Relevant bibliographies by topics / Branching rate

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Branching rate'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Branching rate"

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Klenke, Achim, and Leonid Mytnik. "Infinite rate mutually catalytic branching." Annals of Probability 38, no. 4 (July 2010): 1690–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/09-aop520.

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Döring, Leif, Achim Klenke, and Leonid Mytnik. "Finite system scheme for mutually catalytic branching with infinite branching rate." Annals of Applied Probability 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 3113–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/17-aap1277.

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Liu, Jiaqi, and Jason Schweinsberg. "Particle configurations for branching Brownian motion with an inhomogeneous branching rate." Latin American Journal of Probability and Mathematical Statistics 20, no. 1 (2023): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.30757/alea.v20-28.

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Shiozawa, Yuichi. "Spread Rate of Branching Brownian Motions." Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 155, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 113–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10440-017-0148-8.

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Hu, Xi, Yun-Zhi Yan, Zhong-Tuan Zheng, Hong-Yan Li, and Hong-Yan Zhao. "Extinction Moment for a Branching Tree Evolution with Birth Rate and Death Rate Both Depending on Age." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 10, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6643349.

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In this paper, a branching tree evolution is established, in which the birth rate and the death rate are both dependent on node’s age. The extinction probability and the t-pre-extinction (extinct before time t ) probability are studied, by which the distribution of the extinction moment can be given. The analytical formula and the approximation algorithm for the distribution of extinction moment are given; furthermore, the analytical formula and the approximation algorithm of extinction probability are given, and a necessary and sufficient condition of extinction with probability 1 is given. It is the first time to study the distribution of extinction time for the branching process with birth rate and the death rate both depending on node’s age, and the results will do great help in the theory of branching process. It is expected to be applied in the fields of biology, genetics, medicine, epidemiology, demography, nuclear physics, actuarial mathematics, algorithm, and data structures, etc.
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Shiozawa, Yuichi. "Extinction of branching symmetric α-stable processes." Journal of Applied Probability 43, no. 4 (December 2006): 1077–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1165505209.

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We give a criterion for extinction or local extinction of branching symmetric α-stable processes in terms of the principal eigenvalue for time-changed processes of symmetric α-stable processes. Here the branching rate and the branching mechanism are spatially dependent. In particular, the branching rate is allowed to be singular with respect to the Lebesgue measure. We apply this criterion to some branching processes.
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Shiozawa, Yuichi. "Extinction of branching symmetric α-stable processes." Journal of Applied Probability 43, no. 04 (December 2006): 1077–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200002448.

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We give a criterion for extinction or local extinction of branching symmetric α-stable processes in terms of the principal eigenvalue for time-changed processes of symmetric α-stable processes. Here the branching rate and the branching mechanism are spatially dependent. In particular, the branching rate is allowed to be singular with respect to the Lebesgue measure. We apply this criterion to some branching processes.
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Bansaye, Vincent, Juan Carlos Pardo, and Charline Smadi. "Extinction rate of continuous state branching processes in critical Lévy environments." ESAIM: Probability and Statistics 25 (2021): 346–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ps/2021014.

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We study the speed of extinction of continuous state branching processes in a Lévy environment, where the associated Lévy process oscillates. Assuming that the Lévy process satisfies Spitzer’s condition, we extend recent results where the associated branching mechanism is stable. The study relies on the path analysis of the branching process together with its Lévy environment, when the latter is conditioned to have a non-negative running infimum. For that purpose, we combine the approach developed in Afanasyev et al. [2], for the discrete setting and i.i.d. environments, with fluctuation theory of Lévy processes and a result on exponential functionals of Lévy processes due to Patie and Savov [28].
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Mallein, Bastien. "Branching random walk with selection at critical rate." Bernoulli 23, no. 3 (August 2017): 1784–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3150/15-bej796.

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Reni Sagayaraj, M., S. Anand Gnana Selvam, and R. Reynald Susainathan. "A Study of Markov Branching Process with Varying Growth Rate." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2015.4.1.909.

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Branching processes in random environments occurs when the values of the reproduction probabilities and instantaneous reproduction rates are themselves sample paths of stochastic processes. These processes occur very naturally as models to describe the growth mechanism of biological systems. In this paper, we consider a Markov branching process with varying growth rates controlled by a random environment described by an alternating renewal process; we will derive expression for the mean number of the size of the population.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Branching rate"

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Blauth, Jérôme [Verfasser]. "Infinite rate mutually catalytic branching driven by alpha-stable Lévy processes / Jérôme Blauth." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1125910283/34.

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Buras, Zachary J. (Zachary James). "Measuring rate constants and product branching for reactions relevant to combustion and atmospheric chemistry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117862.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages [383]-406).
Over the last century there have been countless experimental measurements of the overall reaction kinetics of gas-phase radicals, often with the aid of lasers. In more recent decades, ab initio predictions of product branching using quantum chemical calculations combined with modem rate theories have become common. However, there are few experimental measurements against which to validate predicted product branching, even for an important reaction system such as hydroxyl radical addition to acetylene that is critical to oxidation chemistry both in the atmosphere and in combustion. As a result, many of the kinetic parameters that appear in commonly used combustion mechanisms are based purely on predictions. The few experiments that do attempt to quantify product branching generally fall into two categories, each with unique advantages/disadvantages: crossed molecular beams (CMB) that simulate single collision conditions, or end-product analysis of a complex, thermalized process, such as pyrolysis. Laser flash photolysis (LFP) with molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) offers a compromise between CMB and end-product experiments: the reaction conditions are thermalized but still simple enough that primary products can be quantified with confidence. This thesis describes a unique apparatus, and the improvements made to it, that combines LFP and MBMS for primary product branching quantification, as well as multiple-pass laser absorbance spectrometry (LAS) for accurate measurements of overall kinetics. The full capability of this LFP/MBMS/LAS apparatus is demonstrated for the chemically interesting phenyl radical + propene reaction system, which has been implicated as a potential source of second aromatic ring formation under combustion conditions. Overall kinetic measurements are also reported in this work either for systems that involve a newly discovered reactive species (various cycloaddition reactions of the simplest Criegee Intermediate formed in atmospheric ozonolysis) or that was disputed in the literature (vinyl radical + 1,3-butadiene, which has been implicated as a potential source of benzene in combustion). Finally, this thesis shows how detailed chemical insights made either experimentally or theoretically can be translated into applications via the Reaction Mechanism Generator (R4G). The application discussed is natural gas high temperature pyrolysis for the production of C2 commodity chemicals.
by Zachary J. Buras.
Ph. D.
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Pucheu, Mathilde. "Dimensional/Viscosimetric properties and branching rate of poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) of high molar mass used for Enhanced Oil Recovery." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3077.

