Academic literature on the topic 'Brassica Varieties'
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Journal articles on the topic "Brassica Varieties"
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Li, Xiaonan, Yingxia Wei, Yingmei Ma, Guizhu Cao, Siwen Ma, Tianyu Zhang, Zongxiang Zhan, and Zhongyun Piao. "Marker-Assisted Pyramiding of CRa and CRd Genes to Improve the Clubroot Resistance of Brassica rapa." Genes 13, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122414.
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Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an economically important soil-borne disease that threatens Brassicaceae crops worldwide. In recent years, the incidence area of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) clubroot disease has increased, which severely affects the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage. The resistance of varieties harboring the single clubroot-resistance (CR) gene is easily broken through by P. brassicae pathotypes. CRa and CRd, genetically identified in B. rapa, are CR genes known to be highly resistant to different P. brassicaea pathotypes. In our study, we perform the gene pyramiding of CRa and CRd in Chinese cabbages through marker-assisted selection (MAS), and develop homozygous pyramided lines. The newly generated pyramided lines exhibit greater resistance to six different pathotypes than that of two parental lines carrying a single CR gene. This study provides new CR-gene-pyramided lines for the development of clubroot-resistant Brassica varieties for future breeding programs.
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Keim, Juan P., Mónica Gandarillas, Daniel Benavides, Jaime Cabanilla, Rubén G. Pulido, Oscar A. Balocchi, and Annick Bertrand. "Nutrient concentrations and profile of non-structural carbohydrates vary among different Brassica forages." Animal Production Science 60, no. 12 (2020): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19472.
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Context Brassica forages are used in times of seasonal shortage to fulfil nutritional requirements of beef cattle, dairy cows, sheep or pigs. Although brassicas have been reported with high concentrations of readily fermentable carbohydrate, details have not been fully described and there is little information about the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) profiles of Brassica forages. Aim The study was designed to evaluate nutrient concentrations, as well as NSC levels and constituents, of the main Brassica forages and to determine differences among varieties. Methods Five varieties of each of the four main forage brassicas (summer turnip, forage rape, kale and swede) were grown in plots and harvested for chemical analysis of the nutrient concentrations and NSC profiles of leaf and bulb (turnip and swede) and leaf and stem (rape and kale) components. Key results Brassica species differed in the amounts and types of NSC; swede had the highest concentration of NSC, mainly comprising sugars (glucose and fructose), followed by kale (with similar proportions of glucose, sucrose and fructose), turnip (with similar concentrations of glucose and starch and slightly lower fructose), and forage rape (in which starch was the main NSC). Forage chemical composition and NSC profile of plant organs varied among varieties of individual Brassica forages; for example, there were significant differences among swede varieties for concentrations of starch and sugar (total and profile) in bulbs. Conclusions Brassica forages differed with respect to quantities and types of NSC; swede had higher concentrations, mainly composed of glucose and fructose, followed by kale with similar proportions of glucose, sucrose and fructose, and turnip with NSC represented by glucose, starch and slightly lower fructose; and finally, forage rape, in which starch was the main NSC. Chemical composition, as well as NSC profile of plant organs (leaves, bulbs or stems), varied among varieties of Brassica species. Implications The approach described here has implications for ration formulation and is useful when considering the nutritional and dietary requirements of the animals of interest, because the type of Brassica, the variety and the proportion of plant organs can affect animal performance.
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Smith, Brendan J., John A. Kirkegaard, and Geoff N. Howe. "Impacts of Brassica break-crops on soil biology and yield of following wheat crops." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03104.
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Biofumigation refers to the allelopathic effects of brassicas on non-desirable soil organisms in a rotation cropping system. These effects are additional to non-hosting of root diseases, responsible for much of the break-crop effect observed in a following cereal crop. We investigated the biofumigation impacts of canola on take-all disease and rhizosphere microorganisms of following wheat crops. The biofumigation potential of the canola was tested by comparing effects of Brassica and non-Brassica break-crops and by using canola varieties with differing levels of root glucosinolates, the precursors of isothiocyanates, which are thought to be the primary biofumigant molecules released by brassicas. There was no evidence that biofumigation was related to superior growth of wheat following brassicas compared with non-Brassica break-crops, nor among the wheat crops following canola varieties with differing root glucosinolate levels. However, the break-crop effect was evident in agronomic, take-all, and some rhizosphere microbial measurements of the wheat–wheat rotations compared with fallow–wheat or break-crop–wheat rotations. Thus the break-crop effect was the primary advantage conferred by the brassicas. Any additional biofumigation effect on yield or disease was not significant in our study and does not appear to be influenced by root glucosinolate content. For broad-acre cropping with current canola or mustard varieties, and adequate grass weed control, the agronomic characteristics of canola varieties chosen should take precedence over their biofumigation potential.
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Elson, Marshall K., John F. Kelly, and Hugh C. Price. "EFFECTS OF BRASSICA RESIDUES ON ASPARAGUS DECLINE SYNDROME AND PLANT GROWTH." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 473a—473. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.473a.
