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1
Tocco, Francesca. "Modulation of p53 activities by the prolyl-isomerase PIN1 and the bromodomain protein BRD7." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2622.
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2006/2007ABSTRACT: MODULATION OF p53 ACTIVITIES BY THE PROLYL-ISOMERASE PIN1 AND THE BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN BRD7 The tumour suppressor p53 belongs to a family of transcription factors that play key roles in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis. The orchestration of the appropriate cellular responses depends on the fine regulation of p53’s functions through post-translational modifications and interaction with other proteins. In many years of intense study a considerable knowledge on p53 activity has been achieved, yet a greater insight is needed on the specificity of its response. In the first part of this thesis a novel mechanism in the regulation of p53-mediated apoptotic response has been disclosed. It has been demonstrated that upon severe stress signalling p53 dissociates from iASPP, an anti-apoptotic co-factor that inhibits p53 apoptotic functions, and that key roles in this process are played by the prolyl isomerase Pin1. Moreover, it emerged that phosphorylation at p53 Ser46 is required for Pin1-mediated dissociation of the p53-iASPP complex thus providing a mechanistic explanation for the relevance of this site in p53 mediated apoptosis. Notably, the role of Pin1 in assisting the dissociation of p53 from iASPP appears to be independent from Pin1-induced acetylation of p53 and dissociation from Mdm2, further confirming that Pin1 may modulate p53 activity at different levels. A different approach to gain insight on the mechanisms governing p53 regulation is the analysis of p53 protein interaction profiles. The bromodomain containing protein Brd7 was identified as a common interactor of the p53 family proteins in a yeast two hybrid screening conducted in our lab. The presence of the bromodomain and evidences from literature made Brd7 a promising candidate for modulating the p53 pathway at the transcriptional level. This protein and its functional interaction with p53 have been therefore characterized in the second part of this thesis. Upon depletion of Brd7 expression in cells it has been demonstrated that Brd7 is required for efficient cell-cycle arrest in U2OS cells upon challenging with genotoxic stimuli. This effect appeared to be due to a reduction in p21 expression that occurred upon Brd7 depletion and under stress condition. The down-regulation of p21 as a consequence of Brd7 silencing occurred at the transcriptional level and proved to be p53-depedent. Taken together the data reported in the second part of this thesis suggest a role for Brd7 as a positive regulator of p53 transcriptional activity during cell-cycle arrest response and that this function might be exerted by regulating p53-mediated transcription on a chromatin context. Further analysis is needed to dissct the role of this functional interaction. Yet, preliminary investigation suggest that Brd7 might be an important modulator of p53 response and that it can be an important means for p53 to crosstalk with other signalling pathway. Together, the data presented in this thesis contribute to achieve greater knowledge on the mechanism that govern p53 response. As the p53 pathway is compromised to some degree in almost all human cancers, this would be also of great relevance in designing new targeted strategies for cancer treatment.
Riassunto: Modulazione delle attività di p53 da parte della prolyl isomerasi Pin1 e della proteina contenente dominio Bromo Brd7 L’oncosoppressore p53 appartiene a una famiglia di fattori di trascrzione che svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel mantenimento della stabilità genomica e dell’omeostasi cellulare. L’attuazione di un’appropriata risposta cellulare dipende molto dalla regolazione fine delle funzioni di p53. Ciò avviene attraverso modificazioni post-traduzionali e interazioni con altre proteine cellulari. In molti anni di intenso studio si è raggiunta una notevole conoscenza sull’ attività di p53 ma ancora non è stato definito cosa regoli la specificità della risposta. Nella prima parte di questa tesi è stato portato alla luce un nuovo meccanismo nella regolazione della risposta apoptotica mediata da p53. E’ stato dimostrato che, in seguito a stress intensi, p53 si dissocia da iASPP, un co-fattore anti-apoptotico che inibisce le funzioni apoptotiche di p53 e che la prolyl-isomerasi in1 gioca un ruolo fondamentale in questo processo. In aggiunta è emerso che la fosforilazione di p53 al residuo Ser46 è necessaria al distacco di p53 da iASPP mediato da Pin1, fornendo una spiegazione meccanicistica alla nota rilevanza di questo siro per l’apoptosi mediata da p53. Interessantemente, il ruolo di Pin1 nell’assistere la dissociazione di p53 da iASPP sembra essere indipendente dalla sua capacità di favorirne l’acetilazione e il distacco da Mdm2, così confermando che Pin1 può modulare l’attività di p53 a diversi livelli. Un differente approccio per avere delucidazioni sui meccanismi che governano la regolazione di p53 è l’analisi del profilo di interazione proteica. La proteina Brd7 (contenente dominio Bromo) è stata identificata come comune interattore dei membri della famiglia di p53 in uno screening di doppio ibrido in lievito, condotto nel nostro laboratorio. La presenza del dominio Bromo e alcune evidenze di letteratura hanno reso Brd7 un candidato promettente come modulatore trascrizionale della via di segnalazione di p53. Brd7 e la sua interazione funzionale con p53 sono stati caratterizzati nella seconda parte di questa tesi. Dopo aver bloccato l’espressione di Brd7 in cellule è stato dimostrato che Brd7 è necessario per un efficiente arresto del ciclo cellulare in seguito a danni genotossici. Questo effetto sembra essere dovuto ad una riduzione nell’espressione di p21 che avviene I seguito alla deplezione di Brd7 e in condizioni di stress.Tale riduzione avviene a livello trascrizionale ed è p53-dipendente. Insieme I dati riportati nella seconda parte della tesi indicano un ruolo per Brd7 come regolatore positivo dell’attività trascrizionale di p53 durante l’arresto del ciclo cellulare e ciò può avvenire attraverso una regolazione a livello della cromatina. Insieme, I dati presentati in questa tesi contribuiscono ad una maggiore conoscenza sui meccanismi che governano la risposta di p53. Dato che la via di segnalazione di p53 è compromessa a qaulche livello in quasi tutti i tumori, questo potrebbe essere rilevante per disegnare nuove terapie mirate per la cura del cancro.
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Comel, Anna. "p53 at the crossroads between cancer and neurodegeneration: unveiling molecular circuitries involved in tumorigenesis and neuronal cell death." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10114.
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2012/2013Cancer and neurodegeneration are linked by a relation of inverse comorbidity, cancer patients being at lower risk for neurodegenerative disorders and vice versa. Interestingly, many cellular processes and factors contribute to both pathologies, and a central role is played by the transcription factor p53. Best known for its antiproliferative activities following transformation-related stimuli, p53 acts to maintain genetic stability and prevent tumour onset by transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms. Recently, a contribution of p53 also in neuronal development and death was unveiled. In the case of Huntington’s Disease (HD), p53 mediates cytotoxicity in HD cells and animal models, whereas its inhibition prevents this phenotype. On these premises, we were prompted to investigate the signalling pathways and protein interactions that modulate p53 activation in both cancer and neurodegeneration with the aim of identifying critical hubs as new targets for therapeutic intervention. We discovered that expression of HD causative agent, i.e. mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) protein, behaves like a genotoxic stimulus in inducing phosphorylation of p53 on Ser46, that leads to its modification by phosphorylation-dependent prolyl-isomerase Pin1 and consequent induction of apoptotic target genes. Inhibition of Ser46 phosphorylation by targeting HIPK2, PKCδ, or ATM kinases, as well as inhibition of Pin1, prevented mHtt-dependent apoptosis of neuronal cells. These results provide a rationale for the use of inhibitors of stress-responsive kinases and Pin1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for HD treatment. On the other hand, we investigated the contribution of BRD7, a protein involved in epigenetic regulation, to the p53 pathway. We found that BRD7 is required for the onset of oncogene-induced senescence, a main tumour suppressive p53 activity. In addition, we found that upon oncogene activation BRD7 restrains, independently of p53, the acquisition of malignant phenotypes, such as migration/invasion and stem cell traits. We observed a strong induction of inflammatory genes after depletion of BRD7, whose contribution to this process is still under investigation. BRD7 takes part into SWI/SNF and PRC2 chromatin remodelling complexes, whose pleiotropic roles in tumorigenesis make them appealing targets for cancer therapy. We will discuss how this new generated knowledge could be exploited for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, in which chromatin alterations are now recognized as drivers of pathogenesis.
XXV Ciclo
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De, Deken Joachim. "A BRDF analysis of cloth." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/fullcit?p1477896.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 14, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-60).
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Kováčová, Kristýna. "Vyhlídková věž v oblasti Brdy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392127.
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The subjekt of this thesis is a design of a viewing tower located in the area of Brdy. The structure has been created as a 3D model, the internal forces have been calculated with the use o finite element method in a structural engineering software Scia Engineer 15.1. Based on the knowledge of theses forces the design of the structural systems has been done. The materials used on this construction are glued laminated timber and steel. The height of the tower is 25,725 m. The floor plan is a shape of a circle and fluctuating smaller with the gaining height. The main structural systém consists of 8 curved posts which are radiály situated on the circular floor plan. The tower has 3 observational platforms.
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Tongbuasirilai, Tanaboon. "Accurate BRDF Modelling for Wide Angle Scattering." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-102746.
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In this thesis, a modified BRDF model for wide-angle scattering is presented. The proposed model is developed from empirical observations of several BRDF models. The model is an extention of the classical microfacet models. By replacing the two cosines of elevation angles with functions and exponent parameters, our model is able to give a special characteristic which we have not found in any other BRDF models. The characteristic at wide-angle scattering can be, for example, seen on the polyethylene material. In addition, our proposed model can greatly improve relative error from the reference model. The average relative error improvement is about 20 ercent for a cosine weighted error metric,E1 , and 10 percent for a logarithmic error metric, E 2,. Moreover, we also introduce a new optimization approach for the proposed terms. This approach can do optimization so that our proposed model gives at least an equivalent error to the reference model.
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Matěnová, Lucie. "Vývoj místní samosprávy v Mníšku pod Brdy." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-257346.
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The main aim of the thesis was determined to identify factors influencing political decisions of municipal government in Mníšek pod Brdy city. The Diploma Thesis is divided into three parts, the first of which is dedicated to local authorities, including their composition and powers, as well as issues of municipal elections, local political partisanship, and the participation of citizens in the conflict lines in local political space.
Next part of this thesis was focused on indicators of proportionality elections and theories dealing with different views of the local coalition.
The second part deals with the general characteristics of the city and its socio-economic structure.
The last, main part of the Diploma Thesis is devoted to the presentation of each electoral period from 2002 till 2014. The principle of development and function of coalition within decision-making of the local government is described on the basis of analysis.
In the end of the thesis factors, that influence coalition relationships and their reasons, are presented.
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Rahman, Shaila. "Molecular Insight into Function of the Evolutionarily Conserved Brd4 Extraterminal Domain (ET) and Mechanism of Brd4 Functions in Human Diseases." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10204.
