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Journal articles on the topic "Brazil – Economic conditions – 2003-"
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FEARNSIDE, PHILIP F. "Containing destruction from Brazil's Amazon highways: now is the time to give weight to the environment in decision-making." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 3 (July 7, 2006): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003109.
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The BR-163 Highway (Fig. 1) was originally built by the Brazilian Army in 1973 and 1974. It has remained passable since, although poor road conditions in the unpaved portion (the 646-km portion in the state of Pará from the border with Mato Grosso to Trairão) impede use of the road as a significant export route. Reconstructing the highway has been a (so-far unimplemented) part of an evolving series of plans for massive expansion of infrastructure: Brasil em Ação (Brazil in Action) for 1996–1999, Avança Brasil (Forward Brazil) for 2000–2003, and the Pluriannual Plan for 2004–2007 (Laurance et al. 2001; Fearnside 2002). Soybean plantations in the northern part of the state of Mato Grosso have been rapidly expanding, partly in anticipation of the BR-163 being reconstructed and paved (Fearnside 2001). The governor of Mato Grosso since 2003 is Brazil's largest soybean entrepreneur and a major force in inducing the federal government to pave the road. With the construction of the BR-163, northern Mato Grosso would be linked to the ports of Miritituba and Santarém (Fig. 1), halving the current distance for transportation, as currently soybeans from northern Mato Grosso are exported through the port of Paranaguá in the state of Paraná. A future plan would take the soybeans by rail from Cuiabá to Santos. Cost savings for soybean export of US$ 11.6 per tonne relative to the rail route through Santos (Alencar et al. 2005) provide an economic argument for the BR-163 project. Soybean production in northern Mato Grosso was 3.61 million tonnes in 2004 (Alencar et al. 2005), worth approximately US$ 813 million. Nevertheless, even with substantial monetary benefits for the BR-163, the various forms of impact from the project must be quantified and compared to the benefits before a decision is made (Fearnside 2005).
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Oliveira, Charles Martins de, Denise Návia, and Marina Regina Frizzas. "First record of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) in soybean plants under no tillage in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Ciência Rural 37, no. 3 (June 2007): 876–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782007000300043.
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Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) is a mite species of economic and medical-veterinary importance, usually found associated with stored products. Presence of this mite was observed in the stems of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants originated from a under non tillage commercial crop in 2003/2004, in the municipal district of Unaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is the first record of T. putrescentiae occurring in soybean plants under field conditions in the world.
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Guimarães, Alexandre Queiroz. "The political economy of the Workers’ Party governments in Brazil (2003-2014) - institutions, ideas and the main determinants of economic policy." Nova Economia 32, no. 1 (April 2022): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/6705.
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Abstract The article intends to understand key features of the economic policy trajectory followed by the Workers’ Party governments in Brazil. The period was characterized by advances in social conditions, but the governments failed to advance key social reforms, reduce high interest rates or pursue a coherent industrial policy. The policies adopted led to a deep economic crisis, a key component of the subsequent political impasse. The article adopts a historical-institutionalist approach, establishing a dialogue with theories that deal with the role of international constraints, the institutionalization of the party system, economic ideas and the influence of interest groups. The main contribution is to provide an interpretation which, by integrating economic, political and institutional factors, significantly adds to the understanding of key economic policy decisions.
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HEREDIA ZARATE, NESTOR A., MARIA C. VIEIRA, LUCIANE A. TABALDI, DANILO A. HEREDIA VIEIRA, ROSIMEIRE P. G. JORGE, and NATALIA A. SALLES. "Agro-economic yield of taro clones in Brazil, propagated with different types of cuttings, in three crop seasons." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85, no. 2 (May 10, 2013): 785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652013005000025.
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The experimental studies were conducted in 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 crop seasons, in order to know the agro-economic yield of 'Chinês' and "Macaquinho" taro clones, propagated using huge, extra, large, medium, small and tiny cormels. The harvest was done on average on 202 days after planting, in three crop seasons. Based on the joint analysis of variance carried out, it was observed that taro clones showed significant differences in the yield of fresh and dry weight of leaves, cormels, and commercial and non-commercial comels; besides, there were significant differences in yield of a crop season to another and the size of the cuttings induced significant differences in yield. In the conditions that the experiments were conducted, and considering the highest average yield of fresh weight of commercial cormels (28.69 t.ha-1) and highest net income (US $14,741.14) correspondent to the three crop seasons, it is recommended to cultivate 'Macaquinho' clone using small cuttings in propagation.
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Marcondes, Mariana Mazzini, Marta Ferreira Santos Farah, and Mário Aquino Alves. "Frame, Política Pública e Transversalidade de Gênero: uma Análise da Política de Cuidado Infantil Brasileira durante o Giro à Esquerda (2003-2016)." Organizações & Sociedade 28, no. 98 (July 2021): 652–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9808pt.
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Abstract Brazil was one of the countries that integrated Latin America’s left turn, a period in which social policies have become central. During the Labor Party’s Government (Partido dos Trabalhadores) (2013-2016), were developed institutional conditions to mainstream gender in public policies, which embraced the issue of the sexual division of labor. However, did it mean an effective reorientation of the childcare policy towards gender equality perspectives? This article aims to reflect upon this question, drawing on the gender mainstreaming concept. It is understood as a process of incorporation of feminist perspectives into the public policy framing, regarding the (re)definition of both the public problem and the course of state action. To do so, we carried out a qualitative study of gender mainstreaming on childcare policy (daycare centers and leaves), focusing on official discourses, mainly through documentary analysis. Based on the results analyzed, we identified the coexistence of two frames: “education and childcare rights” and “promotion of women's economic autonomy”. Since the first one has prevailed, we conclude that gender mainstreaming was marginal in the childcare policy, during the analyzed period.
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Rangel, Marcos A., and Romina Tomé. "Health and the Megacity: Urban Congestion, Air Pollution, and Birth Outcomes in Brazil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031151.
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We studied the health effects of economic development in heavily urbanized areas, where congestion poses a challenge to environmental conditions. We employed detailed data from air pollution and birth records around the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2002 and 2009. During this period, the megacity experienced sustained growth marked by the increases in employment rates and ownership of durable goods, including automobiles. While better economic conditions are expected to improve infant health, air pollution that accompanies it is expected to do the opposite. To untangle these two effects, we focused on episodes of thermal inversion—meteorological phenomena that exogenously lock pollutants closer to the ground—to estimate the causal effects of in utero exposure to air pollution. Auxiliary results confirmed a positive relationship between thermal inversions and several air pollutants, and we ultimately found that exposure to inversion episodes during the last three months of pregnancy led to sizable reductions in birth weight and increases in the incidence of preterm births. Increased pollution exposure induced by inversions also has a significant impact over fetal survival as measured by the size of live-birth cohorts.
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Marcondes, Mariana Mazzini, Marta Ferreira Santos Farah, and Mário Aquino Alves. "Public Policy Frames and Gender mainstreaming: an analysis of childcare policy in Brazil during the left turn (2003-2016)." Organizações & Sociedade 28, no. 98 (July 2021): 652–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9808en.