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Asparagus Decline Syndrome is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi (FOA) and Fusarium moniliforme (FM). Resistant asparagus varieties have not been found and chemicals are often ineffective against Fusarium spp. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) residue has been shown to reduce Fusarium infection in cabbage. However, canola (Brassica napus) also reduces yields in wheat.Seven Brassicas were selected for testing in the greenhouse and field (Kale, Turnip, Glacier Canola, Global Canola, Yellow Mustard, Dwarf Essex Canola, Humus Canola). Brassica residue added to soil reduced root growth of asparagus, wheat, cress, cucumber, and cabbage seedlings upto 4 weeks. Brassicas grown in the field reduced FOA populations and the incidence of Fusarium infection, but did not inhibit plant growth. Extraction of Brassica residue did not yield any non-volatile Fusarium-inhibitory compounds.
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Rameeh, Valiollah. "Cytoplasmic male sterility and inter and intra subgenomic heterosis studies in Brassica species: A review." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 59, no. 3 (2014): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1403207r.
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Plants of the genus Brassica comprise a remarkably diverse group of crops and encompass varieties that are grown as oilseeds, vegetables, condiment mustards and forages. One of the basic requirements for developing hybrid varieties in oilseed Brassica is the availability of proven heterosis. The development of hybrid cultivars has been successful in many Brassica spp. Midparent heterosis and high-parent heterosis (heterobeltiosis) have extensively been explored and utilized for boosting various quantity and quality traits in rapeseed. Heterosis is commercially exploited in rapeseed and its potential use has been demonstrated in turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and Indian mustard (B. juncea L.) for seed yield and most of the agronomic traits. The oilseed rape plant, B. napus, possesses two endogenous male sterile cytoplasms, nap and pol. Ogura type of cytoplasmic male sterility was first discovered in Japanese wild radish and other male-sterile Brassicas (Ogura bearing cytoplasm) derived from interspecific crosses. Information concerning the allelic frequencies of restorers can be useful in trying to understand their evolutionary origins. The ogu, pol and nap cytoplasms of B. napus induce sterility in all, some, and only a few cultivars, respectively. In this study, different kinds of male sterility, combining ability and heterosis of qualitative and quantitative traits in different Brassica species will be revi?wed.
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Khusnutdinov, Emil, Alexander Artyukhin, Yuliya Sharifyanova, and Elena V. Mikhaylova. "A Mutation in the MYBL2-1 Gene Is Associated with Purple Pigmentation in Brassica oleracea." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 11865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911865.
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Anthocyanins are well-known antioxidants that are beneficial for plants and consumers. Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) is a key gene of anthocyanin biosynthesis, controlled by multiple transcription factors. Its expression can be enhanced by mutations in the negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis myeloblastosis family transcription factor-like 2 (MYBL2). The expression profiles of the DFR gene were examined in 43 purple and green varieties of Brassica oleracea L., Brassica napus L., Brassica juncea L., and Brassica rapa L. MYBL2 gene expression was significantly reduced in purple varieties of B. oleracea, and green varieties of B. juncea. The MYBL2 gene sequences were screened for mutations that can affect pigmentation. Expression of the DFR gene was cultivar-specific, but in general it correlated with anthocyanin content and was higher in purple plants. Two single nucleotide polymorphysms (SNPs) were found at the beginning of the DNA-binding domain of MYBL2 gene in all purple varieties of B. oleracea. This mutation, leading to an amino acid substitution and the formation of a mononucleotide repeat (A)8, significantly affects RNA structure. No other noteworthy mutations were found in the MYBL2 gene in green varieties of B. oleracea and other studied species. These results bring new insights into the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in genus Brassica and provide opportunities for generation of new purple varieties with precise mutations introduced via genetic engineering and CRISPR/Cas.
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Xie, Qi, Xiaochun Wei, Yumei Liu, Fengqing Han, and Zhansheng Li. "Germplasm Enhancement and Identification of Loci Conferring Resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae in Broccoli." Genes 13, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13091600.
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In order to breed broccoli and other Brassica materials to be highly resistant to clubroot disease, 41 Brassicaceae varieties were developed and identified between 2020 and 2021. Seven known clubroot genes were used for screening these materials. In addition, the resistant and susceptible broccoli cultivars were designed for observing their differences in the infection process with Plasmodiophora brassicae. The results showed that 90% of total materials had carried more than two clubroot resistance genes: one material carried two disease resistance genes, four materials carried seven genes for clubroot resistance, two materials carried six genes for clubroot resistance, and in total 32% of these materials carried five genes for clubroot resistance. As a result, several new genotypes of Brassicaceae germplasm were firstly created and obtained based on distant hybridization and identification of loci conferring resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae in this study. We found and revealed that similar infection models of Plasmodiophora brassicae occurred in susceptible and resistant cultivars of broccoli, but differences in infection efficiency of Plasmodiophora brassicae also existed in both materials. For resistant broccoli plants, a small number of conidia formed in the root hair, and only a few spores could enter the cortex without forming sporangia while sporangia could form in susceptible plants. Our study could provide critical Brassica materials for breeding resistant varieties and new insight into understanding the mechanism of plant resistance.
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Tang, Tang, GuiMin Chen, CuiPing Bu, FuXia Liu, Lei Liu, and XiangXiang Zhao. "Transgene introgression from Brassica napus to different varieties of Brassica juncea." Plant Breeding 137, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12567.
