Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Brazil – Economic conditions – 2003-'
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1
Madeira, Rodrigo Ferreira. "Os determinantes do investimento no Brasil: uma abordagem sob a ótica das restrições financeiras." Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/13826.
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Esta dissertação analisa os determinantes do investimento na economia brasileira no período compreendido entre 2003 e 2008, com enfoque teórico na teoria das restrições financeiras. Para efetuar tal análise, esse trabalho apresenta as principais teorias do investimento presentes na literatura, assim como os principais trabalhos que abordam a questão da relevância ou não da estrutura de capital no financiamento do investimento, com destaque àqueles que inserem a assimetria informacional no escopo teórico. Em seguida, são apresentados os trabalhos que defendem a importância da restrição financeira na determinação do investimento da firma. Para enriquecer a argumentação, é feita uma análise histórica da trajetória da taxa de investimento brasileira e da estrutura de capital das empresas nacionais, e um resumo dos principais trabalhos que estudaram os determinantes do investimento na economia brasileira, com destaque para os que incorporam as restrições financeiras. Por fim, a partir de dados de balanços patrimoniais e segregando a amostra por porte da empresa, um modelo de dados de painel é desenvolvido para testar a hipótese de restrição financeira nas firmas brasileiras de mercado aberto no período.This dissertation analyzes the determining factors for investment in the Brazilian economy over the 2003-2008 period, with a theoretical focus on financial constraints. To conduct such analysis, this paper presents the main investment theories in the available literature, as well as the main papers that address the issue concerning the relevance, or not, of capital structure in financing investment, highlighting those that insert informational asymmetry into the theoretical scope. Following this are the works that defend the importance of financial constraints when deciding on a company’s investment. For a more in-depth examination, an historical analysis is carried out on the course not only of the Brazilian investment rate, but also of the capital structure of Brazilian companies. In addition, a summary of the main papers containing studies on the determining factors for investment in the Brazilian economy is presented, highlighting those [papers] that incorporate financial constraints. Finally, based on data from balance sheets and taking samples per company-size, a panel-data model is developed to test the hypothesis of financial constraints in publicly-listed Brazilian firms in the period in question.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Economia, Rio de Janeiro, 2010
Bibliografia: p. 88-94
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Booi, Lusu. "Millennium development goals: lessons from Brazil and Venezuela (2000-2015)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14675.
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This research looks at social policy making in Venezuela and Brazil with the objective of alleviating poverty, with special focus on meeting Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were set in 2000. Considering the leftist democratic governments that have been established in Latin America since Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998, and later with Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in 2002, the research seeks to understand and illustrate what nuances exist in strategy, ideas and implementation of social policy that would positively affect the underprivileged for a more equal and just society. The two countries have deep historical and structural inequalities from slavery, colonialism, imbalanced distribution of resources and like most developing nations of the Global South, have had to endure structural adjustments that have entrenched poverty levels further. Arguments in the past have been made for economic prosperity and economic growth as good indicators for development, however, the research takes a comparative analysis on how Venezuela (through Barrio Adentro and multiple state driven Missions) and Brazil (state supported Bolsa Familia and Universal Health System), have targeted health and education as the primary sectors not just to transform society but also because it is through these sectors that the most effective and efficient manner to measure human development which has thus far been neglected. The research also examines the leadership of the countries which speaks to the differing approaches adopted, style, rhetoric and political realities; and how they have been received not just domestically, but also internationally. The outcomes of the research illustrate a good link between literacy, education and health and a healthy level of state intervention that requires reciprocal social participation for programmes to succeed. Brazil and Venezuela have shown notable creativity and effectiveness in this regard.
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Mynatt, Joseph Ross. "Stock Returns and the Brazilian Default an Analysis of the Efficient Market and Contagion Effect Hypotheses." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500500/.
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This thesis attempts to analyze the market response of stock prices of major U.S. banks to the February, 1987 Brazilian loan default announcement. The study's general hypothesis is that the market revalued stock prices according to each bank's amount of Brazilian loan exposure. The first chapter examines the significance of the default announcement. A survey of related literature is presented in the second chapter. Chapter III specifies the methodological techniques involved in analysis of the data. Chapter IV reports the findings of the study. Conclusions about the results are drawn in Chapter V. The results indicate the market is efficient. They also suggest that individual exposure was the major determinant of bank stock price decline.
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Funari, Armando Palermo 1983. "Desconcentração produtiva regional do Brasil : analise do Parana : 1970-2005." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285774.
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Orientador: Wilson CanoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a estrutura produtiva do estado do Paraná, bem como sua relação com o processo de desconcentração regional produtiva no Brasil durante o período de 1970 a 2005. A análise da economia paranaense é feita a partir dos setores agropecuário e industrial principalmente, contando com alguns comentários acerca do setor de serviços. Durante o período indicado essa economia estadual recebeu estímulos e determinantes de natureza distinta em cada década analisada. Destarte, nos anos 1970, num contexto de forte crescimento da economia brasileira em geral, o Paraná passou por forte modernização com transformações importantes tanto na agricultura, como na indústria. Já na década de 1980, com dificuldades impostas no cenário macroeconômico, houve uma mudança qualitativa (negativa) no movimento de desconcentração regional. Nesse mesmo período a economia paranaense logrou dar prosseguimento à sua modernização, embora tenha mostrado dinâmicas diferentes no primeiro e segundo qüinqüênios. O último período, marcado pela predominância de políticas neoliberais, mostra tendência preocupantes do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento das forças produtivas nacionais. Ao mesmo tempo, ganham importância em termos regionais a guerra fiscal e os estímulos externos ao país, sendo as exportações cada vez mais importantes num contexto de letargia econômica nacional e ausência de planos de desenvolvimento. O Paraná destacou-se em termos nacionais, tendo aumento sua participação na indústria de bens de consumo duráveis e de bens de capital.
Abstract: This dissertation analyzes the productive structure of the state of Paraná and its association to the process of regional productive deconcentration in Brazil from 1970 through 2005. This analysis centers mainly on the primary and secondary sectors, counting with comments on the tertiary sector. The economy of Paraná has experienced different stimuli and determinants in each of the decades of the study. In the 1970's, when the Brazilian economy showed high growth rates, the state of Paraná experimented modernization and consequent transformation of its agriculture and industry. During the 1980's, having several difficulties imposed upon the macroeconomic scenery, the deconcentration process suffered a negative qualitative change. Nevertheless, Paraná's economy continued to diversify itself, with distinct dynamics in the first and in the second half of the decade. The last period has the predominance of neoliberal policies and presented worrisome tendencies as far as the national productive forces are concerned. Moreover, from a regional standpoint the fiscal war and export-drive become more relevant, especially in a context of economic lethargy and absence of national development policies. Recently Paraná's eocnomy stood out featuring an increased participation in the production of capital an durable consumption goods.
Mestrado
Economia Regional e Urbana
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Gomes, Erika da Cunha Ferreira. "Desconcentração produtiva regional no Brasil : o Estado do Espirito Santo (1990 a 2005)." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285794.
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Orientador: Fernando Cezar de Macedo MotaDissertação ( mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa faz parte de um amplo projeto de investigacao, coordenado pelo CEDE - Centro de Estudos de Desenvolvimento Economico - do Instituto de Economia da Unicamp, o qual busca analisar a evolucao do processo de Desconcentracao Produtiva Regional no Brasil, de 1970 a 2005. Em virtude da formacao historico-economica nacional ter se dado de forma heterogenea nas regioes brasileiras, os impactos da desconcentracao produtiva, iniciada na década de setenta, tambem ecoaram de forma diferenciada. O presente trabalho circunscreve-se a essa tematica, centrando-se nas mudancas ocorridas na estrutura produtiva do estado do Espirito Santo a partir de 1990. Diferentemente de outras unidades da federacao, que apresentaram resultados mais modestos, o Espirito Santo, em razao das implicacoes das mudancas ocorridas na economia nacional e internacional em suas estruturas produtivas, se beneficiou economicamente, crescendo, inclusive, acima da media nacional. Esse trabalho procurara responder os motivos desse crescimento, ou melhor, a maneira pela qual sua estrutura produtiva se organizara e como isso esteve, de certo modo, em consonancia com os eventos da macroeconomia nacional e internacional. Para isso, serao estudadas as principais mudancas na agricultura, pecuaria e organizacao agraria; o desempenho das industrias extrativas e transformacao; o peso das atividades de comercio exterior e das tradings companies, o papel da Guerra Fiscal na regiao; a estrutura de investimentos realizados e os potenciais no estado, bem como sua composicao, localizacao e finalidade; e, por fim, algumas consideracoes sobre a dinamica de seu espaco, fluxos migratorios e mercado de trabalho.
Abstract: This research is part of a wide investigation project, coordinated for the CEDE - Center of Studies of Economical Development - from the Institute of Economics from UNICAMP, in which looks for to analyze the evolution of the process of Regional Productive Decentralization in Brazil, from 1970 to 2005. The national historical-economical formation had happen in heterogeneous ways in different Brazilian areas and the impacts of the productive decentralization, initiated in the decade of 1970, also echoed in a differentiated way. The following work that the theme is bounded, being delimited to the changes happened in the productive structure of Espirito Santo state, starting from 1990. Differently from other units of the federation that presented more modest results. Resulting from the implications of the changes happened in the national and international economy in their productive structures; it benefited economically growing above the national average. That work will try to answer the reasons of that growth, the way for which its productive structure had been organized and how that happened, in certain way, in consonance with the events of the national and international macroeconomics. For that, they will be studied the main changes in the agriculture, livestock and agrarian organization; the acting of the extractive industries and transformation; the weight of the activities of external trade and of the tradings companies, the paper of the Fiscal War in the area; the structure of accomplished investments and the potentials in the state, as well as its composition, location and purpose; and, finally, some considerations on the dynamics of its space, migratory flows and job market.
Mestrado
Economia Regional e Urbana
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Lage, de Sousa Filipe. "Location of economic agents in Brazil : an empirical investigation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2548/.