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Le pétrole est à la base du développement de notre société moderne, offrant accès à une source d'énergie abondante, bon marché et facilement transportable. Il est utilisé aussi bien pour la production d'électricité que pour les transports et représente la première source de matières premières pour l'industrie chimique. La production de pétrole est généralement assurée par des réservoirs matures exploités par injection d'eau dans un but de maintien de pression ou de balayage du réservoir. Pour améliorer l'efficacité de balayage du réservoir par l'eau injectée, la technique d'injection de polymères hydrosolubles a été développée. L'addition de polymère augmente la viscosité de l'eau injectée du pétrole par un balayage plus efficace du réservoir. Il est ainsi possible d'augmenter la production de pétrole tout en diminuant l'emprunte carbone. Les principaux polymères utilisés pour cette application sont de la famille des polyacrylamides. L'optimisation du procédé requiert une connaissance précise des relations structures-propriétés des polymères utilisés afin de mieux appréhender leurs propriétés viscosifiantes et de transport en milieu poreux. L'objectif est de mettre en place des méthodes analytiques pour la détermination de la distribution en masse molaire et du taux de ramification des polymères étudiés afin de pouvoir corréler les résultats obtenus aux propriétés rhéologiques et au comportement en filtration de leurs solutions. C'est pourquoi, dans le cadre de la thèse, quatre volets (WP pour work packaging) sont abordés afin de répondre au mieux à cette problématique concernant sa structure. Le premier volet (WP1) consiste à caractériser les différents polymères industriels à travers différents outils analytiques qui sont la Chromatographie d'Exclusion Stérique (Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)) couplée à un détecteur de diffusion de lumière multi-angle (Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS)) pour la taille (masse molaire, Mw, et rayon de giration, Rg), et la rhéologie capillaire pour la viscosité intrinsèque et les courbes d'écoulement (rhéogramme). Ensuite, vient le second volet (WP2) qui a pour but d'étudier le taux de ramification des polymères. Pour ce faire, deux approches analytiques vont être utilisées. La première est la Py-GC/MS, la pyrolyse (Py) couplée à la Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse (Gaz Chromatography (GC)) couplée elle aussi à la Spectrométrie de Masse (Mass Spectrometry (MS)) afin d'évaluer la microstructure du polymère. La deuxième partie de ce volet est la comparaison des paramètres structuraux (Mw, Rg et viscosité intrinsèque) obtenus par analyses SEC-MALS, diffusion de la lumière (MALS) et rhéologie capillaire. Un système de mélange continu automatique (Automatic Continuous Mixing (ACM)) couplé au rhéomètre capillaire et au MALS sera développé pour faire des analyses en ligne de viscosité intrinsèque et de masse molaire. Ce développement instrumental fait l'objet du troisième volet (WP3). Pour finir, le quatrième volet (WP4) consiste à étudier les propriétés des polymères pendant la filtration
The knowledge of the dimensional properties (Mw, Rg, and the distributions), the viscosimetric properties ([η]), as well as, the branching rate of polymers is primordial for the implementation of a satisfactory Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) via polymer flooding. The principal objective of this thesis was to develop analytical methods in order to determine the characteristics of an optimized macromolecule developed by the SNF company, the poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) (P(ATBS)). Two categories of P(ATBS) were studied: the models and the industrials. The models of high molar masses (1-6 million g/mol) were synthetized by Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP), for which the branching was controlled by the addition of a crosslinking agent. While the industrials of higher molar masses (8-19 million g/mol) were obtained by Radical Polymerization (RP), for which the branching could be induced by chain transfer reactions. The characterization of the dimensional/viscosimetric properties and the branching rate for both P(ATBS) categories was performed by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Frit-Inlet Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (FIA4F), capillary viscometry and Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS). A correlation of the physico-chemical properties was done to understand the behaviour of the P(ATBS) in solution. A related study was done by Pyrolysis coupled to a Gaz Chromatography and a Mass Spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the P(ATBS). To this day, the P(ATBS) has never been studied by this technique
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Heyne, Joshua S. "Direct and Indirect Determinations of Elementary Rate Constants H + O2| Chain Branching; the Dehydration of tertiary-Butanol; the Retro Diels-Alder Reaction of Cyclohexene; the Dehydration of Isopropanol." Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3642091.

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Due to growing environmental concern over the continued use of fossil fuels, methods to limit emissions and partially replace fossil fuel use with renewable biofuels are of considerable interest. Developing chemical kinetic models for the chemistry that affects combustion properties is important to understanding how new fuels affect combustion energy conversion processes in transportation devices. This thesis reports the experimental study of several important reactions (the H + O2 branching reaction, the key decomposition reactions of tertiary-butanol, the dehydration reaction of isopropanol, and the retro Diels-Alder reaction of cyclohexene) and develops robust analysis methods to estimate the absolute uncertainties of specific elementary rate constants derived from the experimental data. In the study of the above reactions, both a direct and indirect rate constant determination technique with associated uncertainty estimation methodologies are developed.

In the study of the decomposition reactions, a direct determination technique is applied to experimental data gathered in preparation of this thesis. In the case of the dehydration reaction of tertiary-butanol and the retro Diels-Alder reaction of cyclohexene, both of which are used as internal standards for relative rate studies (Herzler et al. 1997) and chemical thermometry (Rosado-Reyes et al. 2013) , analysis showed an ∼20 K difference in the reaction rate between the reported results and the previous recommendations. In light of these discrepancies, an uncertainty estimation of previous recommendations illuminated an uncertainty of at least 20 K for the dehydration reaction of tertiary-butanol and the retro Diels-Alder reaction of cyclohexene, thus resolving the discrepancies.

The determination of the H + O2 branching reaction and decomposition reactions of isopropanol used an indirect determination technique. The uncertainty of the H + O2 branching reaction rate is shown to be underestimated by previous analysis (Hong et al. 2011, Turányi, et al. 2012), and the dehydration reaction of isopropanol is shown to be four times faster than theoretical predictions. Analyses of uncertainties for these reactions show that a linearized local sensitivity analysis does not completely capture uncertainties.

