Relevant bibliographies by topics / Brake Wear

Academic literature on the topic 'Brake Wear'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Brake Wear"

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Li, Wei, Hong Yu Zheng, and Chang Fu Zong. "A Brake Pad Wear Control Algorithm for Electronic Brake System." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 2099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.2099.

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A brake pad wear control algorithm used under uncritical braking conditions is proposed to reduce the difference in brake pad wear between the front and rear axles caused by the difference in braking force and the type of brake. The algorithm regulates the distribution of braking force within the limits of certain braking regulations according to the wear conditions of the brake pads while deceleration control still functions properly. Computer co-simulations of braking with Trucksim and Matlab/Simulink was performed in which vehicle models with equal brake pad wear, greater wear on the front axle and greater wear on the rear axle were used. The results show that the difference in brake pad wear between the front and rear axles can be reduced by distributing the braking force according to the wear conditions of the brakes when braking uncritically to reduce the time and cost needed in repair and maintenance.
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Sawczuk, Wojciech, Armando Miguel Rilo Cañás, Dariusz Ulbrich, and Jakub Kowalczyk. "Modeling the Average and Instantaneous Friction Coefficient of a Disc Brake on the Basis of Bench Tests." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 4766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164766.

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This article presents the results of tests conducted on the average and instantaneous friction coefficients of railway vehicle disc brakes. The tests were carried out independently of various states of wear on the friction linings and the brake disc. The requirements of the International Union of Railways (UIC) regarding the approval of brake linings for use were taken into account. Based on many years of research using a brake bench to test railway disc brakes, the authors developed multiple regression models for the average friction coefficient and fluctuations (tolerances) in the instantaneous friction coefficient and achieved 870 results. The models proposed three types of variables: the input braking parameters (speed, pressure, and mass to be braked), operational parameters (the wear on the friction linings and the brake disc), and design parameters (perforations in the form of holes on the disc surface). The above two models were validated on the basis of 384 brakes, and in subsequent stages a further evaluation was performed. The coefficients were determined to be, respectively, 0.99 for the model of the average friction coefficient and 0.71 for the model of tolerance (fluctuations) of the instantaneous friction coefficient.
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Barecki, Z., and S. F. Scieszka. "Some Factors Influencing Friction Brake Performance: Part 3—Computer Simulation of the Lining Wear Process in Friction Brakes." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258958.

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In this paper the simulative model of the friction lining wear process in a winding gear, post type, brake is presented. In the modelling procedure, the wear characteristics of the friction materials and the brake variables typical for winding brakes, for example, the elastic property of the brake elements were taken into consideration. The modelling of the friction lining wear process was used to predict associated changes in the pressure distribution, and other mechanical characteristics of the brake system.
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Sawczuk, Wojciech, Agnieszka Merkisz-Guranowska, Armando-Miguel Rilo Cañás, and Sławomir Kołodziejski. "New approach to brake pad wear modelling based on test stand friction-mechanical investigations." Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 24, no. 3 (May 26, 2022): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2022.3.3.

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The paper presents the results of investigations of a railway disc brake system related to the mass wear of its brake pads. The tests were carried out on a certified brake stand designed to determine the friction-mechanical characteristics of the brakes. The test stand was additionally equipped with a thermographic camera to observe the contact points of the brake pads with the disc. Particular attention was drawn to investigating the impact on the mass wear of the brake pads of such parameters of the braking process as contact surface of the brake pad with the rotor, thickness of the brake pads as the indicator of their initial wear, clamping force of the pads against the rotor, rail vehicle mass to be decelerated, and speed, at which the deceleration begins. The scientific aim of the paper is to present the relations between the mass wear of the brake pads and the quantities that characterize the braking process. A regression model was determined to estimate the wear of the brake pads based on a single braking process with the preset input quantities.
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Bondorf, Linda, Lennart Köhler, Tobias Grein, Fabius Epple, Franz Philipps, Manfred Aigner, and Tobias Schripp. "Airborne Brake Wear Emissions from a Battery Electric Vehicle." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030488.