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Daza, Benavides, Pulido, Balocchi, Bertrand, and Keim. "Rumen In Vitro Fermentation and In Situ Degradation Kinetics of Winter Forage Brassicas Crops." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110904.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value, the rumen in vitro fermentation, and the in situ degradation of Brassica oleracea (L.) ssp. acephala (kales) and Brassica napus (L.) ssp. napobrassica (swedes) for winter use. Five varieties of each brassica were used in three field replicates and were randomized in a complete block nested design. All forage varieties were harvested at 210 days post-sowing to analyze the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability. Kales presented higher DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (p < 0.01), whereas swedes showed higher CP, metabolizable energy (ME), glucose, fructose, total sugars, NFC, and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content (p < 0.01). The kale and swede varieties differed in their CP and sugar concentrations, whereas the kale varieties differed in their DM and raffinose content. The rates of gas production were higher for swedes than for kales (p < 0.01). No differences between the brassica species (p > 0.05) were observed in the total VFA production, whereas kales had a higher proportion of acetate and swedes had higher proportions of butyrate (p < 0.05). Only the swede varieties showed differences in VFA production (p < 0.05). The soluble fraction “a”, potential and effective in situ DM degradability were higher in swedes (p < 0.01), but kales presented greater DM and CP degradation rates. Differences were observed between brassica species in the chemical composition, degradation kinetics, and ruminal fermentation products, whereas differences among varieties within species were less frequent but need to be considered.
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Mocniak, Leanne E., Kyle R. Elkin, S. Leanne Dillard, Ray B. Bryant, and Kathy J. Soder. "Building comprehensive glucosinolate profiles for brassica varieties." Talanta 251 (January 2023): 123814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123814.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Brassica Varieties"
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Thakur, Arup Krishna. "Eco-Physiological study on some Brassica Varieties in Darjeeling districts with special emphasis on the productivity of oil and Glucosinolate contents." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/914.
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Cole, Brenda. "The use of morphological and RAPD markers for distinguishing canola, Brassica napus L., varieties." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31817.pdf.
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Dietz, H. M. "Detoxification of rapeseed and rapeseed meal with special reference to Asian Brassica campestris varieties." Thesis, University of Reading, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379228.
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Jones, David. "Effects of gene multiplication on flowering time regulation in spring and winter varieties of Brassica napus." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67795/.
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Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is an economically important crop species that exhibits considerable varietal differences in flowering behaviour. Efforts to translate knowledge of flowering time control from model species are complicated by the evolutionary history of the crop. Whole genome duplication events have resulted in multiple copies of genes being present in the B. napus genome. A better understanding of the roles additional gene copies play during the floral transition would aid predictive models in directing future breeding efforts. As a first step towards unravelling the regulatory network underlying the floral transition in the crop, a transcriptomic time series was conducted and used to investigate gene expression during the floral transition. Expression differences between homologous flowering time genes indicated that duplicated genes occupy separate locations in the gene regulatory network. This suggests the complexity of the regulatory network is vastly increased in B. napus relative to model species, and that the duplicated genes are likely to have different roles during the floral transition. Duplicated genes were observed to diverge in different ways. Loss of regulatory elements surrounding certain B. napus TFL1 homologues correlated with expression changes, highlighting the importance of cis-regulatory elements in the evolution of gene function. Sequence differences between B. napus FD homologues were found to alter the predicted dimerization affinities of the proteins. Expression variation between B. napus FLC homologues suggests only some confer a vernalization response, revealing these genes have diverged to have altered sensitivity to cold. The finding that multiple homologues of the same flowering time gene in B. napus are expressed but show different expression dynamics reveals that the floral regulatory network from model species cannot be directly translated, but will require modification. This added complexity likely contributes to the developmental and genetic plasticity that has been exploited in this important crop.
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BENSAOUD, ABDELKADER. "Reponses physiologiques et agronomiques du colza (brassica napus l. ) au deficit hydrique : screening de varietes resistantes a la secheresse." Rennes 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN10118.
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Trois varietes de colza (brassica napus l. ) ont ete soumises a des contraintes hydriques d'origines differentes. Lorsque la contrainte est provoquee par addition simultanee de mannitol et nacl, la limite de tolerance du colza appreciee par le taux de germination est fixee a un potentiel du milieu de 1,5 mpa. Pour une contrainte provoquee par un arret d'irrigation, les plantes agees de 40 jours, se fanent irreversiblement pour un potentiel hydrique du sol voisin de 2,0 mpa. Pour une contrainte osmotique moderee (1,0 mpa) ou une secheresse edaphique progressive, les 3 varietes expriment des reponses metaboliques et physiologiques significativement differentes. Plusieurs varietes d'origines geographiques diverses sont ainsi testees selon les memes modalites experimentales. L'analyse en composantes principales a permis de retenir le rapport a/s (mf aerienne/mf souterraine determine apres 6 j de culture dans le milieu osmotiquement contraignant) comme variable explicative de l'elaboration du rendement dans les conditions pedoclimatiques marocaines. Le classement varietal etabli sur la base de cette relation revele la bonne tolerance a la secheresse de quelques varietes d'origine asiatique. Dans la limite de cette etude, la determination du rapport a/s est proposee comme technique de screening de varietes resistantes a la secheresse
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PESSEL, FABRICE. "De l'origine a la dynamique des populations spontanees de colza (brassica napus) : une contribution a l'estimation et a la gestion des risques associes a l'introduction de varietes transgeniques." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112290.