Appendix B in this thesis includes additional work conducted during the preparation of this thesis, namely the measurement of derived cetane numbers for jet fuel surrogates.

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Niclasen, Rune. "Measuring the branching ratio of the rare decay neutral pion going to electron-positron." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3207725.

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Meyer, Anne. "Étude expérimentale des réactions ¹³N(a,p)¹⁶O et ³⁰P(p,g)³¹S, et impact sur les abondances isotopiques extrêmes en ¹³C, ¹⁵N et ³⁰Si dans les grains pré-solaires." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS013.

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On retrouve dans les météorites primitives des grains qui se sont condensés dans différents environnements stellaires et sont restés intacts après la formation du système solaire. L'identification du site d'origine de ces grains pré-solaires est effectuée grâce à la comparaison entre les abondances isotopiques mesurées et celles prédites par les modèles stellaires. Nous présentons dans ce manuscrit les analyses de deux expériences effectuées à l'installation ALTO avec le spectromètre magnétique split-pole, visant à réduire les incertitudes associées à deux réactions jouant un rôle dans la production des isotopes utilisés pour identifier les grains de novæ. Ces derniers sont caractérisés par des abondances extrêmes en ¹³C, ¹⁵N et ³⁰Si, mais la découverte dans certains grains d'isotopes caractéristiques de la nucléosynthèse dans les supernovæ à effondrement de coeur (CCSN) a remis en question cette origine. La première étude concerne l'impact du taux de la réaction ¹³N(a,p)¹⁶O sur les abondances en ¹³C prédites par de récents modèles de CCSN. Nous procédons à une ré-évaluation du taux de cette réaction en utilisant une méthode Monte Carlo pour obtenir des incertitudes statistiques. Les largeurs partielles alpha des états du noyau composé ¹⁷F sont déterminées en se basant sur les propriétés des états analogues du noyau miroir ¹⁷O qui ont été mesurées en utilisant la réaction de transfert alpha ¹³C(7Li,t)¹⁷O. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la réaction ³⁰P(p,g)³¹S, qui est une des dernières réactions dont l'incertitude du taux a un impact important sur les prédictions faites par les modèles de novæ classiques, notamment des abondances en ³⁰Si. Pour réduire les incertitudes sur les propriétés spectroscopiques du noyau composé ³¹S, une étude de la réaction ³¹P(³He,t)³¹S a été effectuée. Les tritons et les protons de décroissance venant des états peuplés du ³¹S ont été détectés simultanément à l'aide du spectromètre et de détecteurs silicium à pistes. L'étude des corrélations angulaires proton est présentée et les rapports de branchement extraits
Primitive meteorites contain several types of dust grains that condensed in different stellar environments and survived destruction in the early Solar System. The stellar sources where these presolar grains come from are identified through comparisons between measurements of isotopic abundances and predictions by stellar models. In this manuscript is presented a detailed analysis of two experiments performed at the ALTO facility, using the split-pole magnetic spectrometer, aiming at reducing the nuclear uncertainties associated to two reactions which rate uncertainty affects the synthesis of isotopes used to identify putative novae grains. These grains are characterised by extremely high ¹³C, ¹⁵N and ³⁰Si isotopic abundances, but isotopic signatures found in a few grains indicate also a possible core-collapse supernovae (CCSN) origin. We first study the impact of the ¹³N(a,p)¹⁶O reaction rate uncertainty on ¹³C abundances predicted by recent CCSN models. We perform a re-evaluation of this reaction rate using a Monte Carlo approach to obtain meaningful statistical uncertainties. Alpha partial widths of states in the ¹⁷F compound nucleus are determined using the spectroscopic informations of the analog states in the ¹⁷O mirror nucleus that were measured using the ¹³C(7Li,t)¹⁷O alpha-transfer reaction. We then study the ³⁰P(p,g)³¹S reaction, which is one of the few remaining reactions which rate uncertainty has a strong impact on classical novae model predictions, in particular for ³⁰Si abundances. To reduce the nuclear uncertainties associated to this reaction, we studied the ³¹P(³He,t)³¹S reaction. Triton and proton decays from the populated states in ³¹S were detected simultaneously using the spectrometer and silicon strip detectors. The study of the angular correlations of proton decays is presented and branching ratios are extracted
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Lavin, Dominic. "Branching fraction measurements of the rare B decays B°→K*⁺s⁻ and B°→K*⁰s⁰." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11832.

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Redford, Sophie Eleanor. "The branching fraction and CP asymmetry of B±→Ψπ± and B±→π±μ+μ− decays." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5e903d02-9fd1-426f-a4ca-b1bad46b83ec.

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Two analyses are performed using data collected by the LHCb experiment during 2011. Both consider decays of charged B mesons reconstructed in the π±μ+μ− final state. Decays involving dimuons provide an experimentally clean signature, even in the high-background environment of the √s = 7 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHC. The first analysis measures the CP asymmetry of B±→Ψπ± decays using 0.37 fb-1 of data, where the dimuon decays of two resonances are considered, J/ψ→μ+μ− and ψ(2S)→μ+μ−. The branching fraction is measured relative to the Cabibbo favoured B±→ΨK± mode. The second analysis uses 1 fb-1 of data to make the first observation of the non-resonant B±→π±μ+μ− decay. The branching fraction is measured relative to that of B±→K±μ+μ−, and measurements of the CP asymmetry and the ratio of CKM matrix elements Vtd/Vts are obtained. The branching fractions of the decays of interest are found to be B(B±→J/ψ π±) = (3.88 ± 0.11 ± 0.15) x 10-5, B(B±→ψ(2S) π±) = (2.52 ± 0.26 ± 0.15) x 10-5 and B(B±→π±μ+μ−) = (2.48 + 0.57 −0.52 ± 0.17) x 10-8, where the first uncertainty is related to the statistical size of the sample and the second quantifies systematic effects. The measured CP asymmetries in these modes are A CP (J/ψ π) = 0.005 ± 0.027 ± 0.011, A CP (ψ(2S) π) = 0.048 ± 0.090 ± 0.011 and A CP (μμπ) = -0.045 ± 0.220 ± 0.066, with no evidence of direct CP violation seen. The ratio of matrix elements is measured as Vtd/Vts = 0.274 + 0.031 − 0.028 ± 0.008, which is in agreement with previous results.
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Morin, Julien. "Etudes expérimentales des réactions des radicaux OH et des atomes d’oxygène d’intérêt pour l’atmosphère et la combustion." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2034/document.