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Bromodomain protein 4 (Brd4) plays critical roles in development, cancer progression and virus-host pathogenesis. Papillomaviruses (PV) E2 protein associates with Brd4 and this interaction is important for transcriptional regulation of the viral oncogenes by E2 as well as viral genome maintenance in host cells for some of the PV. Brd4 is causally linked to a rare, aggressive cancer, NUT Midline Carcinoma (NMC), which is typically defined by chromosomal translocation fusing the NUT gene to the Brd4 gene. The molecular mechanism behind Brd4-NUT oncogenesis remains largely unknown. To gain mechanistic insight into the biological functions of Brd4, we performed a proteomic analysis to identify and characterize Brd4 associated cellular proteins. We discovered binding partners of the Brd4 ET domain and show that interaction of these proteins with Brd4 is conserved across the human BET proteins. The Brd4 ET interactors, NSD3, JMJD6 and GLTSCR1, were found to be important for Brd4 transcriptional activation function and are recruited to the promoters they regulate in a Brd4 dependent manner. Moreover, depletion of Brd4 or NSD3 reduced H3K36 methylation demonstrating that the Brd4/NSD3 complex regulates the chromatin microenvironment. We thus identified the ET domain as an important transcription regulatory domain for Brd4. Since the ET domain is preserved in the Brd-NUT proteins, we also investigated its contribution to Brd-NUT pathogenesis. Expression of the ET domain, which competes off the ET domain interactors from Brd4-NUT, induced squamous differentiation. More specifically, depletion of the ET domain interactor, NSD3 induced squamous differentiation by Brd4-NUT while loss of JMJD6 markedly reduced proliferation of the NMC cells. Lastly, we investigated the effect of the recently developed small molecule inhibitors of BET bromodomains on PV E2 functions and papilloma virus mediated pathogenesis. BET inhibitors blocked association of Brd4 and E2 with mitotic chromosomes without affecting Brd4 dependent E2 transcription regulation of viral promoters. This finding suggests that Brd4 affects viral genome maintenance and viral transcription regulation via different mechanisms. Overall, these studies have shed new insight into the molecular mechanism of Brd4 functions and their role in human diseases.
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Řehořková, Jarmila. "Návrh řízení a propagace turistické destinace Brdy-Vltava." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75182.
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The Brdy-Vltava destination lies in Central Bohemia region between the Brdy highlands and the river Vltava and has potential for tourism. But nowadays there is no organization of destination management and promotion. Promotion is not unified and coordinated. The purpose of this thesis is to propose which organisation should deal with management and promotion of the destination. The other aim is to propose activites of promotion and management and a way how to increase awareness of the destination. The author use the information not only from related literature but also from work experience for the town of Dobříš and Local action group Brdy-Vltava o.p.s.
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Boyer, Jacob, Janos C. Keresztes, Wouter Saeys, and John Koshel. "An automated imaging BRDF polarimeter for fruit quality inspection." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622517.
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The purpose of this project was to test and implement recent research of polarization and scatter properties that suggest using a cross polarization imaging system to reduce glare artifacts. In particular, the use of this research is to improve the machine vision of apple quality detection in the food industry. The automated measurement system was implemented by acquiring pictures at different angles and different polarization states of apples. The opto-mechanics, system integration, synchronization and data collection are controlled with LabVIEW.
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Petzová, Terezie. "Možnosti rozvoje udržitelného cestovního ruchu na území CHKO Brdy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359466.
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The diploma thesis deals with the development of sustainable tourism in protected areas. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the possibilities of sustainable tourism development in the protected area. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the issue in general terms. The problem is practically solved on the example of Brdy Protected Landscape Area (PLA). An identification for localization and implementation conditions for the development of sustainable tourism has been realized within the analysis of the examined areas potential. This identification was conducted as an empirical investigation with the representatives of the interested municipalities, local action groups and other organizations. The acquired knowledge has been reviewed with the PLA representatives opinions. Summarizing all gained knowledge, the PLA Brdy has been assessed as area that fulfils the prerequisites for the sustainable tourism development. Due to the character of the area, the development must be implemented only in the environment friendly forms.
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DONATO, ELISA. "MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION OF BRD4 INHIBITION IN MYC DEPENDENT TUMORS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/366358.
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The c-myc gene encodes for a transcription factor involved in the regulation of different cellular mechanisms, ranging from cell cycle control and apoptosis to cellular metabolism. Myc is frequently altered in human cancer either by genomic rearrangement or by alteration of upstream regulatory pathways. Myc crucial role both in tumor formation and maintenance makes it an attractive molecular target for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, Myc is intrinsically resilient to direct pharmacological targeting using small molecules.
To overcome this issue, alternative therapeutic avenues have been explored. In the last years, independent groups showed that BET proteins inhibition leads to a strong Myc downregulation in Multiple Myelomas and Acute Myeloid Leukemias, with consequent cell cycle arrest and tumor regression. To support the hypothesis of a direct and specific effect on Myc levels mediated by BET proteins, two different working models were proposed depending on c-myc location (translocated versus endogenous).
In order to extend these observations and improve our understanding of the mechanism of action of BETs inhibitors, we evaluated global transcriptional alteration and chromatin profiles in Burkitt’s Lymphomas in response to JQ1.
Our results demonstrate that BETs inhibitors efficacy is dependent on global alteration of RNA PolII dynamics, due to the role of BRD4 in regulating elongation. Yet, despite a pervasive eviction of BRD4 from chromatin and the global effect on RNA PolII observed following BETs inhibition, the transcriptional alterations are limited to a subset of genes. These genes are characterized by promoter regions heavily marked by H3K27Ac, high binding of BRD4 and Transcription Factors (Myc and E2F1) and RNA PolII. These JQ1 sensitive genes are consistent among different cell lines and characterized by high expression levels.
Prominent promoter saturation and high RNA PolII pausing render their expression rate-limited by transcriptional elongation. Indeed the same genes are selectively targeted by pharmacological treatments affecting components of the elongation machinery. Thus, selective transcriptional effects following JQ1 treatment are linked to BETs role in regulating transcriptional elongation. These observations highlight the role of BETs protein in regulating gene expression and provide a rationale to explain how broad inhibition of elongation may lead to a selective transcriptional response.
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Gustavsson, Veronica. "Lymfocytstimulering med två olika metoder BrdU-ELISA och CFSE-infärgning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Biomedicinsk laboratorievetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58601.
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Deniel, Jean-Marc. "Modélisation des luminaires et des BRDF : réalisation, mesure et compression." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10015.
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Nous nous intéressons à la caractérisation photométrique des luminaires et des matériaux. I - Réflectance bidirectionnelle des matériaux : Nous avons réalisé un spectrogonioréflectomètre à fibre optique mesurant la réflectance spectrale bidirectionnelle, ainsi que son logiciel de pilotage. Nous proposons un nouveau type de spectrogonioréflectomètre " basé image " et une méthode de décomposition spectrale des BRDF. II - Photométrie étendue des luminaires : Nous avons réalisé un goniophotomètre en champ proche mesurant la photométrie étendue des luminaires et son logiciel de pilotage. Nous proposons aussi une technique de compression de ces données gérant l'erreur d'éclairement induite.
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Kožíšková, Lucie. "Analýza plnění rozpočtu v konkrétních podmínkách města Mníšek pod Brdy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4867.
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The Diploma Thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and analytical. The theoretical part is focus on briefly development of municipalities, their status, competency and local government. The work describes the budget system of the Czech Republic and it is concentrated on municipality budget(revenues, expenditures and icomes from operations). The analytical part is concentrated on municipality economy, changes in budget revenues and expenditures in Mníšek pod Brdy in years 2003-2007. The last part is focus on municipality audit and present projects in this town.
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Latif, Anne-Louise. "Dual inhibition of BRD4 and MDM2 cooperate to eradicate AML." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8189/.
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There is a crucial requirement for novel therapies for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) inhibitors are emerging as active therapeutic agents for hematopoietic malignancies. Pharmacological inhibition of BET bromodomains targets malignant cells by preventing reading of acetylated lysine residues, thus disrupting chromatin-mediated signal transduction, which reduces transcription at oncogenic loci. However, although early phase clinical trials have shown BET inhibitors possess single agent activity against AML (Dombret et al., 2014), complete remission (CR) rates are low and effective combination partners are therefore needed to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of these non-genotoxic agents. The first aim of this thesis was to demonstrate single agent activity of BET inhibition against a panel of human AML cell lines, followed by testing if cell death with single agent BET inhibition could be enhanced by treatment with the addition of the standard therapies cytarabine (AraC) or azacytidine. We found BET inhibition to be toxic in a dose dependent manner against human AML cell lines, and cell death was enhanced by the addition of AraC. However, this was only found to achieve a synergistic combination index at a one fixed dose ratio in one AML cell line, with additive effects seen in others. Although a heterogeneous disease, most AML retains wild type TP53. However, TP53 is often rendered functionally deficient by over-expression of MDM2. Restoring the TP53 response though MDM2 antagonism is therefore potentially beneficial to most AML subtypes. We therefore hypothesized that dual inhibition of MDM2 and BET would be synthetic lethal to TP53 wild type AML. In comparison with the combination of BET inhibition with AraC, we found that the combination of the MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3 with a BET-inhibitor (CPI203, Constellation Pharmaceuticals), was synergistically toxic against a variety of TP53 wild type human AML cell lines across several fixed dose ratios, and the combination superior to the single agents when tested on primary murine AML samples. Given this combination of BET inhibition with MDM2 antagonism proved the most effective combination strategy in terms of cell kill, we then sought to asses the molecular basis of the combination’s synergy. Firstly we asked if the drugs were synergising at the level of their respective targets, i.e. if the BET inhibitor CPI203 in combination with nutlin-3 stabilises TP53 more effectively than single agent nutlin-3 or if the drug combination abrogates MYC more than single agent CPI203. This was not the case, and so we then investigated if the drugs were synergising at the level of the target genes of these key hubs, and through an RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that TP53 target genes were up-regulated by the drug combination. Given the synergy obtained against several types of AML in vitro on human cell lines with these two non-genotoxic agents, we were keen to test if this could be replicated in vivo. To evaluate the combination in vivo, we used a Trib-2 driven primary AML where leukemogenesis is induced through inhibition of C/EBPα. Treatment was commenced in all mice (n=40), post confirmation of disease engraftment. Three mice from each treatment group were sacrificed after 48hrs and cells sorted for GFP to perform RNA seq in this in vivo setting. After 21 days of treatment all mice were sacrificed (n= 27, one vehicle control succumbed to disease 15 days post engraftment). End of treatment results demonstrated superior in vivo efficacy of dual inhibition of MDM2 and BET in comparison with controls in eradicating AML, p < 0.0001. Importantly, normal haematopoiesis was spared - as evidenced by normal full blood counts and comparable myeloid, B-cell and T-cell populations with our C57bl6 wild type controls. RNA-seq of the murine blasts revealed that many more genes significantly (FDR < 0.05) changed expression in the combination treated mice than single agent treated mice. The TP53 pathway was the most common up-stream regulator of genes changing expression post combination treatment, p < 0.0001. The combination affected many more genes in the p53 pathway than RG7112 alone (120 genes versus 20 genes respectively), in line with our in vitro results. Ultimately our conclusion is that this combination of BET and MDM2 inhibition is effective and superior to single agent therapy on all TP53 wild type AMLs tested, both in vitro and in vivo. In both contexts this is associated with potentiating the TP53 response and this could be relevant to many patients with TP53 wild type AML. Work on this combination is on-going and we are aiming to take this novel combination forward to a clinical trial in 2017.
