Academic literature on the topic 'Brazilian women – Canada'

METHODS: The study Pesquisa Dimensões Sociais das Desigualdades (PDSD) (Social Dimensions of Inequalities) involves 12,423 randomly selected Brazilian men and women aged 18 years old or more from urban and rural areas of the five Brazilian regions, and the information collected included the SF-36 as a measure of health-related quality of life. This provided a unique opportunity to develop age and gender-adjusted normative data for the Brazilian population. RESULTS: Brazilian men scored substantially higher than women on all eight domains and the two summary component scales of the SF-36. Brazilians scored less than their international counterparts on almost all of SF-36 domains and both summary component scales, except on general health status (US), pain (UK) and vitality (Australia, US and Canada). CONCLUSION: The differences in the SF-36 scores between age groups, genders and countries confirm that these Brazilian norms are necessary for comparative purposes. The data will be useful for assessing the health status of the general population and of patient populations, and the effect of interventions on health-related quality of life.

The Brazilian Federal Network of VET Institutes was created in 2008 to address the demand for Higher Education’s rapid growth. Since the establishment of Science Without Borders in 2011, the Federal Institutes have been developing international strategies for strengthening their internationalization process. However, there has been little research about the theme in Brazil. This article highlights the cooperation between Canada and Brazil that enhanced the Federal Institutes’ internationalization process. The findings presented in this article are part of the research results on the Brazilian Federal Institutes’ internationalization model, which used Situational Analysis as a methodological tool and pointed to the A Thousand Women project as the first significant international experience in these institutions. The data analyzed supports the claim that Canada became a significant reference for the Brazilian Federal Institutes and helped them build their internationalization process concretely and collaboratively.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To verify the association between complicated grief and sociodemographic, reproductive, mental, marital satisfaction, and professional support characteristics in women after stillbirth. METHOD Cross-sectional study with 26 women who had stillbirth in 2013, living in the city of Maringá, Brazil, and eight women who attended the Centre d'Études et de Rechercheen Intervention Familiale at the University of Quebec en Outaouais, in Canada. The instrument was administered as an interview to a small number of mothers of infants up to three months (n=50), who did not participate in the validation study. RESULTS By applying the short version of the Perinatal Grief Scale, the prevalence of complicated grief in Brazilian women was found to be higher (35%) in relation to Canadian women (12%).Characteristics of the Brazilian women associated with the grief period included the presence of previous pregnancy with live birth, absence of previous perinatal loss, postpartum depression, and lack of marital satisfaction. For the Canadians it was observed that 80% of the women presenting no grief made use of the professional support group. In both populations the occurrence of complicated grief presented a higher prevalence in women with duration of pregnancy higher than 28 weeks. CONCLUSION The women that must be further investigated during the grief period are those living in Brazil, making no use of a professional support group, presenting little to no marital satisfaction, having no religion, and of a low educational level.

The aim of this study was to analyze national and international scientific literature on nursing care for lesbian women. An integrative approach was adopted to review studies from MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF and SCOPUS databases and SciELO and Cochrane libraries using the keywords: female homosexuality, nursing care, health promotion and women's health. Studies published between 1990 and 2013 in English, Portuguese or Spanish were considered for analysis. After analyzing data, four international studies were selected, being that three were from the United States and one was from Canada. This study revealed a scarcity of Brazilian and international studies and the importance of increasing scientific literature on this topic.

This article examines the professional careers of the 290 historians who received doctorates in Brazilian history from universities in Canada and the United States between 1980 and 2019. It is a follow-up to a 1990 study by Roderick J. Barman on North American historians of Brazil from 1950 to 1987. While the 1980s were a nadir for the field, historians of Brazil enjoyed unexpectedly good academic career outcomes in the 1990s and early 2000s; they continued to do well in the academic job market, while many of their dissertations were published. The data also reveal some enduring patterns when it comes to the chronological periods and geographical areas on which these historians focus, as well as the rising interest in post-1945 history. The proportion of women winning doctorates has stabilized at levels slightly higher than that of the profession as a whole; however, some small but troubling gender inequities persist.

ABSTRACT In this article, the authors aim at presenting a lived experience and the meaning-making constructed by them as they participate in a simulation of the history of contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples in the country now named Canada and inquire into their stories within the three-dimensional narrative inquiry space. Considering relational ethics, the teacher educators and researchers lived, told, retold, and relived the stories of their own experiences, co-composing stories of anti-racist teacher education, playfulness, inclusion, privilege, and responsibility, through the eyes of an Indigenous Cree, a Brazilian, and a Canadian woman, towards increasing understanding of decolonizing education.