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L’objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier, d’une part, les réactions des nitrates d’alkyles avec OH qui ont un intérêt atmosphérique, et d’autre part, les réactions des radicaux OH avec les alcanes et des atomes d’oxygène avec les oléfines qui ont un intérêt pour la combustion. Toutes les réactions ont été étudiées dans des réacteurs à écoulement à basse pression, y compris le réacteur à écoulement à haute température mis en place dans le cadre de la thèse, couplés à un spectromètre de masse quadripolaire à ionisation par impact électronique. Pour les réactions OH + nitrate d’alkyle, la dépendance en température de la constante de vitesse a été mesurée pour dix nitrates d'alkyles, dont pour huit nitrates pour la première fois, sur une large plage de température. Pour six nitrates, les produits de la voie réactionnelle menant au recyclage direct de NO₂, arrachement d’atome H de carbone α, ont été observés et leur rendements mesurés. La grande quantité de données obtenues dans ce travail a été utilisée pour une mise à jour de la relation structure-activité (SAR) pour les réactions d'alkyles nitrates avec OH et a permis d'améliorer les modèles atmosphériques actuels. Les études de réactions de radicaux OH avec les trois alcanes et de l'atome O avec l’éthylène et le propène ont permis de déterminer les constantes de vitesse respectives sur une large gamme de température allant de 220 à 900 K. De plus, la distribution des produits de réactions multivoies O + oléfine en fonction de la température a été déterminée pour la première fois. Ces résultats permettront d’améliorer les modèles de combustion actuellement utilisés
The objective of this work was to study the reactions of alkyl nitrates with OH radicals relevant to atmosphere and reactions of OH radical with alkanes and oxygen atoms with olefins of interest for combustion chemistry. All reactions were studied in low pressure flow reactors (including high temperature flow reactor developed during the thesis) coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer with electron impact ionization. For OH reaction with nitrates, the temperature dependence of the rate constant was measured in an extended temperature range for ten alkyl nitrates, for eight of them for the first time. For six nitrates, the products of reaction pathway leading to direct recycling of NO₂ (H atom abstraction from α carbon) were observed and their yields were measured. The large amount of data obtained in this work has been used for an update of the structure-activity relation (SAR) for the reactions of alkyl nitrates with OH and will improve existing atmospheric models. For the reactions of OH radicals with three alkanes and O atoms with ethene and propene the rate constants were measured over a wide temperature range, 220-900 K. Moreover, the distribution of the products of the multichannel reactions O + olefin was determined as a function of temperature for the first time. These results are expected to improve current combustion models
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Griffith, Peter Noel. "First observation and branching fraction measurement of the rare decay ∧⁰b → pKμ⁺μ⁻ at the LHCb experiment, CERN." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7446/.

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The analysis for the first observation and branching fraction measurement of the rare decay ∧\(^0\)\(_b\) → pKμ\(^+\)μ\(^-\) with respect to the control channel ∧\(^0\)\(_b\) → J/ψ pK was performed. The analysis was kept blind in ∧\(^0\)\(_b\) → pKμ\(^+\)μ\(^-\) to avoid selection bias as this decay is unobserved. The data is from proton-proton collisions recorded by the LHCb experiment in 2011 and 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1 fb\(^-\)\(^1\) at 7 TeV and 2 fb\(^-\)\(^1\) at 8 TeV respectively. A corrected yield of (7.83 ± 0.131 ± 0.648) x 10\(^6\) ∧\(^0\)\(_b\) → J/ψ Pk candidates was measured for the full 3 fb\(^-\)\(^1\) and the analysis is currently under review by the LHCb Collaboration, awaiting approval to un-blind for the branching fraction measurement of ∧\(^0\)\(_b\) → pKμ\(^+\)μ\(^-\).
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Books on the topic "Branching rate"

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Benavides, Celina, and Genoveva Cortes. Branching towards progress: ALANA anthology 2010. Edited by Harvard University. Graduate School of Education. [Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Graduate School of Education], 2010.

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Knowles, David. Measurement of branching fractions of rare charmless Hadronic B decays to. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2003.

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1953-, Angelov D. N., ed. Axonal branching and recovery of coordinated muscle activity after transection of the facial nerve in adult rats. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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Analysis of interface crack branching. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Angelov, D. N., O. Guntinas-Lichius, K. Wewetzer, W. F. Neiss, and M. Streppel. Axonal Branching and Recovery of Coordinated Muscle Activity after Transsection of the Facial Nerve in Adult Rats (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology). Springer, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Branching rate"

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Uwe, Rösler, Topchii Valentin, and Vatutin Vladimir. "Convergence Rate for Stable Weighted Branching Processes." In Mathematics and Computer Science II, 441–53. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8211-8_27.

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Liang, Jia Hui, Vijay Ganesh, Pascal Poupart, and Krzysztof Czarnecki. "Learning Rate Based Branching Heuristic for SAT Solvers." In Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing – SAT 2016, 123–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40970-2_9.

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Heyde, C. C., and B. M. Brown. "An Invariance Principle and Some Convergence Rate Results for Branching Processes." In Selected Works of C.C. Heyde, 147–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5823-5_25.

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Liang, Jia Hui, Hari Govind V.K., Pascal Poupart, Krzysztof Czarnecki, and Vijay Ganesh. "An Empirical Study of Branching Heuristics Through the Lens of Global Learning Rate." In Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing – SAT 2017, 119–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66263-3_8.

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Athreya, K. B., and A. N. Vidyashankar. "Large Deviation Rates for Supercritical and Critical Branching Processes." In Classical and Modern Branching Processes, 1–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1862-3_1.

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Kumar, Vikash, Anjali Chauhan, Avinash Kumar Shinde, Ramesh L. Kunkerkar, Deepak Sharma, and Bikram Kishore Das. "Mutation breeding in rice for sustainable crop production and food security in India." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 83–99. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0009.