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This study focuses on regional aspects of the Brazilian economy. Three avenues are explored: two related to individuals' and firms' location decision and the last regarding public policy. In general, firms and individuals seem to be moving away from the main economic centre in Brazil, Sao Paulo. It seems nevertheless that public policy is not very related to these movements. In other words, government interventions to accelerate growth in less developed regions have not achieved their goal. Chapter 2 addresses the issue of internal migration in Brazil. This chapter investigates the influence of amenities and/or disamenities on migration flows, which is an issue not yet fully covered by the literature. It investigates whether changing dwellings across cities is associated specifically with violence using urban-urban migration data at municipality level. Results show that migration is affected by violence not only locally, but also when neighbouring effects are taken into account. These findings back up previous research which evidenced an inverse relationship between city size and violence. Turning to firms, Chapter 3 explores the role of geography in the location of manufacturing and of regional disparities in wages. According to theoretical models, employment concentrates closer to the market when increasing returns to scale are taken into account. As a consequence, regional wages are a decreasing function of transport costs to markets, since firms tend to compensate for these costs by paying less to their employees. Trade shocks may impact these regional wage disparities by making foreign markets relatively more attractive for firms than internal markets, or vice-versa. This chapter tested these hypotheses using Brazilian regional data. Having two isolated trade shocks, Brazil provides an excellent case for testing which shock was more effective in reducing regional disparities. Results show that regions with higher transport costs tend to have lower wages and a reduction in this cost through trade shocks has affected these regional disparities. However, it is not possible to distinguish which trade shock was more efficient to impact these regional unbalances. Chapter 4 evaluates the effects of the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) loans on firms' productivity. The importance of BNDES in the Brazilian economy is quite sizeable, reaching over 10% of aggregate investment. Using micro level data, it was possible to investigate the impact on productivity, but also distinguish its effects between large and small projects as well as between rich and poor regions, since regional development is one of its statutory goals. Results suggest BNDES loans have no effect on firms' productivity, even though some association was found without controlling for all firms' characteristics. Overall, some lessons may be learned after this work. Not only are economic reasons key determinants for individuals' and firms' location decision as shown in Chapters 2 and 3 but also some other factors seem to be important as well. Social amenities, locally and in surrounding areas, are highly correlated to individuals' migration decisions in the Brazilian case, especially violence. For firms, economic reasons prevail since trade shocks appear to change regions' attractiveness between internal and external market. Last, but not least, government intervention does not seem to be associated to firms' productivity after BNDES loans.
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Resende, Guilherme Mendes. "Essays on spatial scope of regional economic development in Brazil." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/453/.
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The aim of my thesis is to investigate the spatial scope of regional economic growth and regional economic development policy in Brazil. First, it reviews the theoretical background on the spatial scope of economic development and growth literature as well as sets this discussion for the Brazilian context. This part forms the basis for the following empirical investigations. Then, the thesis investigates how the determinants of economic growth in Brazil may have manifested themselves differently on various spatial scales during the period of 1991-2000. The analysis suggests a general framework for addressing multiple spatial scales, spatial autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity and model uncertainty. The robustness tests identified variables that are simultaneously significant on different spatial scales – higher educational and health capital, and better local infrastructure were related to higher rates of economic growth, although their impact on growth may differ across spatial scales. Next, the thesis investigates the extent of spatial autocorrelation effects in the context of regional economic growth at different spatial scales from 1970-2000 using standard panel data models. Among other results, it shows that spatial autocorrelation appears negligible at the state level but shows positive and significant values at the other three spatial scales. Moreover, the panel data models that control for time invariant fixed effects do not completely eliminate the spatial autocorrelation in the residuals at different spatial scales. Finally, the thesis formulates a framework to measure the micro- and macro - impacts of regional development policies in Brazil and applies this framework to measure the impact of northeast regional fund (FNE) industrial loans on employment and labour productivity growth at the micro (firm) level and on GDP per capita growth at macro (municipalities, micro-regions and spatial clusters) levels for the 2000-2003 and 2000-2006 periods. The results show a positive and statistically significant impact of the FNE industrial loans on job creation at the micro level but no significant impacts on the GDP per capita growth at the macro level.
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Smith, Margaret. "Export earnings instability in Brazil, 1953-1983." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75668.
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The central focus is on the testing of the causes and effects of export earnings instability in Brazil, 1953-1983. While Brazil has been included in some cross-sectional studies of fluctuations in export earnings, it has not been the subject of a case study, as is provided here. We test the traditional theory which stipulates that increased diversification of exports will decrease export earnings instability, and that in turn, a decrease in export earnings instability will enhance economic growth. While we do find that export diversification in Brazil did result in lower export earnings instability, the lower export earnings instability did not in turn stimulate economic growth. Our results indicate that the export earnings instability of manufactured goods was positively associated with the growth rate of Brazil's Gross National Product. The results of this case study may prove relevant to other developing countries striving to emulate the Brazilian success in diversifying into manufactured exports.
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Figueirêdo, Lízia de. "The new economic geography and regional growth in Brazil and India." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28684/.
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This dissertation tries to contribute to empirically assess hypotheses of the "New Economic Geography". Specifically, we tested the relevance of the combination of lower transportation cost with the role of economies of scale in explaining the regional distribution of total activity and of industrial activity. Economies of scale are assumed to be due to "backward and forward" linkages among firms. We also took into account congestion effects and asymmetry among regions. The model was tested for the regions of Brazil, in the period 1950-1995 and 1970-1995, and for the regions of India, in the period 1961-1991. Using panel results, we observed that transportation costs were generating concentration of total activity in the periods 1950-1995 arid 1950- 1970. For these samples, there is evidence that economies of scales were a cause of concentration of total activity. Other forces, not explained by the model, were generating dispersion and so were congestion effects. For the period 1970-1995, we found that congestion effects and lower transportation cost were helping to disperse economic activity, in the panel results. Economies of scale were not, contrary to the model's predictions, helping economic growth. In the case of Brazil, for the 18-state samples, industrial activity tended to concentrated due to the effects of lower transportation cost, although higher industrial growth rates were a characteristic of the states with less economies of scales. In the case of India, strong concentration effects were taking place, both due to lower transportation cost and due to other reasons. Economies of scale were not important in the explanation of the path of India activity.
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Baltar, Carolina Troncoso 1979. "Padrão do comercio brasileiro no periodo 2003-2005 : um estudo do conteudo dos fluxos de importação e exportação." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285537.
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Orientador: Mariano Francisco LaplaneDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O período 2003-2005 foi marcado pelo intenso crescimento do comércio mundial. Neste contexto, o Brasil foi capaz de reverter seu déficit de comércio, usufruindo de expressivo superávit. Porém, este dinamismo comercial não foi acompanhado de crescimento da economia nacional. Para uma melhor compreensão deste paradoxo é necessário um maior entendimento da relação entre comércio e crescimento econômico. Além disso, é também importante verificar os acontecimentos ocorridos a partir da década de 1990 na economia brasileira, após a implementação das reformas liberalizantes. Esta dissertação faz uma análise empírica do comércio brasileiro neste período recente de expansão do comércio mundial, com o objetivo de relacionar o tipo de comércio brasileiro com as características da estrutura industrial que existe no país. A metodologia adotada traz como novidade a possibilidade de se avaliar o comércio de uma perspectiva mais qualitativa, a partir do exame do tipo de produto e região de origem e destino dos fluxos
Abstract: The period between 2003-2005 illustrated a high growth in world trade. In this context, Brazil was able to revert its trade deficit, taking advantage of a considerable surplus. Nevertheless, this trade dynamism did not go hand in hand with national economic growth. To have a better comprehension of this paradox, it is necessary to have a greater understanding of the relation between trade and economic growth. Moreover, it is also important to verify what changes took place in the Brazilian economy after the 1990s, with the implementation of the liberalized reforms. This dissertation makes an empirical analysis of Brazilian trade in this recent period of world trade expansion, with a view to comparing the kinds of Brazilian trade with the industrial structure that exists in this country. The methodology adopted is innovative in that it allows the evaluation of trade from a qualitative perspective, by examining the kind of product and region of origin and destination of the flows
Mestrado
Teoria Economica
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas
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Wjuniski, Bernardo Stuhlberger. "Multiple exchange rates and industrialization in Brazil, 1953-1961 : macroeconomic miracle or mirage?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3781/.
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This dissertation revisits Brazil's experience with multiple exchange rates (MERs) between 1953 and 1961. Exchange controls such as MERs were common across the world during the early days of the Bretton Woods arrangement, despite the resistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which assumed they caused instability and balance of payments crises. Latin America’s use of exchange controls was widespread, with different exchange rates also adopted as instruments to stimulate import substitution industrialization (ISI). Brazil’s MER system was, however, a unique experiment, with all the country’s imports included in a regime of auctions of foreign exchange, resulting in a controlled depreciation process with different sectoral exchange rates. The experience had two phases, the first of which diverged from other cases in the region in lasting much longer, maintaining stable macroeconomic conditions, and avoiding IMF interventions. The second phase resulted in a decline of the system's macroeconomic effectiveness and its eventual collapse in 1961. This research investigates the peak and decline of Brazil’s MER systems by analyzing a new quantitative dataset that is further complemented by qualitative sources. The main thesis is that Brazil’s MER regime was a ‘successful’ experience during its first phase, with a singular design that supported the stabilization of macroeconomic conditions. Officials were ‘guiding the invisible hand’ of the market to help balance macroeconomic variables. The dissertation also shows that the MER system was not a protectionist instrument to stimulate import substitution in advanced sectors and did not generate distortions to sectoral industrial growth. It was, however, transformed during its second phase into a mechanism to subsidize private sector imports and increase the government’s direct participation in the industrial effort, which was an industrial deepening process with costly macroeconomic consequences.
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Stowell, Nicholas Paul. "Democratization, Political Performance, and Income Distribution in Argentina and Brazil." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3157.
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This research examines the effects of democratization and political performance on the functional distribution of income in Argentina and Brazil from the end of their authoritarian periods to the present. The existing literature tends to focus on the impacts of democratization and political performance on the economic growth of the country as a whole or on changes to per capita income. This analysis focuses on the equality of economic development in less developed countries because growth is not necessarily distributed equally and poverty and inequality are both endemic to many less developed countries and also negatively impact development as a whole as well as the consolidation of democracy. To examine the effects of democratization and political performance on the shape of economic development, this thesis utilizes the Polity IV index as a measure of democracy, Relative Political Extraction as a proxy for political performance, and labor's share of national income as a measure of income inequality.
Theoretically, a more democratic regime should enact policies that allow for a more equitable distribution of income because democratization increases popular representation and makes the provision of public goods preferable to the provision of private goods. Similarly, a regime with higher political capacity should be better equipped to enact whatever policies and development strategies it chooses, thereby reducing income inequality if the regime deems equitable development a priority.
The main finding of this research is that political performance has had a significant impact on the shape of economic development in Argentina and Brazil, whereas the effect of democratization on the shape of development is less clear. A stronger, more effectively performing government will be better able to deliver equitable development regardless of its level of democracy than will a poorly performing government of any type.
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Alves, Ana Cristina. "China’s oil diplomacy : comparing Chinese economic statecraft in Angola and Brazil." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/206/.