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Lazardzig, Jan. "Homo ludens, BRD.: Zu Werner Ruhnaus Spielraumkonzeptionen." Hochschule für Musik und Theater 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy' Leipzig, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A75495.
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Die Spielraumkonzeptionen des Architekten Werner Ruhnaus (1922–2015) sind eng mit der gesellschafts- und architekturpolitischen DNA der bundesrepublikanischen Nachkriegsmoderne verwoben. Von den Theaterbauten in Münster und Gelsenkirchen in den 1950er Jahren, die programmatisch für Offenheit und Transparenz, Gemeinschaft und Mündigkeit stehen, über die variablen Spielraumentwürfe vermittels eines „Podienklaviers“, bis hin zur Entwicklung der „Spielstraße“ als Teil des Kulturprogramms der Olympischen Spiele 1972 in München, die auf kommunikationstheoretischer Grundlage Formen der Spektakelkritik spielerisch-partizipatorisch realisierte, lässt sich ein post-heroisches Verständnis von Architektur als Spielraum nachzeichnen. Ruhnaus Konzeptionen, die in der Regel aus kollaborativen, partizipativen Arbeitsformen entstanden, können als Befragung von Mensch und Architektur im Zeichen einer anti-totalitären Moderne verstanden werden.
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Ouarets, Shiraz. "Conception de la détection d'un gonioreflectomètre métrologique pour mesurer la BRDF des surfaces." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0995/document.
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Le but de ce travail de thèse est de doter la métrologie française d'un instrument de référence dédié à la caractérisation métrologique des propriétés réflectives des objets qui, du point de vue de l'apparence, sont à l'origine des sensations de couleur, de brillant, de texture, de translucidité…etc. Ce mémoire décrit la conception, réalisation et mise au point d'un dispositif de mesure de la fonction de distribution bidirectionnelle du facteur de luminance d'une surface plane (BRDF). La BRDF est la grandeur physique qui caractérise intégralement la réflexion lumineuse à la surface d'un matériau. En cela, sa mesure s'inscrit comme un outil indispensable pour la mesure de l'apparence car elle permet de connaître en détail le signal qui entre dans l'œil.Certaines surfaces présentent une apparence pigmentée, métallisée, nacrée ou encore interférentielle, ces surfaces, dites "goniochromatiques", ont la capacité de changer d'apparence en fonction de l'angle d'observation. Pour les caractériser, il est impératif d'effectuer une mesure de BRDF sous plusieurs conditions d'observation et d'illumination. L'outil de mesure de la BRDF est un gonioréflectomètre, dédié à des mesures dans le domaine UV - Visible (250 nm – 900 nm).Le montage expérimental consiste en deux lignes distinctes. La première, appelée voie spectrale, est dédiée à l'étude de la couleur. Elle est constituée d'une illumination fixe assurée par une lampe à décharge de xénon filtrée par un monochromateur puis focalisée sur la surface étudiée. La détection, mobile, est assurée par un système optique constitué de lentilles et de miroirs qui servent à renvoyer la lumière réfléchie par la surface sur la photodiode.La deuxième ligne, appelée voie spatiale, est la dédiée à l'étude du brillant. Elle requière une résolution angulaire qui égale l'acuité visuelle de l'œil humain (0,03°) c'est cette partie qui introduit l'originalité de notre instrument. Sur cette voie, la détection est fixe et est basée sur la combinaison d'une optique de Fourier et d'une caméra CCD (512x512 pixels). L'illumination est mobile et est assurée par une lampe incandescente à filament de tungstène collimatée sur l'échantillon.Les deux lignes partagent un robot porte-échantillon qui offre six dégrées de liberté qui sert à reproduire toutes les directions d'illumination et d'observation au-dessus de l'échantillon.Mots clés : Couleur, Brillant, BRDF, Goniochromatisme, Pic spéculaireThe aim of this thesis is to provide the French Metrology with a reference instrument that can be used for measuring the appearance of objects. Several physical properties of object appearance are used not only to identify the object itself but also determine its quality. These include color, gloss, texture and translucency. This work describes the design, characterization and the implementation of an instrument that has been built particularly to measure the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of planar surfaces. BRDF is a physical quantity that enables measuring the surface color and gloss. Accordingly it is important to ensure accurate and traceable measurements of such a quantity in order for a comprehensive understanding of surface properties to be fulfilled.Some surfaces show pigmented, metallic, sparkling or pearlescent appearance. These surfaces, called goniochromatic surfaces, have the ability to change their appearance depending on the viewing angle. To characterize them, it is necessary to deliver surface reflectance measurements at several directions and under different illumination conditions. The instrument that enables these measurements is called gonioreflectometer.The experimental setup we have designed consists of two separate detection lines. The first line, called "color line", is used to study the color. It consists of a stationary illumination source that uses a xenon lamp spectrally resolved by a monochromator. The light coming out from the source is focused on the surface under investigation. The reflected light by the surface is collected by using a lens and directed onto a photodiode by a mirror. This detection system can be moved over a wide angular range so as to measure the BRDF.The second line, called "gloss line", is used to measure the gloss of the surface. In order to be very close to the average human observer, high angular resolution is required. In this line the detection part is stationary. It consists of a Charged Coupled Device (CCD) camera of 512 x 512 pixels. The source used to illuminate the surface is an incandescent tungsten lamp. Angular measurements in this line are provided by the movement of the illumination source itself. Both color and gloss lines share a robot sample-holder that provides six degrees of freedom. This of course facilitates measurements over varies detection and illumination directions of the sample.Key words: Color, Gloss, BRDF, Goniochromatisme, Specular pic
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Grísa, Tomáš. "Normalizace hyperspektrálních obrazových dat." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230517.
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The airborne hyperspectral remote sensing is used as an approach to monitor and analyse actual state of environmental components. This thesis deals with hyperspectral image data, especially it is focused on normalization with respect to scanning angle. The thesis proposes specific algorithm, which is based on the statistical analysis of spectral lines across the scan line and on a physical models describing the process of spectral reflectance. An important part of this thesis is software implementation of proposed algorithm, that allows to calculate required normalization for real datasets.
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Morinière, Jeanne. "La compaction de la chromatine au cours de la spermatogenèse : rôle des bromodomaines de la protéine Brdt." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10181.
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Wang, Xin [Verfasser]. "The Role of BRDT in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma / Xin Wang." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-153B-2-6.
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Nunes, Augusto Luengo Pereira. "Rendering baseado em amostragem de BRDF de órgaos vivos por videolaparoscopia." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/105049.
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Cirurgias minimamente invasivas correspondem a uma importante especialidade da Medicina, cuja aplicação em larga escala depende do treinamento de novos cirurgiões em habilidades específicas que podem ser aprimoradas através do uso de simuladores virtuais de cirurgia. Entretanto, tais aplicações demandam alta qualidade visual das simulações de órgãos internos, que idealmente podem ser realizadas com base em aproximações de mais alta ordem da interação luz-matéria. Trabalhos recentes têm proposto abordagens híbridas onde dados da BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function - Função de Distribuição de Reflectância Bidirecional) de órgãos vivos têm sido amostrados ou estimados, para orientar técnicas de rendering em tempo real. O presente trabalho propõe um pipeline para o rendering de estruturas orgânicas baseado em Física visando a simulação de cirurgia compatível com alto nível de aproximação da interação luz-matéria. Através de um novo método de amostragem da BRDF de órgãos vivos por meio de laparoscopias convencionais, e do estudo de formas de representação para os dados amostrados, imagens de órgãos humanos são geradas em sistemas de rendering de tempo real e sistemas baseados em algoritmos de iluminação global. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada em um experimento realizado através de uma Colecistectomia, cujos importantes resultados caracterizam-se pela cobertura de aproximadamente 22% da BRDF de um fígado humano vivo, configurando assim uma contribuição singular para técnicas de amostram de BRDF de órgãos e rendering de órgãos baseado em Física.Minimally invasive surgeries are an important specialty of Medicine. Virtual simulators allow the development of the needed skills for new surgeons. Such simulators demand high visual quality of the internal organs that ideally can be performed based on higher-order approximations of the light-material interaction. Recent work proposes hybrid approaches where the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) data for living organs was sampling or estimated to guide real-time rendering techniques. This work proposes a pipeline for physically-based rendering of organic structures with the goal of surgery simulations with a high level of approximation for the light-material interaction. We present a new sampling method for measuring BRDFs for living organs based on conventional laparoscopy. With this data we are able to render human organs in real-time and also improve global illumination results. The methodology was applied in an experiment performed through a Cholecystectomy. Our results achieved a high BRDF coverage of 22% for a living human liver, establishing a singular contribution for the sampling of BRDF in-vivo organs and physically-based rendering.
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Yajjou, Halima. "Études moléculaires et structurales - d’un nouveau mode de dimérisation des intégrases rétrovirales pour développer des modulateurs d’oligomérisation ET - de l’intégrase porcine de PERV-A/C en complexe avec son cofacteur cellulaire humain Brd2 dans un contexte de xénotransplantatio." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1035/document.
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L'intégrase (IN) est une enzyme essentielle du cycle réplicatif des rétrovirus, qui catalyse l'intégration de l'ADN viral rétrotranscrit dans le génome de la cellule cible. Des données structurales, précédemment obtenues par notre équipe, ont conduit à la conception rationnelle de molécules susceptibles de bloquer l'IN sous une forme oligomérique inactive. Des tests d'intégration concertée in vitro ont permis d'étudier leur effet sur l'activité enzymatique de l'IN.Le porc est porteur d'un Gammaretrovirus endogène appelé Porcine Endogenous RetroVirus (PERV), susceptible d'être transmis à l'homme lors d'une xénotransplantation. L'étude structurale de l'IN du virus recombinant PERV-A/C a pour but de mieux comprendre son fonctionnement et de guider le développement rationnel d'inhibiteurs limitant le risque de xénozoonose. J'ai modélisé l'intasome de l'IN de PERV-A/C en complexe avec le raltégravir, un médicament utilisé comme traitement anti-VIH. J'ai ensuite mis au point des protocoles de purification permettant d'étudier le domaine carboxy-terminal (Carboxy Terminal Domain ou CTD) de l'IN de PERV-A/C isolé et en complexe avec le CTD du cofacteur cellulaire humain Brd2. L'enveloppe SAXS de ce complexe a été déterminée. En parallèle, une étude par histone array, réalisée avec le CTD seul de l'IN de PERV-A/C, a révélé un profil de spécificité pour des queues d'histones H2B et H3 portant des modifications post-traductionnellesIntegrase (IN) is an essential enzyme in retroviral replicative cycle, which catalyzes the integration of the viral DNA into the target cell genome. Structural data previously obtained by our team led to rational design of molecules likely to block IN in an inactive oligomeric form. In vitro concerted integration assays made it possible to study their effect on IN enzymatic activity. Pig has an endogenous gammaretrovirus called Porcine Endogenous RetroVirus (PERV) which can be transmitted to humans during xenotransplantation. The aim of the structural study of the recombinant virus PERV-A/C IN is to better understand its mechanism and thus guide the rational design of inhibitors limiting xenozoonosis risk. I modeled the PERV-A/C IN intasome in complex with raltegravir, a drug used for HIV treatment. Then I developed purification protocols to study the isolated and complexed PERV-A/C IN Carboxy-Terminal Domain (CTD) with the human cellular cofactor Brd2. The SAXS envelope of the complex was determined. In parallel, a histone array study, performed with the PERV-A/C IN CTD alone, revealed a specificity profile for modified H2B and H3 histone tails
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Gaucher, Jonathan. "Rôle de la protéine à double bromodomaine BRDT dans le remodelage de la chromatine au cours de la spermatogenèse." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENV088/document.