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Cette these s'inscrit dans le cadre des etudes visant a estimer les risques ecologiques et agronomiques associes a la mise en culture de varietes transgeniques. Dans une premiere partie, nous presentons le contexte social dans lequel s'inscrit le debat autour des plantes transgeniques et de son evolution depuis 1998. Nous discutons ensuite des risques ecologiques et agronomiques en comparant les situations agricoles actuelles a des situations de mise en culture de ces nouvelles varietes. Nous discutons ensuite des methodologies experimentales permettant de quantifier ces risques et de l'interet des etudes a des echelles d'observation plus proches de situations reelles de mise en culture. Dans une deuxieme partie, nous presentons notre travail sur les populations spontanees de colza a l'echelle d'une petite region agricole centree sur un silo de recolte. Au moyen de marqueurs chimiques (acide erucique et glucosinolate) et genetiques (isozymes) et grace a des enquetes chez les agriculteurs (historique de la culture du colza), nous montrons que d'anciennes varietes persistent plus de 8 annees apres l'arret de leur culture au sein de placettes spontanees (bords de routes). Nous montrons aussi qu'il existe un taux non negligeable de pollutions genetiques a l'interieur des champs en particulier par repousses d'anciennes varietes a partir de graines de la banque du sol. Enfin, nous montrons que les processus les plus explicatifs de la structuration spatiale et de la composition (chimique et genetique) des placettes de colza des bords de routes sont (i) la dispersion locale depuis les champs, (ii) la dispersion a plus longue distance par le transport des recoltes et (iii) la dormance des graines dans le sol. Nous confirmons ainsi que des processus biologiques plus difficilement gerables (en particulier la dormance des graines dans la banque du sol) ne doivent pas etre negliges que ce soit dans une optique d'estimation des risques que dans celle de leur gestion.
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Mbatha, Thobile Precious. "Response of local wild mustard (Brassica species) landraces to water stress." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2628.
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Wild mustard is an indigenous leafy vegetable. Its use is limited by a lack of knowledge of its agronomy. However, it is a rich source of nutrients and other minerals. Nowadays, the use of indigenous crops has been replaced by exotic crops. Climate change is affecting agricultural productivity. South Africa is a water scarce country with uneven rainfall distribution. Therefore, studies on water stress effects on plant growth were promoted by the Water Research Commission and the University of KwaZulu-Natal to understand plant responses to water stress for commercial and subsistence farming. The objective of the study was to characterise local wild mustard cultivars morphologically and physiologically with respect to production, and for the purposes of identifying their drought tolerance. Three experiments were conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in order to evaluate the responses of local wild mustard cultivars to water stress. Seeds of wild mustard cultivars were characterised according to seed coat colour. Seed quality was determined by a standard germination test. Vigour was then tested using electrolyte conductivity. Seeds were sown in seedling trays under two water regimes of 25% field capacity (FC) and 75% (FC) on pine bark growing media. The experiment was terminated at 21 days when root and shoot lengths were measured. The effect of water stress on protein content and seedling growth parameters was determined.
Soil was collected from the University of KwaZulu-Natal Research Farm for a pot trial. Seeds of wild mustard were sown in 81 pots, each filled with 2 kg of soil, under three water regimes (25% FC, 50% FC and 75% FC). Pots were maintained at the
corresponding field capacity level by re-weighing the pots, three times a week. Measurements of plant height and leaf number were recorded weekly. The experiment was terminated at the flowering stage. At the end of the experiment, plant growth parameters (plant height, leaf area and number, dry and fresh mass) were measured in order to evaluate the effects of water stress at the vegetative stage. A field trial was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Ukulinga Research Farm in Pietermaritzburg. The experiment was conducted during the winter and spring of 2009. A completely randomised design was used for non-irrigated and irrigated (25 mm/week) trials. Emergence was measured as well as plant height and leaf number. Plant growth parameters were also measured at the end of the experiment. Leaf samples were taken for proline determination.
There was a significant interaction (p<0.05) between seed colour, landraces and days to germinate with respect to germination capacity. Isaha and Masihlalisane landraces showed higher germination percentages than Kwayimba. There was also a significant interaction (p<0.05) between landraces and seed colour with respect to electrolyte conductivity. Lighter seeds of wild mustard landraces showed higher solute leakage. Isaha and Masihlalisane had higher solute leakage than Kwayimba. Significant interactions (p<0.05) between landraces and field capacity with respect to emergence, leaf number, root and shoot length and total proteins were also observed. Isaha and Masihlalisane showed higher emergence than Kwayimba. Leaf number was reduced for all landraces under water stress. Total protein content was high in black seeded landraces under water stress. There was a significant interaction (p<0.05) between landraces and field capacity with respect to seedling fresh and dry
masses. Under moderate water stress conditions, Isaha and Masihlalisane showed increased biomass accumulation. There were highly significant differences (P<0.001) in plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry mass with respect to planting date. Plants performed significantly (p<0.05) better in spring than in winter. Isaha and Masihlalisane performed significantly (p<0.05) better than Kwayimba. There was a highly significant interaction (p<0.001) between landrace and irrigation treatments with respect to proline accumulation. Under water stress, Kwayimba black seeded landrace accumulated more proline. It is concluded that light-coloured seeds of wild mustard landraces were associated with good seed quality. Masihlalisane brown seeds have good early seedling establishment. Kwayimba black seeds showed tolerance to water stress through accumulation of proteins. Isaha and Masihlalisane showed an increase in biomass accumulation under moderate water stress. Water stress tolerance in some of wild mustard landraces was negatively correlated with proline accumulation. Masihlalisane brown type can grow well, with good yields, under water stress.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
Books on the topic "Brassica Varieties"
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Chen, Bao-Yuan. Resynthesized Brassica napus L.: A potential in breeding and research. Svalo v, Sweden: Dept. of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1989.
