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1
FEARNSIDE, PHILIP F. "Containing destruction from Brazil's Amazon highways: now is the time to give weight to the environment in decision-making." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 3 (July 7, 2006): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003109.
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The BR-163 Highway (Fig. 1) was originally built by the Brazilian Army in 1973 and 1974. It has remained passable since, although poor road conditions in the unpaved portion (the 646-km portion in the state of Pará from the border with Mato Grosso to Trairão) impede use of the road as a significant export route. Reconstructing the highway has been a (so-far unimplemented) part of an evolving series of plans for massive expansion of infrastructure: Brasil em Ação (Brazil in Action) for 1996–1999, Avança Brasil (Forward Brazil) for 2000–2003, and the Pluriannual Plan for 2004–2007 (Laurance et al. 2001; Fearnside 2002). Soybean plantations in the northern part of the state of Mato Grosso have been rapidly expanding, partly in anticipation of the BR-163 being reconstructed and paved (Fearnside 2001). The governor of Mato Grosso since 2003 is Brazil's largest soybean entrepreneur and a major force in inducing the federal government to pave the road. With the construction of the BR-163, northern Mato Grosso would be linked to the ports of Miritituba and Santarém (Fig. 1), halving the current distance for transportation, as currently soybeans from northern Mato Grosso are exported through the port of Paranaguá in the state of Paraná. A future plan would take the soybeans by rail from Cuiabá to Santos. Cost savings for soybean export of US$ 11.6 per tonne relative to the rail route through Santos (Alencar et al. 2005) provide an economic argument for the BR-163 project. Soybean production in northern Mato Grosso was 3.61 million tonnes in 2004 (Alencar et al. 2005), worth approximately US$ 813 million. Nevertheless, even with substantial monetary benefits for the BR-163, the various forms of impact from the project must be quantified and compared to the benefits before a decision is made (Fearnside 2005).
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Oliveira, Charles Martins de, Denise Návia, and Marina Regina Frizzas. "First record of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) in soybean plants under no tillage in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Ciência Rural 37, no. 3 (June 2007): 876–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782007000300043.
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Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) is a mite species of economic and medical-veterinary importance, usually found associated with stored products. Presence of this mite was observed in the stems of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants originated from a under non tillage commercial crop in 2003/2004, in the municipal district of Unaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is the first record of T. putrescentiae occurring in soybean plants under field conditions in the world.
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Guimarães, Alexandre Queiroz. "The political economy of the Workers’ Party governments in Brazil (2003-2014) - institutions, ideas and the main determinants of economic policy." Nova Economia 32, no. 1 (April 2022): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/6705.
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Abstract The article intends to understand key features of the economic policy trajectory followed by the Workers’ Party governments in Brazil. The period was characterized by advances in social conditions, but the governments failed to advance key social reforms, reduce high interest rates or pursue a coherent industrial policy. The policies adopted led to a deep economic crisis, a key component of the subsequent political impasse. The article adopts a historical-institutionalist approach, establishing a dialogue with theories that deal with the role of international constraints, the institutionalization of the party system, economic ideas and the influence of interest groups. The main contribution is to provide an interpretation which, by integrating economic, political and institutional factors, significantly adds to the understanding of key economic policy decisions.
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HEREDIA ZARATE, NESTOR A., MARIA C. VIEIRA, LUCIANE A. TABALDI, DANILO A. HEREDIA VIEIRA, ROSIMEIRE P. G. JORGE, and NATALIA A. SALLES. "Agro-economic yield of taro clones in Brazil, propagated with different types of cuttings, in three crop seasons." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85, no. 2 (May 10, 2013): 785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652013005000025.
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The experimental studies were conducted in 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 crop seasons, in order to know the agro-economic yield of 'Chinês' and "Macaquinho" taro clones, propagated using huge, extra, large, medium, small and tiny cormels. The harvest was done on average on 202 days after planting, in three crop seasons. Based on the joint analysis of variance carried out, it was observed that taro clones showed significant differences in the yield of fresh and dry weight of leaves, cormels, and commercial and non-commercial comels; besides, there were significant differences in yield of a crop season to another and the size of the cuttings induced significant differences in yield. In the conditions that the experiments were conducted, and considering the highest average yield of fresh weight of commercial cormels (28.69 t.ha-1) and highest net income (US $14,741.14) correspondent to the three crop seasons, it is recommended to cultivate 'Macaquinho' clone using small cuttings in propagation.
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Marcondes, Mariana Mazzini, Marta Ferreira Santos Farah, and Mário Aquino Alves. "Frame, Política Pública e Transversalidade de Gênero: uma Análise da Política de Cuidado Infantil Brasileira durante o Giro à Esquerda (2003-2016)." Organizações & Sociedade 28, no. 98 (July 2021): 652–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9808pt.
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Abstract Brazil was one of the countries that integrated Latin America’s left turn, a period in which social policies have become central. During the Labor Party’s Government (Partido dos Trabalhadores) (2013-2016), were developed institutional conditions to mainstream gender in public policies, which embraced the issue of the sexual division of labor. However, did it mean an effective reorientation of the childcare policy towards gender equality perspectives? This article aims to reflect upon this question, drawing on the gender mainstreaming concept. It is understood as a process of incorporation of feminist perspectives into the public policy framing, regarding the (re)definition of both the public problem and the course of state action. To do so, we carried out a qualitative study of gender mainstreaming on childcare policy (daycare centers and leaves), focusing on official discourses, mainly through documentary analysis. Based on the results analyzed, we identified the coexistence of two frames: “education and childcare rights” and “promotion of women's economic autonomy”. Since the first one has prevailed, we conclude that gender mainstreaming was marginal in the childcare policy, during the analyzed period.
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Rangel, Marcos A., and Romina Tomé. "Health and the Megacity: Urban Congestion, Air Pollution, and Birth Outcomes in Brazil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031151.
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We studied the health effects of economic development in heavily urbanized areas, where congestion poses a challenge to environmental conditions. We employed detailed data from air pollution and birth records around the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2002 and 2009. During this period, the megacity experienced sustained growth marked by the increases in employment rates and ownership of durable goods, including automobiles. While better economic conditions are expected to improve infant health, air pollution that accompanies it is expected to do the opposite. To untangle these two effects, we focused on episodes of thermal inversion—meteorological phenomena that exogenously lock pollutants closer to the ground—to estimate the causal effects of in utero exposure to air pollution. Auxiliary results confirmed a positive relationship between thermal inversions and several air pollutants, and we ultimately found that exposure to inversion episodes during the last three months of pregnancy led to sizable reductions in birth weight and increases in the incidence of preterm births. Increased pollution exposure induced by inversions also has a significant impact over fetal survival as measured by the size of live-birth cohorts.
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Marcondes, Mariana Mazzini, Marta Ferreira Santos Farah, and Mário Aquino Alves. "Public Policy Frames and Gender mainstreaming: an analysis of childcare policy in Brazil during the left turn (2003-2016)." Organizações & Sociedade 28, no. 98 (July 2021): 652–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9808en.
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Abstract Brazil was one of the countries that integrated Latin America’s left turn, a period in which social policies have become central. During the Labor Party’s Government (Partido dos Trabalhadores) (2013-2016), were developed institutional conditions to mainstream gender in public policies, which embraced the issue of the sexual division of labor. However, did it mean an effective reorientation of the childcare policy towards gender equality perspectives? This article aims to reflect upon this question, drawing on the gender mainstreaming concept. It is understood as a process of incorporation of feminist perspectives into the public policy framing, regarding the (re)definition of both the public problem and the course of state action. To do so, we carried out a qualitative study of gender mainstreaming on childcare policy (daycare centers and leaves), focusing on official discourses, mainly through documentary analysis. Based on the results analyzed, we identified the coexistence of two frames: “education and childcare rights” and “promotion of women's economic autonomy”. Since the first one has prevailed, we conclude that gender mainstreaming was marginal in the childcare policy, during the analyzed period.
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Peixer, Janice, Henrique C. Giacomini, and Miguel Petrere Jr. "Economic valuation of the Emas waterfall, Mogi-Guaçu River, SP, Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 4 (December 2011): 1287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000400016.
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The Emas waterfall in Mogi-Guaçu River is regionally recognized as an important fishing spot and touristic place. The first reports of the professional and sport fishing there date back from the 30's, which is the same period when the tourism took place. The present paper provides an environmental valuation of this place and an assessment of the differences among the major groups of people using the area. During 2006 we interviewed 33 professional fishers, 107 sport fishers, 45 tourists and 103 excursionists in order to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for each category and to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors by means of logistic regressions and ANCOVAs. The WTP of professional fisher was significantly influenced by age and education, and the WTP for the sport fishers was influenced by the family income. The variables that influenced the tourists' and excursionists' WTP were sex and education. The total annual aggregated value to maintain the waterfall in the current conditions was estimated in US$ 11.432.128, and US$ 55.424.283 to restore it.
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Leal, Luciana Pedrosa, Malaquias Batista Filho, Pedro Israel Cabral de Lira, José Natal Figueiroa, and Mônica Maria Osório. "Temporal trends and anaemia-associated factors in 6- to 59-month-old children in Northeast Brazil." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 9 (March 14, 2012): 1645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000626.
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AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the trends and factors associated with anaemia in 6- to 59-month-old children in Northeast Brazil.DesignCross-sectional study assessed information from the second and third Pernambuco State Health and Nutrition Surveys carried out in 1997 and 2006. A multiple regression analysis was performed from a conceptual model addressing biological and socio-economic factors, housing and sanitation conditions, maternal factors, health care and nutrition, consumption, morbidity and nutritional status. Poisson's regression with robust variance was used.SettingPernambuco, Brazil.SubjectsA total of 777 and 993 children, respectively, in the second and third Pernambuco State Health and Nutrition Surveys.ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) decreased by 19·3 % (40·9 % down to 33·0 %) between surveys. Maternal education level (less than 8 years in school), households ranked in the lowest environmental index tertile and children between 6 and 23 months of age were the variables common to the final models in the surveys of 1997 and 2006. Elements like living in rural areas, household income less than two minimum official wages and low birth weight were still present in the final model of the 1997 survey. Households ranked in the lowest economic index tertile were associated with anaemia in the model of the 2006 survey.ConclusionsThe study results are quite encouraging from the perspective of reducing the prevalence of anaemia. Maternal education level, environmental conditions and child age were determinant factors in both surveys, and economic factors were determinant in 2006.