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BRDT et la réorganisation de la chromatine au cours de la spermatogénèsePendant la spermiogenèse, phase haploïde de la gamétogenèse mâle, le génome mâle subit une réorganisation majeure, durant laquelle la plupart des histones sont enlevées et remplacées par les protéines de transition (TP) et les protamines. Ce processus conduit à la compaction extrême du génome mâle au sein du noyau du spermatozoïde.Dans les spermatides allongées, les histones sont hyperacetylées juste avant leur éviction. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que cette acétylation massive des histones pourrait être un signal pour l'enlèvement des histones et le recrutement de la machinerie de remodelage de la chromatine. BRDT est une protéine spécifique du testicule, appartenant à la famille BET, qui possède deux bromodomaines capables de reconnaitre les histones acétylées et qui a la capacité unique de compacter la chromatine hyperacétylée (Pivot-Pajot et al., 2003). Le premier bromodomaine de BRDT apparait crucial pour ces fonctions (Morinière et al., 2009). Les souris porteuses d'une délétion du premier bromodomaine de BRDT, BD1, présentent une stérilité des mâles associée à des anomalies survenant lors de la spermiogenèse (Shang et al, 2007). Nous avons pu caractériser la fonction physiologique du premier bromodomaine de BRDT et montrer son rôle crucial dans le remplacement des histones hyperacétylées par les TP et les protamines au cours de la spermiogenèse.Afin d'explorer les fonctions potentielles des autres domaines de BRDT, nous avons étudié des souris ayant une invalidation génétique complète de Brdt. Cette perte de BRDT engendre aussi une stérilité mâle, mais le phénotype montre une absence totale de cellules post-méiotiques. Enfin, un troisième modèle de souris a été obtenu suite à notre tentative de produire des souris porteuses d'une version tagguée de la protéine. L'exploration de ces modèles a permis de démontrer un rôle de BRDT, indépendant de la présence de BD1, dans la régulation du programme d'expression des gènes lors de l'entrée en méiose.BRDT possède à la fois une fonction méiotique et post-méiotique avec l'implication de différents domaines protéiquesInvolvement of BRDT in chromatin reorganization during spermatogenesisDuring spermiogenesis, the haploid phase of male gametogenesis, the male genome undergoes a major chromatin reorganization, during which most histones are removed and replaced by transition proteins (TP) and protamines. This process led to the extreme compaction of the genome in the male sperm nucleus.In elongating spermatids, histones are hyperacetylated just before their eviction. We have hypothesized that acetylation of histones mass could be a signal for the removal of histones and recruitment of chromatin remodeling machinery. BRDT is a testis-specific protein, xhich belongs to the BET family, which has two bromodomains able to recognize acetylated histones and has the unique ability to compact hyperacetylated chromatin (Pivot-Pajot et al., 2003). The first of bromodomain BRDT appears crucial for these functions (Morinière et al., 2009). Mice carrying a deletion of the first bromodomaine BRDT, BD1, exhibit male sterility associated with abnormalities occurring during spermiogenesis (Shang et al, 2007). We were able to characterize the physiological function of the first bromodomaine BRDT and demonstrate its crucial role in the replacement of hyperacetylated histones by TP and protamines during spermiogenesis.To explore the potential functions of other domains of the BRDT protein, we have studied mice with invalidation of the Brdt gene. This loss of BRDT also produces male sterility, but the phenotype shows a complete lack of post-meiotic cells. A third mouse model was obtained following our attempt to produce mice with a version of taggued protein. The exploration of these models has demonstrated a role of BRDT, independent of the presence of BD1, in regulating the program of gene expression during entry into meiosis.BRDT has both functions in meiotic and post-meiotic meiotic with the involvement of different protein domains
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Labarre, Sébastien. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la rugosité multi-échelle des surfaces naturelles par télédétection dans le domaine solaire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC231/document.
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La rugosité est une propriété clé des sols qui contrôle de nombreux processus de surface et influence la fonction de diffusion du rayonnement incident, alias sa BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function). Bien qu’elle dépende fortement de l’échelle spatiale, la rugosité est souvent considérée comme stationnaire dans les modèles photométriques de réflectance de surfaces. En particulier, celui de Hapke l’inclut sous la forme d’un angle de pente moyen, intégré sur toutes les échelles variant de la taille d’un grain du régolithe à celle de la topographie locale. Le sens physique de ce paramètre de rugosité moyenne est largement débattu car l’échelle n’est pas clairement définie. Cette thèse a pour objectifs de comprendre comment la rugosité moyenne peut décrire un phénomène multi-échelle et d’investiguer l’influence des échelles spatiales de rugosité sur la BRDF d’une surface. On teste notamment la capacité du modèle de Hapke à restituer par inversion de la BRDF une rugosité moyenne compatible avec la réalité terrain. La topographie de terrains volcaniques et sédimentaires du Piton de la Fournaise (île de La Réunion) et du rift d’Asal-Ghoubbet (République de Djibouti) a été mesurée par photogrammétrie haute résolution sur une large gamme de résolutions à partir de données multi-instrumentales : images satellite, drone et acquises manuellement. Leur BRDF a été mesurée en parallèle par Pléiades et par un spectro-goniomètre (appelé Chamelon), et simulée numériquement par tracé de rayon sur les MNT réalisés. Une analyse multi-échelle par transformée en ondelettes révèle le comportement multi-modal de la rugosité des surfaces étudiées et permet de montrer que les structures sub-centimétriques dominent à la fois le paramètre de rugosité intégré et la forme de la BRDF. La rugosité estimée par inversion sur les données simulées avec une version simplifiée du modèle de Hapke coïncide avec celle déterminée sur les modèles de surface lorsque les hypothèses du modèle sont respectées et l’albédo connu à priori. L’adéquation n’est pas systématique mais reste bonne dans le cas de terrains à rugosité modérée avec une version complète du modèle de HapkeSurface roughness is a key property of soils that controls many surface processes and influences the scattering function, or BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function), of incident radiation. While it is strongly scale-dependent, it is often considered as a stationnary parameter in photometric models. In particular, it is included in the Hapke model as a mean slope angle, integrated over all scales from the grain size to the local topography. Yet its physical meaning is still a question at issue, as the scale at which it occurs is undefined. This thesis aims at understanding how this mean parameter can describe a multiscale phenomenon and to investigate the role of spatial scale on surface BRDF. Finally, we investigate the ability of the Hapke model to retrieve a roughness parameter which is consistent with the ground truth. The topography of volcanic and sedimentary terrains in the Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion Island) and the Asal-Ghoubbet rift (Republic of Djibouti) has been measured using high resolution photogrammetry at a wide range of resolutions thanks to multi-instrumental data : satellite, drone and handheld images. Simultaneously, the BRDF has been numerically simulated, and measured by satellite and a spectrogoniometer (named Chamelon). A multiscale analysis by the means of the wavelet transform reveals the multi-modal behavior of roughness and shows that sub-centimeter surface features dominate both the integrated parameter and the shape of the BRDF. The roughness estimated by inversion of a simplified version of the Hapke model matches the roughness determined over surfaces when the assumptions of the model are verified, with a priori knowledge on surface albedo. The match is not systematic, but remains good for moderately rough terrains using the full Hapke model
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Decker, Tim-Michael [Verfasser], and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Eick. "Cdk9 and Brd4 regulate eukaryotic transcription / Tim-Michael Decker ; Betreuer: Dirk Eick." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149509899/34.
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BASUROY, TUPA. "The Role of Bromodomain Containing Protein Nine (BRD9) in Melanogenesis and Melanoma." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1535031325513441.
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D'Alessandro, Matthew. "Validation study to analyze the suitability of a modified BRDU injection paradigm." Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/341769.
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Woodmansey, James Nicolas. "Structural Insights into Human Epigenetic Regulation from the Proteins SETD7 and Brd3." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24610.
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Epigenetics—the study of the layer of gene regulation not accounted for by the DNA sequence itself—is a burgeoning field increasingly tied to diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease in humans. A prevailing avenue of current research is the so-called histone code—the large number of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) made to the histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped. These PTMs act in a highly specific and often synergistic manner to promote or repress transcription of DNA proximal to the histone. The histone code is created and managed by families of enzymes that are either readers or writers of histone PTMs. Dysregulation of the activity of these proteins can cause disease.
The effects of the majority of histone PTMs are currently unknown. A method to cause targeted, specific epigenetic modifications in human cells would be a great asset for investigating the effects of each histone modification, and to observe phenotypes resulting from the editing of histone PTMs at specific loci. Work presented in this thesis attempted to develop such a method using a dCas9 targeting system with a histone lysine methyltransferase, SETD7. Non-specific histone modification was achieved in solution, and attempts were made to test these reagents in mammalian cells. However, constructs designed for increased specificity did not cause histone PTMs either in solution or in mammalian cells.
Work was also undertaken to aid the development of inhibitory drug candidates for the extraterminal (ET) protein-protein interaction domain of Brd3, a clinically significant histone PTM reader that is dysregulated in numerous cancers. Candidate small molecule inhibitors were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR binding data showed that the drug candidates are tight binders of the Brd3 ET domain, and molecular docking demonstrated that at least one candidate might act as a competitive inhibitor of the native ligand. Overall, this work provides progress towards both the study of histone regulation and the treatment of its dysregulation
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Camargo, Marília de Paiva. "Caracterização das espermatogônias indiferenciadas e dos nichos espermatogoniais em Astyanax altiparanae Garutti e Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-12082016-094920/.