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Artemeva, A. M., A. E. Soloveva, and T. V. Shelenga. COLE: COMPLEX BIOCHEMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COLE CROPS BELONGING TO THE SPECIES Brassica oleracea L. (VARIETIES: WHITE CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER, TRONCHUDA KALE). Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/978-5-905954-86-3.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Brassica Varieties"
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Lydiate, Derek, Phil Dale, Ulf Lagercrantz, Isobel Parkin, and Phil Howell. "Selecting the optimum genetic background for transgenic varieties, with examples from Brassica." In Developments in Plant Breeding, 351–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0357-2_43.
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Kumar, Arun, Binay Kumar Agarwal, Rajesh Kumar, Sanjay J. Jambhulkar, Varsha Rani, and Zille Ali Haider. "Induction of variability for yield components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss) under acidic soil regime of Jharkhand." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 258–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0026.
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Abstract Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is the most important oilseed crop of the state of Jharkhand in India, where 78% of the cultivable soil is acidic, causing a sizeable yield reduction. Potential seed yield from such soils cannot be realized within existing varieties and therefore a mutation breeding approach has been followed to isolate mutants tolerant to acidic soil. Three doses of gamma-rays (900 Gy, 1000 Gy and 1100 Gy) and a combined treatment of gamma irradiation and 0.3% EMS were used for induction of mutation in the varieties 'Shivani' and 'Pusa Bold'. A total of 139,720 M2 plants (75,760 of 'Shivani' and 63,960 of 'Pusa Bold') were screened under acidic soil conditions (pH 4.8). A wide spectrum of variability for tolerance to soil acidity, earliness, seed colour, seed yield and yield components, and morphological traits was observed in the M2 generation. True-breeding mutants for different traits were confirmed in the M3 generation. Mutations were recorded in 'Shivani' and 'Pusa Bold', respectively, for secondary branch number (38 and 24), siliquae per plant (1223 and 562) and single plant seed yield (45.49 g and 34.84 g). In addition, a large spectrum of variability for morphological characters was identified.
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Singh, Jogendra, Parbodh Chander Sharma, and Vijayata Singh. "Breeding Mustard (Brassica juncea) for Salt Tolerance: Problems and Prospects." In Brassica Breeding and Biotechnology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94551.
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Salt stress is currently one of the most critical factors, reducing agricultural production. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is a major oilseed crop in these areas. However, salt affects as much as 50–90% worldwide yield reduction. Salt tolerance is a very complex factor controlled by a number of independent and/or interdependent mechanisms and genetic modification that lead to many changes in physiology and biochemistry at the cellular level. The classical methods of plant breeding for salt tolerance involves the widespread use of inter and intraspecific variations in the available germplasm which is essential for any crop development program. This large germplasm is then tested under various salt levels in microplots, which is a quick, reliable, reproducible and inexpensive method of salt tolerance. Genotypes that have shown better indications of stress tolerance without significant yield reduction are considered to be tolerant and are also used as potential donor in the breeding programs. In this way, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal developed and produced five varieties of Indian mustard that tolerate high salt namely, CS 52, CS 54, CS 56, CS 58 and CS 60 in the country, and many other high-quality pipeline lines exploration and development. These salt-tolerant species work better under conditions of salt stress due to various manipulations (physiology, genes and molecular level) to fight salt stress has led to detrimental effects. Recent molecular tools to add classical breeding systems to improve saline-tolerant mustard varieties in a short span of time, including the Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and backcrossing, that have helped using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control the polygenic traits like tolerance of salt and seed yield.
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Sahu, Mamta, Suman Devi, Pragya Mishra, and Ena Gupta. "Mustard Is a Miracle Seed to Human Health." In Ethnopharmacological Investigation of Indian Spices, 154–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2524-1.ch012.
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Brassica juncea, known as Indian mustard, has been used for centuries for its nutritional and medicinal values. L. brassica is a genus of plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae. The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, or mustard plants. Among the different varieties of mustard, the three principals are Brassica hirta or Alba (yellow-white), B. nigra (black), and B. juncea (brown). In Asian countries, India ranks first in mustard production, and mustard is the primary cooking oil used. In folkloric medicine, different parts of the plants are obtained to treat a wide variety of human aliments. Mustard seed is good source of protein, fibre, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and phytonutrients. The plant has several health benefits acting as antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, antimalarial, etc. The present study aims to discuss the up to date information regarding the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological applications of mustard seed and its essential oil.
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Pratap Singh, Aditya, Ponaganti Shiva Kishore, Santanu Kar, and Sujaya Dewanjee. "Secondary Metabolites of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss: Occurence, Variations and Importance." In Brassica - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107911.
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There are numerous secondary plant metabolites found in the crop B. juncea, especially glucosinolates. Isothiocyanates, the by-products of glycosinolate breakdown, are beneficial to human health. A number of studies have also called attention to phenolic compounds and carotenoids, both well known for their anti-oxidant properties. A notable feature is that the profiles and concentrations of secondary plant metabolites vary greatly between varieties and that genetic factors are thought to be the most significant factors. In addition, environmental and agronomic factors have also been noted to change the concentrations of secondary plant metabolites. Secondary plant metabolites are primarily produced for defense purposes. Consequently, the intrinsic quality of Indian mustard, including color, aroma, taste, and medicinal properties, is profoundly influenced by its secondary metabolite profile. The health benefits of glycosinolates and the cancer prevention properties of their breakdown products make them of specific interest. Plant cells that have been injured undergo enzymatic decomposition of glucosinolate by endogenous enzymes such as myrosinase, which releases degradation products such as nitriles, epithionitriles, or isothiocyanates. The main phenolic compounds found in B. juncea are flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. A diverse secondary metabolite pool is also essential for plant-environment interactions.