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Rodrigues, Fabio, Douglas Galante, Ivan G. Paulino-Lima, Rubens T. D. Duarte, Amancio C. S. Friaça, Claudia Lage, Eduardo Janot-Pacheco, Ramachrisna Teixeira, and Jorge E. Horvath. "Astrobiology in Brazil: early history and perspectives." International Journal of Astrobiology 11, no. 4 (July 18, 2012): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550412000250.
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AbstractThis review reports the Brazilian history in astrobiology, as well as the first delineation of a vision of the future development of the field in the country, exploring its abundant biodiversity, highly capable human resources and state-of-the-art facilities, reflecting the last few years of stable governmental investments in science, technology and education, all conditions providing good perspectives on continued and steadily growing funding for astrobiology-related research. Brazil is growing steadily and fast in terms of its worldwide economic power, an effect being reflected in different areas of the Brazilian society, including industry, technology, education, social care and scientific production. In the field of astrobiology, the country has had some important landmarks, more intensely after the First Brazilian Workshop on Astrobiology in 2006. The history of astrobiology in Brazil, however, is not so recent and had its first occurrence in 1958. Since then, researchers carried out many individual initiatives across the country in astrobiology-related fields, resulting in an ever growing and expressive scientific production. The number of publications, including articles and theses, has particularly increased in the last decade, but still counting with the effort of researchers working individually. That scenario started to change in 2009, when a formal group of Brazilian researchers working with astrobiology was organized, aiming at congregating the scientific community interested in the subject and to promote the necessary interactions to achieve a multidisciplinary work, receiving facilities and funding from the University de Sao Paulo and other funding agencies.
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Okuneva, Liudmila. "Brazil from 2018 elections to 2022 elections: new internal political course (2019-2022) and electoral process." Latin-American Historical Almanac 34, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 217–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2022-34-1-217-264.
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The article analyzes the change in the political vector of Brazil in the conditions of the "right turn", which replaced the "left drift" (2003-2016). The circumstances of the coming to power of the right-wing conservative M. Temer, and then, according to the results of the presidential elections in 2018, the right-wing radical J. Bolsonaro are considered. The main directions of Bolsonaro's internal political course are investigated. As part of the analysis of the domestic policy of the President of Brazil, the features of the 2022 electoral campaign, which unfolded long before its official start, are shown. In the context of extreme radicalization of the political process and polarization of political forces, institutional design is being reformatted. The search for a candidate who could represent the so-called "third way" – a moderate, centrist politician – is not successful, and two leaders of the election race will face each other in the political arena – the current president Bolsonaro and the ex-president, center-left Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This confrontation goes beyond a personal dispute and embodies two different models of socio-economic development.
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Murillo, M. Victoria. "Privatization South American Style. By Luigi Manzetti. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 373p. $74.00." American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (March 2001): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401662014.
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Luigi Manzetti fills an important gap in the literature on market reforms in Latin America by providing a comparative analysis of privatization in Argentina, Brazil, and Peru. He engages the literature on economic reform in developing countries by focusing on the implementation of this single policy and complements a burgeoning scholarship on the economics of privatization in the region. The main contribu- tion lies in underlining the relevance of political factors for explaining the success of privatization policies. The "South American" style, he suggests, reinforces the view of those who, like John Williamson and Stephen Haggard ("The Political Conditions of Economic Reform," in Williamson, ed. The Political Economy of Reform, 1994) and Guillermo O'Donnell ("Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy 5 [January 1994]: 5369), associate the rapid implementation of market reforms with the concentration of executive au- thority at the expense of the checks and balances of liberal democracies.
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LOVISI, GIOVANNI MARCOS, JOSÉ RAMON R. A. LÓPEZ, EVANDRO SILVA FREIRE COUTINHO, and VIKRAM PATEL. "Poverty, violence and depression during pregnancy: a survey of mothers attending a public hospital in Brazil." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 10 (June 29, 2005): 1485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705005362.
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Background. Depression in women is associated with social deprivation and violence. We describe the prevalence and risk factors for depression during pregnancy, in particular the association with poverty and violence, in a Brazilian setting.Method. A cross-sectional survey of women in the third trimester of pregnancy attending a public hospital maternity clinic from August 2003 to July 2004 in Rio de Janeiro. Participants were interviewed about their sociodemographic status, obstetric and medical conditions, substance use, stressful life events, and social support. Depression was diagnosed through the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).Results. A total of 230 of 240 eligible women consented to participate. The 12-month prevalence of depression was 19·1% (95% CI 14·4–24·9). On multivariate analyses, having been educated beyond primary school was protective (OR 0·5, 95% CI 0·2–0·9). Risk factors were: being divorced or widowed (OR 4·9, 95% CI 1·3–18·3); a history of depression before pregnancy (OR 7·9, 95% CI 3·1–20·5); loss of an intimate relationship (OR 8·4, 95% CI 3·3–21·4), experienced financial difficulties (OR 6·6, 95% CI 2·5–17·2) and having been exposed to violence in the previous year (OR 4·2, 95% CI 1·5–11·8).Conclusions. Depression is common during pregnancy and is associated with indicators of socio-economic deprivation, violence and the loss of an intimate relationship, and with a previous history of depression. Psychosocial interventions and appropriate social policies need to be implemented in this population to reduce the burden of maternal depression.
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Wang, He Ming, Qiang Yue, and Zhong Wu Lu. "Decoupling Analysis of Economic Growth and Total Primary Energy Supply for the BRICS: 1971-2008." Applied Mechanics and Materials 84-85 (August 2011): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.84-85.765.
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The decoupling conditions of GDP and Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) for the BRICS in the period 1971-2008 were analyzed. It is concluded that in the studied period, the decoupling indicators of China and Russia are relatively higher than that of Brazil, South Africa and India. The BRICS’s decoupling distribution is similar to China, because China accounts for most part of TPES and GDP of the BRICS. To restrain the total resource or energy consumption from increasing too fast, it is suggested to match the indicators of GDP growth and the decreasing rate of resource consumption per unit of GDP appropriately.
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Power, Timothy J. "Compulsory for Whom? Mandatory Voting and Electoral Participation in Brazil, 1986-2006." Journal of Politics in Latin America 1, no. 1 (April 2009): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x0900100105.
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Latin America contains roughly half of the world's countries that use compulsory voting, but this electoral institution has received only limited attention from researchers. This article examines the determinants of voter turnout in the world's largest electorate subject to mandatory voting, that of Brazil. In analyzing data from six national legislative elections held in Brazil between 1986 and 2006, the study finds that the impact of compulsory laws varies across social and economic groups. From a methodological perspective, the article argues that “compulsoriness” of mandatory voting legislation can be modeled by taking into account both exemptions to the law and the relevance of potential sanctions against non-voters. The issue of enforcement must be considered if we are to develop comprehensive models of electoral participation under conditions of compulsory voting.
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Pritsch, Izanara Cristine, Emanoelli Cristini Augustinhak Stanula, Alan dos Anjos, José Alberto Bertot, and Marcelo Beltrão Molento. "Fascioliasis in buffaloes: A 5-year forecast analysis of the disease based on a 15-year survey in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019040.
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Abstract In South America, fascioliasis caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica is an anthropozoonosis disease associated with significant economic losses and poor animal welfare. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of F. hepatica in the liver of buffaloes slaughtered from 2003 to 2017 in Brazil, and to perform a forecast analysis of the disease for the next five years using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. Data analysis revealed an incidence of 7,187 cases out of 226,561 individuals. The disease presented a considerable interannual variation (p<0.005). Fasciola hepatica was more prevalent in the southern states of Brazil; Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina, presenting 11.9, 7.7, and 3.2% of infected livers, respectively. The high frequency of liver condemnation in Paraná was influenced by weather conditions. The ARIMA models calculated a constant trend of the disease, depicting an average of its future prevalence. The models also described a worse-case and a positive-case scenario, calculating the effects of intervention measurements. In reality, there is an urgent need for regular diagnostic in the animals (fecal and immune diagnose) and in the environment (intermediate host), in order to avoid the high rates of infection.
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Ribeiro, Gerciene de Jesus Lobato, and Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira. "Historical trajectory and resilience in an agro-extractive settlement project in the Lower Tocantins River, Pará, Brazil." Sustainability in Debate 12, no. 2 (September 8, 2021): 108–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v12n2.2021.34091.
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The São João Batista riverside community experienced a golden phase in the production of cachaça from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.). It underwent a period of decay around 1975 and, in 2004, became an Agro-extractive Settlement Project (PAE), with an economic system based on the exploitation and commercialization of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). This study analyzes the resilience of PAE São João Batista, Abaetetuba, Pará, from the establishment of sugar cane mills to the transition of their economic system to the exploitation and commercialization of açaí. It was based on field research conducted with 141 riverside dwellers employing semi-structured interviews. The adaptive cycle was built up, from which resilience was analyzed. The growth of the açaí fruit market identifies the community's point of resilience. The sugar cane-açaí economic system transition enabled riparian populations to experience changes and to create conditions for reorganizing themselves as a settlement.
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Barbosa-Branco, Anadergh, Ute Bültmann, and Ivan Steenstra. "Sickness benefit claims due to mental disorders in Brazil: associations in a population-based study." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 28, no. 10 (October 2012): 1854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2012001000005.
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This study aims to determine the prevalence and duration of sickness benefit claims due to mental disorders and their association with economic activity, sex, age, work-relatedness and income replacement using a population-based study of sickness benefit claims (> 15 days) due to mental disorders in Brazil carried out in 2008. The prevalence of mental disorders was 45.1 claims per 10,000 workers. Prevalence and duration of sickness benefit claims due to mental disorder were higher and longer in workers aged over 40 years. Prevalence of claims was 73% higher in women but duration of sickness benefit claims was longer in men. Prevalence rates for claims differed widely according to economic activity, with sewage, residential care and programming and broadcasting activities showing the highest rates. Claims were deemed to be work-related in 8.5% of cases with mental disorder showing low work-relatedness in Brazil. A wide variation of prevalence and duration between age, economic activity and work-relatedness was observed, suggesting that working conditions are a more important factor in mental disorder work disability than previously assumed.