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Ao se observar ao microscópio de luz e eletrônico de transmissão as espermatogônias indiferenciadas de lambari (Astyanax altiparanae), espécie de grande valor econômico e comercial, as mesmas se subdividem em Aund* e Aund. A do tipo Aund* apresentou núcleo irregular, excêntrico, cromatina descondensada e nuages próximas ao envoltório nuclear e/ou ainda, associadas às mitocôndrias e, a do tipo Aund, apresentou núcleo esférico, central, com cromatina levemente condensada e nuages. Análise por meio de morfometria demonstrou que o nicho espermatogonial das espermatogônias indiferenciadas do tipo Aund* é próximo ao interstício, enquanto as do tipo Aund, próximas às regiões entre dois túbulos (intertúbulo). Adicionalmente, de acordo com a técnica de incorporação e retenção de BrdU foi possível analisar a existência de possíveis candidatas às espermatogônias-tronco, chamadas de labeling-retaining cells, visto que estas células retiveram BrdU ao longo de todo período avaliado, demonstrando um longo ciclo celular, característica esta de célula-tronco.Observing by light and transmission electron microscope, undifferentiated spermatogonia of lambari (Astyanax altiparanae), species of great economic and commercial value, they are divided into Aund * and Aund. The type Aund* presents irregular nucleus, eccentric and decondensed chromatin, and nuages near the nuclear envelope and/or associated to mitochondria. The type Aund presents spherical central nucleus, with slightly condensed chromatin and nuages. Morphometric analysis showed that the niche of the type Aund* spermatogonia is near the interstitium, while the type Aund, next to the regions between two tubules (intertubule). Additionally, by the BrdU incorporation and retention technique, we found the possible candidates to spermatogonial stem cells, called \"labeling-retaining cells\", since these cells have retained BrdU over the entire study period (21 days), showing a long cell cycle, a stem cells characteristic.
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Castro, Mariana Moraes de. "Duração do ciclo do epitélio seminífero e produção espermática de Leopardus pardalis, Linnaeus, 1758." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5093.
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-09O estudo da morfologia testicular e do processo espermatogênico em animais silvestres são fundamentais para o conhecimento dos padrões fisiológicos, auxiliando assim no estabelecimento de protocolos em reprodução assistida. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a duração do ciclo do epitélio seminífero pela identificação das células germinativas mais avançadas marcadas pela 5-bromodeoxiuridina (BrdU); caracterizar os diversos estádios que constituem o ciclo do epitélio seminífero com base na associação das técnicas de morfologia tubular e desenvolvimento do sistema acrossômico; calcular a produção espermática diária por grama de testículo de jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis). Para isso, foram utilizados cinco animais machos adultos provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e da Fundação Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, ambas em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os animais foram submetidos a biópsias testiculares a fim de se obter material biológico para avaliação histológica e imunohistoquímica. Foram descritos e determinada a frequência relativa de oito estádios do ciclo do epitélio seminífero em jaguatirica com base no método da morfologia tubular associado ao método do sistema acrossômico. Foi observado um estádio do ciclo por secção transversal de túbulo sendo a fase pré meiótica do processo espermatogênico maior que as outras (56,5%). Através do uso de um marcador de proliferação celular injetado intratesticularmente (BrdU) foi observado após 16 dias de aplicação, células marcadas em transição de paquíteno para diplóteno no início do estádio III. A partir daí, pode-se concluir que um ciclo do epitélio seminífero de jaguatirica dura 11,30 dias, assim o processo espermatogênico da jaguatirica dura no total 50,85 dias. A jaguatirica apresentou diâmetro médio de túbulos seminíferos de 211,37μm e 17,81 metros por grama de testículo em média. No epitélio seminífero, em cada secção transversal do túbulo seminífero no estádio I do ciclo, foi observado em média 1,06 espermatogônias do tipo A; 17,78 espermatócitos primários em pré-leptóteno/leptóteno; 19,22 espermatócitos primários em paquíteno; 59,5 espermátides arredondadas e 6,86 células de Sertoli. O rendimento geral da espermatogênese nesta espécie foi de aproximadamente 57 células, e cada célula de viiiSertoli foi capaz de sustentar e manter 14,38 células da linhagem germinativa das quais, 8,76 espermátides arredondadas. A produção espermática diária encontrada demonstra que a jaguatirica é um animal com alto nível de produção, uma vez que sua produção é cerca de 32 milhões de espermatozóides por grama de testículo.
The study of testicular morphology and spermatogenic process in wild animals are fundamental to the knowledge of physiological patterns, thus assisting in establishing protocols for assisted reproduction. The objectives of this paper were to describe the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium by identifying the most advanced germ cells marked by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU); to characterize the various stages that constitute the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium based on the combination of the techniques of tubular morphology and development of the acrosomal system, calculate the daily sperm production per gram of testis of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). For this, we used five adult males from Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres at Universidade Federal de Viçosa and from Fundação Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, both in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The animals underwent testicular biopsies in order to obtain biological material for histology and immunohistochemistry. We described and determined the relative frequency of eight stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle on the ocelot based in the tubular morphology method associated with the acrosomal system method. We observed one stage of the cycle by tubule cross-section, being that the pre-meiotic spermatogenic process is longer than the others (56.5%). Through the use of a cell proliferation marker intratesticularly injected (BrdU) we observed after 16 days of application, labeled cells in transition from pachytene to diplotene at the beginning of stage III. From there, we can conclude that a cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of ocelot takes 11.30 days, so the ocelot spermatogenesis process lasts 50.85 days. The ocelot had an average diameter of seminiferous tubules of 211.37 μm and 17.81 meters per gram of testis on average. In the seminiferous epithelium, in each cross-section of seminiferous tubule in stage I of the cycle, we observed on average 1.06 type A spermatogonia, 17.78 primary spermatocytes in pre-leptotene/leptotene, 19.22 primary spermatocytes in pachytene, 59.5 round spermatids and 6.86 Sertoli cells. The overall yield of spermatogenesis in this species was approximately 57 cells, and each Sertoli cell was able to sustain and maintain 14,38 germline cells of which 8.76 were round xspermatids. The daily sperm production found shows that the ocelot is an animal with a high level of production, since production is about than 32 million sperm per gram of testis.
Solicitado sigilo pela orientadora em 30/11/2012
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Chahpazoff, Margaux. "Étude moléculaire et structurale de l’intégrase du virus porcin PERV et de son partenaire cellulaire humain Brd2, dans le cadre de la prévention de xénozoonoses rétrovirales." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1003.
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L’utilisation d’organes porcins pourrait pallier le déficit d’organes humains pour les patients en attente de greffe. Le développement de cette technique est cependant limité par la présence d’un rétrovirus endogène actif dans le génome des cellules porcines. L’intégrase (IN) du rétrovirus recombinant endogène porcin PERV-A/C catalyse une étape clé du cycle rétroviral et constitue une cible thérapeutique de choix. Cette IN utilise un cofacteur cellulaire, la protéine Brd2, qui permet le ciblage de sites d’intégration spécifiques et une infection productive. La première partie du manuscrit porte sur l’étude biochimique et structurale de la zone d’interaction entre l’IN de PERV-A/C et la protéine Brd2 humaine. Des acides aminés essentiels pour l’interaction ont été caractérisés et une enveloppe SAXS a été déterminée. Ces résultats ont permis de mieux comprendre le mécanisme d’interaction et de proposer un modèle structural de l’intasome des Gammarétrovirus avec un fragment de Brd2 lié. Un protocole de purification de cet assemblage macromoléculaire a ensuite été mis au point et des images de microscopie électronique ont été enregistrées. Un criblage de molécules candidates pour inhiber la formation du complexe intasome:Brd2 a également été réalisé, dans le but de développer une thérapie réduisant les risques de xénozoonoseXenotransplantation is the transplantation of organs, tissues or cells from an animal to a human recipient and appears to be a promising option regarding the lack of human donors. Research is now focusing on pig donors, but this animal carries an active endogenous Gammaretrovirus, termed PERV (Porcin Endogenous RetroVirus), able to infect patients. Recombinant PERV-A/C IN is a key enzyme of the retroviral life cycle and a relevant therapeutic target. IN requires a cellular cofactor, the human protein Brd2, which allows to target specific integration sites and is mandatory for a productive infection. During this thesis, residues essential for the IN:Brd2 interaction were identified and a SAXS envelope of a two fragments complex were determined. With the support of these experimental results, a first model of the gammaretroviral intasome with a bound Brd2 fragment was built. Finally, a purification protocol of this macromolecular assembly was set-up and electron microscopy images were collected. A first screening of putative IN:Brd2 interaction modulators was carried out with the purpose of developing a therapy limiting xenozoonosis risks
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Feng, Xiaofan. "Comparison of methods for generation of absolute reflectance factor measurement for BRDF studies /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10922.
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Roberts, Gareth James. "Monitoring land cover dynamics using linear kernel-driven BRDF model parameter temporal trajectories." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407145.
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Mendes, Jose Manuel Correia. "Seleção e encaminhamento de projetos de investimentos : caso SEBRAE-RS, BRDE e CRP." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/2112.
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A relação entre a teoria e a prática é questão de muitas pesquisas em finanças. Ver até que ponto os ensinamentos da academia são aplicados na prática das empresas e mercado tem sido um desafio para muitos pesquisadores. Quando falamos de financiamento de projetos, vários testes já foram feitos visando validar este ou aquele modelo na definição da fonte de recursos a utilizar e em que quantidade (estrutura de capital ótima), objetivando sempre em última instância maximizar o valor da empresa. Neste caso, o objetivo é a busca insistente de validar a teoria na prática das empresas. Neste trabalho o foco está em analisar os critérios utilizados na seleção e encaminhamento dos projetos de investimentos e ver até que ponto os ensinamentos teóricos são respeitados neste processo no Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (Sebrae-RS), Banco Regional de Desenvolvimento do Extremo-Sul (BRDE) e a Companhia Riograndense de Participações (CRP). Para atingir os objetivos almejados, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa exploratória através do método estudo de caso, junto as três instituições em questão e aplicou-se um questionário com os clientes e participadas do BRDE e CRP. Os resultados indicam que as três instituições utilizam os ensinamentos teóricos em função das suas necessidades, tempo e qualificação dos quadros e que o BRDE e CRP são avaliados positivamente pelos serviços prestados à comunidade. Verificouse, também, que o BRDE, como instituição de fomento utiliza uma combinação de critérios de maximização de valor para a sociedade e o empresário, e a CRP utiliza com maior ênfase os critérios de maximização de valor para empresário na hora de selecionar os projetos.