If screening had been a drug, it would have been withdrawn from the market. Thus, which country will be first to stop mammography screening? (Peter C. Gøtzsche) 1This issue of RBMFC addresses the subject of medical ethics, the backbone that should guide both the demands in health services and health technologies provision, as well as the practice of family and community physicians. As a stimulus for reflection, the Debate section tackles the “Preventive mandatory mammography” policy in Uruguay, while in the Section Essays, Jamoulle and Gomez discuss the concept of quaternary prevention: action that aims to offer ethically acceptable alternatives to patients in order to prevent the excess of medical interventions.2 Despite considerable technological and social transformations that directly affect people’s health, ethics in medicine continues to morally shape health problems and health policy decisions with implications for patients, physicians and health institutions.In a practical analytical and easy to understand guidance for health professionals, Gillon3 discusses the four principles and scope of medical ethics: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. The latter encompasses the distributive justice, individual right justice and legal justice. These four principles provide a baseline for dialogue across different cultures, religious beliefs and political positions, as these principles are considered to be prima facie: a duty which is compulsory on all occasions unless it is in conflict with equal or stronger duties.4 Thus, based on these four principles that underlie ethics in medicine and consequently the application of the quaternary prevention, cancer screening programme will be critically analysed as a preventative strategy.Screening programmes entails the use of an initial selective tool or a sieve phase (i.e. mammography) to separate asymptomatic persons within the target population, that will need to undergo a classificatory or diagnostic phase - which involves a ‘gold standard’ for defining a disease (i.e. anatomopathology) – to finally offer patients a definitive preventive treatment for the condition screened.5 Since this type of intervention is performed on healthy individuals, the ethical requirements in the cases of screening programmes are very high, because the risks of damage are not balanced against real suffering (a clinically manifested disease), but are anchored in a potential future of illness and death. In this case, the principle of non-maleficence (do not harm) prevails over the principle of beneficence (the desire to promote the patients’ wellbeing), since asymptomatic persons, who perceive themselves as healthy, may have their health perception shaken indefinitely due to a biomedical intervention. The most often cited damages in the literature are psychological (due to the uncertainties of false positives, false assurance of false negatives, and borderline conditions that require a closer monitoring such as Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - CIN I, II, III), as well as the physical consequences resulting from treatment itself, such as impotence or urinary incontinence, in the case of screening and treatment of prostate cancer.Since in the screening and/or health check ups the intervention is usually a ‘mirage-guided’ or ‘probability-guided’, it can result in ‘damage without the potential benefits’,6 as in the case of invasive procedures (to clarify ‘images’ or ‘positive’ exam results produced in the selective or sieving phase) which can result in complications, but the biopsy turnout to be normal. For instance, colonoscopy, laparoscopy, biopsies (liver, kidney, prostate), in which those procedures may end up producing complications (intestinal perforation, anaesthesia complications, major artery perforation, sepsis) with the potential to scale up into hospital readmission, with stress for patients and families and/or an even worse scenario: patients’ death with a benign finding. Therefore, screening programmes intrinsically carry the potential to convert healthy people into sick individuals at the population level, and consequently are highly iatrogenic and could be summarized as follows: “For many are called, but few are chosen…,” but many will need to suffer for to very few be cured.This is particularly true in the case of breast cancer screening with mammography, which renders physiopathologically insignificant cancers (overdiagnosis) exposing previously healthy women to significant damages due to radiotherapy. Gotzsche et al.7 highlighted important risks of adverse effects as consequence of radiotherapy, such as heart failure (27%) from circulatory cardiac damage and/or induction of lung cancer (78%). Furthermore, a recently published systematic review in the British Medical Journal8 on the adverse effects of cancer screening, found that only a third of randomized controlled clinical trials was concerned in measuring and controlling for potential harms of screening intervention. This article is very important because it has a direct effect upon the practice of health professionals, who cannot address security parameters on cancer screening interventions with their patients, since there is an information selection bias that emphasizes only the positive aspects of screening, for lack of controlling and monitoring of potential harms in most screening clinical trials.From an ethical stance, this context of uncertainty undermines the patients’ autonomy, creating false empowerment, since women do not have a more complete view on the potential harms and benefits of breast cancer screening programmes.9 To truly empower women and strengthen their autonomy for deciding upon interventions that directly affect their health, there is a need for information to be more transparent and also to reveal potential harms of the interventions. Moreover, the language used for the dissemination of information should be neutral, of simple understanding, culturally accessible, so that the users of the health system can better decide about their own health.3From the perspective of public health, distributive ethic justice, and limited healthcare budget - that any health system faces - screening programmes diverts financial resources - which should primarily be allocated to the treatment and care of sick individuals - towards healthy people, with the potential to produce new real patients, due to the damage of the interventions on healthy bodies, generating more costs to the health system and society in general.Fortunately, screening programmes are increasingly losing their strength, especially in Europe. For instance, the Swiss Medical Board10 found no scientific rational for the maintenance of breast screening programmes in light of current available scientific evidence. In Denmark, the rate of mortality attributable to breast cancer have not reduced due to the implementation of systematic breast cancer screening programme with mammography over 17 years follow up,11 however, it has produced an overdiagnosis rate of 33%.12 Similar trends in mortality over the last 30 years were also observed in the United States,13 as well as in Canada, the accumulated 25 years monitoring of the effects of breast cancer screening, did not render reduction in mortality from breast cancer, but resulted in 22% of overdiagnosis.14 Thus, to Peter C. Gotzsche,1 one of the world ‘s leading authorities on the subject, the best method we have to reduce the occurrence of breast cancer is to stop screening with mammography.From an ethical and scientific point of view,10 screening programmes should be discontinued or restricted to high-risk groups or very specific situations, and the focus of prevention should be redirected towards interventions on early-symptomatic patients, since breast cancer treatment has improved considerably in recent decades, and this is likely to be the responsible for improving the quality of life of affected women.1 The Canadian Task Force15 on preventive health care in their last update (2011) regarded as weak recommendation the breast cancer screening with mammography every 2-3 years in age group 50-69 years-old, because they considered the evidence for screening only of moderate quality. The Brazilian Ministry of Health16 also acted correctly in limiting the financial incentives for breast cancer screening for the age group 50-69 years.Therefore, ‘there is nothing wrong saying no to mammography’,9 because when acting upon asymptomatic healthy people, the principle of non-maleficence should override the principle of beneficence. Thus, the challenge left for family and community doctors is to individualize each case in this ‘sea of uncertainty’, sharing with their patients the often hidden potential harms attributed to cancer screening in order to operationalize in daily practice the concept of quaternary prevention.