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Santos, Leandro da Rocha, and Roberto Marcos da Silva Montezano. "Value and growth stocks in Brazil: risks and returns for one - and two-dimensional portfolios under different economic conditions." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 22, no. 56 (August 2011): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-70772011000200005.
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For empirical purposes, value stocks are usually defined as those traded at low price-to-earnings ratios (stock prices divided by earnings per share), low price-to-book ratios (stock prices divided by book value per share) or high dividend yields (dividends per share divided by stock prices). Growth stocks, on the other hand, are traded at high price-to-earnings ratios, high price-to-book ratios or low dividend yields. Academic research so far produced, international and Brazilian alike, shows that value stocks outperform growth stocks, challenging the Efficient Market Hypothesis, which states that the market prices of traded stocks are the best estimate of their intrinsic values. Most studies use a single ratio to sort stocks on percentiles; risks (generally defined as beta or standard deviations) and returns are then calculated for the resulting value and growth portfolios. In the present paper, we aim to further contribute to the growing literature on the field by applying a method not previously tested on the Brazilian market. We build portfolios sorted by the price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios alone and by a combination of both in order to assess value and growth stocks' risks and returns on the Brazilian stock market between 1989 and 2009. Furthermore, our risk analysis may be regarded as the paper's main contribution, since its approach departs from conventional risk concepts, as we not only test for beta: portfolios' returns are measured under different economic conditions. Results support a pervasive value premium in the Brazilian stock market. Risk analysis shows that this premium holds under every economic condition analyzed, suggesting that value stocks are indeed less risky. Beta proved not to be a satisfactory risk measure. Portfolios sorted by the price-to-earnings ratio yielded the best results.
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Obara, AT, HI Suzuki, RM Takemoto, A. Tomanik, TR Corredato-Periotto, and MAG Silva-Dias. "Environmental education in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, municipality of Porto Rico (Paraná State), Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 2 suppl (June 2009): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000300017.
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Since 2003, researchers, faculty, graduate and undergraduate students from the State University of Maringá have been working alongside teachers from the state and local schools in the municipality of Porto Rico (Paraná State), located on the banks of the Paraná River. Their objective is to outline actions and strategies with the purpose of building methodological paths to insert environmental education into the school curriculum. Based on the action-research methodology, the group has developed the following programs: a) the Continuing Education Program in Environmental Education; b) the Development of Interdisciplinary Projects; c) the Insertion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs); and d) the Production of Teaching Materials. The evaluations of the programs indicate that teachers have been able to gradually build a theoretical and methodological basis for environmental education while simultaneously growing into the role of teacher-researchers as they create the conditions to investigate their pedagogical practices, reflect upon them, share experiences, innovate, and make the teaching-learning process more significant. Allied to the advances in educational practices and with the aid of ICTs, the activities developed in the classroom, in the field and in the lab - all of which involve natural and cultural aspects of the region - have contributed to teachers' and students' better understanding of the ecological, cultural, social and economic value of the floodplain, and consequently, of the importance of preservation and management in order to maintain local biodiversity.
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Cecílio Filho, Arthur Bernardes, Bráulio Luciano A. Rezende, and Caciana C. Costa. "Economic analysis of the intercropping of lettuce and tomato in different seasons under protected cultivation." Horticultura Brasileira 28, no. 3 (September 2010): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362010000300015.
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Lettuce and tomato are vegetables that can be grown in protected cultivation, under given conditions. Considering their expensive production systems, intercropping might be an excellent alternative to optimize costs. Four experiments were carried out at the São Paulo State University (UNESP), at Jaboticabal, Brazil, to study the economic viability of intercropping lettuce and tomato under protected cultivation. To set the intercropping, lettuce was transplanted 0, 10, 20, and 30 days after transplanting (DAT) tomato and vice-versa, in two seasons, namely April to September 2003 and January to June 2004, when monocultures of both vegetables were also carried out. At the first planting season, operational profits (OP) in intercropping (lettuce transplanted 0, 10, and 20 DAT tomato) were higher than in monocultures. At the first season, the return rates (RR) and OP were very much alike, whereas at the second season, RR in intercropping were lower than in monoculture. Transplanting tomato after lettuce, at both the first and second seasons, resulted in higher OP than those in monocultures. RR, OP and the profitability index (PI) were higher at the first than at the second season, independent of the growing system. RR in intercropping, independently of the intercropping schedule, were higher than in monoculture. In general, PI of tomato in monoculture and in intercropping were quite similar and both were higher than PI in the monoculture of lettuce. The economic indexes confirmed the agronomic viability (expressed by the index of area use efficiency) of transplanting lettuce and tomato simultaneously in both growing seasons; transplanting lettuce 10 and 20 DAT tomato, in the second season; and transplanting tomato after lettuce in all studied schedules. The economic indexes reached their peaks when tomato and lettuce were transplanted at the same day, in the first growing season (in average): OP of BRL$ 12,948.63 (US$ 4,273.48) in 614.4 m-2; RR of 6.7% and IP of 85%.
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dos Reis, Júlio César, Mariana Y. T. Kamoi, Daniel Latorraca, Rafael F. F. Chen, Miqueias Michetti, Flávio Jesus Wruck, Rachael D. Garrett, Judson Ferreira Valentim, Renato de Aragão Ribeiro Rodrigues, and Saulo Rodrigues-Filho. "Assessing the economic viability of integrated crop−livestock systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 6 (September 11, 2019): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170519000280.
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AbstractPopulation growth and rising incomes have led to increasing global demand for meat products. Meeting this demand without converting remaining natural ecosystems or further degrading ecosystems is one of the largest global sustainability challenges. A critical step to overcoming this challenge is to increase the productivity of livestock grazing systems, which occupy the largest land area of any type of agriculture globally. Integrated crop−livestock systems (iCL), which re-couple crop and livestock production at the farm scale, have been considered a promising strategy to tackle this challenge by restoring degraded pasturelands and providing supplemental nutrition to livestock. However, few studies have analyzed the economic viability of such systems, especially in Brazil, an important player in global food systems. This paper presents an economic analysis of iCL in Mato Grosso, Brazil, the largest grain and beef producer in the country, which spans the ecologically diverse Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes. We compare the economic performance of an integrated soybean/corn and beef cattle system to a continuous crop (soybean/corn) system and a continuous livestock (beef cattle) production system from 2005 to 2012. We use empirical case study data to characterize a ‘typical’ farm for each production system within the study region. We find that the integrated crop−livestock system has a higher annual net present value (NPV) per hectare (ha) than continuous cropping or livestock under a range of discount rates. However, under a scenario of substantially higher crop prices, the continuous cropping outperforms iCL. While iCL is not feasible in all regions of the Amazon and Cerrado, our results indicate that in places where the biophysical and market conditions are suitable for production, it could be a highly profitable way to intensify cattle production and potentially spare land for other uses, including conservation. Nevertheless, additional credit and technical support may be needed to overcome high upfront costs and informational barriers to increase iCL areas as a sustainable development strategy for agriculture in the Amazon and Cerrado regions.
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Alves, Mario Ribeiro. "Factors associated with interpersonal firearm violence in men in the municipalities of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2009-2019." Revista de Geografia 39, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2238-6211.2022.253368.
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A problem observed in Brazil throughout the rest of Latin America, violence is a consequence of an imbalance in socioeconomic, political and cultural conditions, resulting from the abuse of economic and political powers and a policy of equitable distribution of living conditions and work, transforming this context. This study has a cross-sectional design, using secondary data and approaches in space and time. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed using the Moran Index in two steps: calculation of the Global Moran Index (I) for each explanatory variable and analysis of Local Moran Index (LISA) between each explanatory variable and the average rate, with those with the highest values of Local Moran Index being selected. Higher values of this index were observed in the variables rate of unemployed persons, people with inadequate water supply and sanitary sewage, SVI and proportion of people with income below half the minimum wage, with were selected as explanatory variables. The spatial correlation between interpersonal firearm violence and the variables presented can be interpreted as an indicator of inequality and social deprivation, resulting in conditions of vulnerability, present in Brazilian society.
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Andrade, Elane A., Francisco D. O. Monteiro, Mónica R. Solorio, Vanessa A. Raia, Diego A. Xavier, Elvira Colino, Ricardo J. P. S. Guimarães, and Isis Abel. "Livestock rabies in Pará state, Brazil: a descriptive study (2004 to 2013)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 40, no. 4 (April 2020): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6307.
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ABSTRACT: Rabies is an important zoonosis to public health associated with lethal encephalitis and economic losses. Analysis of its spatial distribution is a meaningful tool in understanding its dispersion, which may contribute to the control and prophylaxis of the disease. This study analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution of rabies outbreaks in livestock in Pará state, Brazil, from 2004 to 2013. We used records of neurological syndromes obtained from the state’s livestock authority (Adepará). The analysis recorded 711 neurological syndromes reports in livestock, of which 32.8% were positive for rabies. In 8% of the neurological syndromes (n=57) was not possible to perform the analysis because of bad-packaging conditions of the samples sent. Outbreaks involved at least 1,179 animals and cattle were the most affected animal species (76.8%). The numbers of reported neurological syndromes and of rabies outbreak shad strong positive correlation and exhibited decreasing linear trend. Spatially, most outbreaks occurred in two mesoregions in Pará (Northeast and Southeast). One of the justifications for this spatial distribution may be related with the distribution of the animals in the state, since these mesoregions are the largest cattle producers in Pará and have most of their territory deforested for pasture implementation.
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Carteri, Randhall Bruce, Jean Pierre Oses, Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso, Fernanda Pedrotti Moreira, Karen Jansen, and Ricardo Azevedo da Silva. "A closer look at the epidemiology of schizophrenia and common mental disorders in Brazil." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 14, no. 3 (September 2020): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-030009.