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Although traffic exhaust emissions in Europe have been drastically reduced, airborne particle emissions caused by brakes and tires are still increasing with the number of vehicles. The measurement of non-exhaust emissions is an emerging technological challenge. We present a custom measurement setup to investigate the brake- and tire-wear emissions of an in-use battery electric vehicle. A separate brake housing and HEPA ventilation enabled airborne brake wear emissions to be measured under realistic conditions without external influences. The emission tests on a chassis dynamometer included particle number concentrations and particle size distribution for diameters of 4 nm to 10 μm. Emission indices were determined for three driving cycles: WLTC Class 3b, WLTC Brake Part 10, and a real driving cycle. Further investigations focused on emission control through regenerative braking and brake coating. Driving with regenerative braking reduced emissions by up to 89.9%, which related to the concentration of particles in the ultrafine/fine size range. Hard-metal brake coating led to a further significant reduction in emissions of up to 78.9%. The results point the way to future RDE measurement of non-exhaust emissions and show the potential of regenerative braking and brake coating to reduce airborne brake wear emissions.
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Zhang, Tuo, Sungjin Choi, Seoyeon Ahn, Chanhyuk Nam, and Geesoo Lee. "Enclosure Design for Brake Wear Particle Measurement Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092356.

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The harmfulness of fine dust generated by automobile brakes to the environment has recently received attention. Therefore, we aimed to analyze and regulate the brake wear particles in dynamometers. To accurately measure the number of particles and particle mass, the sampling system used needs to minimize transportation losses and reduce the residence time in the brake enclosure system. The brake dust measurement system currently used can estimate the main transportation loss but cannot evaluate the complex flow field in the brake enclosure system under different design conditions. We used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology to predict the behavior of brake wear particles and analyze the static pressure characteristics, the uniformity of the system flow, and the residence time of the brake dust particles in the system. In addition, we compared the design of the basic structure of the brake enclosure system, combined with the four factors affecting the design of the brake dynamometer, with the enclosure system. As a result, we proposed that the design of the cross section of the brake dynamometer enclosure should be circular, the outlet angle of the enclosure should be 15°, the caliper should be fixed to 150°, and two sets of splitters should be added. This design improves pressure loss and reduces the residence time of brake dust particles in the brake enclosure system.
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Wieczorowski, Michał, Robert Mrozek, and Paweł Andrałojć. "The Use of Surface Asperities Analysis to Investigate Wear of Bodies in Contact on Example of Brake Elements." Metrology and Measurement Systems 17, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-010-0023-7.

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The Use of Surface Asperities Analysis to Investigate Wear of Bodies in Contact on Example of Brake ElementsThe use of surface analysis to investigate brake elements shows how a pair in contact works and wears out during regular operation. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the asperities from initial state to a moment when further use of the drum and shoe is not possible. Between exchange of vital brake elements a truck with total mass exceeding 3.5 tons can cover as many as 300 000 kilometres. Use of brakes during the first 1000 kilometres after maintenance should be rather gentle with possibly intensive use of engine brake installed in the truck itself, because if this rule is not adhered to it may lead to a significant decrease of the braking force and on the surface of the pair in contact a layer will appear that is not possible to wear off and that will make it impossible to stop a truck using brakes. In that condition the shoe should be immediately replaced and the drum should be remachined (by turning) to a repair dimension. In the paper the condition and analysis of a surface after different course of exploitation was presented.
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Qu, Bao Zhang, Hong Bo Zhang, Bi Hong Lu, and Zhen Ming Liu. "Research on Brake Shoe Eccentric Wear Mechanism by Analytical Method and Virtual Experiment." Key Engineering Materials 620 (August 2014): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.620.318.

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In this paper, a theoretical mechanical model for the brake shoe is set up according to the foundation brake unit of railway freight cars, and it indicates that the friction moment is the origin resulting in brake shoe eccentric wear. On this basis, the pressure distribution formula on the brake shoe is derived when the train brakes in forward and backward direction respectively. The analysis results show that if the wheel and the brake shoe are concentric, the ratio of the revolving-in end pressure to the revolving-out end pressure in wheel forward revolving is larger than that in wheel backward revolving. It is consistent with the phenomena that upper eccentric wear often appears on the brake shoe in practice. Further research reveals that the degree of the eccentric wear is determined by the braking force action style, which is the theoretical basis for the design revision. In addition, the RecurDyn Multi-body Dynamics software is used to build the rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model for the foundation brake unit. The simulation experiment verified the analysis result. The research outcome provides the theoretical basis and technical support for further design improvement of the foundation brake unit in railway freight cars.
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Rahimi, Mostafa, Daniele Bortoluzzi, and Jens Wahlström. "Input Parameters for Airborne Brake Wear Emission Simulations: A Comprehensive Review." Atmosphere 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2021): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070871.