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Abstract Brazil was one of the countries that integrated Latin America’s left turn, a period in which social policies have become central. During the Labor Party’s Government (Partido dos Trabalhadores) (2013-2016), were developed institutional conditions to mainstream gender in public policies, which embraced the issue of the sexual division of labor. However, did it mean an effective reorientation of the childcare policy towards gender equality perspectives? This article aims to reflect upon this question, drawing on the gender mainstreaming concept. It is understood as a process of incorporation of feminist perspectives into the public policy framing, regarding the (re)definition of both the public problem and the course of state action. To do so, we carried out a qualitative study of gender mainstreaming on childcare policy (daycare centers and leaves), focusing on official discourses, mainly through documentary analysis. Based on the results analyzed, we identified the coexistence of two frames: “education and childcare rights” and “promotion of women's economic autonomy”. Since the first one has prevailed, we conclude that gender mainstreaming was marginal in the childcare policy, during the analyzed period.
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Peixer, Janice, Henrique C. Giacomini, and Miguel Petrere Jr. "Economic valuation of the Emas waterfall, Mogi-Guaçu River, SP, Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 4 (December 2011): 1287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000400016.
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The Emas waterfall in Mogi-Guaçu River is regionally recognized as an important fishing spot and touristic place. The first reports of the professional and sport fishing there date back from the 30's, which is the same period when the tourism took place. The present paper provides an environmental valuation of this place and an assessment of the differences among the major groups of people using the area. During 2006 we interviewed 33 professional fishers, 107 sport fishers, 45 tourists and 103 excursionists in order to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for each category and to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors by means of logistic regressions and ANCOVAs. The WTP of professional fisher was significantly influenced by age and education, and the WTP for the sport fishers was influenced by the family income. The variables that influenced the tourists' and excursionists' WTP were sex and education. The total annual aggregated value to maintain the waterfall in the current conditions was estimated in US$ 11.432.128, and US$ 55.424.283 to restore it.
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Leal, Luciana Pedrosa, Malaquias Batista Filho, Pedro Israel Cabral de Lira, José Natal Figueiroa, and Mônica Maria Osório. "Temporal trends and anaemia-associated factors in 6- to 59-month-old children in Northeast Brazil." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 9 (March 14, 2012): 1645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000626.
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AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the trends and factors associated with anaemia in 6- to 59-month-old children in Northeast Brazil.DesignCross-sectional study assessed information from the second and third Pernambuco State Health and Nutrition Surveys carried out in 1997 and 2006. A multiple regression analysis was performed from a conceptual model addressing biological and socio-economic factors, housing and sanitation conditions, maternal factors, health care and nutrition, consumption, morbidity and nutritional status. Poisson's regression with robust variance was used.SettingPernambuco, Brazil.SubjectsA total of 777 and 993 children, respectively, in the second and third Pernambuco State Health and Nutrition Surveys.ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) decreased by 19·3 % (40·9 % down to 33·0 %) between surveys. Maternal education level (less than 8 years in school), households ranked in the lowest environmental index tertile and children between 6 and 23 months of age were the variables common to the final models in the surveys of 1997 and 2006. Elements like living in rural areas, household income less than two minimum official wages and low birth weight were still present in the final model of the 1997 survey. Households ranked in the lowest economic index tertile were associated with anaemia in the model of the 2006 survey.ConclusionsThe study results are quite encouraging from the perspective of reducing the prevalence of anaemia. Maternal education level, environmental conditions and child age were determinant factors in both surveys, and economic factors were determinant in 2006.
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Rodrigues, Fabio, Douglas Galante, Ivan G. Paulino-Lima, Rubens T. D. Duarte, Amancio C. S. Friaça, Claudia Lage, Eduardo Janot-Pacheco, Ramachrisna Teixeira, and Jorge E. Horvath. "Astrobiology in Brazil: early history and perspectives." International Journal of Astrobiology 11, no. 4 (July 18, 2012): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550412000250.
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AbstractThis review reports the Brazilian history in astrobiology, as well as the first delineation of a vision of the future development of the field in the country, exploring its abundant biodiversity, highly capable human resources and state-of-the-art facilities, reflecting the last few years of stable governmental investments in science, technology and education, all conditions providing good perspectives on continued and steadily growing funding for astrobiology-related research. Brazil is growing steadily and fast in terms of its worldwide economic power, an effect being reflected in different areas of the Brazilian society, including industry, technology, education, social care and scientific production. In the field of astrobiology, the country has had some important landmarks, more intensely after the First Brazilian Workshop on Astrobiology in 2006. The history of astrobiology in Brazil, however, is not so recent and had its first occurrence in 1958. Since then, researchers carried out many individual initiatives across the country in astrobiology-related fields, resulting in an ever growing and expressive scientific production. The number of publications, including articles and theses, has particularly increased in the last decade, but still counting with the effort of researchers working individually. That scenario started to change in 2009, when a formal group of Brazilian researchers working with astrobiology was organized, aiming at congregating the scientific community interested in the subject and to promote the necessary interactions to achieve a multidisciplinary work, receiving facilities and funding from the University de Sao Paulo and other funding agencies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brazil – Economic conditions – 2003-"
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Madeira, Rodrigo Ferreira. "Os determinantes do investimento no Brasil: uma abordagem sob a ótica das restrições financeiras." Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/13826.
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Esta dissertação analisa os determinantes do investimento na economia brasileira no período compreendido entre 2003 e 2008, com enfoque teórico na teoria das restrições financeiras. Para efetuar tal análise, esse trabalho apresenta as principais teorias do investimento presentes na literatura, assim como os principais trabalhos que abordam a questão da relevância ou não da estrutura de capital no financiamento do investimento, com destaque àqueles que inserem a assimetria informacional no escopo teórico. Em seguida, são apresentados os trabalhos que defendem a importância da restrição financeira na determinação do investimento da firma. Para enriquecer a argumentação, é feita uma análise histórica da trajetória da taxa de investimento brasileira e da estrutura de capital das empresas nacionais, e um resumo dos principais trabalhos que estudaram os determinantes do investimento na economia brasileira, com destaque para os que incorporam as restrições financeiras. Por fim, a partir de dados de balanços patrimoniais e segregando a amostra por porte da empresa, um modelo de dados de painel é desenvolvido para testar a hipótese de restrição financeira nas firmas brasileiras de mercado aberto no período.This dissertation analyzes the determining factors for investment in the Brazilian economy over the 2003-2008 period, with a theoretical focus on financial constraints. To conduct such analysis, this paper presents the main investment theories in the available literature, as well as the main papers that address the issue concerning the relevance, or not, of capital structure in financing investment, highlighting those that insert informational asymmetry into the theoretical scope. Following this are the works that defend the importance of financial constraints when deciding on a company’s investment. For a more in-depth examination, an historical analysis is carried out on the course not only of the Brazilian investment rate, but also of the capital structure of Brazilian companies. In addition, a summary of the main papers containing studies on the determining factors for investment in the Brazilian economy is presented, highlighting those [papers] that incorporate financial constraints. Finally, based on data from balance sheets and taking samples per company-size, a panel-data model is developed to test the hypothesis of financial constraints in publicly-listed Brazilian firms in the period in question.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Economia, Rio de Janeiro, 2010
Bibliografia: p. 88-94
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Booi, Lusu. "Millennium development goals: lessons from Brazil and Venezuela (2000-2015)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14675.