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ABSTRACT. Schizophrenia and common mental disorders are noteworthy social and economic concern worldwide. Epidemiologic studies on the impact of specific mental disorders in emerging countries are scarce. Objectives: We aimed to characterize the demographic, social, and economic burden of schizophrenia and common mental disorders patients in the health system in Brazil. Methods: Data on these conditions in Brazil between 2008 and 2019 were collected through the website of the Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System - DATASUS) maintained by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Mean annual hospital admissions were 154,009.67, and cumulative incidence of 77.44 admissions per 100,000 inhabitants. Results: Average annual hospital expenses were US$ 67,216,056.04, with an average admission cost of US$ 432.58. The most affected age groups were older adults albeit younger individuals showed a trend towards increase of occurrences in recent years. There were a higher number of admissions in men compared to women. Conclusions: We consider the results obtained important to assist in evaluating and guiding public policies regarding the prevention and treatment in health systems.
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Paes da Rosa, Chennyfer Dobbins, Paola Zucchi, and Luiz Paulo Lopes Favero. "Economic and health indicators: Correlation between inflation and mortality." Revista Baiana de Saúde Pública 37, no. 3 (April 17, 2014): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22278/2318-2660.2013.v37.n3.a434.
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<!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:PT-BR;} span.longtext {mso-style-name:long_text; mso-style-unhide:no;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page WordSection1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} --> Background The hypothesis that economic downturn periods have contributed to increase the overall mortality rate has been discussed by several authors. There is an immeasurable literature that associates socioeconomic levels with the individual´s health status. This paper seeks to analyze the correlation between mortality and the variables inflation, unemployment and income in Brazil in the period 1980-2009, examining whether the economic instabilities affect the individuals´ health status. Method This is an empirical-analytic study of historical series of Health Indicators (overall, infant, maternal mortality, and external causes) and Macroeconomic Indicators (Inflation, Unemployment and Income) in the period 1980 to 2009 in Brazil. The hypothesis corroboration was developed through regression analysis. Results The theoretical rationale of the results is based on Philips´ theory, whereby the lower the inflation rate is, the higher the unemployment becomes, or vice versa. Regression analysis performed suggests that the IPCA decrease and unemployment increase raise the overall mortality rate. The correlation of mortality with income was positive, confirming the hypothesis of some authors that high income leads to increased mortality due to factors such as stress, traffic accidents, among others. Conclusion The mortality pattern follows the general behavior of the economic variables chosen. Based on Philips´ theory, the inflation drop raises unemployment levels; moreover, worse living and health conditions increase mortality rates.
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Bugelli, Alexandre, Roxane Borgès Da Silva, Ladislau Dowbor, and Claude Sicotte. "The Determinants of Infant Mortality in Brazil, 2010–2020: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126464.
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Despite the implementation of social and health policies that positively affected the health of the populations in Brazil, since 2009 the country has experienced a slower decline of infant mortality. After an economic and political crisis, Brazil witnessed increases in infant mortality that raised questions about what are the determinants of infant mortality after the implementation of such policies. We conducted a scoping review to identify and summarize those determinants with searches in three databases: LILACS, MEDLINE, and SCIELO. We included studies published between 2010 and 2020. We selected 23 papers: 83% associated infant mortality with public policies; 78% related infant mortality with the use of the health system and socioeconomic and living conditions; and 27% related to individual characteristics to infant mortality. Inequalities in the access to healthcare seem to have important implications in reducing infant mortality. Socioeconomic conditions and health-related factors such as income, education, fertility, housing, and the Bolsa Família. Program coverage was pointed out as the main determinants of infant mortality. Likewise, recent changes in infant mortality in Brazil are likely related to these factors. We also identified a gap in terms of studies on a possible association between employment and infant mortality.
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Frazão, Paulo. "The Use of Fluorides in Public Health: 65 Years of History and Challenges from Brazil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 9741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159741.
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Untreated dental caries is the most common disease globally and fluoride use at the population level is crucial for its control. To investigate the economic and political conditions under which the trajectory of population-based fluoride use has occurred is key for a more comprehensive view on its current and future challenges. The objective was to give a brief history and summarize the information on the use of fluorides at the population level in Brazil from 1952 to 2017 and to point to current and future challenges. A critical overview was undertaken based on country-level analyses comprising political and economic conditions. The analytical approach adopted a set of premises applicable to the study of capitalist democracies. Fluoride methods of systemic and topic use began to be employed in Brazilian public health programs in the 1950s and in a combined way from 1974. Differences in political and economic contexts were highlighted for four periods: the first interventions from 1952 to 1974, when the fluoridated water law was approved; the expansion after 1974 until 1988, when a new constitution was enacted; the following time until 2010; and the final period. From the 1980s to 2008, water fluoridation coverage increased progressively, consolidating as a major strategy of systemic use in spite of inequalities among territories. Activities aimed to promote access to topical fluoride use increased and maintained stability until 2014, when they dropped sharply. Regulation of fluoride dentifrice’s quality remained insufficient. It was hypothesized that the strengthening of conservative liberalism and the increase in fiscal austerity observed in recent years might produce serious constraints on public investment and limit access to fluorides. To reduce inequities and promote benefits for all, including the most vulnerable groups, policies based on egalitarian and social justice theoretical perspectives are needed more than ever.
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Sousa, Carlos Augusto Moreira de, Cosme Marcelo Furtado Passos da Silva, and Edinilsa Ramos de Souza. "Determinants of homicides in the state of Bahia, Brazil, in 2009." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, no. 1 (March 2014): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-790x201400010011eng.
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PURPOSE: To carry out a study of association between socioeconomic and demographic factors and homicides in general population, in the state of Bahia, in 2009. METHODS: This is an ecological study. The data were collected from the database of the Information System about Mortality of the Ministry of Health, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Institute of Applied Economic Research. The Global Moran index was calculated for the detection of spatial autocorrelation, and the Local Moran index was calculated for the detection of spatial Clusters. The transformation in the variable answer (homicides rates) was performed and it was shaped using the Conditional Autoregressive Model. RESULTS: The data showed spatial autocorrelation. Two clusters of municipalities with high rates of homicides were identified, one located predominantly in the Greater Metropolitan Region of Salvador and the other in the South Region of Bahia, especially Eunápolis and Lauro de Freitas, which had the highest rates. The Average Residents Variables, local GDP and the Percentage of Illiteracy presented an inverse association with homicide rates, and the variables Firjan's municipal development index of work and income. Enrolment in high school and the Average of Bolsa Família were directly associated. CONCLUSIONS: The urbanization process, in most cases, not controlled by the State, in most cases, made the cities bigger and with better socioeconomic conditions, attraction centers for people with different socioeconomic levels, increasing the social inequality among the residents of these regions, with parallel increase in homicide rates.
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Esperancini, Maura Seiko Tsutsui, Paulo Fernando do Nascimento Afonso, Glauber José de Castro Gava, and Roberto Lyra Villas Boas. "DOSE ÓTIMA ECONÔMICA DE NITROGÊNIO EM CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR APLICADA VIA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO." IRRIGA 1, no. 1 (June 12, 2015): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2015v1n1p28.
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DOSE ÓTIMA ECONÔMICA DE NITROGÊNIO EM CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR APLICADA VIA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO MAURA SEIKO TSUTSUI ESPERANCINI1; PAULO FERNANDO DO NASCIMENTO AFONSO2; GLAUBER JOSÉ DE CASTRO GAVA3 E ROBERTO LYRA VILLAS BOAS4 1Professora Doutora, Departamento de Economia e Sociologia Rural, UNESP/FCA. maura@fca.unesp.br2Doutorando em Agronomia, Energia na Agricultura, UNESP/FCA. afonso@fca.unesp.br3Pesquisador da APTA, Polo Centro-Oeste Jaú/SP. ggava@apta.sp.gov.br4Professor Doutor, Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciência do Solo, UNESP/FCA. rlvboas@fca.unesp.br 1 RESUMO A adubação é um importante fator para ampliar a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, e o nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes que mais limitam a produtividade da cultura. A cana-de-açúcar no Brasil é adubada com doses entre 60 a 120 kg ha-1 de N-ureia em soqueiras, quando comparado a outros países com produtividades comparáveis, as doses de N são geralmente superiores a 120 kg ha-1 de N e, em alguns casos, atingem 200 kg ha-1 de N. A adubação tem impacto significativo na composição dos custos de produção da cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Em 2011, na região Centro-Sul do Brasil, a relação de troca, ou seja, a quantidade necessária para se adquirir uma tonelada de fertilizante, foi em média de 19,2 toneladas de cana-de-açúcar. Com 78% do nitrogênio consumido na agricultura, o Brasil desponta entre os principais importadores mundiais do nutriente. A dimensão do retorno econômico da exploração comercial da cultura da cana-de-açúcar está sustentada basicamente em três pontos: rendimento físico, custo de produção e preço da cana-de-açúcar. Portanto, estudos econômicos da aplicação de nitrogênio, têm efeito direto na rentabilidade da cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O experimento com aplicação de nitrogênio em soqueira de cana-de-açúcar via irrigação localizada por gotejamento, foi conduzido na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (UPD) de Jaú/SP, da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) Polo Centro-Oeste. Avaliou-se a segunda soqueira da cultivar SP80-3280. O experimento em condições de campo foi constituído de três doses de N na safra 2008/2009 (70, 140, 210 kg N ha-1). Para obtenção da receita líquida de R$ 6.092,56 ha-1, a produtividade econômica ótima foi de 139,9 t ha-1 de cana-de-açúcar com aplicação de 170,2 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, na forma de ureia, aplicada via fertirrigação por gotejamento, ao longo do ciclo. Palavras-chave: Irrigação, cana-de-açúcar, produtividade ótima econômica. ESPERANCINI, M.S.T; AFONSO, P.F.N; GAVA, G.J.C, VILLAS BOAS, R.L.ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL DOSE OF NITROGEN IN SUGAR CANE APPLIED BY DRIPPING FERTIGATION 2 ABSTRACT Fertilization is an important factor to increase yield of sugar cane, and Nitrogen is one of the nutrients which most limits crop yield. Sugar cane in Brazil has been fertilized with doses between 60 to 120 kg ha-1 N-urea in ratoons. When countries with similar productivity are compared, N doses have been generally higher than 120 kg ha-1, and in some cases, have reached 200 kg ha-1 N. Fertilization has a great impact on the composition of production costs of the sugar cane crop. In 2011, in the middle southern region of Brazil, the exchange ratio, i.e., the necessary amount to buy one ton fertilizer was an average of 19.2 ton sugar cane. With 78% Nitrogen consumed in agriculture, Brazil stands out among the world´s leading importers of the nutrient. The amount of economic returns from commercial cultivation of sugar cane is mainly based on three points: physical performance, production cost and price of sugar cane. Therefore, economic studies on nitrogen application have a direct effect on profitability of the sugar cane crop. The experiment based on nitrogen application to sugar cane ratoons using targeted irrigation by dripping was conducted at the Research and Development Unit (UPD) in Jaú city/SP, Paulista Technology Agency of Agribusiness (APTA), middle-west center. The second ratoon SP80-3280 cultivar was evaluated. The experiment under field conditions consisted of three N rates in the 2008/2009 harvest (70, 140, 210 kg N ha-1). For achieving R$ 6,092.56 ha-1 net revenue, the optimal economic productivity was 139.9 t ha-1 sugar cane, using 170.2 kg ha-1 urea-N applied by dripping fertigation. Keywords: irrigation, sugar cane, optimal economic productivity DOSE ÓTIMA ECONÔMICA DE NITROGÊNIO EM CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR APLICADA VIA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO MAURA SEIKO TSUTSUI ESPERANCINI1; PAULO FERNANDO DO NASCIMENTO AFONSO2; GLAUBER JOSÉ DE CASTRO GAVA3 E ROBERTO LYRA VILLAS BOAS4 1Professora Doutora, Departamento de Economia e Sociologia Rural, UNESP/FCA. maura@fca.unesp.br2Doutorando em Agronomia, Energia na Agricultura, UNESP/FCA. afonso@fca.unesp.br3Pesquisador da APTA, Polo Centro-Oeste Jaú/SP. ggava@apta.sp.gov.br4Professor Doutor, Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciência do Solo, UNESP/FCA. rlvboas@fca.unesp.br 1 RESUMO A adubação é um importante fator para ampliar a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, e o nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes que mais limitam a produtividade da cultura. A cana-de-açúcar no Brasil é adubada com doses entre 60 a 120 kg ha-1 de N-ureia em soqueiras, quando comparado a outros países com produtividades comparáveis, as doses de N são geralmente superiores a 120 kg ha-1 de N e, em alguns casos, atingem 200 kg ha-1 de N. A adubação tem impacto significativo na composição dos custos de produção da cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Em 2011, na região Centro-Sul do Brasil, a relação de troca, ou seja, a quantidade necessária para se adquirir uma tonelada de fertilizante, foi em média de 19,2 toneladas de cana-de-açúcar. Com 78% do nitrogênio consumido na agricultura, o Brasil desponta entre os principais importadores mundiais do nutriente. A dimensão do retorno econômico da exploração comercial da cultura da cana-de-açúcar está sustentada basicamente em três pontos: rendimento físico, custo de produção e preço da cana-de-açúcar. Portanto, estudos econômicos da aplicação de nitrogênio, têm efeito direto na rentabilidade da cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O experimento com aplicação de nitrogênio em soqueira de cana-de-açúcar via irrigação localizada por gotejamento, foi conduzido na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (UPD) de Jaú/SP, da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) Polo Centro-Oeste. Avaliou-se a segunda soqueira da cultivar SP80-3280. O experimento em condições de campo foi constituído de três doses de N na safra 2008/2009 (70, 140, 210 kg N ha-1). Para obtenção da receita líquida de R$ 6.092,56 ha-1, a produtividade econômica ótima foi de 139,9 t ha-1 de cana-de-açúcar com aplicação de 170,2 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, na forma de ureia, aplicada via fertirrigação por gotejamento, ao longo do ciclo. Palavras-chave: Irrigação, cana-de-açúcar, produtividade ótima econômica. ESPERANCINI, M.S.T; AFONSO, P.F.N; GAVA, G.J.C, VILLAS BOAS, R.L.ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL DOSE OF NITROGEN IN SUGAR CANE APPLIED BY DRIPPING FERTIGATION 2 ABSTRACT Fertilization is an important factor to increase yield of sugar cane, and Nitrogen is one of the nutrients which most limits crop yield. Sugar cane in Brazil has been fertilized with doses between 60 to 120 kg ha-1 N-urea in ratoons. When countries with similar productivity are compared, N doses have been generally higher than 120 kg ha-1, and in some cases, have reached 200 kg ha-1 N. Fertilization has a great impact on the composition of production costs of the sugar cane crop. In 2011, in the middle southern region of Brazil, the exchange ratio, i.e., the necessary amount to buy one ton fertilizer was an average of 19.2 ton sugar cane. With 78% Nitrogen consumed in agriculture, Brazil stands out among the world´s leading importers of the nutrient. The amount of economic returns from commercial cultivation of sugar cane is mainly based on three points: physical performance, production cost and price of sugar cane. Therefore, economic studies on nitrogen application have a direct effect on profitability of the sugar cane crop. The experiment based on nitrogen application to sugar cane ratoons using targeted irrigation by dripping was conducted at the Research and Development Unit (UPD) in Jaú city/SP, Paulista Technology Agency of Agribusiness (APTA), middle-west center. The second ratoon SP80-3280 cultivar was evaluated. The experiment under field conditions consisted of three N rates in the 2008/2009 harvest (70, 140, 210 kg N ha-1). For achieving R$ 6,092.56 ha-1 net revenue, the optimal economic productivity was 139.9 t ha-1 sugar cane, using 170.2 kg ha-1 urea-N applied by dripping fertigation. Keywords: irrigation, sugar cane, optimal economic productivity
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Jenkins, Katie, and Rachel Warren. "Drought-Damage Functions for the Estimation of Drought Costs under Future Projections of Climate Change." Journal of Extreme Events 02, no. 01 (August 2015): 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737615500013.
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Drought events and their impacts pose a considerable problem for governments, businesses and individuals. Superimposed on this is the risk of anthropogenic climate change. Climate models are increasingly being used to understand how climate change may affect future drought regimes. However, methodologies to quantify economic costs which could occur under these future scenarios are virtually non-existent. In this study, historic drought events were identified in regional precipitation data using the Standardized Precipitation Index, and their magnitude quantified and linked to reported economic costs. Drought damage functions were created for Australia, Brazil, China, India, Spain/Portugal and the USA. Projections of drought magnitude for 2003–2050 were modeled using the Community Integrated Assessment System, for a range of climate and emission scenarios, and future economic costs estimated. Severe and extreme drought events were projected to cause estimated additional losses ranging between 0.04 and 9 percent of national GDP in Australia, the USA and Spain/Portugal under future scenarios of climate change. The combined effect on global GDP from projected long-term drought events in the countries analyzed resulted in additional annual losses of 0.01 to 0.25 percent. This is considered conservative as the analysis is representative of seven countries only; does not incorporate the possibility of successive drought events, or compounding effects on vulnerability from interactions with other extreme events. Furthermore, it excludes indirect economic effects; social and environmental losses; the possibility of increasing vulnerability due to changing socio-economic conditions; and the possibility of irreversible or systemic collapse of economies as the study highlighted that under future climate change drought magnitude may exceed current experience potentially passing thresholds of social and economic resilience. Stringent mitigation had little effect on the increasing impacts of drought in the first half of the 21st century, so in the short-term adaptation in drought "hot spots" will be crucial.
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Reis-Neto, Armando, Antonio Meireles, and Marília Cunha-Lignon. "Natural Regeneration of the Mangrove Vegetation on Abandoned Salt Ponds in Ceará, in the Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern Brazil." Diversity 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11020027.
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The development of the mangrove in Ceará state, northeastern Brazil, is limited by local environmental and climatic factors, associated with the variables that determine the region’s semi-arid climatic conditions. The same conditions also contribute to the installation of artisanal saltworks in estuarine environments. The artisanal production of salt peaked in the 20th century, but with the decline of this activity, the salt evaporation ponds were abandoned, and have been incorporated back into the natural marine-estuarine environment and colonized by mangrove forests. In the early 2000s, however, the expansion of shrimp farming operations impacted this same environment. The present study was based on a spatiotemporal analysis of the natural regeneration of the mangrove vegetation in abandoned salt pond areas in the Brazilian semi-arid region between 1968 and 2009. The integrated analysis of mangrove ecosystem dynamics and the legislation that regulates the licensing of these economic activities identified a number of technical problems in the formulation and execution of the COEMA resolution 02/2002, which permits the installation of shrimp farms in areas dominated by the mangrove. The findings of the present study reinforce the need for a careful reformulation of the Ceará state environmental legislation, in order to guarantee the maximum possible conservation of the coastal zone.
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Loureiro, Pedro Mendes, and Alfredo Saad-Filho. "The Limits of Pragmatism: The Rise and Fall of the Brazilian Workers’ Party (2002–2016)." Latin American Perspectives 46, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x18805093.
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Under favorable external circumstances, the pragmatic political and economic strategy of Brazil’s Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers’ Party—PT) helped to secure short-term political stability, boosted growth, and supported an unprecedented distribution of income. However, it also meant that the PT had to accommodate to rather than transform the constraints on growth in Brazil and that stability would involve unwieldy political alliances preventing deeper reforms. When it was confronted with deteriorating global economic conditions and increasingly ineffectual economic policies, the PT’s strategy immobilized the party, facilitated the dissolution of its base of support, and expedited its ouster from power. The Brazilian experience suggests that political pragmatism can, within limits, support progressive economic change but that the outcomes depend heavily on external circumstances and the stability of the political coalitions supporting the administration. Em circunstâncias externas favoráveis, a pragmática estratégia política e econômica do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) ajudou a assegurar a estabilidade política no curto prazo, impulsionou o crescimento e apoiou uma distribuição de renda sem precedentes. No entanto, isso também significou que o PT teve que se acomodar a, em vez de transformar, as restrições ao crescimento no Brasil, e que a estabilidade envolveria alianças políticas comprometedoras, impedindo reformas mais profundas. Quando foi confrontada com a deterioração das condições econômicas globais e apresentando políticas econômicas cada vez mais ineficazes, a estratégia do PT imobilizou o partido, facilitou a dissolução de sua base de apoio e acelerou sua saída do poder. A experiência brasileira sugere que o pragmatismo político pode, dentro de certos limites, apoiar a mudança econômica progressista, mas que os resultados dependem muito das circunstâncias externas e da estabilidade das coalizões políticas que apóiam a administração.