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Abstract With the inevitable risk posed by global climate change affecting crop yield and the ever-increasing demands of agricultural produce, crop improvement techniques need to be more precise in developing smart crop varieties. The rice crop, a staple food for the majority of the world population, has a significant role to play in alleviating the global hunger problem. With the world population burgeoning at an unprecedented rate, limited fertile land resources, climate change, emerging new races of pests and diseases and consumer preferences for quality attributes, it is imperative to increase crop diversity, and this requires better selection efficiency addressing the challenges of future rice production. Mutation breeding is a fundamental and very successful tool helping to increase crop diversity and allowing plant breeders to exercise their skill in developing desirable crop varieties. The induction of mutations has been used to enhance yield, improve nutritional quality and widen the adaptability of the world's most important crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, millets and oilseeds. India is considered to be one of the primary centres of origin of crop species with the concomitant very high genetic diversity in traditional landraces for different agronomic traits of economic importance. Plant architecture, such as plant height, branching habit (tiller number), leaf shape and patterns, floral and grain traits and quality traits such as aroma, amylose content and cooking quality are of tremendous importance for rice improvement programmes. Traditional landraces of rice have premium grain quality, fetching a premium price, but their cultivation is being marginalized due to their tall stature, proneness to lodging, late maturity and poor yield. Mutation breeding technology has been successfully implemented in rice improvement programmes, which have resulted in the improvement of aromatic rice varieties, such as 'Pusa Basmati 1', 'Dubraj and Jawaphool'. Two high-yielding mutant rice varieties, TCDM-1 ('Trombay Chhattisgarh Dubraj Mutant-1') and TKR Kolam ('Trombay Karjat Rice Kolam'), have been released for cultivation in Chhattisgarh and the Konkan region of Maharashtra. Both these varieties possess dwarf plant stature (110 cm), medium maturity (130 days), premium grain quality and resistance to major pests and diseases. Improvement of other traditional rice varieties is underway which will bring these varieties back into cultivation and help in improving the tribal and marginal farmers' economy.
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Dawson, Donald A., and Andreas Greven. "Multiscale Analysis: Fisher–Wright Diffusions with Rare Mutations and Selection, Logistic Branching System." In Probability in Complex Physical Systems, 373–408. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23811-6_15.

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Bauer, Brigitte L. M. "Diachronic Analysis: The Verb Phrase." In The Emergence and Development of SVO Patterning in Latin and French, 85–127. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195091038.003.0004.

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Abstract In the detailed analysis of the position of the Latin genitive, adjective, and determiner I have demonstrated that the noun phrase underwent a structural reorganization whereby left branching gave way to right branching: comparison of data of various periods of Latin and even earlier reveals the gradual shift from archaic LB to modern RB structures. The changes that occurred in the Medieval French nominal phrase were but the accomplishment of that same evolution. The verbal phrase, which is analyzed in this chapter, underwent the same change, but at a different rate. Its structural reorganization extends as far as modern times: the relative clause featuring a final, hence LB, verb only disappeared in the seventeenth century, whereas even today the French verb still displays a left-branching future, for example, je chanterai ‘I will sing’, although this form is giving way to the right-branchingje vais + infinitive,. as in je vais chanter.
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Chu, C. Y. Cyrus. "Demographic Models and Branching Processes." In Population Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121582.003.0006.

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All models describing the dynamic pattern of human population have two common features. First, the human population is usually divided into several types, and second, each type has a type-specific stochastic reproduction rate. The traditional literature of demography has been dominated by the age-specific models of Lotka (1939) and Leslie (1945,1948), where the type refers to the age of an individual and the type-specific reproduction rates refer to the age-specific vital rates in a life table, It has been shown that, mathematically, these age-specific models can be analyzed in a more general framework, namely, the multitype branching process. Most demography researchers, however, do not bother to pursue properties of the general branching process. They prefer to follow Lotka’s (1939) age-specific renewal equation approach in proceeding with their analysis because that renewal equation is technically convenient, whereas the steady-state and dynamic properties of a general branching process are usually much more difficult to derive. Although the analytical convenience of the age-specific models has facilitated the research on age-related topics, it also tends to obscure the fact that the age-specific model is merely a special kind of branching process. When female fertility becomes a decision variable of the family and the fertility-related family decision problems expand, these age-specific models are often unworkable. Despite the difficulties inherent in applying the traditional age-specific models to these decision dimensions, researchers still hesitate to go back to the general, but more difficult, branching process for solutions. This is perhaps why, as we mentioned in chapter 1, the demand-side theory of demography has not made much progress in describing the macro aggregate pattern of the population. In this chapter, I separate the discussion into the age-specific branching process and general branching processes. I show that the steady states and ergodic properties of these models can both be established under some regularity conditions. Although the material in this chapter is mostly a reorganization of previously established mathematical results, I believe that my summary is systematic and will be helpful to most readers. All the results summarized will be used in later chapters, but aspects of branching processes that are irrelevant to our purposes will not be discussed.
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Taiz, Lincoln, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy, and Eduardo Zeiger. "Vegetative Growth and Organogenesis: Branching and Secondary Growth." In Plant Physiology and Development. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780197614204.003.0023.

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This chapter surveys vegetative growth by examining the mechanism of branching and secondary growth. It highlights developmental pathways on the branches of shoots and roots and shows how these originate from different structures but converge on a common endpoint, which is the production of new apical meristems which greatly enhances the rate of increase in plant biomass. It also points out the developmental pathways that share key similarities in their hormonal responses and genetic control mechanisms. The chapter describes vegetative growth and some of its regulatory pathways that underly the production of secondary xylem and phloem. It examines secondary growth which allows further increases in plant biomass by greatly extending the limits on height.
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Conference papers on the topic "Branching rate"

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Liang, Jia, Hari Govind, Pascal Poupart, Krzysztof Czarnecki, and Vijay Ganesh. "An Empirical Study of Branching Heuristics through the Lens of Global Learning Rate." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/745.

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In this paper, we analyze a suite of 7 well-known branching heuristics proposed by the SAT community and show that the better heuristics tend to generate more learnt clauses per decision, a metric we define as the global learning rate (GLR). We propose GLR as a metric for the branching heuristic to optimize. We test our hypothesis by developing a new branching heuristic that maximizes GLR greedily. We show empirically that this heuristic achieves very high GLR and interestingly very low literal block distance (LBD) over the learnt clauses. In our experiments this greedy branching heuristic enables the solver to solve instances faster than VSIDS, when the branching time is taken out of the equation. This experiment is a good proof of concept that a branching heuristic maximizing GLR will lead to good solver performance modulo the computational overhead. Finally, we propose a new branching heuristic, called SGDB, that uses machine learning to cheapily approximate greedy maximization of GLR. We show experimentally that SGDB performs on par with the VSIDS branching heuristic.
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Chen, Qingshan, Yang Xu, Guanfeng Wu, and Xingxing He. "Conflicting rate based branching heuristic for CDCL SAT solvers." In 2017 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering (ISKE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iske.2017.8258777.