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This thesis aims to investigate the reasons for the variation in China’s oil diplomacy performance in Africa and South America in the period 2000-2010. Lacking sound experience in pursuing oil security overseas and enjoying strong financial muscle, China’s oil diplomacy is largely rooted in the extension of soft loans for infrastructure to oil-rich countries in exchange for steady oil supply and favoured access to oil acreage. Taking Angola and Brazil as case studies this thesis argues that differences in the institutional structure of the oil industry in each country, determined different outcomes regarding Beijing’s oil security goals. This thesis has found that although this template fitted well with the more centralised institutional environment in Angola, it was highly unsuitable for the more liberal and regulated Brazil setting. Furthermore, the advent of the recent global economic crisis (2008-2009) caused China to adjust its approach to the institutional particulars of Brazil becoming more efficient in that country regarding its oil security goals. Building on foreign policy analysis tools and concepts, an empirical analysis of the interplay between Chinese infrastructure-for-oil loans (hereby regarded as positive economic statecraft) and the institutional structure it met in each country, is presented. Through the case studies, this thesis aims to uncover to what extent the institutional context constrained Chinese oil diplomacy efficiency in Brazil for most of the past decade, and how innovation has surfaced in the context of the global financial crisis. This analysis thus gives interesting insights not only into the dynamics of China’s oil diplomacy in Africa and South America, but also into Chinese economic statecraft in general and how constraints that surface at the implementation level feedback into foreign policy formulation.
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Bolten, Annika. "Pegs, politics and petrification : exchange rate policy in Argentina and Brazil since the 1980s." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/254/.
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Currency crises have long constituted one of the most important sources of politicoeconomic instability across middle-income emerging markets, with exchange rate pegs having been identified as key culprits. Given pegs’ propensity for boom-bust-cycles, it is thus puzzling that governments insist on implementing such constraining regimes and, more importantly, that they tend to postpone exchange rate flexibilisation until a disorderly exit becomes inevitable. This thesis addresses as its core puzzle exchange regime choice in middleincome emerging markets in Latin America, and especially the phenomenon of ‘exchange rate petrification’, by examining the tumultuous exchange rate history of Argentina and Brazil. Adopting a qualitative approach and using comparisons between periods and countries, it traces the process of exchange rate policymaking on the basis of participant interviews and archival and media research over a period ranging from re-democratisation in the early 1980s, through the decade of structural reforms under nominal exchange rate anchors in the 1990s until the crisis exits to inflation-targeting under ‘dirty floats’ in the new millennium. The study shows that existing studies, which narrowly focus on electoral opportunism, credibility-building motivations or structurally-determined interest group pressures derived from OECD contexts, fail to capture the reality of emerging market exchange rate politics, their distinct economic structural context and the inter-relationship between exchange rate policy and executives’ structural reform endeavours. Instead, the analysis suggests that only a model of exchange rate politics that centres on intra-executive dynamics, but incorporates their interplay with societal cleavages and the role of international financial institutions, can account for the countries’ divergent exchange rate policy and especially the differential severity of ‘exchange rate petrification’. Using the cases of Argentina and Brazil as a backdrop, the thesis offers an explanation for the problematic nature of exchange rate pegs that goes beyond the analysis offered by the economics literature, and instead highlights their inherently political nature insofar as national governments conceive of nominal pegs as coalition-building devices in the context of politically controversial structural reforms. Aside from structural factors, such as liability dollarisation, it is governments’ reluctance to surrender this political instrument that perpetuates ‘exchange rate petrification’. As ‘exchange rate petrification’ presupposes the absence of sustained exchange rate politicisation, the thesis also refines the literature’s exchange rate politicisation hypothesis by incorporating several intervening variables, such as the institutional structure of organised society, the nature of the political system and ideational factors, which may mute calls for exchange regime change and thus generate permissive circumstances for exchange rate pegs to petrify.
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Wang, Zhaohui. "The international political economy of China's exchange rate policymaking from 2003 to 2013." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/91033/.
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This thesis examines the international political economy of China’s exchange rate policymaking from a theoretical and an empirical perspective. The literature review identifies the limitations in the existing Economics studies on the RMB exchange rate and the research gap of the Comparative Political Economy (CPE) and International Political Economy (IPE) approaches to exchange rate politics. The author develops a three-level game framework for China’s exchange rate policymaking based on revision and synthesis of the existing CPE and IPE approaches. Specifically, the three-level game framework refers to the Chinese leadership’s negotiations with the international bargainers (mainly the U.S. government and the IMF) at the international level (level I), negotiations between central government’s ministries (People’s Bank of China and Ministry of Commerce) at the central governmental level (level II) and negotiations with the domestic interest groups and local governments at the local level (level III). The main argument of the thesis is that the three-level game framework provides a richer portrait of the dynamism and complexity of China’s exchange rate policymaking. The three-level game framework is applied empirically through an examination of China’s exchange rate policymaking between 2003 and 2013. The empirical studies have four major findings. First, the level I game played an agenda-setting role in China’s exchange rate policymaking before the 2005 exchange rate reform. Second, the level II game determined the limited scope of the initial reform and the subsequent gradual RMB appreciation. Third, the level III game provided the most important sources for China’s exchange rate policy returning to the de facto dollar-pegged exchange rate regime during the global financial crisis. Lastly, the level I game once again played an agenda-setting role in the 2010 exchange rate reform, but the level II game was important as well, in which the Chinese leadership reached the consensus to allow the RMB to appreciate against the dollar in a gradual and steady manner to improve the confidence and promote the international use of RMB. This thesis provides original and systematic research on China’s exchange rate policymaking in the Hu-Wen era to the academic literature. It makes a modest theoretical contribution to the existing body of CPE and IPE literature by developing the three-level game framework to explain China’s exchange rate policymaking. More importantly, this research sheds light on the international political economy of China’s exchange rate policymaking based on documentary analysis and primary data from interviews and questionnaire surveys. Overall, this is a timely and rigorous study on the role that international and domestic politics play in forging China’s exchange rate policymaking.
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Papadia, Andrea. "Government action under constraints : fiscal development, fiscal policy and public goods provision during the Great Depression and in 19th and early 20th century Brazil." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3683/.
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This dissertation is composed by three papers whose unifying themes are the origin and impact of fiscal institutions. The main contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it highlights the usefulness of the concept of fiscal capacity for the macroeconomics and international finance literatures by demonstrating its impact on sovereign default and fiscal dynamics during the Great Depression. Limits to the ability to tax have clear implications for macro-financial research, but are neglected by much of the literature. Second, my work contributes to the fiscal and state capacity literature by focusing on municipal level fiscal institutions in Brazil. Although research in this field is burgeoning, our understanding of the origin and impact of fiscal institutions in many parts of the world, including Latin America, is still very limited, particularly at the sub-national level. In terms of structure, the dissertation is a backwards journey from the impact of fiscal institutions to their origin. The first paper studies one of the ultimate outcomes of fiscal dynamics – sovereign default – by analyzing the debt crisis of the 1930s. The second paper takes the collapse in public revenues during the Great Depression as a starting point and demonstrates that fiscal institutions were a fundamental factor in the dynamics of fiscal aggregates. By shifting the focus to a single country and a different time period – the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries – the third paper demonstrates that slavery was deeply detrimental to the development of local governments’ ability to tax and provide fundamental growth and welfare-enhancing public goods in Brazil.
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Villela, André. "The political economy of money and banking in Imperial Brazil, 1850-1870." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/334/.
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The thesis examines the development of monetary and banking policies during the apogee of the Brazilian Empire (1850-70). It adopts a political economy approach to Brazilian monetary history, with the objective of contributing to the debate surrounding the relative autonomy of the imperial State in relation to the planter class (fazendeiros). The research has established two major points of historical fact: the peculiar nature of the gold standard regime in force in Brazil during part of the period, and the role of the Bank of Brazil therein. The analysis has also extended current knowledge of two major contemporary events in the financial sphere - the 1860 banking and corporate law and the Souto crisis of 1864. The former is shown to have been less draconian than claimed by historians while attention is drawn to the hitherto neglected role of private banks in fuelling the 1864 crisis. The thesis argues that between 1850 and 1870 the imperial government followed an approach to monetary and banking policy that could be termed “pragmatically conservative”. This tended to involve the “hard money” combination of monetary restraint and adherence to the gold standard, although on crucial occasions - such as during the Souto crisis, and the Paraguayan War - monetary prudence gave way to expansionist policies, as reasons of State took precedence over financial rectitude. The research reveals how, in the main, “hard money” policies were pursued in the period, to the detriment of demands from the planter class for monetary expansion. This evidence suggests that, at least in the sphere of money and banking, the imperial State displayed a relative autonomy vis-à-vis the economic elite.
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Chapoval, Iêda. "Privatization and its labor consequences in developing countries : a case study of the Brazilian banking industry privatization process." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38168.
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Research on the labor impact of privatization usually equates the process to other types of restructuring processes, such as downsizing, mergers or acquisitions. It is argued that not unlike other restructuring processes, privatization is likely to generate organizational changes that may lead to major alterations in employment quality. Few studies, however, have investigated the labor effects of privatization and other restructuring processes in a comparative manner, especially in developing countries. The overall purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the understanding of the labor consequences of privatization in developing countries. This objective is undertaken through an exploration of the association between privatization and other restructuring processes occurring within the Brazilian banking industry and changes in employment quality, i.e., fluctuations in wages, non-wage benefits and job security. The most basic premise guiding this study's comparative framework is that the process of privatization is likely to affect labor in unique ways, that is, generating employment quality changes unlike those occurring at other sectors undergoing alternative restructuring processes.The sample consists of 476 respondents: employees (survivors) and ex-employees (retrenched) of public, privatized and private banks. Data were collected in 1998 by using a method of triangulation, i.e., surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The principal results for this study confirm that changes in employment quality are more significant for workers associated with the privatized sector when compared to workers affiliated with other sectors of the Brazilian banking industry. Both quantitative and qualitative data for this study suggest that significant transformations in employment quality occurred as a result of privatization. It is further argued that the decline in employment quality after privatization can be conversely understood as a negative commitment on the part of Brazilian employers. This lack of commitment can be ultimately associated with a new developmental model with a particular type of economic orientation and specific form of labor organization based on flexibility.
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Rostov, David. "The sensitivity of Brazil's balance of payments and foreign debt to future changes in world economic conditions: 1987-1991." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1342190790.
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Du, Preez Mari-Lise. "Is three a crowd or a coalition ? : India, Brazil and South Africa in the WTO /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/421.
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Moore, Candice Eleanor. "Governing Parties and Southern Internationalism : a neoclassical realist approach to the foreign policies of South Africa and Brazil, 1999-2010." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/196/.