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Khan, Younis. "The role of NF-κB p65 and Brd4 in oxidative stress driven inflammation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14702.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by prolonged cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. Increased oxidative stress produced by elevated oxidants, derived from cells and CS, or reduced anti-oxidant response is reported in COPD patients. Chronic inflammation is another key characteristic of COPD which persists long after smoking cessation. This suggests that oxidative stress may affect the course of inflammatory gene expression through changes in epigenetic modifications such as DNA and histone methylation and histone acetylation. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of many oxidants reported to be elevated in breath condensates of COPD patients and is associated with enhanced inflammation. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are frequently used in the management of inflammation in COPD patients; however, they provide little or no benefits to COPD patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this enhanced inflammatory drive and the lack of ICS response may provide novel potential therapeutic targets. Abnormal histone acetylation profiles have been linked to COPD and to relative steroid unresponsiveness. In mononuclear cells, BET bromodomain inhibitors can block acetylation-induced inflammatory responses. H2O2, an oxidant, was used to establish both an acute (2 hours) and a Chronic (low concentration exposure for 5, 10 and 15 days) oxidative stress model. In the acute model, H2O2 (100μM) enhanced TNF-α induced IL-6 and CXCL8 expression in BEAS-2B cells whereas H2O2 alone had no effect on inflammatory gene expression. This confirms that oxidative stress is involved in the enhanced induction of inflammation. Continued exposure of cells to lower concentrations of H2O2 (50μM) for 5 days results in a similar enhancement of TNF-α-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 expression but this effect was lost over 10 and 15 days due to induction of antioxidant genes. We extended the acute model with slight modification by using IL-1β instead of TNF-α as it gave us better IL-6 and CXCL8 induction. Intracellular studies showed that oxidative stress-driven cytokine induction is mediated via activation of the NF-κB pathway and increasing NF-κB p65 promoter binding. This was associated with increased histone H3 acetylation at κB response elements in both the IL-6 and IL-8 promoter regions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays also confirmed recruitment of bromodomain protein 4 (Brd4) to the same sites. Inhibition of Brd4 by JQ1 and PFI-1 significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and CXCL8 cytokines. H2O2 enhanced IL-1β-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 expression by activating the NF-κB pathway. The induction of these cytokines was reduced by the BET bromodomain inhibitors JQ1 and PFI1. Our findings demonstrate that bromodomain inhibitors could potentially be used as new therapeutic agents in inflammatory diseases whereas ICS are ineffective.
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Visintin, Francesca <1971>. "La valutazione economica del paesaggio rurale in una zona vitivinicola della Slovenia (BRDA)." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/633.
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II paesaggio rappresenta una delle estemalità più pregevoli dell'attività agricola e forse anche una delle più suscettibili alle forme di cambiamento dei processi produttivi nel settore. A partire dalla Conferenza europea sullo sviluppo rurale tenutasi a Cork nel novembre del 1996 si è assistito ad un crescendo di sforzi verso l'adozione di principi di diversificazione e sostenibilità delle zone rurali, allo scopo di fare delle loro peculiarità non dei motivi di debolezza ma di opportunità di sviluppo. Tuttavia vi sono delle regioni dove i paesaggi rurali sono fortemente sottoposti a rischi di degrado a causa dello spopolamento cui sono sottoposte, e altre in cui le pressioni antropiche ed economiche rischiano di comprometterne l'equilibrio e la conservazione.
Nei Paesi dell'Europa centro orientale tali fenomeni sono particolarmente evidenti. Nella zona d'indagnie (Brda in Slovenia) la popolazione è fortemente legata al mondo rurale in quanto la proprietà agricola è ancora molto diffusa ma astretta nelle mani di molti piccoli anziani agricoltori. Le trasformazioni in corso lasciano immaginare che nel tempo il processo rischierà di condurre a due possibili scenari di sviluppo dell'agricoltura e del paesaggio airale. L'intensivazione nelle zone più vocate e l'abbandono in quelle più impervie. Gli impegni finanziari che fanno fronte a questi problemi, assunti a tutti i livelli, comunale, regionale, nazionale e europeo, possono essere ripagati dai benefici che i cittadini percepiscono in relazione a queste forme di conservazione del paesaggio''
Sulla stima del valore economico del paesaggio rurale si è fecalizzata l'indagine di valutatone contingente. L'impostazione metodologica ha richiesto una importante semplificazione dovuta alla pressoché nulla applicazione di queste metodologie in territorio Sloveno. Attraverso l'applicazione del metodo referendario sono stati sottoposti a valutazione di un campione adeguatamente selezionato della popolazione di residenti (famiglie di Brda) e di non residenti (famiglie di Nova Gorica) due ipotetici scenari di politica paesaggistica: la conservazione del paesaggio rurale tradizionale del Brda con la sua tipica struttura a mosaico e la manutenzione dei prati in aree già destinate all'abbandono allo scopo di incentivare forme di conservazione del paesaggio. Dai dati raccolti sono stati stimati 1 benefici economici per le due popolazioni di riferimento in merito alle due politiche proposte.
Landscape is the most valuable externality of multiflinctional agriculture. Starting from Cork Declaration (1996) there has been an increasing interest in thè field of rural and sustainabie development and landscape conservation. Nonetheìess some regions assist to abandon. In thè Central East Europe Countries people stili leave in the countryside, but thè improvement in agricultural development is changing thè traditional landscape features. In the studied area (Brda in Slovenia) young people feel even less interest into agricultural activities and old farmers are the lone guardians of the countryside. In particular a third of the municipality is going to abandon future, two thirds are transforming into intensive agriculture. Anyway traditional landscape get lost. Do people are willing to pay for the conservation of the landscape? Dichotomus contingent valuation method has been applied in order to estimate the economical value.
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Santos, Nilton Pedro dos. "Regeneração hepática em bagre africano (Clarias gariepinus) após hepatectomia parcial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-23042004-135041/.
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O fígado é um órgão importante para se analisar como o animal reage a agressões químicas. Um dos métodos utlizado para estudar a regeneração hepática é a hepatectomia parcial (HP). Assim, nosso objetivo foi verificar a influência da hepatectomia de 30% e de 70% sobre a taxa de proliferação das células hepática medida pela incorporação de BrdU na região da incisão e no resto do fígado e a proliferação de ductos biliares e de células epiteliais pré-ductulares biliares (CEPDBs) com o uso de uma combinação de 2 anticorpos específicos para citoqueratinas humanas, AE1/AE3. O pico de proliferação nos animais que sofreram HP de 30% do parênquima hepático deu-se após 1 dia da cirurgia enquanto que os animais que sofreram a HP de 70% o pico ocorreu no terceiro dia após a cirurgia.O índice de proliferação foi semelhante para a região próxima ou distante do corte. Para ambas as HP não houve diferença na regeneração do tecido retirado próximo ou distante da área de incisão. Nas regiões distantes da HP havia maior número de ductos havendo o pico do número de ductos coincidindo com o pico de proliferação celular de ambas as HP. Depois da HP o número de CEPDBs cresce consideravelmente. Os pico de proliferação também ocorreram no primeiro e terceiro dia para a HP de 30% e de 70% respectivamente, sendo mais altos na região distante do corte. Assim, durante a regeneração do fígado de C. gariepinus ocorre hiperplasia compensatória por proliferação de hepatócitos, de ductos biliares e de CEPDBs. A hepatectomia de 30% gerou uma resposta regenerativa intensa e é menos traumática para o animal, a região distante do corte reage mais intensamente que a região próxima do corte no que se refere aos ductos biliares e as CEPDBs.The liver is an important organ in studies aimed to the verification of animals reactions to chemical injuries. The partial hepatectomy (PH) is one of the methods that are usually employed in hepatic regeneration experiments. Our objectives in this work were to verify the influence of 30% and 70% PH on the hepatic cells proliferation index as it is measured by BrdU nuclear uptake in two regions: close to the hepatic surgery region and in a farther region. The biliary ducts and bile preductular epithelial cells (BPDECs) proliferation was quantified with a combination of two antibodies against the human cytokeratins AE1/AE3. The proliferation index peak in 30% hepatectomy animals occurred one day after the surgery, but in 70% hepatectomy animals the peak was only observed after three days from the surgery. Differences between the proliferation index of the close and the far region were not observed and likewise histological differences were absent. In the regions far from the PH site more biliary ducts were counted than in closer regions, but the peaks were coincident in both regions with the hepatocytes proliferation index. It was also observed that the quantity of BPDECs increased. The peaks occurred in the first and third days for the 30% and 70% PH respectively, and both peaks were higher in the region far from the PH site. We may conclude that C. gariepinus liver regeneration after 30% and 70% PH occurs by means of compensatory hyperplasia by hepatocytes, biliary ducts and BPDECs proliferation. The 30% HP stimulated a strong regenerative response and is less traumatic to the animals. The regions far from the PH site reacts more intensely that the close region concerning the stimulation of biliary ducts and BPDECs proliferation.
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Lenot, Xavier. "Modélisation et inversion d'images hyperspectrales : quantification et prise en compte du relief et de la réflectance bidirectionnelle." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0009.
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L'imagerie hyperspectrale est une technique en plein essor, qui permet d’acquérir des images étalonnées en luminance, sur un grand nombre de bandes spectrales étroites et contigües. La luminance mesurée est le résultat d’une interaction entre l'éclairement solaire, l'atmosphère, et la surface du sol. Pour appliquer une méthode de détection ou de classification du sol, il est nécessaire d’isoler au préalable les propriétés optiques de la surface, en s'affranchissant des phénomènes d’absorption et de diffusion du rayonnement. Sur une zone montagneuse, une correction supplémentaire est nécessaire pour prendre en compte les variations du rayonnement montant inhérentes au relief. Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode de correction atmosphérique et topographique des images hyperspectrales dans le domaine réflectif (0,4 um à 2,5 pm). Cette méthode permet de remonter en quatre étapes successives, à une carte de réflectances indépendantes des conditions de mesures de l'image de luminances. De nouveaux modèles ont notamment été développés pour modéliser l'éclairement incident sur la scène, et la luminance diffuse montante. Une première validation effectuée par inversion d’images synthétiques, montre une bonne adéquation entre la réflectance restituée et la réflectance initiale. L'étude de sensibilité aux données d’entrée a montré que la source principale d’erreurs sur l'inversion est le Modèle Numérique de Terrain. Des imprécisions en altitude, ou sur l'ortho-rectification de l'image, engendrent des erreurs sur la réflectance supérieures à celles obtenues en supposant le sol plat. La campagne de mesures réalisée au cours de cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet HYPERGEMME, dont l’un des objectifs est d’évaluer l’apport de l'imagerie hyperspectrale en géologie. Aussi, le massif montagneux de Maqsad (Oman), dont la cartographie géologique est parfaitement maîtrisée, est survolé par l'imageur hyperspectral HYMAP. Les mesures acquises au sol par l’ONERA ont pour but de valider le code SIERRA. Comparée à la réflectance de surface mesurée sur le site, la réflectance restituée par inversion des images HYMAP est estimée avec une précision de 5%. Malgré de nombreuses imprécisions sur le MNT, cette campagne a également permis de mettre en évidence l'apport de la correction topographique réalisée dans SIERRA par rapport aux codes supposant le sol plat.
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Chermain, Xavier. "Rendu basé physique de micro-reflets." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0070/document.