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Mendonça dos Santos, Wânia, Marcos Antônio Souza dos Santos, Andréia Santana Bezerra da Silva, Maria Lúcia Bahia Lopes, Cyntia Meireles Martins, Bruno Cabral Soares, João Paulo Borges de Loureiro, Geany Cleide Carvalho Martins, Nilson Luiz Costa, and José De Brito Lourenço Júnior. "Beef Cattle Cycle in the State of Pará, Amazon, Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Studies 11, no. 1 (December 16, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v11i1.20437.
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The production and price behavior of the beef cattle market in the state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon, was evaluated with the objective of characterizing the dynamics of the market and guiding economic decisions made by agents in the beef cattle production chain. Time series of production and prices from the period 1995 to 2021 were analyzed using growth rates and the classical multiplicative method of time series. The cattle herd in Pará showed a growth rate of 4.54% per year from 1995 to 2021, and the slaughter of bovine females fluctuated throughout the historical series with the highest and lowest percentages in the years 2000 and 2011, respectively. There were three complete livestock cycles, differing in duration and amplitude. The average duration of the cycles was 7 years, with a shortening of the cycle over the period of study. Seasonal price indices are higher than 100, which is the annual average index, from September to January and lower than 100 from February to August. The highest price quotations for the arroba of fattened cattle coincide with the off-season period of beef cattle production, which is determined by the carrying capacity of pastures under the influence of weather conditions.
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Silva, Diego Augusto Santos. "Physical inactivity as a risk factor to mortality by ischemic heart disease during economic and political crisis in Brazil." PeerJ 8 (October 15, 2020): e10192. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10192.
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Background To investigate the burden of mortality due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) attributable to low levels of physical activity in the Brazilian population (aged ≥ 25 years) before, during and after economic and political crises (2007–2017). Methods This study was focused on IHD as a cause of death. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases (10th revision) codes related to IHD have been mapped. The data used for the physical activity estimates of the present study refer to surveys with random sampling carried out in the Brazilian territory that considers all domains of physical activity. The contribution of physical activity for mortality due to IHD was estimated using a comparative risk assessment approach. In addition, we verified the association between mortality due to IHD attributable to low levels of physical activity according to the Socio-demographic Index of the Brazilian states. Results For males it was estimated that in 2007 and 2017 there were, respectively, 9,585 and 11,821 deaths due to IHD as a result low physical activity. For females there were 8,689 deaths in 2007 and 10,779 deaths in 2017 due to IHD attributable to low physical activity. From 2007 to 2017, there was 12.0% (for males) and 16.0% (for females) of reduction in age-adjusted mortality rate due to IHD attributable to low physical activity. This reduction was not observed in the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil for the male population. Brazilian states with better socioeconomic conditions showed greater reductions in age-adjusted mortality rate due to IHD attributable to low physical activity (male: ρ = −0.74; female: ρ = −0.54) Conclusion The fiscal austerity policies implemented and the lower investment in social programs in the period of economic and political crisis highlighted the social inequalities between Brazilian geographic regions for the burden of mortality due to IHD attributable to low levels of physical activity.
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Makate, Marshall, Steve Whetton, Robert J. Tait, Tania Dey, Michelle Scollo, Emily Banks, Richard Norman, Ken Pidd, Ann M. Roche, and Steven Allsop. "Tobacco Cost of Illness Studies: A Systematic Review." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz038.
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Abstract Introduction To identify studies reporting costs arising from tobacco use and detail their (1) economic approaches, (2) health outcomes, and (3) other cost areas included. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EconLit, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2008 and April 2018 in English. Eligible articles reported tobacco-related costs and included all tobacco-using populations (multinational, national, subpopulations, and involuntary smokers). All economic approaches that resulted in monetary outcomes were included. We reported USD or converted local currencies to USD. Two health economists extracted and two researchers independently reviewed the data. Results From 4083 articles, we reviewed 361 abstracts and examined 79 full-texts, with 63 (1.6%) deemed eligible. There were three multinational, thirty-four national, twenty-one subpopulation or condition(s)-specific analyses, and five evaluating involuntary smoking. The diverse approaches and outcomes precluded integrating costs, but these were substantial in all studies. For instance, about USD 1436 billion in global health expenditures and productivity losses in 2012 and USD 9 billion in lost productivity in China, Brazil, and South Africa in 2012. At the national level, costs ranged from USD 4665 in annual per respondent health expenses (Germany 2006–2008) to USD 289–332.5 billion in medical expenses (United States 1964–2014). Conclusions Despite wide variations in the methods used, the identified costs of tobacco are substantial. Studies on tobacco cost-of-illness use diverse methods and hence produce data that are not readily comparable across populations, time, and studies, precluding a consistent evidence-base for action and measurement of progress. Recommendations are made to improve comparability. Implications In addition to the health and financial costs to individual smokers, smoking imposes costs on the broader community. Production of comparable estimates of the societal cost of tobacco use is impaired by a plethora of economic models and inconsistently included costs and conditions. These inconsistencies also cause difficulties in comparing relative impacts caused by differing factors. The review systematically documents the post-2007 literature on tobacco cost-of-illness estimations and details conditions and costs included. We hope this will encourage replication of models across settings to provide more consistent data, able to be integrated across populations, over time, and across risk factors.
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Franchito, Sergio H., V. Brahmananda Rao, Paulo R. B. Barbieri, and Clovis M. E. Santo. "Rainy-Season Duration Estimated from OLR versus Rain Gauge Data and the 2001 Drought in Southeast Brazil." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 1493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1717.1.
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Abstract Large precipitation deficits observed during the 2001 austral summer over the southeast region of Brazil contributed to the worsening of the energy crisis that was occurring in the country, with unprecedented social and economic consequences. Reliable information on the beginning of the rainy season was essential for the Brazilian government to manage the energy crisis. The purpose of this study is to determine the rainy season in this region and to point out the risk of using outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data to estimate the beginning of it. The results show that when OLR data are used the beginning and the end dates of the rainy season are wrongly anticipated and delayed, respectively. The present study aims to provide useful information for the management of the impact of adverse climate conditions such as the one in 2001 by basing the analysis on rainfall data instead of on OLR.
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Dos Santos, Rita de Cássia Cardoso, Vitor Hugo da Silva Vaz, Rosângela Dória Lima, Ronaldo Nunes Linhares, and Ana Eleonora Almeida Paixão. "THE SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL PARKS IN BRAZIL AND THEIR INTER-RELATIONS IN UNIVERSITY TRAINING." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss11.1244.
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This study makes a systematic review of scientific publications of research, on the theme Technology Park in Brazil. It seeks to identify and analyze the scope of Science and Technology Parks at the national level, in order to understand the trends and interrelations between university education. The mapping was the basis for knowing and discussing the results of the scientific production of different areas, considering the different times and places, in what form and under what conditions they were produced. For its construction, searches were carried out on the subject in the Capes, Bdtd, Anped and Ibict databases from 2006 to 2017, looking for similarity with a set of descriptors. The survey was performed after selection in the directories that indicate PCT as the subject of study. We retrieved 574 scientific research productions, being selected for reading the abstract 132 works, we observed that only 18 productions are preponderant in relation to the area of education. For the analysis, the following variables were considered: objective, methodology and conclusions pointed out, with the interest concentrated in university formation, scientific initiation, social impact, case study. To analyze the data, the following categories emerged: PCT and the relationship between university, business and government; PCT and Public policies; PCT and technological and economic development; PCT and management model and finally, PCT and the relationship with initiation. The analysis shows that researchers need to follow a planning and scientific strategy that allows them to present different levels of relationships between park and technology, innovation, economics, research, government, business, development and university. The result of the analysis of the categories on methodologies, indicated indications that are the methods and the technical instruments that order the systematized thought, organizing in a organized way the way of proceeding throughout the investigation to reach the proposed objective.
This study makes a systematic review of scientific publications of research, on the theme Technology Park in Brazil. It seeks to identify and analyze the scope of Science and Technology Parks at the national level, in order to understand the trends and interrelations between university education. The mapping was the basis for knowing and discussing the results of the scientific production of different areas, considering the different times and places, in what form and under what conditions they were produced. For its construction, searches were carried out on the subject in the Capes, Bdtd, Anped and Ibict databases from 2006 to 2017, looking for similarity with a set of descriptors. The survey was performed after selection in the directories that indicate PCT as the subject of study. We retrieved 574 scientific research productions, being selected for reading the abstract 132 works, we observed that only 18 productions are preponderant in relation to the area of education. For the analysis, the following variables were considered: objective, methodology and conclusions pointed out, with the interest concentrated in university formation, scientific initiation, social impact, case study. To analyze the data, the following categories emerged: PCT and the relationship between university, business and government; PCT and Public policies; PCT and technological and economic development; PCT and management model and finally, PCT and the relationship with initiation. The analysis shows that researchers need to follow a planning and scientific strategy that allows them to present different levels of relationships between park and technology, innovation, economics, research, government, business, development and university. The result of the analysis of the categories on methodologies, indicated indications that are the methods and the technical instruments that order the systematized thought, organizing in a organized way the way of proceeding throughout the investigation to reach the proposed objective.
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Opozda, Izabela Sara. "Efekty pomocy rozwojowej Unii Europejskiej dla Brazylii w kontekście historycznych, społeczno-gospodarczych oraz politycznych uwarunkowań wzajemnych relacji." Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2022 (August 30, 2022): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.22.4.