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The international relations literature on internationalism in foreign policy has not taken account of the internationalist methods and motives of countries of the developing world. This thesis aims to correct this absence through an analysis of Southern internationalism, as evidenced by the foreign policy approaches of South Africa and Brazil in the first decade of the 21st century. By utilising a neoclassical realist approach to the study of the emergence of new powers, the use of internationalism as a foreign policy tool is interrogated as a response both to domestic imperatives, such as perception and identity, and systemic constraints and opportunities. Central to the analysis is an examination of the role of governing parties in foreign policymaking, both as key actors in determining policy, and as the sources of ideational constructs, in this case ‘internationalism’, that have a bearing on foreign policy. Foreign policymakers are limited in their perceptions and responses to external threats and opportunities by the domestic institutional structure, as well as by external threats and opportunities. In South Africa, responses are often limited to rhetoric, owing to limited resource extraction capacity, in spite of the highly centralised foreign policymaking structure under Mbeki. In Brazil, constitutional checks and balances also limited the state’s responses to external stimuli under Lula; yet, these responses, when they are implemented, can be more forceful owing to greater resource capacity. The ‘new Southern internationalism’, propounded by both South Africa and Brazil, is a function of domestic politics and external pressures, as evidenced by the Haiti case. These findings make a contribution to advancing the analysis of emerging powers, their trajectory and intentions in international relations, as well as the extent to which governing parties can influence foreign policy outcomes, and under which conditions
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Lee, Chang-Gon. "Understanding the politics of welfare reform in Korea : a study of the National Health Insurance and National Pension Reforms, 1998-2003." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6294/.
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This is my thesis that I explored the dynamic process and peculiarities of Korean welfare politics during the Kim Dae-Jung government of 1998-2003, which was the first administration to come to power through a peaceful turnover of political power. To this end, the research focused on the policymaking processes of National Health Insurance and National Pension reforms during that period. The thesis analysed these welfare reforms from a more rigorous theoretical framework in order to uncover the key characteristics of welfare politics in Korea. In particular, the key role played by stake challengers including civil organisations in such policymaking process was addressed in detail because these Non-Governmental organisations emerged as an influential player against the established stakeholders representing vested economic and political interests. In contrast to the situation in many western democracies, the influence of political parties in the reform process was minimal and those parties did not play any significant part in the debates and conflicts surrounding the welfare reforms during the Kim Dae-Jung era. It was noteworthy fact that stake-challengers coalition led by civil organisations was able to overcome stakeholder coalition’s interests and objections to win the battle for health insurance integration and public pension reforms.
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Alves, Valder Jadson Costa. "Desenvolvimento e dependência no Brasil: da República ao Neoliberalismo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21243.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Development and dependence in Brazil is an subject controversial today yet. Identifying the moorings and bottlenecks that does not allow us to provide a dignified life to all our nationals is a subject studied for more than a century, since the creation of the national academy. This paper aims to reinterpret Brazilian historiography, from the Proclamation of the Republic to the period of Neoliberalism, under the methodology of dialectical historical materialism, with the purpose of elucidating the real and theoretical evolution of Brazilian dependent capitalism. It begins with the Proclamation of the Republic because it is understood here that Brazilian critical thinking developed along with the development of the specifically capitalist mode of production in the country. The Proclamation of the Republic being soon after the abolition of slavery and, therefore, a milestone in the capitalist relations of production. It was also the moment when the state passed into the hands of the national bourgeoisie directly. The extension of the temporal clipping to the present period of neoliberalism is done to elucidate the transformations of the world and national economy that took place during this period and of how the developmental economic theory was presented before it. Understanding Dependency Theory as a critique of developmentalism, the heart of this paper deals with the analysis of this theory, in its main currents - the Marxist Theory of Dependency and the Dependency Theory of Cardoso and Faletto - looking to identify the most accurate analysis after 50 years of its initial elaborations. It is concluded that, despite the appearance of development in the short term, sustained, above all, by the State's effort to promote development, the dependent capitalism, as an alternative development, failed. Thus, the initial thesis of André Gunder Frank, the Development of Underdevelopment in the relation between peripheral countries and central countries, remains alive, maintaining itself as a starting point for the explanation of the national reality
Desenvolvimento e dependência no Brasil é um assunto tão polêmico quanto atual no país. Identificar as amarras e gargalos que não nos permite proporcionar uma vida digna a todos os nossos nacionais é tema estudado pelo menos a mais de um século, deste o surgimento da academia nacional. Este trabalho tem por objetivo reinterpretar a historiografia brasileira, da Proclamação da República ao período de Neoliberalismo, sob a metodologia do materialismo histórico dialético, com o intuito de elucidar a evolução real e teórica do capitalismo dependente brasileiro. Inicia da Proclamação da República porque se entende, aqui, que o pensamento crítico brasileiro se gestou junto ao desenvolvimento do modo de produção especificamente capitalista no país, ocorrendo logo após a abolição da escravidão foi um marco no aprofundamento das relações capitalistas de produção. Também foi o momento em que o Estado passou para as mãos da burguesia nacional diretamente. A extensão do recorte temporal ao período atual, de neoliberalismo, se faz para elucidar as transformações da economia mundial e nacional que ocorreram ao longo desse período e de como a teoria econômica desenvolvimentista se portou diante dela. Entendendo a Teoria da Dependência como uma crítica ao desenvolvimentismo, o coração deste trabalho trata da análise desta teoria, em suas principais correntes – a Teoria Marxista da Dependência e a Teoria da Dependência de Cardoso e Faletto – vislumbrando identificar a análise mais acertada após 50 anos de suas elaborações iniciais. Conclui-se que, apesar da aparência de desenvolvimento no curto prazo, sustentada, sobretudo, pelo esforço do Estado para a promoção do desenvolvimento, o capitalismo dependente, enquanto alternativa de desenvolvimento, fracassou. Desse modo, a tese inicial de André Gunder Frank, a de Desenvolvimento do Subdesenvolvimento na relação entre países periféricos e países centrais, permanece viva, mantendo-se como ponto de partida para a explicação da realidade nacional
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Sydneysmith, Robin Sam More. "The composition of rubber tapper livelihoods in Acre, Brazil : a case study of sustainability and peasant economy." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6734/.
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Amazonia is both a diverse ecological space and a complex social place in which the conservation of its varied forest and aquatic environments cannot be divorced from the fate of its human inhabitants. Rural society is comprised of a wide range of socioeconomic, cultural, and historical groupings that includes several types of peasants or peasantries. One of the most important segments of contemporary rural society in Amazonia consists of traditional or historical peasantries, caboclo society or the so called "indigenous rural population". Events of recent decades in the Brazilian Amazon have shown that the region is susceptible to rapid degradation from modem pressures of development and an expanding population. Approaches to sustainable development need to reflect the diversity and complexity of the regions' social and physical environments. Caboclos are important for their historical place in Amazonian social ecology and for their potential contribution to the search for viable solutions to sustainable development. Sustainability will be achieved on the basis of incorporating sustainable livelihoods into a development paradigm that maintains and improves the social use of resources and the integrity of ecosystems. Rubber tappers in the state of Acre are a type of Amazonian caboclo. Their livelihoods exhibit many of the attributes of resiliency and adaptability that characterize peasantries. Resources are used, based on the demands and capabilities of household economies and in recognition of their dependence on the forest and its resources. The livelihoods that rubber tappers pursue are to a large degree, ecologically sustainable; rubber tappers are practitioners of sustainability. The diversity and flexibility of their livelihoods is geared towards low impact, long-term use of forest resources and is highly adaptable to variable socio-political, economic and environmental conditions. Extraction of forest resources is a major component of rubber tapper livelihoods that encompasses rubber tapping, Brazil nut collection, hunting, fishing and myriad uses of other forest resources. Their livelihoods also include a farming system that is adapted to both the social conditions of rubber tapper society -limited capital and technology, dependence on household labour - and to the ecological constraints of Amazonian environments - weak tropical soils, seasonal changes, and variability. The composition of their livelihoods permits each sector of the household economy to function within local environmental constraints and to escape the need to independently fulfill household subsistence requirements. Extractive reserves provide a locally derived model of socially acceptable, conservation oriented development.
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Lamounier, Lucia. "Between slavery and free labour : experiments with free labour and patterns of slave emancipation in Brazil and Cuba c.1830-1888." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/108/.
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This thesis is divided in two main parts. The first part compares and contrasts early experiments with non-slave labour in Cuba and Sao Paulo. The second part considers projects for the gradual abolition of slavery and the transition to free labour. The objective is to examine how Cuban and Brazilian planters solved the problem of labour supply triggered by a rapid growth of plantation exports during the nineteenth century. At this time sugar and coffee plantations came to characterize economic development in the two areas. Continued expansion was threatened by international pressures to end the trans- Atlantic slave trade. Challenged by international demands to terminate the "African trade" Cuba and Brazil sought to solve the labour problem by means of immigration. From the mid-century until the end of slavery in the 1880s, planters would experiment with several labour systems, involving a variety of labour relations. Besides slaves, Europeans, Chinese, Mexican Indians, Canary Islanders, and free domestic workers (white and coloured) would be employed on the plantations. Substituting "free" labour for slave labour was not simply a matter of labour supply. For Cuba there was the question of the relationship with Spain and its consequences for the defense of slavery and the impact on immigration. For Brazil there was the question of forging a national identity. What would be the place of slaves, freedmen and immigrants in the new nation. In both regions these considerations had a racial dimension. Also planters were anxious to secure a cheap disciplined workforce. What labour system would best meet these requirements? As this thesis demonstrates this was a time of experimentation. From the first, in Brazil alternative supplies of labour were regarded as a means of transition to free labour. In Cuba new supplies of workers were viewed as complementing slavery. But the first experiments with non-slave labour affected the processes of the abolition of slavery and the transition to free labour while the meaning of "free labour” and “transition” also changed over time.
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Sheehama, Gerhardt K. H. "Evaluation of financial performance of Development Bank of Namibia (2003 - 2007)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/893.
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Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aim of this study, firstly, is to evaluate the financial performance of the Development Bank of Namibia (DBN) over the period of 2003 to 2007. Secondly, the study aims to compare financial performance of the Development Bank of Namibia with the Development Bank of Southern Africa during the same period. In recent years, there has been a number of criticisms raised against the Development Bank of Namibia. These have been noted by the political appointment of the top management in the bank who has no experience in monitoring of the funds and development projects (World Bank, 2003). In addition, the bank has been criticized for poor performance, in terms of very low returns due to poor procurement performance and weak performance of project management units (African Development Bank, 2005). The bank has also been seen undermining people's human rights through funded projects which were only given to those people who are politically connected or comrades (The Namibian, 2002). Two financial statements of the Development Bank of Namibia, namely the Income Statement and Balance Sheet of the period of 2003 to 2007, are used to evaluate the financial performance of the bank. Trend analysis, monitoring and evaluation reports, financial ratios and statistical tools are employed to conduct this study. Trend analysis, financial ratios and statistical tools indicated that there was no evidence to infer that the Development Bank of Namibia did perform poorly during 2003 to 2007. However, monitoring and evaluation reports indicated that there was inefficiency in terms of bank operations.