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This research looks at social policy making in Venezuela and Brazil with the objective of alleviating poverty, with special focus on meeting Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were set in 2000. Considering the leftist democratic governments that have been established in Latin America since Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998, and later with Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in 2002, the research seeks to understand and illustrate what nuances exist in strategy, ideas and implementation of social policy that would positively affect the underprivileged for a more equal and just society. The two countries have deep historical and structural inequalities from slavery, colonialism, imbalanced distribution of resources and like most developing nations of the Global South, have had to endure structural adjustments that have entrenched poverty levels further. Arguments in the past have been made for economic prosperity and economic growth as good indicators for development, however, the research takes a comparative analysis on how Venezuela (through Barrio Adentro and multiple state driven Missions) and Brazil (state supported Bolsa Familia and Universal Health System), have targeted health and education as the primary sectors not just to transform society but also because it is through these sectors that the most effective and efficient manner to measure human development which has thus far been neglected. The research also examines the leadership of the countries which speaks to the differing approaches adopted, style, rhetoric and political realities; and how they have been received not just domestically, but also internationally. The outcomes of the research illustrate a good link between literacy, education and health and a healthy level of state intervention that requires reciprocal social participation for programmes to succeed. Brazil and Venezuela have shown notable creativity and effectiveness in this regard.
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Mynatt, Joseph Ross. "Stock Returns and the Brazilian Default an Analysis of the Efficient Market and Contagion Effect Hypotheses." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500500/.
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This thesis attempts to analyze the market response of stock prices of major U.S. banks to the February, 1987 Brazilian loan default announcement. The study's general hypothesis is that the market revalued stock prices according to each bank's amount of Brazilian loan exposure. The first chapter examines the significance of the default announcement. A survey of related literature is presented in the second chapter. Chapter III specifies the methodological techniques involved in analysis of the data. Chapter IV reports the findings of the study. Conclusions about the results are drawn in Chapter V. The results indicate the market is efficient. They also suggest that individual exposure was the major determinant of bank stock price decline.
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Funari, Armando Palermo 1983. "Desconcentração produtiva regional do Brasil : analise do Parana : 1970-2005." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285774.
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Orientador: Wilson CanoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a estrutura produtiva do estado do Paraná, bem como sua relação com o processo de desconcentração regional produtiva no Brasil durante o período de 1970 a 2005. A análise da economia paranaense é feita a partir dos setores agropecuário e industrial principalmente, contando com alguns comentários acerca do setor de serviços. Durante o período indicado essa economia estadual recebeu estímulos e determinantes de natureza distinta em cada década analisada. Destarte, nos anos 1970, num contexto de forte crescimento da economia brasileira em geral, o Paraná passou por forte modernização com transformações importantes tanto na agricultura, como na indústria. Já na década de 1980, com dificuldades impostas no cenário macroeconômico, houve uma mudança qualitativa (negativa) no movimento de desconcentração regional. Nesse mesmo período a economia paranaense logrou dar prosseguimento à sua modernização, embora tenha mostrado dinâmicas diferentes no primeiro e segundo qüinqüênios. O último período, marcado pela predominância de políticas neoliberais, mostra tendência preocupantes do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento das forças produtivas nacionais. Ao mesmo tempo, ganham importância em termos regionais a guerra fiscal e os estímulos externos ao país, sendo as exportações cada vez mais importantes num contexto de letargia econômica nacional e ausência de planos de desenvolvimento. O Paraná destacou-se em termos nacionais, tendo aumento sua participação na indústria de bens de consumo duráveis e de bens de capital.
Abstract: This dissertation analyzes the productive structure of the state of Paraná and its association to the process of regional productive deconcentration in Brazil from 1970 through 2005. This analysis centers mainly on the primary and secondary sectors, counting with comments on the tertiary sector. The economy of Paraná has experienced different stimuli and determinants in each of the decades of the study. In the 1970's, when the Brazilian economy showed high growth rates, the state of Paraná experimented modernization and consequent transformation of its agriculture and industry. During the 1980's, having several difficulties imposed upon the macroeconomic scenery, the deconcentration process suffered a negative qualitative change. Nevertheless, Paraná's economy continued to diversify itself, with distinct dynamics in the first and in the second half of the decade. The last period has the predominance of neoliberal policies and presented worrisome tendencies as far as the national productive forces are concerned. Moreover, from a regional standpoint the fiscal war and export-drive become more relevant, especially in a context of economic lethargy and absence of national development policies. Recently Paraná's eocnomy stood out featuring an increased participation in the production of capital an durable consumption goods.
Mestrado
Economia Regional e Urbana
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Gomes, Erika da Cunha Ferreira. "Desconcentração produtiva regional no Brasil : o Estado do Espirito Santo (1990 a 2005)." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285794.
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Orientador: Fernando Cezar de Macedo MotaDissertação ( mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa faz parte de um amplo projeto de investigacao, coordenado pelo CEDE - Centro de Estudos de Desenvolvimento Economico - do Instituto de Economia da Unicamp, o qual busca analisar a evolucao do processo de Desconcentracao Produtiva Regional no Brasil, de 1970 a 2005. Em virtude da formacao historico-economica nacional ter se dado de forma heterogenea nas regioes brasileiras, os impactos da desconcentracao produtiva, iniciada na década de setenta, tambem ecoaram de forma diferenciada. O presente trabalho circunscreve-se a essa tematica, centrando-se nas mudancas ocorridas na estrutura produtiva do estado do Espirito Santo a partir de 1990. Diferentemente de outras unidades da federacao, que apresentaram resultados mais modestos, o Espirito Santo, em razao das implicacoes das mudancas ocorridas na economia nacional e internacional em suas estruturas produtivas, se beneficiou economicamente, crescendo, inclusive, acima da media nacional. Esse trabalho procurara responder os motivos desse crescimento, ou melhor, a maneira pela qual sua estrutura produtiva se organizara e como isso esteve, de certo modo, em consonancia com os eventos da macroeconomia nacional e internacional. Para isso, serao estudadas as principais mudancas na agricultura, pecuaria e organizacao agraria; o desempenho das industrias extrativas e transformacao; o peso das atividades de comercio exterior e das tradings companies, o papel da Guerra Fiscal na regiao; a estrutura de investimentos realizados e os potenciais no estado, bem como sua composicao, localizacao e finalidade; e, por fim, algumas consideracoes sobre a dinamica de seu espaco, fluxos migratorios e mercado de trabalho.
Abstract: This research is part of a wide investigation project, coordinated for the CEDE - Center of Studies of Economical Development - from the Institute of Economics from UNICAMP, in which looks for to analyze the evolution of the process of Regional Productive Decentralization in Brazil, from 1970 to 2005. The national historical-economical formation had happen in heterogeneous ways in different Brazilian areas and the impacts of the productive decentralization, initiated in the decade of 1970, also echoed in a differentiated way. The following work that the theme is bounded, being delimited to the changes happened in the productive structure of Espirito Santo state, starting from 1990. Differently from other units of the federation that presented more modest results. Resulting from the implications of the changes happened in the national and international economy in their productive structures; it benefited economically growing above the national average. That work will try to answer the reasons of that growth, the way for which its productive structure had been organized and how that happened, in certain way, in consonance with the events of the national and international macroeconomics. For that, they will be studied the main changes in the agriculture, livestock and agrarian organization; the acting of the extractive industries and transformation; the weight of the activities of external trade and of the tradings companies, the paper of the Fiscal War in the area; the structure of accomplished investments and the potentials in the state, as well as its composition, location and purpose; and, finally, some considerations on the dynamics of its space, migratory flows and job market.