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Non-exhaust emissions, generated by the wear of brake systems, tires, roads, clutches, and road resuspension, are responsible for a large part of airborne pollutants in urban areas. Brake wear accounts for 55% of non-exhaust emissions and significantly contributes to urban health diseases related to air pollution. A major part of the studies reported in the scientific literature are focused on experimental methods to sample and characterize brake wear particles in a reliable, representative, and repeatable way. In this framework, simulation is an important tool, which makes it possible to give interpretations of the experimental results, formulate new testing approaches, and predict the emission produced by brakes. The present comprehensive literature review aims to introduce the state of the art of the research on the different aspects of airborne wear debris resulting from brake systems which can be used as inputs in future simulation models. In this review, previous studies focusing on airborne emissions produced by brake systems are investigated in three main categories: the subsystem level, system level, and environmental level. As well as all the information provided in the literature, the simulation methodologies are also investigated at all levels. It can be concluded from the present review study that various factors, such as the uncertainty and repeatability of the brake wear experiments, distinguish the results of the subsystem and system levels. This gap should be taken into account in the development of future experimental and simulation methods for the investigation of airborne brake wear emissions.
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Mamakos, Athanasios, Michael Arndt, David Hesse, and Klaus Augsburg. "Physical Characterization of Brake-Wear Particles in a PM10 Dilution Tunnel." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110639.

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A dilution tunnel was designed for the characterization of brake-wear particle emissions up to 10 μm on a brake dyno. The particulate matter emission levels from a single front brake were found to be 4.5 mg/km (1.5 mg/km being smaller than 2.5 μm) over a novel real-world brake cycle, for a commercial Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) pad. Particle Number (PN) emissions as defined in exhaust regulations were in the order of 1.5 to 6 × 109 particles per km per brake (#/km/brake). Concentration levels could exceed the linearity range of full-flow Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) over specific braking events, but remained at background levels for 60% of the cycle. Similar concentrations measured with condensation and optical counters suggesting that the majority of emitted particles were larger the 300 nm. Application of higher braking pressures resulted in elevated PN emissions and the systematic formation of nano-sized particles that were thermally stable at 350 °C. Volatile particles were observed only during successive harsh braking events leading to elevated temperatures. The onset depended on the type of brakes and their prehistory, but always at relatively high disc temperatures (280 to 490 °C).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brake Wear"

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MacCrimmon, Donald. "Automotive brake wear debris analysis /." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1791982261&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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MacCrimmon, Donald Cody. "Automotive Brake Wear Debris Analysis." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/486.

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Passenger vehicle disk brakes produce large amounts of wear debris that needs to be analyzed to verify its environmental and health impact because its effects are amplified by the massive extent of vehicular transportation around the world. An efficient and thorough method for wear debris analysis should be derived from this research to assist brake manufacturers and researchers in understanding the characteristics of wear particulates being released from current brake materials. In addition, a test method allowing inspection of brake formulations in development phase should be provided and several model "environmentally friendly" brake lining materials should be developed. The most hazardous constituents in a known brake lining formula should be replaced with non-hazardous materials that will obtain performance specifications comparable to the original formula. The brake manufacturing industry and general public should be notified of important findings from this research. Model brake linings fabricated on-site with known constituents were run through an AO4D performance dynamometer test to collect airborne and non-airborne wear debris that is comparable to wear debris produced by an average passenger vehicle. Based on previous experience with analysis of brake linings, this wear debris will be analyzed with scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy with EDX (TEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and laser scattering particle size distribution analyzer (LSPSDA). Research presented in this report indicates clearly that the previous work published by several groups is lacking sufficient information and the findings should be corrected. For instance the particle size distribution detected by particle size analyzers and impactors (recommended by EPA) is not accurate and TEM as well as SEM studies allowing direct observation of wear particles revealed considerable differences between sizes detected by these analyzers and realistic particle size. EDX in combination with XRF and XRD allows for reliable identification of chemical species and crystalline phases present in wear debris. True airborne wear debris should be sampled from brake exhaust from an appropriate distance. Degummed hemp shows promising results as a copper replacement in low-metallic friction material.
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Ren, Haichuan [Verfasser]. "Investigations on Wear of Brake Pads / Haichuan Ren." Aachen : Shaker, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1084536676/34.