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Vieira, Heleno Piazentini. "Velocidade da moeda, inflação e ciclos de negócios no Brasil, 1900-2013." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11742.
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A presente tese é composta por três ensaios. O primeiro ensaio estuda os ciclos de negócios brasileiro no período dos anos 1900 até 2012. Uma série trimestral do PIB real é elaborada, utilizando um modelo estrutural de séries de tempo. A partir disso, um modelo com mudança Markoviana é proposto para que seja construída uma cronologia de ciclo de negócios. O modelo selecionado possui dois regimes distintos, cenários de expansão e de recessão, a datação obtida é comparada com outros estudos sobre o tema e são propostas caracterizações das fases de crescimento que podem apoiar estudos sobre a história econômica do Brasil. O segundo ensaio estuda o comportamento da velocidade da moeda no ciclo de negócios brasileiro de 1900 até 2013. Os resultados a partir das estimativas dos modelos de séries temporais, MS e GARCH, são utilizados para suportar esse estudo. Em termos gerais a velocidade da moeda no Brasil apresentou queda até a segunda Guerra Mundial, cresceu até meados dos anos 1990 e a partir disso segue em tendência de queda. A experiência inflacionária brasileira é capítulo importante de nossa história econômica. O objetivo do terceiro ensaio é estudar a volatilidade da inflação brasileira ao longo do tempo no período de 1939 até 2013, buscando descrever sua relação com a taxa de inflação, adotando como referência uma datação de ciclos de negócios. Para realizar essa descrição serão utilizados os resultados obtidos nas estimações de modelos econométricos das classes GARCH, BSM e MS. No caso brasileiro a indicação é que a taxa de inflação impacta positivamente sua volatilidade.
This doctoral thesis is composed by three essays. The first one studies the Brazilian business cycles during the years 1900 to 2012. A quarterly real GDP measure is produced using a structural model of time series. For this, Markov Switching model is proposed to be constructed a chronology of business cycle. The selected model has two distinct regimes scenarios of expansion and recession, the dating obtained is compared with other studies on the subject are proposed characterizations and the stages of growth that can support studies on the economic history of Brazil. The second paper studies the behavior of the velocity of money in the Brazilian business cycle from 1900 to 2013. The results from the estimation of models for time series GARCH and MS, are used to support this study. In general the velocity of money in Brazil fell to the Second World War, has grown to the mid-1990s and from this follows on a downward trend. The Brazilian inflation experience is important chapter in our economic history. The objective of the third paper is to study the volatility of the Brazilian inflation over time in the period 1939 to 2013, trying to describe his relationship with the rate of inflation, taking as a reference dating of business cycles. To conduct this description the results obtained in the estimations of GARCH, MS and BSM models classes will be used. In the Brazilian case the indication is that the inflation rate positively impacts the volatility of this variable.
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Goffeng-Nielsen, Per. "Social development through efficient policies, evaluating the impact of Bolsa Familia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85878.
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Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Brazilian welfare state has developed over time in relation to national and global trends. This study analyses the creation of Latin Americas largest Conditional Cash Transfer program in relation to these trends. The thesis provides an historical overview of the creation of Conditional Cash Transfers in the country that lastly ended with Bolsa Familia. Alongside events that led to Bolsa Familia, the nation witnessed the development of social welfare initiatives as well as alternative poverty reducing programs. The study analyses this in the context of the creation of the Brazilian welfare. The question guiding the study is: Has the Bolsa Famila programme helped to reduce poverty in Brazil? It is argued that Brazil has been successful in reducing its poverty rate as a result of the programme. The study looks deeper into the structure of Bolsa Familia in order to view its results and effects both advantages and disadvantages of the programme are assessed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Brasiliaanse welvaart staat het in verhouding tot nasionale en internasionale tendense ontwikkel. Hierdie studie analiseer hoe Latyns-Amerika se grootste voorwaardelike kontant oordrag program in die lig van hierdie tendense ontwikkel het. Die tesis verskaf ‘n historiese oorsig tot die inwerkingstelling van voorwaardelike kontant oordrag programme en die wyse waarop dit meer spesifiek uitgeloop het op die Bolsa Familia program. Die studie is gelei deur die vraag: Het die Bolsa Familia program daartoe bygedra dat armoede in Brasilïe verminder het? Benewens die feit dat hierdie vraag positief beantwoord word, bekyk die studie in groter detail die struktuur van die program asook die program se voordele en nadele.
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Garcia, Junior Nelson Calsavara. "A política econômica do governo Lula: uma análise do I Plano de Aceleração do Crescimento." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20516.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The main objective of this thesis was to analyze the Growth Acceleration Plan (PAC), in its first version (2007-2010), using as basis of information the reports made available on the program site. In this material were found several problems that prevented an evaluation, as the lack of macroeconomic data on the reflection of the program in the economy, the absence of a relation and the monitoring of all the works, the lack of identification of which were in charge of the public initiative and private, the deletion of justifications for both delays (and the judicialization, which did not appear in the reports and was also not mentioned in the thesis), as well as works that were not carried out, differences of concept between the management of the program and the Court (TCU), as well as the disagreement between the indicators prepared and the results presented, since the data provided by the government indicated that in the first version 82% of the predicted values were realized and in the second version, the result reached 99, 7%. In order to situate the program, the historical reconstruction of Lula's presidential mandates was chosen. In the first one, there was a mass occupation of party members in the ministries and the reversion of this situation, motivated by the formation of coalition presidentialism, as verified that ministerial reforms were necessary and the base of support was widened. The government had the right international scenario, favored domestic consumption, adopted targeted social policies, increased domestic debt and kept the exchange rate overvalued. In the second term, the political aspect was not addressed, on the understanding that coalition presidentialism had only been intensified. In addition, an expansionist economic policy prevailed, focused social policy and overvalued exchange rates, domestic consumption was favored, domestic debt increased, there was conviviality with deindustrialization and with an economic model different from that adopted by FHC, but favorable to the great capital
O objetivo principal dessa tese foi analisar o Plano de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), em sua primeira versão (2007-2010), utilizando como base de informações os relatórios disponibilizados no site do programa. Nesse material foram encontrados vários problemas que impediram uma avaliação, como a falta de dados macroeconômicos sobre o reflexo do programa na economia, a ausência de uma relação e o acompanhamento de todas as obras, a falta de identificação de quais estavam a cargo da iniciativa pública e privada, a supressão de justificativas tanto para os atrasos (como a judicialização, que não apareceu nos relatórios e também não foi citada na tese), como às obras que não foram realizadas, as divergências de conceito entre a gestão do programa e o Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) e ainda a discordância dos indicadores elaborados e dos resultados apresentados, uma vez que os dados disponibilizados pelo governo apontaram que na primeira versão 82% dos valores previstos foram realizados e na segunda versão, o resultado chegou a 99,7%. Para situar o programa, optou-se pela reconstrução histórica dos mandatos presidenciais de Lula, sendo que no primeiro, houve a ocupação em massa de membros do partido nos ministérios e a reversão desse quadro, motivado pela formação do presidencialismo de coalizão, constatado à medida que as reformas ministeriais foram necessárias e a base de apoio foi ampliada. O governo contou com o cenário internacional oportuno, favoreceu o consumo interno, adotou políticas sociais focalizadas, aumentou a dívida interna e manteve o câmbio sobrevalorizado. No segundo mandato, o aspecto político não foi abordado, pelo entendimento que o presidencialismo de coalizão só fora intensificado. Além disso, prevaleceu uma política econômica expansionista, a política social focalizada e o câmbio sobrevalorizado, o consumo interno foi favorecido, a dívida interna aumentou, houve convívio com a desindustrialização e com um modelo econômico diferente do adotado por FHC, mas, favorável ao grande capital
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FUNCKE, Andr? Lu?s. "O varejo e a fruticultura no Brasil: uma an?lise dos impactos na produ??o local a partir da abordagem de Global Value Chains." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2053.
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The biggest challenge to promote decent work (according to the International Labor Organization) at regions with the production organization influenced by global supply chains is to generate upgrading that benefit both companies and workers. Analyses of global production networks and value chains have focused mainly on companies, without considering the role of work and institutions indirectly linked to the means of production. The most widely used theoretical scope to address the issue of including local producers in global supply chains is the Global Value Chain. Some authors may argue that the GVC is not a theory but an analytical framework, that can be used within different theoretical approaches. However, to evaluate social up/downgrading, it was necessary that the initial analytical framework was complemented by a social network approach, in order to understand the interrelationship between all parts that influence the organization of local production, including issues related to legislation, trade unions and social protection. This research project aims to contribute to the understanding issues applied to the agricultural sector, investigating the relationship between firm economic upgrading and social upgrading regarding rural workers and small farmers, based on the assumption that economic upgrading does not necessarily lead to social upgrading. The study object is the productive organization of the irrigated region Petrolina / Juazeiro, which includes large commercial farms, large, medium and small farmers, multinational businesses and has its production focused on domestic and international markets. It was found that the inclusion of a productive region in global supply chains through value-added activities, obtains through technical capacity and standards aiming the international market, can benefit large and medium producers, but usually leads to exclusion of small farmers with low investment capacity, mainly family holders. On the other hand, the achievement of economic upgrading does not immediately imply in social upgrading to rural workers and small farmers, nor is guaranteed by the influence of the leading firms at the global supply chain. Obtaining social upgrading it is strongly related to the existence of an institutional and legal framework, that ensures voice and bargaining power by workers. This arrangement is highly influenced by the presence of a public administration with a focus on the pursuit of social equity and by de convergence of domestic and international markets.