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Le rendu de micro-reflets, utile pour simuler l'apparence de matériaux pailletés, de métal brossé ou de plastique rayé, est un défi théorique et technique en informatique graphique. Il implique l'utilisation de fonctions de distribution de réflectance bidirectionnelles surfaciques (P-BRDFs) hautes fréquences et qui varient spatialement. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux nouvelles P-BRDFs basées sur des cartes de normales presque parfaitement spéculaires. La première empêche toute création d'énergie grâce à une normalisation dépendante de l'empreinte du rayon, contrairement à la méthode précédente [YHMR16]. Cette normalisation est possible grâce à une nouvelle représentation d'une carte de normales en une mixture de NDFs de Beckmann décentrées et non-alignées sur les axes. La deuxième méthode améliore la première et empêche, pour la première fois, toute création et perte d'énergie, en simulant du multi-rebonds dans la micro-géométrie du matériau. Elle permet donc un rendu sans artefacts de surfaces opaques possédant des micro-reflets. De plus, nous donnons un algorithme d'échantillonnage optimal, utilisant la visibilité des normales. L'idée clé de cette méthode est la définition d'une V-cavité en chaque point de la surface. Pour simuler le multi-rebonds à l'intérieur, nous compensons l'énergie perdue par une modélisation simple rebond, en la réintégrant à l'aide d'une BRDF de compensation d'énergie. Nos méthodes ont le même ordre de grandeur que la méthode précédente en matière de temps de rendu et d'empreinte mémoireGlint rendering, useful for simulating the appearance of glittery materials, brushed metal or scratched plastic, is a theoretical and technical challenge in computer graphics. It involves the use of spatially varying patch bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (P-BRDFs) with high frequencies. In this thesis we propose two new P-BRDFs based on specular normal maps. Unlike the previous method [YHMR16], our first BRDF prevents any creation of energy through footprint-dependent normalisation. This normalisation is possible thanks to a new representation of the normal map based on a mixture of non-centered and non-axis aligned Beckmann NDFs. The second method improves the first one and prevents, for the first time, any creation and loss of energy, by simulating multiple scattering in the microgeometry. It enables artifact-free rendering of opaque and sparkling surfaces. In addition, we provide an optimal sampling algorithm using the visibility information of the normals. The key idea of this method is the definition of a V-cavity for each point of the surface. To simulate multiple scattering inside it, we compensate for the energy lost by a single scattering model, by reintegrating lost energy with an energy compensation BRDF. The rendering time and memory footprint of our methods are in the same order of magnitude than previous methods
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Krieger, Björn Harald. "Die Notwendigkeit einer Stärkung der privaten Altersvorsorge in der BRD /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2007. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3051-5.htm.
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Krumpal, Ivar, and Heiko Rauhut. "Dominieren Bundes- oder Landesparteien die individuellen Landtagswahlentscheidungen in der BRD?" Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-208326.
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Landtagswahlergebnisse in der BRD werden von empirischen Wahlforschern häufig als aktuelle Stimmungsbarometer für die Bundespolitik interpretiert. Bei dieser Interpretation von Landtagswahlen als \"Bundestestwahlen\" wird jedoch häufig vernachlässigt, dass Landtagswahlen überwiegend auch Regionalwahlen sind und landestypischen Dynamiken folgen. Empirische Untersuchungen zu Bestimmungsfaktoren von Landtagswahlverhalten wurden in Deutschland bis dato entweder in Form von qualitativen Einzelfallanalysen oder als Aggregatdatenanalysen der amtlichen Wahlstatistiken durchgeführt. Eine direkte und vergleichende Quantifizierung der Effektstärken mit Survey-Daten wurde allerdings bislang nicht vorgenommen. Die vorliegende Studie wertet deshalb im Rahmen eines replikativen Surveys 17 Landtagswahlstudien aus. So können die Effektstärken der individuellen Bewertung der Bundes- versus der Landesparteien auf die Landtagswahlentscheidungen direkt verglichen werden. Als Fazit zeigt sich, dass in Westdeutschland die Beurteilung der Landesparteien einen stärkeren Einfluss auf die individuelle Landtagswahlentscheidung ausübt als die Beurteilung der Bundesparteien. In Ostdeutschland prägt dagegen bei Landtagswahlen die bundespolitische Dimension das Abstimmungsverhalten der Wähler stärker. Die Parteipolitikverflechtung zwischen Landes- und Bundesebene ist somit bei Landtagswahlen in Ostdeutschland erheblich stärker ausgeprägt als in den alten BundesländernElectoral studies often interpret German regional election results ("Landtagswahlen") as barometers of public opinion on federal governmental parties' performance. However, while interpreting German regional elections as "test-elections" for the national parliament, it is often underemphasised that subnational elections often follow a unique regional dynamics. So far, empirical investigations on the determinants of German regional elections consist either in qualitative case studies or aggregate analyses of official statistics. A quantitative study of individual-level survey data, comparing directly the explanatory power of the federal versus the subnational level, is still lacking. Conducting a repeated survey design, we analyse data from 17 German regional election surveys. Thus, the effects of individual assessments of federal parties versus their subnational counterparts on subnational voting preferences can be directly compared. The conclusion of our analyses can be summarized as follows: In Western Germany, the valuation of subnational parties has a stronger impact on individual voting preferences in subnational elections than the valuation of the federal parties has. However, in Eastern Germany, the federal dimension has a comparatively stronger effect. Hence, the federal – regional ("Länder") party system linkage is clearly stronger in Eastern than in Western Germany
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Weiss, Stefan. "Penderecki und Ligeti: Zur Rezeption der Klangkomposition in der BRD." Gudrun Schröder Verlag, 2006. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70572.
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Zimmermann, Suzanne. "Sexualpädagogik in der BRD und in der DDR im Vergleich /." Giessen : Psychosozial, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb372227088.
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Buchhorn, Marcel. "Ground-based hyperspectral and spectro-directional reflectance characterization of Arctic tundra vegetation communities : field spectroscopy and field spectro-goniometry of Siberian and Alaskan tundra in preparation of the EnMAP satellite mission." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7018/.
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The Arctic tundra, covering approx. 5.5 % of the Earth’s land surface, is one of the last ecosystems remaining closest to its untouched condition. Remote sensing is able to provide information at regular time intervals and large spatial scales on the structure and function of Arctic ecosystems. But almost all natural surfaces reveal individual anisotropic reflectance behaviors, which can be described by the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). This effect can cause significant changes in the measured surface reflectance depending on solar illumination and sensor viewing geometries.
The aim of this thesis is the hyperspectral and spectro-directional reflectance characterization of important Arctic tundra vegetation communities at representative Siberian and Alaskan tundra sites as basis for the extraction of vegetation parameters, and the normalization of BRDF effects in off-nadir and multi-temporal remote sensing data. Moreover, in preparation for the upcoming German EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program) satellite mission, the understanding of BRDF effects in Arctic tundra is essential for the retrieval of high quality, consistent and therefore comparable datasets. The research in this doctoral thesis is based on field spectroscopic and field spectro-goniometric investigations of representative Siberian and Alaskan measurement grids.
The first objective of this thesis was the development of a lightweight, transportable, and easily managed field spectro-goniometer system which nevertheless provides reliable spectro-directional data. I developed the Manual Transportable Instrument platform for ground-based Spectro-directional observations (ManTIS).
The outcome of the field spectro-radiometrical measurements at the Low Arctic study sites along important environmental gradients (regional climate, soil pH, toposequence, and soil moisture) show that the different plant communities can be distinguished by their nadir-view reflectance spectra. The results especially reveal separation possibilities between the different tundra vegetation communities in the visible (VIS) blue and red wavelength regions. Additionally, the near-infrared (NIR) shoulder and NIR reflectance plateau, despite their relatively low values due to the low structure of tundra vegetation, are still valuable information sources and can separate communities according to their biomass and vegetation structure. In general, all different tundra plant communities show: (i) low maximum NIR reflectance; (ii) a weakly or nonexistent visible green reflectance peak in the VIS spectrum; (iii) a narrow “red-edge” region between the red and NIR wavelength regions; and (iv) no distinct NIR reflectance plateau.
These common nadir-view reflectance characteristics are essential for the understanding of the variability of BRDF effects in Arctic tundra. None of the analyzed tundra communities showed an even closely isotropic reflectance behavior. In general, tundra vegetation communities: (i) usually show the highest BRDF effects in the solar principal plane; (ii) usually show the reflectance maximum in the backward viewing directions, and the reflectance minimum in the nadir to forward viewing directions; (iii) usually have a higher degree of reflectance anisotropy in the VIS wavelength region than in the NIR wavelength region; and (iv) show a more bowl-shaped reflectance distribution in longer wavelength bands (>700 nm). The results of the analysis of the influence of high sun zenith angles on the reflectance anisotropy show that with increasing sun zenith angles, the reflectance anisotropy changes to azimuthally symmetrical, bowl-shaped reflectance distributions with the lowest reflectance values in the nadir view position.
The spectro-directional analyses also show that remote sensing products such as the NDVI or relative absorption depth products are strongly influenced by BRDF effects, and that the anisotropic characteristics of the remote sensing products can significantly differ from the observed BRDF effects in the original reflectance data. But the results further show that the NDVI can minimize view angle effects relative to the contrary spectro-directional effects in the red and NIR bands. For the researched tundra plant communities, the overall difference of the off-nadir NDVI values compared to the nadir value increases with increasing sensor viewing angles, but on average never exceeds 10 %.