Mestrado
Economia Regional e Urbana
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Lage, de Sousa Filipe. "Location of economic agents in Brazil : an empirical investigation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2548/.
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This study focuses on regional aspects of the Brazilian economy. Three avenues are explored: two related to individuals' and firms' location decision and the last regarding public policy. In general, firms and individuals seem to be moving away from the main economic centre in Brazil, Sao Paulo. It seems nevertheless that public policy is not very related to these movements. In other words, government interventions to accelerate growth in less developed regions have not achieved their goal. Chapter 2 addresses the issue of internal migration in Brazil. This chapter investigates the influence of amenities and/or disamenities on migration flows, which is an issue not yet fully covered by the literature. It investigates whether changing dwellings across cities is associated specifically with violence using urban-urban migration data at municipality level. Results show that migration is affected by violence not only locally, but also when neighbouring effects are taken into account. These findings back up previous research which evidenced an inverse relationship between city size and violence. Turning to firms, Chapter 3 explores the role of geography in the location of manufacturing and of regional disparities in wages. According to theoretical models, employment concentrates closer to the market when increasing returns to scale are taken into account. As a consequence, regional wages are a decreasing function of transport costs to markets, since firms tend to compensate for these costs by paying less to their employees. Trade shocks may impact these regional wage disparities by making foreign markets relatively more attractive for firms than internal markets, or vice-versa. This chapter tested these hypotheses using Brazilian regional data. Having two isolated trade shocks, Brazil provides an excellent case for testing which shock was more effective in reducing regional disparities. Results show that regions with higher transport costs tend to have lower wages and a reduction in this cost through trade shocks has affected these regional disparities. However, it is not possible to distinguish which trade shock was more efficient to impact these regional unbalances. Chapter 4 evaluates the effects of the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) loans on firms' productivity. The importance of BNDES in the Brazilian economy is quite sizeable, reaching over 10% of aggregate investment. Using micro level data, it was possible to investigate the impact on productivity, but also distinguish its effects between large and small projects as well as between rich and poor regions, since regional development is one of its statutory goals. Results suggest BNDES loans have no effect on firms' productivity, even though some association was found without controlling for all firms' characteristics. Overall, some lessons may be learned after this work. Not only are economic reasons key determinants for individuals' and firms' location decision as shown in Chapters 2 and 3 but also some other factors seem to be important as well. Social amenities, locally and in surrounding areas, are highly correlated to individuals' migration decisions in the Brazilian case, especially violence. For firms, economic reasons prevail since trade shocks appear to change regions' attractiveness between internal and external market. Last, but not least, government intervention does not seem to be associated to firms' productivity after BNDES loans.
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Resende, Guilherme Mendes. "Essays on spatial scope of regional economic development in Brazil." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/453/.
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The aim of my thesis is to investigate the spatial scope of regional economic growth and regional economic development policy in Brazil. First, it reviews the theoretical background on the spatial scope of economic development and growth literature as well as sets this discussion for the Brazilian context. This part forms the basis for the following empirical investigations. Then, the thesis investigates how the determinants of economic growth in Brazil may have manifested themselves differently on various spatial scales during the period of 1991-2000. The analysis suggests a general framework for addressing multiple spatial scales, spatial autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity and model uncertainty. The robustness tests identified variables that are simultaneously significant on different spatial scales – higher educational and health capital, and better local infrastructure were related to higher rates of economic growth, although their impact on growth may differ across spatial scales. Next, the thesis investigates the extent of spatial autocorrelation effects in the context of regional economic growth at different spatial scales from 1970-2000 using standard panel data models. Among other results, it shows that spatial autocorrelation appears negligible at the state level but shows positive and significant values at the other three spatial scales. Moreover, the panel data models that control for time invariant fixed effects do not completely eliminate the spatial autocorrelation in the residuals at different spatial scales. Finally, the thesis formulates a framework to measure the micro- and macro - impacts of regional development policies in Brazil and applies this framework to measure the impact of northeast regional fund (FNE) industrial loans on employment and labour productivity growth at the micro (firm) level and on GDP per capita growth at macro (municipalities, micro-regions and spatial clusters) levels for the 2000-2003 and 2000-2006 periods. The results show a positive and statistically significant impact of the FNE industrial loans on job creation at the micro level but no significant impacts on the GDP per capita growth at the macro level.
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Smith, Margaret. "Export earnings instability in Brazil, 1953-1983." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75668.
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The central focus is on the testing of the causes and effects of export earnings instability in Brazil, 1953-1983. While Brazil has been included in some cross-sectional studies of fluctuations in export earnings, it has not been the subject of a case study, as is provided here. We test the traditional theory which stipulates that increased diversification of exports will decrease export earnings instability, and that in turn, a decrease in export earnings instability will enhance economic growth. While we do find that export diversification in Brazil did result in lower export earnings instability, the lower export earnings instability did not in turn stimulate economic growth. Our results indicate that the export earnings instability of manufactured goods was positively associated with the growth rate of Brazil's Gross National Product. The results of this case study may prove relevant to other developing countries striving to emulate the Brazilian success in diversifying into manufactured exports.
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Figueirêdo, Lízia de. "The new economic geography and regional growth in Brazil and India." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28684/.
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This dissertation tries to contribute to empirically assess hypotheses of the "New Economic Geography". Specifically, we tested the relevance of the combination of lower transportation cost with the role of economies of scale in explaining the regional distribution of total activity and of industrial activity. Economies of scale are assumed to be due to "backward and forward" linkages among firms. We also took into account congestion effects and asymmetry among regions. The model was tested for the regions of Brazil, in the period 1950-1995 and 1970-1995, and for the regions of India, in the period 1961-1991. Using panel results, we observed that transportation costs were generating concentration of total activity in the periods 1950-1995 arid 1950- 1970. For these samples, there is evidence that economies of scales were a cause of concentration of total activity. Other forces, not explained by the model, were generating dispersion and so were congestion effects. For the period 1970-1995, we found that congestion effects and lower transportation cost were helping to disperse economic activity, in the panel results. Economies of scale were not, contrary to the model's predictions, helping economic growth. In the case of Brazil, for the 18-state samples, industrial activity tended to concentrated due to the effects of lower transportation cost, although higher industrial growth rates were a characteristic of the states with less economies of scales. In the case of India, strong concentration effects were taking place, both due to lower transportation cost and due to other reasons. Economies of scale were not important in the explanation of the path of India activity.
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Baltar, Carolina Troncoso 1979. "Padrão do comercio brasileiro no periodo 2003-2005 : um estudo do conteudo dos fluxos de importação e exportação." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285537.