Study Background The aging population in Canada has been increasing steadily over the past 40 years, however, there is limited information about the meaning of aging well amongst older Brazilian women in Canada. Methods A Heideggerian interpretive phenomenology study was conducted to understand the meaning of aging well amongst older Brazilian women in the post-migration context living in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Ontario, Canada. Results Eight older Brazilian women residing in the GTA were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling and participated in individual face-to-face interviews. Through data analysis and the incorporation of Heidegger’s four existentials of human existence, the themes that emerged were (a) Embracing being part of a mosaic, (b) Aging with grace, (c) Chasing your dreams and (d) Being a bridge and not a fence. The overarching theme was: Finding the silver lining: Aging well. Conclusion This study informs nursing practice, research and policy development to advance the health of older immigrant adults in Canada.

An ethnographic study explored ideas about the possibility of creating social support networks for breast cancer within the Portuguese-speaking community in Toronto (Canada). Nineteen men and women from Angolan, Brazilian and Portuguese communities informed about a social support network with a focus on enabling versus challenging conditions for its construction. The fundamental components in creating social support networks were: the demystification of breast cancer and its prevention, emphasis on health education, mobilizing volunteers and direct social support to women living with breast cancer. The potential enabling factors were the participation of older women as social leaders, and the utilization of schools and religious institutions. Perceived barriers were: breast cancer believed to be women’s disease, lack of knowledge about its cure/ rehabilitation, as well as a limited sensitivity to cancer. Social support networks should consider the communities’ diverse cultural and tangible needs, as well as more informal social support services.

The nineteenth century saw a new wave of dictionaries, many of which remain household names. Those dictionaries didn’t just store words; they represented imperial ambitions, nationalist passions, religious fervour, and utopian imaginings. The Whole World in a Book explores a period in which globalization, industrialization, and social mobility were changing language in unimaginable ways. Dictionaries in the nineteenth century became more than dictionaries: they were battlefields between prestige languages and lower-status dialects; national icons celebrating the language and literature of the nation-state; and sites of innovative authorship where middle and lower classes, volunteers, women, colonial subjects, the deaf, and missionaries joined the ranks of educated white men in defining how people communicated and understood the world around them. This volume investigates dictionaries in the nineteenth century covering languages as diverse as Canadian French, English, German, Frisian, Japanese, Libras (Brazilian sign language), Manchu, Persian, Quebecois, Russian, Scots, and Yiddish.