O maior desafio para promover condi??es decentes de trabalho (segundo a organiza??o Mundial do Trabalho) associados a cadeias de produ??o integradas com mercados globais ? gerar ganhos que beneficiem tanto empresas quanto trabalhadores. As an?lises de redes de produ??o global e cadeias de valores t?m focado principalmente em empresas, sem considerar o papel do trabalho e de institui??es indiretamente ligadas ao meio de produ??o. O escopo te?rico mais utilizado para tratar a quest?o de inser??o de produtores em cadeias de suprimento globalizadas ? o Global Value Chain, que, recentemente, sofreu uma amplia??o para dar conta n?o apenas de quest?es econ?micas, mas tamb?m de quest?es sociais. Alguns autores argumentam que o GVC n?o ? um referencial te?rico e sim uma abordagem anal?tica que pode ser usada dentro de diversos enfoques te?ricos. No entanto, para dar conta da avalia??o de ganhos/perdas sociais foi necess?rio que o referencial anal?tico inicial fosse complementado por uma abordagem de rede social de forma a perceber o inter-relacionamento entre todos os atores que influenciam na organiza??o da produ??o local, incluindo quest?es relacionadas ? legisla??o, sindicalismo e prote??o social. Este projeto de pesquisa visa contribuir para a compreens?o de um quadro anal?tico aplicado ao setor agr?cola, que possa investigar o relacionamento entre as melhorias econ?micas obtidas por empresas e melhorias sociais dos trabalhadores rurais e pequenos produtores, partindo da suposi??o de que melhorias econ?micas n?o necessariamente levam a melhorias sociais. O objeto de estudo ser? a organiza??o produtiva da fruticultura no Brasil, atrav?s de pesquisas de campo conduzidas nos per?metros irrigados de Petrolina/Juazeiro, que comporta grandes fazendas comerciais, grandes, m?dios e pequenos produtores rurais, multinacionais e que tem sua produ??o voltada tanto aos mercados dom?sticos como internacionais. Verificou-se que a inser??o de uma regi?o produtiva em cadeias de produ??o globais atrav?s atividades de agrega??o de valor ? produ??o por interm?dio de melhorias t?cnicas e adequa??o da produ??o ao mercado internacional, pode trazer benef?cios para grandes e m?dio produtores, mas geralmente funciona como mecanismo de exclus?o de pequenos agricultores com baixa capacidade de investimento, principalmente os familiares. A converg?ncia entre as din?micas do mercado dom?stico e do mercado internacional ? fundamental para ampliar os ganhos econ?micos e sociais dos atores que comp?es a organiza??o da produ??o. Por outro lado, a consecu??o de ganhos econ?micos em ganhos sociais para trabalhadores rurais e agricultores familiares n?o ? imediata, nem garantida pela influ?ncia dos atores l?deres na coordena??o da cadeia produtiva. A obten??o de ganhos sociais est? fortemente vinculada ? exist?ncia de um arcabou?o institucional e legal, que garanta voz e poder de negocia??o por parte dos trabalhadores e foi altamente influenciada pela presen?a de uma gest?o p?blica com enfoque na busca da equidade social.
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Oliveira, Janaina Garcia. "Indicadores socioeconômicos em estados produtores de cana-de-açúcar = análise comparativa entre municípios." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263846.
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Orientadores: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter, Rocio Araceli Diaz-ChavezTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Esta tese de doutorado tem como objetivo explorar indicadores socioeconômicos e analisá-los nos municípios nos quais se concentram as atividades do setor sucroalcooleiro nos principais estados produtores (São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais, na região Centro-Sul e Alagoas e Pernambuco, na região Nordeste). Visando atingir o objetivo proposto, indicadores de acesso público, disponibilizados pelos órgãos oficiais do governo brasileiro, dos governos estaduais e de instituições internacionais foram analisados, em âmbito municipal e para diferentes anos. Ao todo, nove indicadores e dois índices (que expressam os aspectos educação, distribuição de renda, saúde/longevidade e desenvolvimento) foram analisados para os anos 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 em todos os estados. Em São Paulo, maior produtor de cana no Brasil, um único índice (IPRS) foi analisado nos anos de 2000, 2002, 2004 e 2006. Nas análises, foram comparadas as médias e desvios-padrão de cada um dos indicadores entre os grupos de municípios com e sem atividade canaveira, definidos segundo a presença ou ausência de significativa produção de cana-de-açúcar e/ou pela existência de usinas. O teste de hipóteses T de Student foi empregado para garantir confiança estatística à comparação das médias dos indicadores entre diferentes grupos. Desta forma, foi possível realizar um acompanhamento histórico da evolução dos indicadores e da expansão da produção de cana. Os indicadores foram comparados entre grupos em diferentes abordagens (com e sem produção de cana; com produção de cana e usinas instaladas; em municípios que tradicionalmente produziram cana em todos os anos investigados, que participam do intenso fluxo migratório de trabalhadores, entre outras). Os resultados mostram que estatisticamante os municípios com atividade canaveira tem melhores parâmetros que os municípios que não têm significativa produção de cana. Essa conclusão é clara para São Paulo, e em menor grau, mas não menos importante, para Alagoas, Paraná e Pernambuco. Em Minas Gerais, a vantagem do grupo de municípios canaveiros não é clara para a maioria dos indicadores analisados. De modo geral, os resultados mostram que entre os municípios nos quais a produção de cana é relevante, os melhores parâmetros estão naqueles onde a atividade econômica é mais diversificada, e isso corresponde aos municípios com maior população
Abstract: The general objective of this thesis is to analyse the socioeconomic indicators at the municipal level in the main sugar cane producer states in Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais, in Centre South region and Alagoas and Pernambuco in Northeast region). For this purpose, publicly available indicators for different years at municipal level were gathered from the Brazilian government and international organisations to be analysed. The selection included nine indicators and two indexes (including social issues such as education, income distribution, health/longevity and development) for the years 1970, 1980, 1991 and 2000 for all States. In São Paulo State, the most important sugar cane productor in Brazil, an additional index was analysed covering the following years 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2006. The statistical analyses included the average and standard deviation for indicators considering two groups of municipalities: those with and without sugar cane defined according to the amount of sugarcane produced. The comparison between the groups was done considering the statistical analysis T-test (of Student) which considers confidence intervals. The analysis made possible to evaluate the performance of socioeconomic indicators, and sugar cane and ethanol production in a historical perspective. Different analyses included: with and without sugar cane production; with sugar cane and mills; traditional producing municipalities; municipalities with large share of migrant workers. The results showed that statistically, the municipalities where sugarcane production exist have better performance on the above mentioned parameters than those without sugar cane production. This conclusion is clear in São Paulo, Alagoas, Paraná and Pernambuco. However, the same conclusion was not clear in Minas Gerais for most indicators. The results indicated that among the municipalities in which sugar cane production is a main activity the best performance in the indicators is in those municipalities where economic activity is more diversified, and this correspond to municipalities with higher population
Doutorado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Jacino, Ramatis. "O trabalho do negro livre na cidade de São Paulo 1872-1890." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-06072007-104911/.
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Ao final do século XIX, a riqueza resultante do crescimento da cafeicultura e a entrada de milhares de imigrantes europeus, provocou um crescimento inédito da cidade de São Paulo. Em paralelo, a escravidão ia se extinguindo e reforçando o contingente de negros livres, que se somavam a massa de pobres de outras etnias, motivo de preocupação da classe dominante. Disputando os espaços da cidade e os postos de trabalho, estes grupos sociais protagonizaram conflitos internos, entre outros grupos sociais e com o Estado, opressivo e discriminador. A crescente população de negros livres, no entanto, inseria-se no mercado de trabalho a medida que a escravidão ia acabando. Aquela inserção foi abortada com a consolidação do trabalho assalariado e o surgimento de teorias racistas, que empurra-os para fora do mercado formal, obrigando-os a sobreviverem nas franjas da sociedade, exercendo trabalhos informais, pouco valorizados econômica e socialmente ou a marginalizar-se.By the end of the XIX century, the wealth produced by the expansion of coffee plantations and the arrival of thousands of European immigrants, brought about an unprecedented growth to the city of São Paulo. Simultaneously, as slavery became extinct and the ever-growing contingent of free blacks added to the masses of other poor ethnic groups, the dominant class\'s concern rose. Striving for space in the cities and for a place in the labor market, these social groups staged conflicts internally, against other social groups and against an oppressive and discriminatory State. The rising population of free blacks, however, joined the labor market as slavery declined. Such process is aborted with the consolidation of labor and the emergence of racist theories that push them out of the formal market, forcing them to survive on the fringes of society, either by performing informal jobs of little economic and social value or resorting to crime to make a living.
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Alves, Victor Lucas Pedroso. "Agregados monetários ponderados: impactos sobre a inflação e o produtos da economia brasileira." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8338.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The benefits and the costs of the monetary policy alternatives have been debated trough decades, without a consensus of how it should be conducted. The most common instruments are, between other, the interest rate, the money supply and monetary reserves. In the last twenty five years, the generalized adoption of inflation targeting evidenced that monetary policy had been based only on the interest rates, and the new regime demanded measurement on inflationary expectations and inflation sensibility on interest rate changes. However, the monetary aggregates observed signs brought back the discussion of its use as an instrument, since the European Central Bank (ECB) had put weight on the aggregates behavior to its monetary policy decisions. Besides it, Brazilian monetary policy neglects the usage of the monetary aggregates as suggested by the ECB. Therefore, this thesis aims to verify the effects of monetary shocks from Divisia and simple sum monetary aggregates on Brazilian product and inflation considering the period between February 1980 and December 2013. Each asset that compose the monetary aggregates were weighted by its opportunity cost obtaining the Divisia monetary aggregates indexes. Vector auto regression models (VAR) were estimated to study the relationship among variables. Specially, Divisia monetary aggregates showed higher sensibility in each economic scenario considered, even with similar behavior to the simple sum intensities. This seems to be intensely observed on the Divisia monetary aggregates impulse response functions. So, considering the weighted monetary aggregates, the impacts on the product and price level seems to be sensible to the economic scenario according to each economic scenario particularity.
A indecisão quanto a melhor forma de condução da política fez com que a literatura debatesse durante décadas os benefícios e custos das alternativas de política monetária. Os instrumentos mais comuns são, entre outras alternativas, a taxa de juros, a oferta de moeda em circulação e as reservas da autoridade monetária. Nos últimos vinte e cinco anos, a adoção generalizada do regime de metas de inflação mostrou que a política monetária ficou calcada apenas nas taxas de juros, com desdobramentos sobre a aferição das expectativas de inflação e a sua sensibilidade em relação às taxas de juros. Todavia, os sinais observados a partir dos agregados monetários possibilitaram a rediscussão do uso de agregados, já que o Banco Central Europeu (BCE) passou a atribuir significativo peso sobre os agregados monetários para as decisões de política. Apesar de tal fato, a política monetária no Brasil desconsidera o uso de tais agregados na magnitude sugerida pelo BCE. Assim, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo verificar os impactos dos choques monetários, medidos por alterações nos agregados monetários, sobre os preços e sobre o produto da economia brasileira para o período de fevereiro de 1980 a dezembro de 2013. Considerou-se uma ponderação de cada ativo que compõe os agregados monetários, sendo o peso representado pelo custo de oportunidade associado a sua manutenção. Modelos vetoriais auto regressivos (VAR) foram estimados, considerando a relação entre as variáveis e suas especificidades. Os agregados monetários ponderados, de fato, apresentaram comportamento distinto do observado em soma simples, principalmente entre as décadas de 1980 e 1990, dado o cenário econômico da época. As funções impulso resposta apresentaram comportamento semelhante, mas com intensidades diferentes, ou seja, ao considerar os agregados ponderados os impactos da oferta de moeda sobre a inflação e o produto se mostraram sensíveis ao cenário econômico de cada período considerado.