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Orientador: Mariano Francisco LaplaneDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T07:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baltar_CarolinaTroncoso_M.pdf: 699106 bytes, checksum: f740e002a31269fbf7aeb52ee908f9bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: O período 2003-2005 foi marcado pelo intenso crescimento do comércio mundial. Neste contexto, o Brasil foi capaz de reverter seu déficit de comércio, usufruindo de expressivo superávit. Porém, este dinamismo comercial não foi acompanhado de crescimento da economia nacional. Para uma melhor compreensão deste paradoxo é necessário um maior entendimento da relação entre comércio e crescimento econômico. Além disso, é também importante verificar os acontecimentos ocorridos a partir da década de 1990 na economia brasileira, após a implementação das reformas liberalizantes. Esta dissertação faz uma análise empírica do comércio brasileiro neste período recente de expansão do comércio mundial, com o objetivo de relacionar o tipo de comércio brasileiro com as características da estrutura industrial que existe no país. A metodologia adotada traz como novidade a possibilidade de se avaliar o comércio de uma perspectiva mais qualitativa, a partir do exame do tipo de produto e região de origem e destino dos fluxos
Abstract: The period between 2003-2005 illustrated a high growth in world trade. In this context, Brazil was able to revert its trade deficit, taking advantage of a considerable surplus. Nevertheless, this trade dynamism did not go hand in hand with national economic growth. To have a better comprehension of this paradox, it is necessary to have a greater understanding of the relation between trade and economic growth. Moreover, it is also important to verify what changes took place in the Brazilian economy after the 1990s, with the implementation of the liberalized reforms. This dissertation makes an empirical analysis of Brazilian trade in this recent period of world trade expansion, with a view to comparing the kinds of Brazilian trade with the industrial structure that exists in this country. The methodology adopted is innovative in that it allows the evaluation of trade from a qualitative perspective, by examining the kind of product and region of origin and destination of the flows
Mestrado
Teoria Economica
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas
Books on the topic "Brazil – Economic conditions – 2003-"
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São Paulo (Brazil : State). Secretaria de Economia e Planejamento. Plano plurianual 2000/2003: Capítulo economia brasileira/paulista. [São Paulo, Brazil]: Secretaria de Economia e Planejamento, 2000.
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Planejamento, São Paulo (Brazil :. State) Secretaria de Economia e. Plano plurianual 2000/2003: Capítulo economia brasileira/paulista. [São Paulo, Brazil]: Secretaria de Economia e Planejamento, 2000.
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Ferreira, Nádia Cristina d'Avila. Zona Franca Verde: Modelo de desenvolvimento para o Amazonas, 2003-2009. Manaus, Amazonas: SDS, Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Amazonas Governo do Estado, 2010.
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Valladão, Alfredo G. A. Brazil: A sustainable economic success? : international conference, October 18th, 2005, Paris. [Paris]: Chaire Mercosur de Sciences po, 2006.
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Couto, Joaquim Miguel. Entre o medo e a vontade de crescer: Política econômica e dinâmica macroeconômica no segundo governo Lula (2007-2010). Maringá: Eduem, 2014.
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São Paulo (Brazil : State). Secretaria de Economia e Planejamento. Plano plurianual 2004-2007. São Paulo: Governo do Estado de São Paulo, 2003.
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Porto, Claudio. Cinco cenários para o Brasil, 2001-2003: Incluindo os desdobramentos da crise energética brasileira e dos ataques terroristas aos Estados Unidos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Nórdica, 2001.
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Macedo, Roberto Brás Matos. Macroeconomic volatility and social vulnerability in Brazil: The Cardoso government (1995-2002) and perspectives. Santiago, Chile: ECLAC, Special Studies Unit, Office of the Executive Secretariat, 2003.
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(Brazil), Partido Comunista Revolucionário. O PCR e a revolução brasileira: Teses do Comitê Central aprovadas no III Congresso do Partido Comunista Revolucionário, realizado em agosto de 2003. Brasil: PCR, 2004.
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(Brazil), Partido Comunista Revolucionário. O PCR e a revolução brasileira: Teses do Comitê Central aprovadas no III Congresso do Partido Comunista Revolucionário, realizado em agosto de 2003. Brasil: PCR, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Brazil – Economic conditions – 2003-"
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Coy, Martin. "Socio-economic and Regional Conditions in Brazil." In The Political System of Brazil, 49–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40023-0_4.
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Yamazaki, Keiichi, and Mauricio Bugarin. "Brazilian Workers in Japan and Public Policies for Promoting Their Social Integration with a Focus on Basic Education for Children." In Brazil—Japan Cooperation: From Complementarity to Shared Value, 141–76. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4029-3_6.
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AbstractThe main objective of this research is to find an efficient way to improve the educational environment for the children of Brazilian residents in Japan. The secondary objective is to identify a better way to improve the social and economic positions of these residents through further integration into Japanese society. We believe that the potential for them to become a vital bridge between the two countries in the near future is significant, but that potential is not yet being tapped sufficiently. Therefore, the goal of this analysis is more than simply improving working and living conditions, but of promoting career development in Japanese society. To that end, educational background is highly important, especially education and acquisition of the Japanese language beginning in primary school is of utmost importance. For this reason, our paper focuses on the basic education (especially Japanese language education) of Brazilian children in Japan. We conclude that the style of “afterschool” is most efficient as well as socially equitable. We propose a public policy to be adopted by the Japanese government to induce Brazilian families to adopt the hybrid afterschool education system.
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Crul, Maurice. "Epilogue: Where Did Weak and Strong Ties Go Wrong?" In IMISCOE Research Series, 227–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94972-3_11.
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AbstractIn this volume, both qualitative and quantitative scholars describe their findings on the networks of migrants and their descendants and explore the content of their social ties for educational and labor market success in seven European countries. Some contributions cover decades of work in this field, making this one of most comprehensive books on this topic, both theoretically and empirically. Almost without exception, the authors, although describing various ethnic groups, different geographical and professional contexts and different time periods, are critical of a number of the main arguments about the networks of migrants developed in the field of migration studies. Central in their critique is the question about the importance of co-ethnic or inter-ethnic ties and networks, and their importance to enter the labor market and move up. In the field of migration studies, concepts like integration and assimilation have greatly influenced the thinking of its scholars. The idea that newcomers only become fully integrated in a society when they gain a similar economic position and are in contact with people without migration background, or, in other words, become part of the mainstream, has been a strong and dominant view in our field (Alba & Nee, 2003; Alba, 2009; Portes & Rumbaut, 2001; Portes & Zhou, 1993). People who largely interact with co-ethnics and or work in labor market sectors that are dominated by co-ethnics (ethnic niches) are usually seen as not (yet) fully integrated into their new society. And when this also translates to the native-born children (so-called ‘second generation decline’), this is seen as problematic (Ganz, 1992). In this broader framework on integration and assimilation, Granovetter’s (1973) idea of strong and weak ties has entered the field of migration studies. Lang and Schneider, in this volume, rightly state that it is questionable whether the idea of strong ties – for co-ethnics – and weak ties – for ties with people without migration background – was originally intended by Granovetter to be used in this way. But what is clear, however, is that this idea fitted perfectly with broader theories on integration and assimilation. The importance for newly arrived migrants of strong co-ethnic ties in ethnic networks is generally considered one of the starting pieces of the puzzle laying out the process of assimilation in its first phase. The idea of weak ties, also in its symbolic emphasis on ‘weak’, perfectly suited the still scarce and superficial contacts with people of native descent in the early stages of the assimilation process. Since the concept of weak and strong ties fitted so well with the dominant theories about integration and assimilation (classical, neo and new assimilation), much of what was happening with migrants, and even their descendants, in the labor market was seen through, what many would call, an ethnic lens (Crul, 2016; Dahinden, 2016; Wimmer, 2013). Migrants gained a first foothold in the labor market through strong co-ethnic ties and were slowly moving up through their weak ties, making use of information and resources of people of native descent with whom they had only superficial contact. The idea of strong ties also resonated with the notion that their relations with co-ethnics were more meaningful and profound. There was also a dark side to strong ties. Under some conditions, because of the limited information and resources in the co-ethnic network, for some the strong ties could lead to an ethnic mobility trap.