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Chand, Subhash, Om Prakash Patidar, Rajat Chaudhary, Ranjit Saroj, Kailash Chandra, Vijay Kamal Meena, Omkar M. Limbalkar, Manoj Kumar Patel, Priya P. Pardeshi, and Prashant Vasisth. "Rapeseed-Mustard Breeding in India: Scenario, Achievements and Research Needs." In Brassica Breeding and Biotechnology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96319.
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Brassica spp., commonly known as rapeseed-mustard, plays a significant role in the Indian economy by providing edible oils, vegetables, condiments and animal feed. Globally, India holds second and third position in rapeseed-mustard area under cultivation and production, respectively. However, anthropogenically accelerated climate change thwarts yield potential of rapeseed-mustard by employing abiotic (drought, flood, temperature variation and salinity) and biotic (disease and insects) stresses. Various approaches such as molecular breeding, pre-breeding, −omics and biotechnological interventions have been used to develop varieties for improved yield and oil quality, climate resilient and resistance or tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this context, this chapter highlighted the different cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) sources and their potential use for hybrid development. At the end, this chapter also enlisted salient achievement by the government and non-government institutes and briefly described the future perspective for improvement of rapeseed-mustard in India.
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Elena Cartea, María, Fernando Cámara-Martos, Sara Obregón, Francisco Rubén Badenes-Pérez, and Antonio De Haro. "Advances in Breeding in Vegetable Brassica rapa Crops." In Brassica Breeding and Biotechnology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95769.
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Brassica rapa includes oil and vegetable crops having a variety of forms, such as oilseeds, leafy vegetables and turnips. Leafy types, which are called turnip greens and turnip tops, are popular crops in NW Spain, and they represent an important part of the diet. However, their cultivation is limited in southern areas or in the Mediterranean basin, probably due to a lack of adaptation. Still, they could occupy a prominent place in the Mediterranean diet, which is based on a high consumption of fruits and vegetables. In this review, we summarize the studies on the agronomical and nutritional value of these crops when grown under Mediterranean climate conditions. Data reported here might be useful for a deeper understanding of these crops for both nutritional quality and bioaccessibility, and for selecting varieties adapted to the two abovementioned Mediterranean conditions, as well as for organic farming systems, thus contributing to the diversification of traditional Brassica vegetable production systems.
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Singh, Bahaderjeet, Amanpreet Singh Sran, and Gagandeep Singh Sohi. "Innovative Strategies to Develop Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Mustard (Brassicaceae)." In Brassica Breeding and Biotechnology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95973.
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Mustard crop is the third important source of vegetable oil randomly below soybean L. and palm, all over the world. Brassica crop is extremely susceptible to some biotic and abiotic stresses and they significantly influence the quality and quantity of the crop. In the past generally breeding techniques are used to develop resistance in mustard to avoid diseases though various pathogens are soon able to overcome that resistance by modifying their metabolic cycles. To bear the challenge there is an urgent need to develop abiotic as well as biotic stress tolerant plants using advanced techniques by understanding metabolic and biochemical pathways of plants and pathogens. Several techniques such selection of stress tolerance microbes, metabolite, enzymes, and genes are very important to avoid stresses. Whereas several techniques such as deployment of molecular markers for breeding, identification of Quantitative trait loci (QTL), in vitro tissue culture etc. can be more useful to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in mustard. To develop healthy and high yield varieties, the mix of these techniques is needs to be implemented.
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Dwivedi, S. A., Lelika Nameirakpam, and Ajay Tomer. "Brassica-Aphid Interaction: Modulated Challenges and Sustainable Approach for Management." In Brassica Breeding and Biotechnology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96903.
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Insect pests act as main barrier in enhancing yield potential of Brassica crops. Lipaphis erysimi is considered as one of the most destructive insect species in mustard production due to its voracious type feeding and multiplication. Therefore application of insecticide is inevitable for cultivation of cruciferous crops, although systemic insecticides has been found to be suitable for management of aphid, despite of high cost, residual effect and ecological ramification have necessitated the application of bio and botanical insecticides as novel approach and are recorded significant in research. Aphids having exclusively viviparous parthenogenesis type reproduction from January to March month with the completion of eight generations are helpful in quick mass multiplication. Natural enemies Coccinella spp., Syrphid larvae and bio-pesticide found effective in suppress aphid numbers. Manipulation in sowing dates of mustard crop provides good yield and less incidence of aphid which is proved through research. Lack of environmental resistant varieties has dispensed toward non feasibility of conventional breeding approaches for developing aphid-resistant Brassica. Although application of genetic engineering plan has resulted in moderate success in development of aphid resistance, so far commercialization of such genetically modified crops has not conceivable, intimate the necessity of further insights in to host plant and aphid communication to form effective approach against aphid resistance. Therefore in this chapter the components involved in Brassica aphid communication are highlighted and present statuses and problem in aphid management are discussed.