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Silva, Cícero Lopes da. "Contribuições da metodologia transdisciplinar para a fundamentação do ensino religioso no contexto da escola laica." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=983.
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Esta pesquisa visa discutir a pertinência do Ensino Religioso na escola pública e laica do Brasil. Num primeiro momento desenvolve-se uma análise histórico-crítica da trajetória e evolução do Ensino Religioso nas escolas públicas do país, destacando, sobretudo, a relação Igreja e Estado, a Legislação Nacional e as linhas pedagógicas subjacentes ao processo. No segundo capítulo trabalha-se com João Décio Passos e Afonso Soares, que nos indicam três modelos de Ensino Religioso presentes no Brasil, o Catequético, Teológico e das Ciências da Religião, onde se analisa a proposta de adotar o modelo das Ciências da Religião como a melhor opção para sustentar a autonomia epistemológica e pedagógica do Ensino Religioso na escola pública do país hoje. Por fim, defende-se a necessidade de um modelo mais integral para o estudo do fenômeno religioso através da abordagem transdisciplinar de Edgar Morin e Basarab Nicolescu, tendo em vista a formação dos estudantes numa perspectiva de integralidade e cidadania, conforme expresso no artigo 33 da LDB n 9.394/96, com a nova redação do Artigo 33.This research aims to discuss the relevance of religious education in public schools and secular Brazil. At first develops an analysis of the historical-critical trajectory and evolution of religious education in public schools in the country, highlighting especially the relationship Church and State, National Legislation and lines underlying the pedagogical process. In the second chapter we work with João Décio Passos e Afonso Soares, we suggest three models of Religious Education present in Brazil, the Catechism, the Theological and Religious Studies, which examines the proposal to adopt the model of the Sciences of Religion as the best option to sustain pedagogical and epistemological autonomy of religious education in public schools in the country today. Finally, it is argued the need for a more comprehensive model for the study of religious phenomena through the transdisciplinary approach of Edgar Morin and Basarab Nicolescu, aimed at training the students a perspective of wholeness and citizenship, as expressed in Article 33 of LDB No. 9.394/96, with the new wording of Article 33.
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Corkin, Lucy Jane. "A decade of democracy : comparing trends in support for democracy in South Africa and Brazil since democratic transition." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16271.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Brazil and South Africa were both part of the global “third-wave” of democracy, the beginnings of their democratic transitions occurring in 1985 and 1994 respectively. Despite having been formerly subjected to decades of authoritarian rule, both countries experienced a modicum of democratic practice, however limited in franchise, under the previous regimes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the levels of support for democracy in Brazil and South Africa since democratic transition. Two types of political support are identified as crucial for democratic sustainability: diffuse support, or support for democracy’s intrinsic principles, and specific support, support which is conditional on the positive evaluation of the regime institutions and incumbents. These two types of political support are conceptualized as encompassing five levels or objects of political support, according to the Norris model: the political community, regime principles, regime performance (diffuse support), regime institutions and political actors (specific support). This study proposes that because vestiges of democratic norms and practices have been present within these countries’ political systems for some time, it is possible that they will manifest trends in support similar to much older, more established democracies. These global trends indicate that diffuse support for democracy is being maintained while specific support for democracy is waning. A longitudinal quantitative study was conducted, using consecutive waves of World Values Survey to operationalize support for democracy in terms of the five abovementioned political objects and the results of South Africa and Brazil compared. These results show that both case studies could be interpreted as having fairly high levels of diffuse support and decreasing levels of specific support for democracy. It is however acknowledged that results are not conclusive and further research is required, especially with respect to how respondents conceptualize the term ‘democracy’.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Brasilië en Suid-Afrika was albei deel van die globale “derde golf” van demokrasie, met die aanvang van hulle oorgang na demokrasie onderskeidelik in 1985 en 1994. Ten spyte daarvan dat hierdie twee lande voormalig aan dekades van outoritêre gesag onderwerp is, het albei, hoewel beperk in stemreg, ’n mate van demokratiese praktyk onder ’n vorige bestel ervaar. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die steunvlakke vir demokrasie in Brasilië en Suid- Afrika sedert hulle oorgang na demokrasie te ondersoek. Twee soorte politieke steun word geïdentifiseer as deurslaggewend vir demokratiese volhoubaarheid: verspreide steun – of steun vir die intrinsieke beginsels van demokrasie – en spesifieke steun – steun wat van die positiewe evaluering van die regime se instellings en ampsbekleders afhang. Hierdie twee soorte politieke steun word deur vyf konsepte voorgestel wat die vyf vlakke of voorwerpe van politieke steun volgens die Norris-model dek: die politieke gemeenskap, regimebeginsels, regimeprestasie (verspreide steun), regime-instellings en politieke akteurs (spesifieke steun). Hierdie studie stel voor dat, aangesien spore van demokratiese norme en praktyke vir ’n geruime tyd binne hierdie lande se politieke stelsels teenwoordig was, dit moontlik is dat hulle steuntendense sal toon wat aan baie ouer, meer gevestigde demokrasieë soortgelyk is. Hierdie globale tendense toon dat verspreide steun vir demokrasie gehandhaaf word terwyl spesifieke steun vir demokrasie aan die kwyn is. ’n Longitudinale kwantitatiewe studie is onderneem wat van opeenvolgende siklusse van die “World Values Survey” gebruik maak om steun vir demokrasie in terme van die vyf bogenoemde politieke voorwerpe uit te beeld. Die resultate van Suid-Afrika en Brasilië is daarna vergelyk. Uit hierdie resultate sou afgelei kon word dat redelik hoë vlakke van verspreide steun en dalende vlakke van spesifieke steun vir demokrasie in beide gevalle voorkom. Daar word egter erken dat resultate nie beslissend is nie en dat verdere navorsing nodig is, in besonder met betrekking tot respondente se begrip van die term ‘demokrasie’.
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Moratta, Nelson Granados. "A participação das transferências intergovernamentais no crescimento econômico dos municípios: um estudo no estado de Santa Catarina." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1156.
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Este estudo tem por objetivo principal identificar a (in) dependência orçamentária em relação às transferências intergovernamentais dos Municípios com até 10.000 habitantes no Estado de Santa Catarina e seu reflexo para o crescimento econômico. Como objetivos secundários este trabalho tem a finalidade de estudar o funcionamento do Estado Brasileiro a partir do seu federalismo fiscal, mensurar a relação entre as transferências intergovernamentais e a arrecadação total e própria dos Municípios, analisar a evolução da participação das transferências intergovernamentais na arrecadação municipal com a variação dos respectivos Produtos Internos Brutos (PIBs). Com o intuito de subsidiar a compreensão do tema é realizada uma explicação sobre o Estado e Administração Pública. Em seguida é analisada a Política Pública como instrumento para a materialização do Estado, sendo também elaborada uma explanação sobre tópicos de Finanças Públicas, incluindo o Orçamento Público e, por fim, o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico. A relevância do estudo reside no fato de que pequenos Municípios têm problemas na arrecadação própria e tendo como imprescindíveis à sua “sobrevivência” as transferências intergovernamentais. A razão entre esses dois tipos de recursos influi no crescimento econômico. Dessa forma, deseja-se demonstrar a essencialidade das transferências intergovernamentais para os pequenos Municípios. Como método de pesquisa tem-se a descritiva, com o uso da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental para subsidiar o marco referencial teórico. Como resultado ficou demonstrada a dependência com as transferências e que, na média da amostra, no período de 2008 a 2012, teve representatividade acima de 89%, exceto para o ano de 2010 quando esse valor corresponde a 76,38%, sendo a União a principal origem dessas transferências. Em relação à evolução do PIB, no período da pesquisa, foi de -11%. O resultado final é que a dependência dos Municípios em relação às transferências intergovernamentais não influencia o crescimento econômico.The present study primarily aims at identifying budget (in) dependence concerning inter- governmental transfers and their effect on the economic growth of municipalities having up to 10,000 inhabitants in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. As secondary objectives, it aims at: studying the Brazilian State operational method from its fiscal federalism point of view through measuring the relationship between inter-governmental transfers and municipality total tax collection: and, analyzing inter-governmental transfer participations in the municipality tax collection, also considering their respective Gross Domestic Product (GDP) variations. To help understanding the subject at issue, we provide explanations of the State and Public Administration performances, Public Finances, Public Budget, economic growth and development. The study relevance lies in the fact that small municipalities have tax collection problems and inter-governmental transfers are vital for their survival. The total amount deriving from both resources greatly affects economic growth, thus we intend to show that inter-governmental transfers are essential to small municipalities. The research methodology is descriptive, bibliographic and documental focusing on the theoretical referential landmark. According to the research sample average, results show that municipalities depend on transfers, mainly from the Federal Government, that represented over 89% between 2008 and 2012, except for 2010 when they were equivalent to 76.38%. GDP during our research period was -11% showing that dependence on inter-governmental transfers does not affect the municipality economic growth.
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Penholato, Diego Batista. "José Garrido Torres nas sombras do poder: um economista na construção do projeto de modernização de 1964." reponame:Repositório Institucional do BNDES, 2017. https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/14139.