In conclusion, this study shows that changes in the illumination-target-viewing geometry directly lead to an altering of the reflectance spectra of Arctic tundra communities according to their object-specific BRDFs. Since the different tundra communities show only small, but nonetheless significant differences in the surface reflectance, it is important to include spectro-directional reflectance characteristics in the algorithm development for remote sensing products.Die arktische Tundra ist mit circa 5,5 % der Landoberfläche eines der letzten großen verbliebenen fast unberührten Ökosysteme unserer Erde. Nur die Fernerkundung ist in der Lage, benötigte Informationen über Struktur und Zustand dieses Ökosystems großräumig und in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Aber fast alle natürlichen Oberflächen zeigen individuelle anisotrope Reflexionsverhaltensweisen, welche durch die bidirektionale Reflektanzverteilungsfunktion (englisch: BRDF) beschrieben werden können. Dieser Effekt kann zu erheblichen Veränderungen im gemessenen Reflexionsgrad der Oberfläche in Abhängigkeit von den solaren Beleuchtung- und Blickrichtungsgeometrien führen. Zielstellung dieser Arbeit ist die hyperspektrale und spektro-direktionale Charakterisierung der Oberflächenreflexion wichtiger und repräsentativer arktischer Pflanzengesellschaften in Sibirien und Alaska, als Grundlage für die Extraktion von Vegetationsparametern und die Normalisierung von BRDF-Effekten in Off-Nadir und multi-temporalen Fernerkundungsdaten. In Vorbereitung auf die bevorstehende nationale EnMAP Satellitenmission ist ein Grundverständnis der BRDF-Effekte in der arktischen Tundra von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die Erstellung von hochqualitativen, konsistenten und damit vergleichbaren Datensätzen. Die in dieser Arbeit genutzten Daten beruhen auf geländespektroskopische und geländespektro-goniometrische Untersuchungen von repräsentativen Messflächen in Sibirien und Alaska. Die Entwicklung eines leichten, transportablen und einfach anzuwendenden Geländespektro-Goniometers, welches dennoch zuverlässig Daten liefert, war die erste Aufgabe. Hierfür habe ich ein Gerät mit der Bezeichnung ManTIS („Manual Transportable Instrument platform for ground-based Spectro-directional observations“) entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse der geländespektro-radiometrischen Messungen entlang wichtiger ökologischer Gradienten (regionales Klima, pH-Wert des Bodens, Bodenfeuchte, Toposequenz) zeigen, dass die Pflanzengesellschaften sich anhand ihrer Nadir-Reflektanzen unterscheiden lassen. Insbesondere die Möglichkeit der Differenzierung im sichtbaren (VIS) blauen und roten Wellenlängenbereich. Die Nah-Infrarot (NIR) Schulter und das NIR-Reflektanzplateau sind trotz ihrer niedrigeren Reflektanzwerte eine wertvolle Informationsquelle, die genutzt werden kann um die Pflanzengesellschaften entsprechend ihrer Biomasse und der Vegetationsstruktur voneinander zu unterscheiden. Im Allgemeinen zeigen die verschiedenen Pflanzengesellschaften der Tundra: (i) eine niedrige maximale NIR-Reflektanz; (ii) ein schwaches oder nicht sichtbares lokales Reflektanzmaximum im grünen VIS-Spektrum; (iii) einen schmalen „red-edge“ Bereich zwischen dem roten und NIR-Wellenlängenbereich und (iv) kein deutliches NIR-Reflektanzplateau. Diese gemeinsamen Nadir-Reflektanzeigenschaften sind entscheidend für das Verständnis der Variabilität der BRDF-Effekte in der arktischen Tundra. Keine der untersuchten Pflanzengesellschaften wies isotrope Reflektanzeigenschaften auf. Im Allgemeinen zeigt Tundravegetation: (i) die höchsten BRDF-Effekte in der solaren Hauptebene; (ii) die maximalen Reflexionsgrade in den rückwärts gerichteten Blickrichtungen; (iii) höhere Grade an Anisotropie im VIS-Spektrum als im NIR-Spektrum und (iv) schüsselförmige Reflexionsgradverteilungen in den längeren Wellenlängenbereichen (>700 nm). Die Analyse des Einflusses von hohen Sonnenzenitwinkeln auf die Anisotropie der Rückstrahlung zeigt, dass sich mit zunehmenden Sonnenzenitwinkeln die Anisotropie-Eigenschaften in azimutal-symmetrische schüsselförmige Reflexionsgradverteilungen ändern. Auch ergeben die spektro-direktionalen Analysen, dass Fernerkundungsprodukte wie der NDVI oder die relative Absorptionstiefe stark von BRDF-Effekten beeinflusst werden. Die anisotropen Eigenschaften der Fernerkundungsprodukte können sich erheblich von den beobachteten BRDF-Effekten in den ursprünglichen Reflektanzdaten unterscheiden. Auch lässt sich aus den Ergebnissen ableiten, dass der NDVI relativ gesehen die blickrichtungsabhängigen BRDF-Effekte minimieren kann. Für die untersuchten Pflanzengesellschaften der Tundra weichen die Off-Nadir NDVI-Werte nie mehr als 10 % von den Nadir-NDVI-Werten ab. Im Resümee dieser Studie wird nachgewiesen, dass Änderungen in der Sonnen-Objekt-Sensor-Geometrie direkt zu Reflektanzveränderungen in den Fernerkundungsdaten von arktischen Pflanzengesellschaften der Tundra entsprechend ihrer objekt-spezifischen BRDF-Charakteristiken führen. Da die verschiedenen Arten der Tundravegetation nur kleine, aber signifikante Unterschiede in der Oberflächenreflektanz zeigen, ist es wichtig die spektro-direktionalen Reflexionseigenschaften bei der Entwicklung von Algorithmen für Fernerkundungsprodukte zu berücksichtigen.
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Martini, Dorival Terra. "Avaliação histológica e imunohistoquímica da ATM de ratos wistar adultos após meniscectomia unilateral com enxerto de cartilagem auricular autógena." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-30052008-112522/.
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Através da meniscectomia no lado esquerdo, seguida ou não de enxerto, objetiva-se verificar as possíveis alterações nas superfícies articulares da ATM. Os animais formaram os grupos: GI (meniscectomia); GII (meniscectomia e enxerto); GIII (somente o acesso cirúrgico) que originaram subgrupos conforme o período pós-operatório (10 e 30 dias) e lado (direito e esquerdo). Nos animais GIII, GId, GIId, a Cm e a superfície articular da fossa mandibular (Fm) estavam organizadas em camadas com o predomínio de fibras colágenas do tipo I. Alterações morfológicas como erosão da Cm e Fm e amplos cistos subcondrais no osso subjacente foram verificadas nos animais GIe e GIIe. Em GIIe, a Cm apresentou um nível razoável de organização sob o enxerto. Fibras colágenas do tipo I constituíam as camadas articular e condroblástica nos animais GIe e GIIe e fibras do tipo III predominaram na camada pré-condroblástica. Amplos espaços vasculares eram evidentes na zona bilaminar dos animais GI e GII.The morphological features of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats were studied after meniscectomy in the left side of the joint. The specimens were submitted or not to an interpositional auricular cartilage graft. The animals formed the following groups: GI (meniscectomy); GII (meniscectomy and graft); GIII (sham). The post-operative periods (10, 30 days) and the side allowed to form the subgroups. The articular surface of the TMJ exhibited organized layers (GIII, GId, GIId groups) where the type I collagen fibers arranged in regular nets prevailed. Morphological changes as erosion of the articular surface with large subchondral cysts in the subjacent bone were verified (GIe, GIIe). The condyle\'s surface of GII was regular and structurally preserved under the graft. The type I collagen fibers constituted the articular and chondroblastic layers in the GIe and GIIe animals where the type III collagen fibers were predominant in the prechondroblastic layer. Wide vascular spaces were evident in the bilaminar zone of the GI and GII animals.
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Manoharan, Madhu. "Evaluation of a neural network for formulating a semi-empirical variable kernel BRDF model." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://library.msstate.edu/content/templates/?a=72.
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Murphy, Tami J. "Phenotypic analysis of transcriptional co-activator, brd2, gene knockdowns in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos." Click here for download, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1288659571&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Shaw, J. "Use of plant growth simulations to validate BRDF model parameters derived SPOT-VGT data." Thesis, Swansea University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639015.
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By inverting BRDF models against satellite-sensor measurements of spectral reflectance recorded at different illumination and view angles, it is theoretically possible to obtain estimates of several important environmental variables (e.g., LAI, albedo). In recent years, a growing number of studies has exploited this basic approach, however, the relationships between the resulting model-derived quantities and the corresponding surface properties have yet to be rigorously explored. This thesis examines these relationships, by comparing upscaled observations of LAI with the outputs of BRDF model inversions. The research makes use of ground-base measurements of LAI, albedo, spectral reflectance and canopy biometric characteristics for a variety of arable crops over two growing seasons (1999/2000). These data sets are, however, recorded at very different spatial and temporal scales compared to the satellite-sensor data employed as input to the BRDF models (c.1km). The former data set was, therefore, upscaled to match the satellite data. Upscaling is achieved using a combination of plant growth models and intermediate spatial resolution satellite-sensor images. The plant growth models, in particular SUCROS, are used to provide estimates of LAI over the full growing season. These temporal profiles of LAI are up-scaled to the 1km spatial resolution of the SPOT-VGT image data employed in the BRDF model inversions using image data acquired by the Lansat-TM sensor. These data are used to generate a land cover map of the study area (84% accuracy). The simulated temporal profiles of LAI are applied to this land cover map on a cover-type by cover-type basis to generate images of LAI, initially at 30m resolution and, subsequently, at 1km resolution. In theory, the kernel weights are related to surface biophysical properties, however, it was subsequently determined that, in the case of LAI, this was not so. Therefore, evidence that the kernel weights may be related to LAI is sought by comparison of the temporal profiles of up-scaled LAI with temporal profiles of up-scaled LAI with temporal profiles of the kernel weights. Although positive correlation with the other kernel weights. It was, however, found that the up-scaled LAI was strongly correlated with the NDVI and the corrected NDVI than with the kernel weights.
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NAHM, KIEBONG. "LIGHT SCATTERING BY POLYSTYRENE SPHERES ON A CONDUCTING PLANE (MIE, IMAGE CHARGE, INTERFERENCE, BRDF)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188071.
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A system consisting of a sphere sitting on a clean mirror was modeled as a two particle system: the real sphere and its image sphere, treating the mirror as a conducting plane. When the system was irradiated with a plane-polarized collimated laser beam with varying angles of incidence, the scattering from each particle was assumed to follow Mie's solution for light scattering by a sphere. Phase difference between the scattering by the real sphere and the one by its image sphere was assessed by the geometry of the model. The far field solutions from each of the spheres were added to yield a phase dependent intensity function. Another model assumed no phase correlation between the two and the intensities from each spheres were added. Also discussed is the Double Interaction Mode, which takes the mirror-sphere separation into consideration. These theoretical results were converted to Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions (BRDF). The theoretical as well as the empirical surface scattering from a good quality optical surface was introduced. The BRDF values thus calculated were added to the background scattering by the mirror since no interaction was assumed between the spheres and the rough metallic surface of the mirror. The test sample was prepared with polystyrene spheres with the nominal diameter of 0.984 μm on a high quality aluminum mirror. The BRDF data from this sample with 6328Å and 4416Å were compared with the one obtained with the model described above. The comparison strongly indicated that there existed no phase correlation between the scatterings by the two spheres. Determination of the sphere size and practical applicability for estimating the sphere number density on the surface are also discussed.
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Burns, Robert. "Comparison of skeletal morphology of Brd2 heterozygous mice against wild type C57/B6J mice." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12302.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.Objectives: The purpose of the study was to characterize age related bone lose in male and female mice lacking one functional copy of the Brd2 gene. These mice will develop age related obesity but will not develop Type II diabetes that is normally associated with obesity. Thus age and sex related changes in the skeletal morphology and structure can be assessed in response to obesity but not be confounded by the development of insulin resistance that is known to effect bone mass. Methods: Wild type and Brd2 heterozygote male and female mice were allowed to age under normal conditions in which they were fed ad libitum. Skeletal morphology and structure was assessed via µCT of the proximal metaphysis for the trabecular architecture and for the mid-diaphyseal region to assess cortical. Results: Genotype was found to play a significant role in affecting trabecular architecture in females for BV/TV, connective density, trabecular number, thickness and separation and in males for degree of anisotropy. An age-bygenotype was found to play a significant role in affecting cortical architecture in males for cortical area, total area, cortical area/total area, and medullary area. Conclusion: Brd2 heterozygote mice have significantly altered structural parameters from that of their wild type counterparts. These differences in how genotype affected the sexes suggests that the Brd2 protein is affected by sex dependent mechanism related to general metabolism and adiposity independent of insulin function.