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He, Xin. "An Insight into the Responses of Early-Maturing Brassica napus to Different Low-Temperature Stresses." In Abiotic Stress in Plants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93708.
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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop worldwide, responds to vernalization, and shows an excellent tolerance to cold stresses during vegetative stage. The winter-type and semi-winter-type rapeseed were typical winter biennial plants in Europe and China. In recent years, more and more early-maturing semi-winter rapeseed varieties were planted across China. Unfortunately, the early-maturing rapeseed varieties with low cold tolerance have higher risk of freeze injury in cold winter and spring. The molecular mechanisms for coping with different low-temperature stress conditions in rapeseed recently had gained more attention and development. The present review gives an insight into the responses of early-maturing B. napus to different low-temperature stresses (chilling, freezing, cold-acclimation, and vernalization), and the strategies to improve tolerance against low-temperature stresses are also discussed.
Conference papers on the topic "Brassica Varieties"
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Rostova, E. N. "Brassica nigra in the steppe Crimea." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.32.
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The expansion of the oilseeds adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the steppe Crimea will increase the biodiversity on the peninsula and, therefore, maximize the efficient use of its natural potential. Brassica nígra is an insufficiently studied crop under the conditions of the Crimean steppe zone. Therefore, the aim of the research was to study the biological characteristics, seed productivity, and yield quality indicators of some varieties of Brassica nígra in the aforementioned environmental conditions. We studied two varieties of Brassica nígra namely ‘Niagara’ and ‘Smuglyanka’ under rain-fed conditions without any fertilizers. Preceding crop – winter wheat. Cultivation technology – generally accepted. The growing season of ‘Niagara’ variety was 4-7 days shorter than that of ‘Smuglyanka’. This difference was due to the late emergence of seedlings. However, all the following stages of growth and development took place almost simultaneously. In 2017-2019, ‘Niagara’ variety gave the highest yield (0.45 t/ha) exceeding ‘Smuglyanka’ by 0.15 t/ha. The maximum content of fatty oil was in the ‘Niagara’ seeds – 39.3%; ‘Smuglyanka’ contained 24.7%. The main advantage of ‘Niagara’ – high content of essential oil in the seeds (0.96%), which is 3.7 times higher than in the seeds of the ‘Smuglyanka’ variety.
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Serdyuk О.А., О. А., V. S. Trubina V.S., and L. A. Gorlova L.A. "Comparative assessment of biometric parameters of seedlings of winter and spring forms of rapeseed and brown mustard." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-34.
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The aim of the study is to carry out a comparative assessment of biometric parameters and a preliminary analysis of the size and rate of initial growth of roots and stems of seedlings of the most common varieties of winter and spring forms of rape (Brassica napus L.) and brown mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The research was carried out at VNIIMK in 2019-2020. in the laboratory. The objects of the study were rape varieties Sarmat (winter) and Tavrion (spring), brown mustard Juna (winter) and Nika (spring). It was found that the length of the stem and root of seedlings of the spring form of rapeseed and brown mustard is 2 times higher than the parameters of seedlings of the winter form due to the physiological characteristics of their seeds.
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Zverkova, Zinaida. "Practical application of surepitsa cake in the diets of poultry." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-158-162.
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Studies have been conducted on the use of surepny oilcake obtained from different varieties of Brassica rapa L., in the feeding of broiler chickens. The safe norms of its inclusion in the composition of balanced compound feeds have been determined. The enrichment of experimental compound feed with enzyme preparations increases the economic performance of broiler chickens. The oilcake surepny obtained from the seeds of the Brassica rapa L, selection of the All-Russion Williams Fodder Research Institute confirms the effectiveness of cultivation and the negative effect on broiler chickens.
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Volovik, V. T., S. E. Sergeeva, T. V. Leonidova, and L. M. Korovina. "Direction of the breeding of surpits in Federal Scientific Center for Forage Production and Agroecology named after V.R.Williams." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-114.
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As a result of breeding work in FWTC FPA created by varieties of spring (Svetlana, Nadezhda) and winter Brassica rapa (Sarja) with a fiber content of between 6.4 and 7.3%, fat content of 43.2-46.7% protein 23.5-24.5 cm%, a growing period of 76-88 days, seed yield between 2.5 (spring) to 3.5 t/ha (winter). The low content of glucosinolates and fiber in seeds allows the use of cake and meal in the diets of animals and poultry in high standards. The created varieties are in demand by production.
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Zverkova, Zinaida, and Bella Osipyan. "FEATURES OF THE USE OF BRASSICA RAPA SEEDS IN THE FEEDING OF BROILER-CHICKENS." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-28-76-191-197.
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In the Federal Scientific Center "VIK im. V. R. Williams” conducted research on the evaluation of new varieties of spring and winter colza Zarya and Nadezhda when growing broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 cross. The control group received compound feed without rapeseed seeds. The first and second experimental groups included 7.5% by weight of mixed fodder native rapeseed seeds of Zarya and Nadezhda varieties, which were used to replace part of soybean meal and sunflower oil. The content of nutrients in mixed feed complied with the regulatory requirements. The oil was balanced in composition: a large amount of monounsaturated, low-saturated fatty acids, a moderate amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been established that compound feeds with rapeseed seeds do not negatively affect the live weight gain of experimental broiler chickens. On the 39th day, the live weight of chickens in the control, in the first and second experimental groups was 2.250, 2.245 and 2.256 g, respectively. The significance of the difference in this indicator with the control group has not been established (P > 0.05). In the study of blood serum in chickens of the first experimental group, an increased level of bilirubin and the enzyme glutamyltransferase was revealed, which indicates stagnation of bile in the bile ducts (P > 0.01). The efficiency of growing poultry using rapeseed seeds was higher than in the control, which is associated with a decrease in feed costs for obtaining meat products and a lower cost of experimental feed.