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Lu, Zhanpeng, He Xue, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Crack Branching and Its Effect on Environmentally Assisted Cracking in High Temperature Water Environments." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25818.

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Crack kinking or branching has been observed in laboratory stress corrosion cracking tests and in some components suffering from stress corrosion cracking in nuclear power plant coolants. There are several types of crack branching: i.e., macroscopic multiple branching cracks, local crack branching or the combination of both. Crack branching affects the crack tip stress/strain distribution in terms of stress intensity factor and crack tip strain rate, and consequently affects crack growth behavior. The crack tip mechanical fields in some typical crack branching systems are quantified using empirical, analytical and numerical simulation methods. The effect of crack branching is less significant in contoured double cantilever beam specimens than in compact tension specimens for the same size and configuration of branched cracks. The applications of the analysis results to some observed crack branching phenomena of austenitic alloys in high temperature water environments are discussed based on the theoretical crack growth rate formulation.
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Cullion, Rebecca N., Gregory A. Mouchka, Deborah V. Pence, James A. Liburdy, and A. Murty Kanury. "Ammonia Desorption in Microscale Fractal-Like Branching Flow Networks." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56660.

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An experimental study is presented in which ammonia is desorbed from a binary mixture of ammonia and water using a network of microscale fractal-like branching channels. The objectives of the study are (1) to determine feasibility of desorption by boiling the fluid mixture inside a microchannel array, and (2) to quantify the rate of desorption as a function of applied heat flux and strong solution flow rate. The desorber is disk-shaped with an inlet plenum at the center and the flow network branching radially outward toward the edge of the disk. The flow network was chemically etched in a stainless steel disk with a nominal terminal branch hydraulic diameter of 88 μm. Inlet and exit mass flow rates, temperatures, pressures and mass fractions were measured along with the heat flux applied to the surface of the desorber disk. Results indicate that desorption rates and water vapor content in the refrigerant vapor stream increase with increases in heat flux and decrease with strong solution mass flow rate.
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Daniels, Brian J., Deborah V. Pence, and James A. Liburdy. "Predictions of Flow Boiling in Fractal-Like Branching Microchannels." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82484.

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Single-phase and two-phase flows in microscale fractal-like branching flow networks are studied using a one-dimensional model that includes variable property and developing flow effects. Pressure drop, pumping power, changes in the bulk fluid temperature and a performance parameter are reported for mass flow rates ranging from 25 to 500 g/min and wall heat fluxes from 5 to 40 W/cm2. Two-phase flow through fractal-like flow networks is also compared to flow through a series of parallel channels for identical wall heat fluxes and for flow rates between 25 and 100 g/min. Channel length, height, convective surface area, heat flux and flow rate were the same between the fractal-like and parallel channel array. It was found that single-phase flows through fractal-like flow networks exhibit lower pressure drop and pumping power than do two-phase flows at the same wall heat flux and mass flow rate. The inlet temperature for the single-phase cases is 20°C, whereas the two-phase flow enters as a saturated liquid. The pressure drop and pumping power were always lowest for the fractal-like flow networks compared with the parallel channel arrays for identical heat transfer and flow rates.
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Chou, Zane Z., Gene J. Yu, and Theodore W. Berger. "Point Process Filtering Estimates of Branching Rate for Neural Dendritic Morphology Generation." In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513682.

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Li, R., and G. A. Kardomateas. "On Delamination Branching of Anisotropic Bimaterials." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ad-25312.

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Abstract The phenomena of delamination branching/kinking from the interface of general anisotropic bimaterials are investigated based on the elegant Stroh’s sextic formulism of dislocation theory in matrix notation. A set of compact form of Green’s functions for two kinds of dislocation — an interface dislocation and a dislocation in one medium of the bimaterial elastic solid is obtained. Using these Green’s functions, the whole delamination including the interface part and the part branching into either one of the dissimilar anisotropic materials is modeled as a continuous distribution of the two kinds of dislocations. An interesting observation from this method is that the traction along the dislocation line when the dislocation is inside one medium, mathematically has similar form as the traction on the interface surface due to an interface dislocation. Thus a non-homogeneous Hilbert problem with discontinuous coefficients for this anisotropic bimaterials is formulated and a general solution to this problem is obtained. Consequentially, a preferable value of the branching angle for a given pair of anisotropic bimaterial media can be obtained by maximizing the energy release rate of the kinking-cracked solid. The comparison of other approaches which have appeared in the literature are discussed.
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Heymann, Douglas, Younghoon Kwak, Lee Edward, Vinod Narayanan, James Liburdy, and Deborah Pence. "Area-Averaged Void Fraction Analysis of Flow Boiling in a Microscale Branching Channel Network." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33517.

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Area-averaged void fraction images of convective boiling in a branching channel heat sink were acquired with a high speed high resolution camera at a rate of 1,000 frames per second for one second. Data sets are limited by the buffer size of the camera. Test conditions include a flow rate of 30 g/min, 30 W of energy added, and a subcooling of approximately 11°C. Time-varying area-based void fraction data were estimated using an image processing algorithm designed to minimize noise. Conditions for upstream bubble growth are reported as are liquid momentum, evaporation momentum, and surface tension forces for two extreme mass fluxes through the channels. Mass fluxes vary for each branching level as well as with the amount of vapor present in the heat sink. The heat sink is 38.1 mm in diameter with a radial branching flow pattern. The ratio of daughter-to-mother branching lengths is equal to 1.4, which is in contrast to a previous investigation in which the length scale ratio was 0.70.
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Liburdy, J. A., D. V. Pence, and V. Narayanan. "Flow Boiling Characteristics in a Fractal-Like Branching Microchannel Network." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-69239.