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"Brazil." In Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2003-2004, 145–53. UN, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/ae622555-en.
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"Current conditions and outlook, 2003." In Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean, 15–31. UN, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/60118bf2-en.
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"From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success." In From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success, edited by Daniel J. Gurdak, Caroline C. Arantes, Leandro Castello, Donald J. Stewart, and L. Cynthia Watson. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874554.ch11.
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<i>Abstract</i>.â€â€Although tropical inland fisheries provide important regional income and food security, these fisheries face severe management challenges that are amplified by distinct ecological, economic, and political factors. The arapaima (genus <i>Arapaima</i>) are of particular interest because of their large size (up to +3 m and +200 kg) and their substantial economic and cultural value in South America. Arapaima are among the most historically important and overexploited fisheries in South America. Unfortunately, traditional fishery management approaches have been ineffective, and arapaima populations have suffered drastic stock depletions and even local extinctions across much of their range. Fortunately, over the past 15 years, small-scale co-management efforts have promoted pockets of successful recovery for arapaima fisheries. In this analysis, we begin by introducing the history of arapaima fishing, the difficulties encountered by early management efforts, and subsequent improvements to arapaima management approaches using co-management at a small scale with local residents. We then evaluate the implementation of this promising approach across three regions: (1) Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil; (2) Santarém region, Pará State, Brazil; and (3) North Rupununi, Guyana. Specifically, each region was evaluated based on the presence and implementation of eight principles needed for the sustainable governance of common-property natural resources in situations with and without active management: (1) defined boundaries, (2) congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions, (3) collective action arrangement, (4) monitoring, (5) graduated sanctioning, (6) conflict resolution mechanism, (7) minimum recognition and right to organize, and (8) nested enterprises. For each region, we examined how management was implemented and identified current and ongoing challenges. Based on our experience with these fisheries, we offer some lessons that can be instrumental for arapaima management and other inland fisheries: manage even when faced with uncertainties; monitor, evaluate, and adapt management efforts; bridge knowledge systems; foster genuine interest and cooperation of various stakeholders to ensure long-term success; and move toward an ecosystem-based approach. These lessons will be instrumental in overcoming management challenges in the future and could be applied to other fisheries.
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"The Importance of Agricultural, Social, and Economic Conditions in Brazil." In Confederate Exodus, 97–125. Nebraska, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g809gs.9.
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Reza, Rajibur, and Gurudeo Anand Tularam. "Financial Investments in the Global Water Market." In Finance for Sustainability in a Turbulent Economy, 1–25. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5580-7.ch001.
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This chapter examines the relationship between the water sector of the equity markets. It includes the world market and markets of different individual countries such as China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Germany, France, the UK, Brazil, Chile, and the US for the period 2001-2020. Investment returns and volatility of these markets are analyzed to understand investment decision-making in these water markets. The OLS and quantile regressions show that China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Germany, France, the UK, Brazil, Chile, and the US are positively related to the world market. The results confirm simultaneous interactions between the world market and the other nine markets. The ARMA (1,1)-GARCH (1,1) model shows a high degree of persistency in the conditional volatility of stock returns for these water markets which means “explosive” volatility. Moreover, the VAR analyses show that the nine markets positively and negatively affect the world market. The findings may assist the international institutions while deciding investment in water portfolios.
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Raju, A. Subramanyam, Nagarajan Balasubramaniam, and Rajamanickam Srinivasan. "Governance Evolution and Impact on Economic Growth." In Open Government, 2111–39. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9860-2.ch097.
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Governance matters (Kaufman, et al, 1999) for growth is now an accepted dictum. However, there are as many hypotheses as to what constitutes governance 'as there are researchers in the field' (Bressers, J.T.A. & Kuks, S.M.M., 2003). Apart from econometrics, political science provides important insights on factors that influence governance and facilitate growth. This chapter examines the political history and economy of South Asia to determine the features that shaped governance and affected economic growth. It finds that governance in South Asian context evolved through three phases. Using a comparative perspective of GDP growth rates and World Governance Indicators in South Asia and Brazil, it analyzes the relationship between political history and economy in each phase. The findings indicate that political ideologies, stability of regimes and policy continuity hugely influence the institutions of government and economic growth. The chapter also finds that people's participation in governance would enhance growth and distributive social justice.
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Raju, A. Subramanyam, Nagarajan Balasubramaniam, and Rajamanickam Srinivasan. "Governance Evolution and Impact on Economic Growth." In Handbook of Research on Globalization, Investment, and Growth-Implications of Confidence and Governance, 229–56. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8274-0.ch012.
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Governance matters (Kaufman, et al, 1999) for growth is now an accepted dictum. However, there are as many hypotheses as to what constitutes governance 'as there are researchers in the field' (Bressers, J.T.A. & Kuks, S.M.M., 2003). Apart from econometrics, political science provides important insights on factors that influence governance and facilitate growth. This chapter examines the political history and economy of South Asia to determine the features that shaped governance and affected economic growth. It finds that governance in South Asian context evolved through three phases. Using a comparative perspective of GDP growth rates and World Governance Indicators in South Asia and Brazil, it analyzes the relationship between political history and economy in each phase. The findings indicate that political ideologies, stability of regimes and policy continuity hugely influence the institutions of government and economic growth. The chapter also finds that people's participation in governance would enhance growth and distributive social justice.
Conference papers on the topic "Brazil – Economic conditions – 2003-"
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Vieira, Leonardo S., Carlos F. Matt, Vanessa G. Guedes, Manuel E. Cruz, and Fernando V. Castello˜es. "Optimization of the Operation of a Complex Combined-Cycle Cogeneration Plant Using a Professional Process Simulator." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66717.