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The main aim of the article is to answer the research question about the efficiency of the European Union (EU) development programmes for Brazil. For the purposes of the analysis, the actual socioeconomic problems and the selected political problems of this country, related to insufficient infrastructure, unsustainable urbanisation of cities, the crisis of good governance and scant social activities to promote equality, education and health, were indicated. The analysis is limited to aid programmes, considering the financial frameworks of 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. This period is sufficient to conduct the research in the light of the emerging criticism of financial support to a country re-cognised as emerging power and one of the world’s largest economies. The analysis of this issue is also part of the current discussion on the issues of EU partnerships with the third countries, normative values and shaping the EU’s position as a political and trade partner, where the EU aims to strengthen its position and credibility as an actor in the changing geopolitical situation in the world. The conclusions indicate that the funds provided to Brazil by the European Union are mostly related to the development of urban infrastructure, adaptation and prevention of climate change, and investments in human capital. The Union runs a series of campaigns to promote gender equality, to inform about the dangers of HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, and to support sexual health.
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Emmendoerfer, Marcelo Luiz, Marcelle Martins, Bruno Segalla Pizzolatti, Marcus Bruno Domingues Soares, Aline Maria Signori, and Maurício Luiz Sens. "A review of seventeen years of bank filtration in Brazil: results, benefits and challenges - Part 1: state of Santa Catarina." Revista DAE 69, no. 233 (November 10, 2021): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36659/dae.2021.082.
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This work is the first part of a national review about Bank Filtration (BF) that began in 2003, in Brazil. These studies were conducted in the laboratory and in the field with water and natural sediment from the study regions, showing how BF has been efficient worldwide for the treatment of water for public supply as an alternative treatment. It aims to show the synthesis of results to date and point out its main benefits and challenges; that is, the state of the art at the national level. The review is concentrated in Santa Catarina (part 1), Pernambuco and Minas Gerais (part 2). BF demonstrates efficiency in reducing parameters such as turbidity and coliforms (total and fecal), pesticides and toxins. However, BF showed low capacity in reducing parameters such as salinity and true color. BF is highly dependent on local geological conditions, so parameters such as iron, manganese, fluorine, alkalinity, hardness, and chlorides can be added to the treated water. Keywords: Water Treatment. Bank Filtration. Public Supply Systems. Natural Sediment. Water Quality.
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REDZIUK, Evhenii. "COOPERATION WITH THE IMF: THE IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD AND UKRAINE." Economy of Ukraine 2019, no. 5 (June 11, 2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.05.057.
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The global economic system requires greater coordination and coherence in order not to provoke international financial and economic crises. Therefore, to minimize financial and economic crises, such a powerful center as the IMF functions. In general, the IMF is based on the neoliberal North Atlantic market values; it creates the conditions for cooperation between stakeholders and protects its legitimacy in the long term, increasing its effectiveness. Not all countries can cooperate productively with the IMF; there is sometimes a decline in the rate of economic growth and the intensification of crisis phenomena in their economies (Somalia – 1981; Kenya – 1990s; Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand – 1997 Argentina – 2001, and others). However, there are positive examples of world-wide cooperation with the IMF: Peru – 1956, Mexico – 1956, 1982 and 1994, Portugal – 2011–2014, Cambodia – 1992, Brazil – 2015–2016, Poland – 2009–2011, Greece and Cyprus – 2009–2010, etc. Cooperation with the IMF is always a definite indicator of the reforms and confidence of Western investors in countries with which the IMF cooperates. Cooperation with the IMF is always a definite indicator of reforms and confidence of Western investors in countries with which the IMF cooperates: if such values prevail in the country, and government institutions are formed fully and impartially (market environment, rule of law, antitrust constraints, infrastructure availability, etc.), then there is the possibility of mutually beneficial cooperation. Without this, cooperation will be ineffective and will not always lead to economic growth. Cooperation with the IMF for Ukraine as of 2015–2020 is important, given the need to ensure financial and economic stability. Such cooperation makes it possible to reduce the interest on servicing and the frequency of entering the international commercial loan markets. However, if cooperation with the IMF is not continued, then the risks of increasing debt burden on the budget, the destabilization of exchange rate policy and, as a consequence, crisis phenomena in Ukraine’s economy will increase. This leads to the intensification of systemic changes and reforms that will allow Ukraine to achieve successful results in cooperation with the IMF.
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Santos (UNINOVE), Dr Eduardo, and Dr Maurício Pedro da Silva (UNINOVE). "EQUIDADE E IGUALDADE NA RECONFIGURAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR BRASILEIRA – governos FHC e Lula." Poiésis - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação 6, no. 10 (December 30, 2012): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/prppge.v6e102012452-478.
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Reconfiguration of Higher Education in Brazil is contemporary of economic and cultural Globalization phenomena, which mean the most complete expression of current stage of capitalism development. This essay focuses on the study of one aspect of this process in the country: public policies (and their justifications and context) towards the inclusion in social sectors which, historically, had not have access to the university or conditions to stay in it. It was chosen establish comparisons between the policies developed during FHC government period (1995-2002) and Lula da Silva (2003-2010), because we have admitted as hypothesis that, in the first ones, was imprinted an evident and straight neoliberal orientation; while in the second ones, even using the same orientation, it was searched remark some ideological differences by adoption of politics suitable for inclusion – in other words, FHC governments periods focused on equality and Lula governments in equity. This work is based on a basic set of descriptive data under governmental policies of inclusion in Higher Education and their results, even partial, collected by researchers teams of post-graduation of three Brazilian universities which participate in the Program Marco Interuniversitario para la equidad y la coesión social, of Rede Ibero-americana de Investigação em Políticas Educativas - RIAIPE. We used a basic bibliography by academic authors to support critical viewpoints about the theme. As the main conclusion, we pointed out to the existence of distinct paradigms in all mentioned government periods, and they have oriented reforms in Brazilian Higher Education, besides the suggestion of equity paradigm leans to the establishment of more consistent and appropriate policies for inclusion.
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Baena, Verónica. "European franchise expansion into Latin America." Management Research Review 38, no. 2 (February 16, 2015): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-08-2013-0185.
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Purpose This study aims to enhance the knowledge that managers and scholars have on franchising expansion. In this sense, it is worth mentioning that although the body of literature on international management focusing on emerging markets is growing, the attention paid to the Latin American context continues to be limited. This is surprising given the substantive economic importance of the region with a population over 590 million, and a gross domestic product of approximately US$5 trillion. To cover this gap, the present study examines how a number of market conditions may drive diffusion of franchising into Latin America: geographical distance, cultural distance, political stability and economic development. The authors also controlled for the host country’s market potential, transparency, unemployment rate and efficiency of contract enforcement. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach applied to a sample of 77 Spanish franchisors operating through 4,064 franchisee outlets across 21 Latin American countries in late 2012. They are: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. Findings Results conclude that geographical distance between the host and home countries, as well as the level of host country’s political stability, economic development, market potential and transparency are able to drive the spread of international franchising across Latin American nations. Research limitations/implications This study provides readers with a general overview of the current state of global franchising diffusion overseas. Results obtained in this study are useful for understanding and predicting the demand for franchising in Latin American countries. Practical implications Economics reports argue that by 2050, the largest economies in the world will be China, the USA, India, Brazil and Mexico. This fact highlights the substantive importance of Latin America for foreign investors willing to expand their business abroad. In an attempt to give insights from the Latin American context, the present paper develops and tests a model that can be useful to franchisors willing to establish new outlets in the region. In addition, our findings offer guidance to firm managers seeking to target their franchises in Latin America. Franchisors may then use the results of this study as a starting point for identifying such regions whose characteristics best meet their needs of expansion. Originality/value This paper explores how market conditions may drive international diffusion of franchising into Latin American markets. The scant theoretical or empirical attention given to this topic has usually been examined from the USA and British base and focused on developed markets. To fill this gap, the present study analyzes the international spread of the Spanish franchise system into Latin America as a market for franchising expansion.
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Silva, Geovane Cândido da, José Sabino, Cleber José Rodrigues Alho, Vânia Lúcia Brandão Nunes, and Vidal Haddad Junior. "Injuries and envenoming by aquatic animals in fishermen of Coxim and Corumbá municipalities, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: identification of the causative agents, clinical aspects and first aid measures." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 43, no. 5 (October 2010): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822010000500002.
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INTRODUCTION: The fishes of continental Brazil have socioeconomic importance due to their potential for sport fishing and commercial and subsistence uses, as seen in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, particularly in the municipalities of the Pantanal region, where it is the second largest economic activity. Injuries caused in professional fishermen are common and poorly studied, as in other regions of the country. METHODS: Data were obtained from questionnaires and interviews with 100 professional fishermen, 50 in each municipality, between December 2008 and October 2009. RESULTS: All the fishermen reported some kind of injury caused by fish stings (78% of injuries) and fish, alligator and snake bites (22%) on the hands (46% of cases) and feet (35% of cases). Most of the patients had mild symptoms. The most severe cases were associated with secondary bacterial infections and required specific treatment and prolonged recovery associated with social and economic losses. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the stressful work conditions, inattention to basic preventive measures and carelessness were factors that contributed to accidents and that the toxicity and ability to inflict mechanical trauma of some aquatic species, plus the ineffective use of first aid and hospital treatment, contributed to the high morbidity and complications in many cases. Data from this study are relevant to the fishing communities of the Pantanal region, since they reveal high rates of accidents, lack of knowledge concerning first aid, initial treatment, injury prevention and lack of medical follow-up of the population.
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Kauark-Leite, L., B. Vinçon-Leite, J. F. Deroubaix, A. Loireau, D. Silveira, and E. Haddad. "Projeto <i>Vida no Vale</i>: universal access to water and sanitation in the North East of Minas Gerais (Brazil)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (August 5, 2008): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1075-2008.