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This study evaluates flow instability and void fraction in a fractal-like branching microchannel network. The flow network is characterized by set branching ratios for channel length and width of 1/2 and 2, respectively, and features five branching levels. The hydraulic diameter of the channels ranged from 308μm at the inlet to 143μm at the outlet. Test were performed using water heated to an 88°C at the inlet with a mass flow rate of 10g/min. Heat fluxes of 1.76 W/cm2 and 2.64 W/cm2 were applied to the test device for the given flow rate. An upstream control valve was used to throttled the flow with a pressure drop approximately 100 times larger than the pressure drop across the test device. For the cases with and without throttling results for inlet pressure oscillation frequency and vapor activity at the inlet of the test device are compared. In addition, time averaged void fraction is compared for each branching level with and without throttling and is compared to predictions from a 1-D model. Results show good agreement between model and experiments for the average void fraction although local values differ significantly.
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Tokuda, Masamitsu, Satoshi Hosoya, Toru Yamagata, and Takashi Mastuo. "Influence of branching a power line on PHY rate for PLC system using OFDM." In ISPLC2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isplc.2010.5479928.

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Reports on the topic "Branching rate"

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Aubert, B. Measurements of Branching Fractions, Rate Asymmetries, and Angular Distributions in the Rare Decays B -> Kl+l- and B -> K*l+ l-. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/878714.

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Ozias-Akins, P., and R. Hovav. molecular dissection of the crop maturation trait in peanut. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134157.bard.

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Crop maturation is one of the most recognized characteristics of peanut, and it is crucial for adaptability and yield. However, not much is known regarding its genetic and molecular control. The goals of this project were to study the molecular-genetic components that control crop maturation in peanut and identify candidate genes. Crop maturation was studied directly by phenotyping the maturity level or through other component traits such as flowering pattern and branching habit. Six different RIL populations (HH, RR, CC, FNC, TGT and FLIC) were used for the genetic analysis. In total, 14 QTLs were found for maturity level. The phenotypic explanation values ranged in 5.3%-18.6%. Common QTL were found between maturity level and harvest index (in RR and CC populations), branching habit (in HH population), flowering pattern/branching rate (in CC and TGT populations) and pod size (in CC population). Further investigations were done to define genes that control maturity level and the component traits. A map-based cloning approach was used to identify a major candidate gene for branching habit - a novel AhMADS-box gene (AhMADS). AhMADS was mainly expressed in the lateral shoot, the organ in which the difference between branching habit occurs. Sequence alignment analysis found SNPs in AhMADS that cause to exon/intron splicing alterations. Overexpression study of AhMADs-box in tobacco under 35S control revealed one line with a spreading-like lateral shoot indicating that AhMADS may be the causing effect of BH and therefore indirectly controls maturity level. In addition, several candidate genes were defined that may control flowering pattern. An RNA expression study was performed on two parental lines, Tifrunner and GT-C20, identifying four candidate genes in the flowering regulatory pathway that were down-regulated at the mainstem (non-flowering) compared to the first (flowering) shoot, indicating their influence on flowering pattern. Also, another candidate gene was identified, Terminal Flowering 1-like (AhTFL1), which was located within a small segment in chromosome B02. A 1492 bp deletion was found in AhTFL1 that completely co-segregates with the flowering pattern phenotype in the CC population and two independent EMS-mutagenized M2 families. AhTFL1 was significantly less expressed in flowering than non-flowering branches. Finally, a field trial showed that an EMS line (B78) mutagenized in AhTFL1 is ~18% days earlier than the control (Hanoch). In conclusion, our study revealed new insights into the molecular basis for the fundamentally important crop maturity trait in peanut. The results generated new information and materials that will promote informed targeting of peanut idiotypes by indirect selection and genomic breeding approaches.
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Niclasen, Rune. Measuring the branching ratio of the rare decay π0→e+e-. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/892361.

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Lazzaro, Alfio. Measurements of Branching Fraction and CP Violation inB Meson Rare Decays to Final States containing eta or eta' Mesons in the BaBar Experiment at SLAC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922605.

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Berryhill, Jeffrey W. Evidence for the Rare Decay B {yields} K*{ell}{sup +}{ell}{sup -} land Measurement of the B {yields} K{ell}{sup +}{ell}{sup -} Branching Fraction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815274.

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Kamaev, Oleg. Rare Nonleptonic Decays of the Omega Hyperon: Measurements of the Branching Ratios for Ω∓ --> Ξ$*0\atop{(1530)}$ (anti-Ξ$*0\atop{(1530)}$) π∓ and Ω∓→ Ξ∓ π± π∓. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921108.

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O'Connell, Kelly, David Burdick, Melissa Vaccarino, Colin Lock, Greg Zimmerman, and Yakuta Bhagat. Coral species inventory at War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Final report. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302040.