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Thermoeconomic optimization is a relatively modern technique to analyze and design more efficient energy systems, leading to a better compromise between energetic efficiency and cost. Thermoeconomic optimization can be parametric (plant configuration is fixed), applicable both at the design phase or the operation phase of an energy system, or structural (plant configuration may vary). In practice, mathematical thermoeconomic optimization may be accomplished in two ways: (i) the conventional way, which manipulates all pertinent equations simultaneously, or (ii) integrated with a professional process simulator, such that the equations are manipulated separately. In the latter case, the simulator deals with the thermodynamic property and balance equations, while an external optimization routine, linked to the simulator, deals with the economic equations and objective function. In this work a previous implementation of an integrated approach for parametric mathematical thermoeconomic optimization of complex thermal systems is applied to an actual combined-cycle cogeneration plant located in the outskirts of the city of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. The simulator is the Thermoflex software, which interfaces with the MS-Excel program. Thus, the Powell’s method for optimization integrated with Thermoflex is written in the VBA language. The plant contains more than 60 thermal components, including two gas turbines, one steam turbine, and two heat recovery steam generators. Simulation of one operational condition of the plant requires several hundred variables. The plant produces nominally 380 MW of power, and exports a mass flow rate between 200 and 400 ton/h of superheated process steam, at 45 bar and 404°C, to a neighboring refinery. The cogeneration plant operates subjected to an economic scenario, which changes with time, because of varying fuel, electricity, and steam prices. Therefore, to manage the plant, it is important to know the minimum operational cost, when a fixed contracted hourly-rate of process steam has to be exported, while a variable amount of electrical power is produced. An optimization problem can thus be formulated, for which the objective is to minimize the cost of consumed resources per unit electrical power generated. Results of optimization exercises to determine the optimal operational conditions of the plant for various exported mass flow rates of process steam are presented and discussed.
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Jorge, Cristiano, Walter Vidon, Felipe Vidon, and Rob Caldwell. "Implementation of Wheel-Rail Friction Management Strategy on MRS Railroad." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36054.
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For several years, North American Railroads and their Research Institutions’ have been involved in implementing best-practice friction management strategies on heavy haul tracks. During 2006, MRS Railroad visited CP Rail and was impressed with the 100% effective Friction Management strategy that had been developed and implemented in CPR mountain tracks. The strong similarity of CPR’s track and train characteristics to those of MRS Railroad was also noted. By the beginning of 2007, MRS Railroad invited NRC-CSTT to bring this innovative methodology to Brazil and to rapidly develop and implement a customized strategy of 100% effective Gauge-Face lubrication and Top-of-Rail friction management. The utilization of a Brazilian contract service to ensure proper maintenance and filling of the friction management equipment, the gathering of measurement data and analysis of results ensured the success of the project. This paper will discuss the processes (installations, inspections and monitoring), technologies (equipment, devices and tools), results and benefits based on this best-practice methodology applied to the MRS Railroad over two years (2007–2008). The work was divided into five phases: selection of an optimal rail curve grease; selection of test sites and measurement of the baseline case (dry condition); measurement and management of 100% effective Gauge-Face lubrication using rail curve grease; measurement and management of 100% effective friction management using Top-of-Rail friction modifier; and the final economic analysis. This paper will also report the results of the business case analysis, quantifying the actual net savings accrued to MRS as a result of the implementation of Friction Management on test sites, and the projected savings that will occur through the expansion of this strategy to the entire MRS system. In the last 12 years, MRS’ operational reliability has significantly improved through the strategic application of innovation, technology and knowledge. Expanding this strategy to include best-practices friction management will contribute to increased safety and productivity at MRS. Production is projected to increase from over 136 million net tonnes expected in 2010 to 300 million net tonnes by 2018.
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Stankowski, Alexander. "Advanced Thermochemical Cleaning Procedures for Structural Braze Repair Techniques." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30535.
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Hot gas path components of modern Industrial Gas Turbines (IGT) are exposed to extreme thermal, mechanical and chemical loading that ultimately leads to their deterioration. Modern GT designs provide for safe operation for a certain operation period. Higher firing temperatures and changing machine loads as a result of the deregulated markets call for highly sophisticated part designs and the use of cost-intensive superalloys. As the lifetime of critical parts is not infinite, they are reconditioned periodically or replaced to regain efficiency losses and to mitigate the risk of unscheduled outages due to hot gas path (HGP) failures. This paper presents advanced thermochemical preparation treatments that form the basis for the subsequent structural repairs, such as high temperature brazing. Before executing any repair step, coated components must be stripped of the consumed and degenerated coatings. Not all of the many techniques that are commonly used can guarantee reproducible and complete removal without damaging the substrate. Recently improved thermochemical techniques, such as a combination of advanced Chemical Stripping and Salt Bath Cleaning, enables the OEM to obtain clean components at low unit costs and for short processing times. In previous approaches, CrF2- and PTFE-based processes were used to clean surfaces and, principally, cracks from oxide scales before welding or brazing was carried out. These preparation techniques were indispensable for reworking superalloys, which cannot be cleaned sufficiently using conventional methods such as exposure under reducing atmospheres at high temperatures. Today, the high versatility of the “Dynamic Subatmospheric Fluoride Ion Cleaning” process (FIC) enables the OEM to run precisely tailored processes, allowing complete freedom to adjust the chemical activity of the gas phase and in so doing fulfil the specific conditions for any superalloy being reworked, even taking into account the varying grade of degradation sustained during service exposure. Weld repairs on superalloys are very sensitive to hot cracking, and high temperature brazing has established itself as a successful method for overcoming this problem. Furthermore, the intensively FIC cleaned surfaces can be regarded as the most important condition to enable a high quality bonding. Other key advantages of braze repairs are the uniform heat input that is possible, the high shape tolerance and the fact that multiple cracks can be simultaneously repaired. In addition, the brazing heat treatment allows controlled adjustment of the microstructural properties. Besides the economic benefits of the treatment, the brazed parts show excellent results in respect of their mechanical integrity. A schematic presentation of the repair sequence described in this paper is shown in the appendix (Fig. 17).
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M. Moreno, Felipe, Fabio G. Cozman, and Eduardo A. Tannuri. "Automatic Clustering of Metocean Conditions in the Brazilian Coast." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78608.
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Abstract This paper introduces a pipeline that, first, assembles a dataset of metocean conditions consisting of wind, wave and surface currents, and, second, clusters this data to find the characteristic environmental conditions of each region in the Brazilian coast and the associated Exclusive Economic Zone. Clustering uses the Partitioning Around Medoids algorithm with the silhouette coefficient. As examples, we first present an analysis for the whole Exclusive Economic Zone and then a focused analysis around the Santos port in Southeastern Brazil.
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Batista Gomes, Eli Eber, Marco Antoˆnio Rosa do Nascimento, and Electo Eduardo Silva Lora. "Case Studies of Distributed Generation Projects With Microturbines in Brazil." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40181.
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Microturbines have showed good perspectives for the distributed generation of the electricity in low capacity range, because they have high reliability and simple design (high potential for a cheap manufacture and in large scale). Besides, this technology must have a great application in systems of cogeneration of the public service (malls, hotel, hospital, etc.) and in the distributed generation of the electricity in the developing countries in order to get a reliable operation system, in a range of power compatible with the isolated communities. In Brazil, The Thermal Systems Study Group (NEST) of Federal University of Itajuba´ (UNIFEI) sponsored by The Energy Company of Minas Gerais (CEMIG), are developing a project of experimental valuation of the system with microturbines for electricity generation fueled with natural gas and diesel. The objective of this paper is to show an economic evaluation which presents the generation costs and the payback period with the Capstone 30 kW natural gas microturbines business in three cases: microturbines operating on base load in gas station, microturbines operating on peak shave in the industry and a microturbine cogeneration system operating in the residential segment. It was considered the cost of microturbines at this moment and the projection for the future, as well as the cost of electricity and natural gas in Brazil. An economical analysis was carried out for different variables involved and the results show the Capstone 30 kW natural gas microturbines business are feasible firstly in cogeneration cases which is possible to get until 3 years of payback period. Besides, the return on the investment have shown improvements with the incentive of the natural gas distributing companies and with the rises in the electricity price of Brazilian utilities.