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Abstract. In the rural areas of the developing countries, the access to water supply and sanitation services is still largely inadequate. Poor governance of the water sector is frequently singled out as a cause and reforms are required. Studies analyzing the great diversity of restructuring efforts currently being undertaken in the water sector have not succeeded in determining the most appropriate institutional and economic framework for such reforms. Moreover they underline the lack of documentation on actual projects and call for concrete models and tools for improving water and sanitation services (WSS) and for adapting water utility practice to real conditions. In this context, the Vida no Vale (Life in the Valley) project is aimed at bringing universal access to WSS for all inhabitants of both urban and rural areas, in the north-eastern area of the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. The project takes sustainable development as its guiding principle, and relies on the joint implementation of an innovative technical design, a governance model involving public participation and subsidiarity, and an economic structure combining financial viability and social equity. Designed at a consistent geographical and hydrological scale, it includes the creation of a regional subsidiary of the existing state water company as a keystone element. The institutional organisation also relies on the creation of a public board consisting of the 92 municipalities of the project region and of the State of Minas Gerais. This board will be in charge of the system's governance. This paper presents the first step of the project (2006), consisting of a feasibility study and the implementation of 9 pilot sub-projects. During the feasibility study, the supply, demand and capacity to pay for water services were defined, existing infrastructure appraised, the necessary amount of investment assessed and an innovative operational model and a sustainable management system, including civil society participation, defined. The main features of the Vida no Vale project have been tested in 9 pilot sub-projects, and implemented in municipalities chosen for their low Human Development Index and for the lack of WSS, in both urban and rural areas. A second phase corresponding to the project's final implementation will run from 2007 to 2011. The Vida no Vale project design resulted in a logical and extensive framework which could be used for developing similar WSS projects in other poor, rural regions, its adaptiveness being a key feature for taking into account the specific, local conditions.
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Nodari, Eunice Sueli. "Conflicts Between Neighbors: Viticulturists and Soybean Farmers at the Pampa Biome – RS, Brazil." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 11, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2022v11i3.p9-21.
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The Pampa Biome represented in last four centuries a specialization in cattle production, with high historical, socioeconomic, and cultural similarities between Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, the countries that share the same Biome. However, from the twentieth century onward the scenario changed. Agriculture and forestry, because of the higher and faster financial returns are now the most important in socio and economic levels. From 2000 onward, a movement of expansion in Brazilian viticulture has highlighted new potential borders, in this case, replacing natural pastures in the Pampa Biome. The significant growth of grapevine area can be illustrated by the doubled surface, reaching 1560 hectares, and the number of vineyards grew from 7 to more than a 100. In 2010 it was created the association “Vinhos da Campanha” to represent the region, to structure the geographical indication and to improve the visibility of this terroir and their physical and environmental conditions. However, viticulturists did not expect a huge threat to their vineyards. In the seven past years, the 2,4-D based herbicides spread over transgenic soybean plants cultivated nearby vineyards is causing the decrease of fruit production, presence of herbicide residue in harvested fruit, killing parts or even the entire vineyards: all damages representing monetary losses. Finally, due to the losses and the underway lawsuits, the community cohesion has been broken apart: viticulturists increased cohesion and union among themselves, but social cohesion between them and soybean growers no longer exist in several areas of Rio Grande do Sul state. Later on similar scenario reached other Brazilian States and other fruit species.
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Dinardo-Miranda, Leila Luci, João Paulo Pivetta, and Juliano Vilela Fracasso. "Economic injury level for sugarcane caused by the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) (Hemiptera:Cercopidae)." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 1 (February 2008): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000100003.
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The sugarcane spittlebug, Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål), is currently one of the most important pests of the sugarcane crop in Brazil. In spite of its economic importance, advances in the management of this pest have been limited by the lack of information on the economic injury level. In this study, the economic injury level for M. fimbriolata was estimated in a field experiment, over areas harvested in September, applying thiamethoxam at 200 g a.i. ha-1 or imidacloprid at 720 g a.i. ha-1. In one of the experiments, insecticide applications were made at pest infestation values of 4.2 (11/12/04), 7.1 (01/11/05), or 16.3 (01/18/05) insects m-1, and in experiment 2 when pest populations were 5.6 (11/12/04), 8.5 (01/11/05), or 15.3 (01/11/05) insects m-1. Control plots without insecticide were maintained. After the applications, spittlebug infestations were estimated monthly, and the experiments were harvested in September 2005. Spittlebug control with the application of insecticides resulted in stalk and sugar yield increases in relation to the control, for both experiments. Applications performed under smaller infestations resulted in higher yields than applications made under higher populations. There were no differences between insecticides in one of the experiments; in the other, however, thiamethoxan contributed to greater yield increases than imidacloprid. Insecticide applications made under lower infestations resulted in greater profits. Regression analyses allowed the estimation of the pest economic injury level to be between 2 to 3 insects m-1 for the conditions of this experiment.
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Cota, Gláucia, Astrid Christine Erber, Eva Schernhammer, and Taynãna Cesar Simões. "Inequalities of visceral leishmaniasis case-fatality in Brazil: A multilevel modeling considering space, time, individual and contextual factors." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): e0009567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009567.
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Background In Brazil, case-fatality from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is high and characterized by wide differences between the various political-economic units, the federated units (FUs). This study was designed to investigate the association between factors at the both FU and individual levels with the risk of dying from VL, after analysing the temporal trend and the spatial dependency for VL case-fatality. Methodology The analysis was based on individual and aggregated data of the Reportable Disease Information System-SINAN (Brazilian Ministry of Health). The temporal and spatial distributions of the VL case-fatality between 2007 and 2017 (27 FUs as unit of analysis) were considered together with the individual characteristics and many other variables at the FU level (socioeconomic, demographic, access to health and epidemiological indicators) in a mixed effects models or multilevel modeling, assuming a binomial outcome distribution (death from VL). Findings A linear increasing temporal tendency (4%/year) for VL case-fatality was observed between 2007 and 2017. There was no similarity between the case-fatality rates of neighboring FUs (non-significant spatial term), although these rates were heterogeneous in this spatial scale of analysis. In addition to the known individual risk factors age, female gender, disease’s severity, bacterial co-infection and disease duration, low level schooling and unavailability of emergency beds and health professionals (the last two only in univariate analysis) were identified as possibly related to VL death risk. Lower VL incidence was also associated to VL case-fatality, suggesting that unfamiliarity with the disease may delay appropriate medical management: VL patients with fatal outcome were notified and had VL treatment started 6 and 3 days later, respectively, in relation to VL cured patients. Access to garbage collection, marker of social and economic development, seems to be protective against the risk of dying from VL. Part of the observed VL case-fatality variability in Brazil could not be explained by the studied variables, suggesting that factors linked to the intra FU environment may be involved. Conclusions This study aimed to identify epidemiological conditions and others related to access to the health system possibly linked to VL case-fatality, pointing out new prognostic determinants subject to intervention.
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Donalisio, Maria Rita, Ricardo Cordeiro, Roberto Wagner Lourenço, and J. Christopher Brown. "The AIDS epidemic in the Amazon region: a spatial case-control study in Rondonia, Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 47, no. 5 (October 2013): 873–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047004539.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze spatial changes in the risk of AIDS and the relationship between AIDS incidence and socioeconomic variables in the state of Rondonia, Amazon region. METHODS A spatial, population case-control study in Rondonia, Brazil, based on 1,780 cases reported to the Epidemiological Surveillance System and controls based on demographic data from 1987 to 2006. The cases were grouped into five consecutive four-year periods. A generalized additive model was adjusted to the data; the dependent variable was the status of the individuals (case or control), and the independent variables were a bi-dimensional spline of the geographic coordinates and some municipality-level socioeconomic variables. The observed values of the Moran’s I test were compared to a reference distribution of values generated under conditions of spatial randomness. RESULTS AIDS risk shows a marked spatial and temporal pattern. The disease incidence is related to socioeconomic variables at the municipal level in Rondônia, such as urbanization and human capital. The highest incidence rates of AIDS are in municipalities along the BR-364 highway and calculations of the Moran’s I test show positive spatial correlation associated with proximity of the municipality to the highway in the third and fourth periods (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Incidence of the disease is higher in municipalities of greater economic wealth and urbanization, and in those municipalities bisected by Rondônia’s main roads. The rapid development associated with the opening up of once remote regions may be accompanied by an increase in these risks to health.
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Gilbert, Bruce. "Socio-environmental rights and the riddle of history." Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFG 42, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v42i1.53334.
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Abstract: Broadly speaking, this paper is about the relationship of the human rights tradition to substantive issues of social justice, including class exploitation and environmental destruction. These themes I take to be of global concern, but I will examine them today as they arise from conflicts and struggles situated in Brazil. The key to the argument is to show that the human rights tradition recognizes necessary features of self-determination, and that claims for socio-environmental rights in Brazil and elsewhere derive their legitimacy from the same kind of argument that justifies individual rights, such as the 1948 United Nations Declaration, and collective rights, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 and the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of 2007. That is, I will try to show that individual, collective and socio-environmental rights are each necessary conditions but, on their own, insufficient conditions for the possibility of self-determination. The need for such rights emerges in the history of the struggle for justice. This this paper will also defend the claim that the universality of rights necessarily emerges from the historicity of social life and solves what Marx calls the “riddle of history.”
Keywords : Socio-enviromental rights; riddle of history.
Resumo: De um modo geral, este artigo trata da relação da tradição dos direitos humanos com questões substantivas de justiça social, incluindo a exploração de classes e a destruição ambiental. Esses temas são de interesse global, mas vou examiná-los hoje, pois eles surgem de conflitos e lutas no Brasil. A chave do argumento é mostrar que a tradição dos direitos humanos reconhece as características necessárias à autodeterminação, e que as reivindicações por direitos socioambientais no Brasil e em outros lugares derivam sua legitimidade do mesmo tipo de argumento que justifica os direitos individuais, como o Declaração das Nações Unidas de 1948, e direitos coletivos, como o Pacto Internacional sobre Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais de 1966 e a Declaração dos Direitos dos Povos Indígenas das Nações Unidas de 2007. Ou seja, tentarei mostrar que os direitos individuais, coletivos e Direitos socioambientais são, cada um, condições necessárias, mas, por si só, condições insuficientes para a possibilidade de autodeterminação. A necessidade de tais direitos surge na história da luta pela justiça. Este artigo também defenderá a afirmação de que a universalidade dos direitos surge necessariamente da historicidade da vida social e resolve o que Marx chama de "enigma da história".