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A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo apresentar a trajetória profissional de José Garrido Torres e, a partir dela, compreender o debate em torno do desenvolvimento econômico no Brasil entre o início dos anos 1940 e a primeira metade da década de 1970. Investigamos a produção intelectual e as atividades desempenhadas por Garrido Torres em diversos órgãos públicos e privados, no Brasil e no exterior, e, através dela, pretendemos discutir de que maneira uma determinada proposta de modernização econômica e social trouxe consigo uma clara proposta política calcada na luta contra o comunismo, o totalitarismo, através da disseminação de valores que pregavam a reestruturação da economia brasileira e suas formas de financiamentos tendo em vista os pressupostos da livre iniciativa. Examinamos ainda, como se articulou um projeto de modernização que se consolidou no aparato do Estado brasileiro a partir do golpe civil-militar de 1964. Tal projeto, sistematicamente discutido a partir da formação do IPES, é fundamental para o entendimento do conjunto de reformas colocadas em práticas após o golpe de Estado.This research aims to present the professional career of José Garrido Torres and, from it, understand the debate on the economic development in Brazil between the early 1940s and the first half of the 1970s. We investigated the intellectual production and the activities performed by Garrido Torres in various public and private institutions in Brazil and abroad. We intend to discuss how a specific proposal for economic and social modernization has brought a clear policy proposal squashed in fight against communism, totalitarianism, through the dissemination of values they preached the restructuring of the Brazilian economy and its forms of financing in view of the assumptions of free enterprise. We have also audited, as articulated a modernization project that was consolidated in the Brazilian state apparatus from the civil-military coup of 1964. This project, systematically discussed from the formation of the IPES is fundamental to understanding the set of reforms put in practice after the coup.
Bibliografia: p. 133-139
Autorizado a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde de que citada a fonte.
Texto em português e resumos em inglês e português
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Santos, Anderson Moreira Aristides dos. "Causalidade entre renda e saúde: uma análise através da abordagem de dados em painel com os estados e os municípios brasileiros." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1394.
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The income and life expectancy increase and also, poverty and mortality rate reduction, indicate an improvement of social welfare. Therefore, to understand the relation between income and health is considered to be of fundamental importance. In the theoretical literature, such as, Sala-i-Martin (2005), Weil (2005) and Chen (2008), the causality relationship between income and health is presented as bidirectional. This dissertation has as main objective to analyze causality relationship between income and health, seeking to control the potential differences of this relation over the Brazilian territory. In this case, three Granger causality tests to panel data, proposed respectively by Holtz-Eakin, Newey and Rosen (1988), Granger and Huang (1997), and Hurlin and Venet (2004) and Hurlin (2004, 2005), are applied to a Brazilian States database in the period from 1981-2007. The first two approaches are applied to a database with the counties in Brazil in the period of 1970-2000. To the Brazilian states, the results of Holtz-Eakin, Newey and Rosen (1988) method shows bidirectional causality for complete sample (Brazil), for the group of states with the highest incomes (South-Central) and for the group of states with lower income (North – Northeast). The results of Granger and Huang (1997) test shows unilateral causality from income to health for Brazil, unilateral causality from income to health for the south-central States and non-causality relationship between income and health for the North-Northeast state´s group. Yet, the proposed test by Hurlin and Venet (2004), and Hurlin (2004, 2005) the evidences are clearer for the causality, in a way from health to income for the three cases examined. In general, either the full sample or the division by regions and income groups, the results of the two tests applied to the database with the counties in Brazil, show evidence of a bi-causal relationship between income and health. However, the results presented here are not all consensual.Aumentos na renda e na expectativa de vida, e de forma similar reduções na pobreza e na taxa de mortalidade, indicam melhorias do bem estar social. Assim, entender a relação existente entre renda e saúde tem fundamental importância. Na literatura teórica, por exemplo, em Sala-i-Martin (2005), Weil (2005) e Chen (2008), a causalidade entre renda e saúde é apresentada como bidirecional. Este trabalho tem o objetivo principal de analisar a relação de causalidade entre renda e saúde, buscando controlar as potenciais diferenças dessa relação ao longo do território brasileiro. Para tanto, três testes de causalidade de Granger para dados em painel, propostos respectivamente por Holtz-Eakin, Newey e Rosen (1988), Granger e Huang (1997), e Hurlin e Venet (2004) e Hurlin (2004, 2005), são aplicados para uma base de dados com os estados brasileiros no período de 1981-2007. E as duas primeiras abordagens são aplicadas para uma base de dados com os municípios brasileiros no período de 1970-2000. Para os estados do Brasil, os resultados do teste de Holtz-Eakin, Newey e Rosen (1988) aponta causalidade bidirecional: para o Brasil, para o grupo de estados de renda mais alta (Centro-Sul) e para o grupo de estados de renda mais baixa (Norte-Nordeste). O teste de Granger e Huang (1997) mostra causalidade unidirecional da renda sobre a saúde para o Brasil, causalidade unidirecional da saúde sobre a renda nos estados do Centro-Sul e não causalidade para o grupo de estados Norte-Nordeste. Já no teste proposto por Hurlin e Venet (2004) e Hurlin (2004, 2005) as evidências são mais claras para causalidade no sentido da saúde sobre a renda para os três casos analisados. Em geral, tanto na amostra completa como na divisão por regiões e por faixas de renda, os resultados dos dois testes aplicados para base de dados com os municípios do Brasil mostram evidências de uma relação bi-causal entre renda e saúde. Portanto, os resultados apresentados neste trabalho não são todos consensuais.
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Tseng, Shih-Wen, and 曾詩雯. "Socio-economic Conditions and Suicide Mortality in Taiwan,1980-2003." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54473821906607506657.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
衛生政策與管理研究所
93
In Taiwan, suicide draws more attention to the public recently, because of the upward trend of suicide mortality. Previous studies have identified the relation between suicide mortality and specific macro socio-economic factors, such as unemployment and income level. However, compared to the individual level studies, the amount of ecological level studies of suicide in Taiwan was very limited. Furthermore, the relation between social inequality and suicide mortality has not yet been explored in Taiwan. The aim of this study is to examine socio-economic impact on the suicide mortality from the ecological aspect. This study used the administrative data, covering the period from 1980 to 2003 for 21 cities/counties of Taiwan. The relation between selected socio-economic factors and suicide mortality at different time-points (1980-84, 1990-94 and 2000-03) was examined by regression analysis. The findings were consistent with previous studies that socio-economic factors relate to suicide mortality, and further suggested that different factors account for suicide mortality in different periods.
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Yu, Pei-Jian, and 余佩兼. "The Socio-economic Reforms and Results of Brazil in the New Millennium, 2003-2010." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09729370726833604878.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
99
The purpose of this article is to discuss the socio-economic reforms and results that Lula had done during his presidency. Issues of Brazil''s state role and economic reform are also discussed. This article mainly holds 2 analytic framework:1. Relationship of mutual intersection of economic and government characters；2. Economy is at the same time embedded in social totality of Brazil and neo-liberal globalization. This thesis is to analyze the key point of Lula''s economic and social reform by the social embeddedness conceptual framework, and limitations of recent Brazilian economic democracy and social democracy. From 1964 to 1980, Brazil has entered the second phase of import-substitution industrialization, and has also accepted the structural reform plan provided by international economic organizations such as World Bank. This greatly imports foreign investments and technology, in order to accelerate economic growth. Debt development strategy indeed accomplished the “Brazilian Economic Miracle”, but which also invoked the external debt crisis that occurred in 1980. After Cardoso was elected President in 1995, he adopted the neo-liberal route, promoted various important economic and social strategies. In the economic aspect, the economic reform is mainly financial liberalization, which also adopts new development modes based on market functions and modes that lessen government roles. This includes cutting down public expenditure, attract foreign investments, balancing exports and imports, and stabilizing commodity price etc. However, unemployment, social inequality, poverty, trade deficit, and issues coming from external debt interests still exist. After Lula was elected as President in 2003 during the new millennium, he continuously adopted the neo-liberal economic strategy. In 2007, he proposed the neo-developmentalist strategy, intending to make suitable redistributing strategy, to improve economic and social development. He also intends to rope in local capitalists and foreign capital to accomplish economic development. However, the issues of disparity between the rich and the poor and poverty have still not been solved. During Lula''s role, he pays attention to social reform, putting the reform key point on Bolsa Familia Program, the land reform, education, employment and social security. The results of the reform include that the middle class population increases, Bolsa Familia Program benefits ¼ of the national population, children of poor families can receive education, and the poverty class gets the opportunity to improve their social status. Also, the implementation of Bolsa Familia Program also directly influences the enrollment rate of children and teenagers. Land reform also benefits farmers that do not own any land and establishes an indigenous residential area. The result of employment reform includes that the labor-force participation rate increases, working class besides receives a raise in their minimum wage, employees with formal contract increase, unstable unemployment rate decrease, average real income of the 6 major metropolitan areas increases, social security contribution rate of hired laborers increases. Furthermore, due to state finance considerations, Lula also conducts social protection reform. However, if Lula''s the socio-economic reform achievement is inspected by the economic democratic and social democratic aspects, there are still many limitations. There are still expectations of continuous future socio-economic democratic reform of Brazil. The research findings of this thesis include: 1. Brazil''s government role and economic development benefit each other, with the country aggressively stepping in between economy and society；2. Brazil''s economy is embedded in the social totality and external neo-liberal globalization. Looking to the future, the whole economic development of Brazil must be embedded in the social totality. Therefore, the continuing growth of Brazilian economy besides having to depend on enterprise investments, middle class and the production and consumption of all laborers are of equal importance. How national strategy completely incorporates to the needs of the middle class and all labor, is the issue that President Rousseff must face when she comes into power.
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Amaral, Ernesto F. L. (Ernesto Friedrich de Lima) 1977. "Demographic change and economic development at the local level in Brazil." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3202.
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In this analysis, I estimate the impact of the changing relative size of the adult male population, classified by age and education groups, on the earnings of employed males living in 502 Brazilian local labor markets during four time periods between 1970 and 2000. The effects of shifts in the age distribution of the working age population have been studied in relation to the effect of the baby-boom generation on the earnings of different cohorts in the United States. However, the question has received little attention in the context of the countries in Asia and Latin America, which are now experiencing substantial shifts in their age-education distributions. Taking advantage of the huge variation across Brazilian local labor markets, the models in this research suggest that age-education groups are not perfect substitutes, so that own-cohort-education size depresses earnings, as expected by the theory. Compositional shifts are influential, attesting that this approach represents a fruitful way of studying this central problem in economic development, going beyond the effects normally analyzed by formal labor market equations.text
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Lu, Ming. "Road to prosperity : the role of ethnic Teochew Chinese in China’s economic development, 1978-2003." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57115.
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Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library.This thesis examines the history and roles of Ethnic Chinese businesses in the China's economic development from 1978 to 2003, with the focus on the Ethnic Teochew Chinese community.
http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1284178
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2007
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Allen, Matthew G. "Greed and grievance in the conflict in Solomon Islands, 1998-2003." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150055.
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Hiariej, Eric. "The historical materialism and the politics of the fall of Soeharto." Master's thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150127.
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Samootsakorn, Marayart. "Thailand's technological capabilities and public policies for productivity and competitiveness in the manufacturing sector." Phd thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149759.
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Shinji, Ayano. "Left behind by the paradigm change? : no end to giant construction projects in Okinawa." Master's thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148454.
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