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Kosolapov, Vladimir, Zinaida Zverkova, Halyaf Ishmuratov, Bella Osipyan, and Larisa Korovina. "Seeds of spring brassica campestris in the diets of chickens-broilers." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2021-25-73-153-157.
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In order to save soybean meal, sunflower oil and reduce the cost of rations, new sources of raw materials can be used. In modern conditions, attention is drawn to the brassica rapa campestris, the seeds of which can be used as a fat and protein supplement. Experiments were carried out to determine the optimal rate for the introduction of seeds of spring rape variety Nadezhda into compound feed for growing broiler chickens. It has been established that this variety belongs to canola varieties and can be included up to 7% (by weight) in the composition of mixed fodders, does not have a negative effect on the state of the body and the growth rate of broiler chickens. The introduction of seeds of spring rape to 7% in the composition of feed for broiler chickens reduces the use of soybean meal to 4.7% and sunflower oil to 2.3% (relative). The efficiency of conversion to products by group was 61.93 % in the control group and 62.18% to 63.62% in the experimental group, respectively.
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Šutković, Jasmin, Annissa Van Wieren, and Ahmet Yildirim. "MAPK2 AND NRAMP6 EXPRESSION ANALYSIS UNDER CD STRESS IN DOMESTIC KALE VARIETIES FROM BiH." In 1st International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt28.015s.
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Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) is a worldwide known vegetable plant, known for its heavy metal accumulation abilities. This study analyzed the phytoremediation potential of domestic BiH kale varieties, grown in a controlled environment and with different concentrations of Cadmium (Cd). Cd is a known pollutant found in small concentrations in soil under normal environmental conditions. Real-Time PCR was used to analyze the gene expression activity of Cd heavy metal correlated genes (MAPK2 and NRAMP6). The root analysis assay confirmed shorter root length after Cd treatment, confirming severe Cd impact on plant cell growth, implying shorter growth in roots in all treated kales. Gene expression results showed that Cd triggers the expression of MAPK2 and NRAMP6 suggesting their significant involvement in Cd metabolizing processes. Based on the combined results, kale from the Stolac region is found to be the most resistant variety, while the only hybrid kale, accumulates the most Cd suggesting its phytoremediation potential.
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Su, Yi, Fengxiang Han, Safwan Shiyab, Jian Chen, and David L. Monts. "Accumulation of Mercury in Selected Plant Species Grown in Soils Contaminated With Different Mercury Compounds." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7123.
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The objective of our research is to screen and search for suitable plant species for phytoremediation of mercury-contaminated soil. Currently our effort is specifically focused on mercury removal from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites, where mercury contamination is a major concern. In order to cost effectively implement mercury remediation efforts, it is necessary now to obtain an improved understanding of biological means of removing mercury and mercury compounds. Phytoremediation is a technology that uses various plants to degrade, extract, contain, or immobilize contaminants from soil and water. In particular, phytoextraction is the uptake of contaminants by plant roots and translocation within the plants to shoots or leaves. Contaminants are generally removed by harvesting the plants. We have investigated phytoextraction of mercury from contaminated soil by using some of the known metal-accumulating plants since no natural plant species with mercury hyperaccumulating properties has yet been identified. Different natural plant species have been studied for mercury uptake, accumulation, toxicity and overall mercury removal efficiency. Various mercury compounds, such as HgS, HgCl2, and Hg(NO3)2, were used as contaminant sources. Different types of soil were examined and chosen for phytoremediation experiments. We have applied microscopy and diffuse reflectance spectrometry as well as conventional analytical chemistry to monitor the phytoremediation processes of mercury uptake, translocation and accumulation, and the physiological impact of mercury contaminants on selected plant species. Our results indicate that certain plant species, such as beard grass (Polypogon monospeliensis), accumulated a very limited amount of mercury in the shoots (<65 mg/kg), even though root mercury accumulation is significant (maximum 2298 mg/kg). Consequently, this plant species may not be suitable for mercury phytoremediation. Other plant species, such as Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), a well-studied metal accumulator, exhibited severe chlorosis symptoms during some experiments. Among all the plant species studied, Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) accumulated significant amount of mercury in both roots and shoots and hence may be considered as a potential candidate for mercury phytoextraction. During one experiment, Chinese brake ferns accumulated 540 mg/kg and 1469 mg/kg in shoots after 18 days of growing in soils treated with 500 parts-per-million (ppm) and 1000 ppm HgCl2 powder, respectively; no visual stress symptoms were observed. We also studied mercury phytoremediation using aged soils that contained HgS, HgCl2, or Hg(NO3)2. We have found that up to hundreds of ppm mercury can be accumulated in the roots of Indian mustard plants grown with soil contaminated by mercury sulfide; HgS is assumed to be the most stable and also the predominant mercury form in floodplain soils. We have also started to investigate different mercury uptake mechanisms, such as root uptake of soil contaminant and foliar mercury accumulation from ambient air. We have observed mercury translocation from roots to shoot for Chinese fern and two Indian mustard varieties.