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Gamou, Satoshi, Koichi Ito, and Ryohei Yokoyama. "Parametric Study on Economic Feasibility of Microturbine Cogeneration Systems by an Optimization Approach." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38382.
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Economic feasibility of microturbine cogeneration systems is investigated by analyzing relationships between the optimal number of microturbine units and the maximum energy demands under various conditions. For this purpose, a method to obtain the maximum energy demand at which the optimal number changes is proposed by combining a non-linear equation problem and an optimal unit sizing problem hierarchically. Based on the proposed method, a map expressing the aforementioned relationships can be illustrated. Through numerical studies carried out on systems installed in hotels by changing the electrical generating efficiency and the capital unit cost of the microturbine cogeneration unit as parameters, the influence of the parameters on the economic feasibility of the microturbine cogeneration system is clarified.
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Silva, Paolo, Stefano Campanari, and Ennio Macchi. "Optimization of Operating Conditions and Compressor Cleaning Time Intervals of Combined Cycles in a Liberalized Market." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38455.
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The paper addresses the optimization of the managing strategy of a combined cycle power plant in a liberalized market characterized by great time variability of the electricity sale price. Besides electric tariffs, a variety of other factors affect the selection of the plant operating mode, such as environmental conditions, O&M costs, range of plant output regulation capability, performance deterioration of the components and compressor fouling rate. All calculations refer to a real combined cycle power plant owned by an Italian utility, for which are available detailed performance data, in “new and clean” conditions as well as in real operation. The optimum plant operating schedule is found with reference to three different tariff scenarios: (i) the present Italian situation, characterized by the primary role of oil and gas fired steam power stations, (ii) the Italian situation foreseen after the massive repowering program of existing steam power plants is completed, and (iii) a situation where the base-load electricity is generated by coal-fired power stations. The comparison indicates the utmost importance of the reference tariff scenario on the actual energy ad economic budget of the power station.
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Pecoroni, Stefan. "Citrus Oil Recovery: Using Modern “State-of-the-Art” Centrifuge Technology as Part of Economical Citrus Processing." In ASME 2006 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec2006-5203.
Full textAbstract:
The present citrus oil business is dominated by two trends: The price for orange oil as a bulk product is under serious market pressure. This has been ongoing for a number of years. In many regions of the world, for example, Southern Italy, this has led to a situation where oil is no longer recovered. However, due to insufficient deoiling, this results in giving away a valuable product (even at a low price) and increased waste water treatment costs or losses in revenue when selling the peels for animal feed. Based on 30,000 l/h emulsion of orange oil coming from the extractors, a return on investment between one and two years can be achieved at present prices as shown in Table 1. Therefore, large processors must focus on increasing production efficiency. In contrast to the economical situation for orange oil, we see a very strong dynamism in the market for other citrus oils. The price for more rare oils like grapefruit, pink grapefruit, lemon, and mandarin is increasing, partly influenced by climatic factors like hurricanes. This makes the recovered oil very valuable and brings an even stronger focus onto production efficiency. In addition, the tendency towards constructing bigger production lines is still very dominant in the market, especially in Brazil and the US. This increases the pressure for the equipment suppliers to provide the industry with units having higher capacity and efficiency. Westfalia Separator has reacted to this trend by introducing new models, such as the new ESE 500 for first stage oil emulsions and the new OSD 60 for second stage emulsions. These machines are tailor-made for these applications. In intense test work, these machines have been optimized for Brazilian as well as American processing conditions on various fruits. Mainly, the capacities have been brought up to a maximum level of 130 GPM depending on fruits and conditions. Furthermore, recovery rates could be optimized by approx. 10% from 3 lbs/ton to a level of 3.3 lbs/ton. Paper published with permission.
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Bordalo, Sergio N., and Ismael O. Ochoa Lara. "Laboratory Study of the Behavior of Conventional Intermittent Gas-Lift." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54070.
Full textAbstract:
The intermittent gas-lift (IGL) methods still remain a practical recourse for the extended production of petroleum wells in the on-shore fields of Brazil. The IGLs are a natural candidate to substitute the continuous gas-lift (CGL) method at a late stage of reservoir depletion; as so the IGLs require modest adaptation to the CGL installation. The IGLs also display operational and economical characteristics that make it a viable artificial lift method for many low producing wells. In such cases, it becomes advantageous to properly design the system and to optimize it. A laboratory apparatus was designed and built to study the operation of the conventional IGL, such as the concurrency of cycle stages, as presented by Carvalho (2004), the fallback for different operating conditions and the stability of cycles due to motor valve timing and adjustment of the gas-lift valve. The results of the tests performed by changing the operating variables of the IGL are presented here. These tests results show the types of dynamical behavior predicted by numerical simulations; therefore they will be useful in tuning the simulation models that will be applied to the large scale systems of petroleum fields.
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Heloisa Maciel, Regina, João Bosco Feitosa dos Santos, and Ana Paula Torres do Nascimento. "Working Conditions of Health Technicians in Ceará’s Public Health System." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100520.
Full textAbstract:
The study aims to analyze the working conditions of health professionals of Basic Health Units (BHU) of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. BHUs are primary health care units that are the front door of the national public health system. The research analyzes working conditions of primary care auxiliary and/or technicians and their perceptions regarding working conditions and harassment. It is a cross-sectional survey of exploratory nature, using quantitative and qualitative methods. 120 mid-educational level background workers answered a questionnaire containing socio-economic information; an occupational stressors scale and the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ). Nine technicians and auxiliaries participated in individual interviews. Observations of workplaces were also done. 2.5% of participants declared to have suffered workplace harassment. However, 11.7% reported negative acts towards them, weekly or daily in the last six months. The participants perceive their working conditions as precarious. They report employment instability, lack of equipment, low salaries, and long working journeys. They appear to worry about exercising their activities with prejudice to the services’ quality and to their health. The study points to the need for actions that bring egalitarian conditions in terms of employment to this category of workers, better working conditions, and financial and social recognition.
Reports on the topic "Brazil – Economic conditions – 2003-"
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Moreno Pérez, Carlos, and Marco Minozzo. “Making Text Talk”: The Minutes of the Central Bank of Brazil and the Real Economy. Madrid: Banco de España, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/23646.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the relationship between the views expressed in the minutes of the meetings of the Central Bank of Brazil’s Monetary Policy Committee (COPOM) and the real economy. It applies various computational linguistic machine learning algorithms to construct measures of the minutes of the COPOM. First, we create measures of the content of the paragraphs of the minutes using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Second, we build an uncertainty index for the minutes using Word Embedding and K-Means. Then, we combine these indices to create two topic-uncertainty indices. The first one is constructed from paragraphs with a higher probability of topics related to “general economic conditions”. The second topic-uncertainty index is constructed from paragraphs that have a higher probability of topics related to “inflation” and the “monetary policy discussion”. Finally, we employ a structural VAR model to explore the lasting effects of these uncertainty indices on certain Brazilian macroeconomic variables. Our results show that greater uncertainty leads to a decline in inflation, the exchange rate, industrial production and retail trade in the period from January 2000 to July 2019.