical theories of three-body break-up and scattering. Here we apply the theory to binary stars, assuming that binaries have been involved in the three-body process. The distributions of binary periods, eccentricities and mass ratios are discussed from this point of view and compared with observational samples.

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TSUDA, Shinichi, Naoki TANI, and Nobuhiro YAMANISHI. "A Construction of a Multi-Process Cavitation Model for Cold Water (Implementation of Inception/Collapse and Coalescence/Break-up)." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series B 78, no. 790 (2012): 1165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.78.1165.

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