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The War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA), a protected area managed by the National Park Service (NPS), was established "to commemorate the bravery and sacrifice of those participating in the campaigns of the Pacific Theater of World War II and to conserve and interpret outstanding natural, scenic, and historic values on the island of Guam." Coral reef systems present in the park represent a vital element of Guam?s cultural, traditional, and economical heritage, and as such, are precious and in need of conservation. To facilitate the management of these resources, NPS determined that a scleractinian (stony coral) species survey was necessary to establish a baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation. EnviroScience, Inc. performed a survey of stony coral species, coral habitat, and current evidence of stressors at WAPA?s H?gat and Asan Units in 2022. This report summarizes these findings from a management perspective and compares its findings to previous survey data from 1977 and 1999 (Eldridge et al. 1977; Amesbury et al. 1999). WAPA is located on the tropical island of Guam, located on the west-central coast of the island, and encompasses 2,037 acres. Underwater resources are a significant component of the park, as 1,002 acres consists of water acres. The park is comprised of seven units, of which two of these, the H?gat and Asan Beach Units, include all the oceanic water acres for the park. The H?gat Beach Unit (local spelling, formerly known as ?Agat?) is located at the south-west portion of the park and consists of 38 land acres and 557 water acres (NPS 2003). The Asan Beach Unit consists of 109 acres of land and 445 water acres (NPS 2003). A current baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation necessitates the need for up-to-date data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and present health of corals. Park managers need this updated data to determine where and how to best focus conservation priorities and identify restoration opportunities. Management actions in park reef areas informed by this inventory included identifying locations where there were: high rates of sedimentation; high coral biomass; rare or threatened species, with a priority given to species endemic to Guam and listed as ?threatened? under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA; Acropora globiceps, A. retusa, A. speciosa, and Seriatopora aculeata); coral persistence and decline, disease and/or nuisance species, including the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris, ?COTS?) and the sponge Terpios hoshinota; and bleached areas. All work carried out was in accordance with the NPS statement of work (SOW) requirements, which involved a quantitative inventory using both new and pre-existing transects. The resulting transects totaled 61 (including the four from the 1999 study), each measuring 50 meters in length and distributed across depths of up to 50 feet. Divers took photo-quadrat samples covering an area of approximately 9 m?, encompassing 50 photo-quadrats of dimensions 0.50 m x 0.36 m (n=50). The collective area surveyed across all 61 transects amounted to ~549 m?. Additionally, a qualitative search was conducted to enhance documentation of coral species that have limited distribution and might not be captured by transects, along with identifying harmful species and stressors. Timed roving diver coral diversity surveys were carried out at a total of 20 sites occurring within the waters of WAPA, including eight sites at the H?gat unit and 12 sites at the Asan unit. The findings from this report reveal significant disparities in benthic cover compositions between H?gat and Asan units. The H?gat unit exhibits high abundances of turf algae and unconsolidated sediment while the Asan beach unit presents a different scenario, with hard coral as the dominant benthic cover, followed closely by crustose coralline algae (CCA). The Asan unit is also more difficult to access from shore or boat relative to H?gat which provides that unit some protection from human influences. The Asan beach unit's prevalence of hard coral, CCA, and colonizable substrate suggests a more favorable environment for reef growth and the potential benefits of maintaining robust coral cover in the area. These distinct differences in benthic communities highlight the contrasting ecological dynamics and habitats of the two study areas. Across both H?gat and Asan beach unit transects, a total of 56 hard coral species were recorded from 27 genera, with 44 species recorded from the H?gat unit and 48 species recorded from the Asan unit. Of the four historical transects surveyed in the Asan unit from 1999, three experienced declines in percent coral cover (17.38-78.72%), while the fourth had an increase (10.98%). During the timed roving diver coral diversity surveys, a total of 245 hard coral species, including 241 scleractinian coral species representing 49 genera and 4 non-scleractinian coral species representing 4 genera were recorded. Uncertainties related to coral identification, unresolved boundaries between morphospecies, differences in taxonomists' perspectives, and the rapidly evolving state of coral taxonomy have significant implications for species determinations during coral diversity surveys. While the recent surveys have provided valuable insights into coral diversity in WAPA waters, ongoing taxonomic research and collaboration among experts will be essential to obtain a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of coral biodiversity in the region. Of the several ESA coral species that were searched for among the H?gat and Asan beach units, Acropora retusa was the only coral species found among quantitative transects (n=2) and A. globiceps was observed during coral diversity surveys. Acropora speciosa, which was dominant in the upper seaward slopes in 1977, is now conspicuously absent from all the surveys conducted in 2022 (Eldredge et al., 1977). The disappearance and reduction of these once-dominant species underscores the urgency of implementing conservation measures to safeguard the delicate balance of Guam's coral reefs and preserve the diversity and ecological integrity of these invaluable marine ecosystems. Other formerly common or locally abundant species were infrequently encountered during the diversity surveys, including Acropora monticulosa, A. sp. ?obtusicaulis?, A. palmerae, Stylophora sp. ?mordax?, Montipora sp. ?pagoensis?, and Millepora dichotoma. Significant bleaching-associated mortality was recorded for these species, most of which are restricted to reef front/margin zones exposed to moderate-to-high levels of wave energy. Sedimentation was present in both H?gat and the Asan units, though it was more commonly encountered in H?gat transects. While significant portions of the reef area within the WAPA H?gat unit are in poor condition due to a variety of stressors, some areas still hosted notable coral communities, which should be a potential focus for park management to prevent further degradation. There is a need for more effective management of point source pollution concerns, particularly when subpar wastewater treatment or runoff from areas with potential pollution or sediment-laden water is flowing from nearby terrestrial environments. Future monitoring efforts should aim to establish a framework that facilitates a deeper understanding of potential point source pollution incidents. This would empower park managers to collaborate with adjacent communities, both within and outside of park boundaries, to mitigate the localized impacts of pollution (McCutcheon and McKenna, 2021). COTS were encountered during transect surveys as well as in coral diversity surveys. including along the upper reef front/reef margin at site Agat-CS-2. The frequency of these observations, particularly in the WAPA H?gat unit and where stress-susceptible corals are already uncommonly encountered, raise concern about the ability of the populations of these coral species to recover following acute disturbance events, and calls in to question the ability of some of these species to persist in WAPA waters, and in Guam?s waters more broadly. More frequent crown-of-thorns control efforts, even if only a handful of sea stars are removed during a single effort, may be required to prevent further loss to vulnerable species. There were several documented incidents of Terpios hoshinota covering large sections of branching coral in the reef flat along transects, but it is still unclear how detrimental this sponge is to the overall reef system. There is a concern that elevated levels of organic matter and nutrients in the water, such as those resulting from sewage discharge or stormwater runoff, could lead to increased Terpios populations (De Voogd et al. 2013). Consequently, it is important to track populations in known areas of sedimentation and poor water quality. The presence of unique species at single survey sites within the study areas underscores the ecological importance of certain locations. Some species are known to occur in other locations in Guam, while a few may be limited to specific sites within WAPA waters. These differences are likely influenced by environmental and biological factors such as poor water quality, severe heat stress events, chronic predation by crown-of-thorns sea stars, disease, and reduced herbivore populations. These factors collectively shape the condition of the benthic community, leading to variations in species distribution and abundance across the study sites. Documenting coral stress and identifying potentially harmful species allows for proactive management strategies to prevent the establishment of nuisance or detrimental species while populations are still manageable. Updated data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and health of corals is essential for park managers to prioritize conservation efforts and identify restoration opportunities effectively. Observations from this report raise concerns about the health and resilience of coral ecosystems in the H?gat unit and emphasize the need for knowledge of local factors that shape benthic community structure. Understanding the drivers responsible for these variations is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies to preserve the ecological balance and overall health of coral reefs in both units. Continued monitoring efforts will be critical in assessing long-term trends and changes in benthic cover and enabling adaptive management approaches to safeguard these valuable marine ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.
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