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Stenberg, Forsberg Niklas, Joakim Tänndal, and Joakim Lange. "Wear particle collector concept for a train disc brake." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-51372.

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Vid användandet av en skivbroms på ett tåg frigörs partiklar i friktionskontakten mellan skiva och belägg. Beroende på den aerodynamiska diametern blir partiklar luftburna, och de anses vara farliga för människans andningssystem. Att fånga upp partiklarna och på så vis förbättra luftkvaliteten är därför fördelaktigt.Olika metoder för uppsamling av de luftburna partiklarna utvärderades och den mest lämpliga valdes för vidareutveckling. En konceptuell lösning, för applicering av denna metod på en Reginaboggi, genererades och utformades.Resultatet är en partikelfångare som renar luft med hjälp av filter med tillräcklig uppsamlingseffektivitet. En central uppsamlingsenhet monteras på boggin, och ansluts med rörledningar till insug monterade vid bromsbeläggen. En fläkt genererar ett luftflöde som transporterar partiklarna genom rörsystemet och filtren.
In a train disc brake, the frictional contact will generate wear particles in different size ranges. Depending on the aerodynamic diameter some of the particles become airborne; these are considered to be harmful to the human respiratory system. It is therefore beneficial to collect the airborne particles to improve the air quality.Different methods of gathering airborne particles were evaluated and the most suitable was selected. A conceptual solution in how to apply this on a Regina train bogie was then formulated and designed.The result is a particle collector that purifies the air using filters with sufficient efficiency for the application. A central collection unit is fitted on the bogie, connected by tubes to intakes mounted at the brake pads. The system utilizes airflow created by a fan to transport the particles through the tubing and filters.
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Salama, M. R. El-M. "Investigation into the effect of fibre size on the tribological behaviour of semi-metallic brake material." Thesis, University of Salford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384145.

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Yuen, Dick Kwan Kenneth. "Brake disc life prediction for material evaluation and selection : the application of finite element and fatigue analysis to the prediction of crack initiation in brake discs during operation." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363977.

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Mirzababaei, Saereh. "IMPACT OF HUMIDITY ON WEAR AND CREEP GROAN OF AUTOMOTIVE BRAKE FRICTION MATERIALS." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2056.

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In recent decades, significant requirements of changes in composition of brake friction materials in order for faster and more reliable transportation as well as their environmental friendly characterizations attracted attentions. However, the relation between performance and formulation/composition is not clear since friction processes are accompanied by many complex problems such as instability in the coefficient of friction, noise, vibration and wear. Creep-groan is a low frequency vibration which could originate in different part of the system (vehicle). The resulting resonant vibration in the passenger compartment causes discomfort and often leads to complaints of customers and related increase of warranty costs covered by manufacturers. In spite of relatively large amount of publications addressing the creep-groan phenomena, there is not an universal solution addressing the engineering aspects of brake/vehicle design. In addition, Relevance of wear occurring in brake materials increased particularly with relation to the released chemicals and corresponding health and environmental hazards. It is well known that humidity can considerably modify the adhesion of rubbing counterfaces by creating menisci and increasing the contact area. The chemistry, morphology and phase composition of the friction layers (third body) generated on the friction surfaces could play a determining role when amounts of adsorbed water on brake surfaces is concerned. The friction layer is typically a complex mix of numerous materials and, as a rule, contains the agglomerated or sintered nanoparticles. Hence, quantum effects could further modify the adsorption of water. This work addresses the impact of humidity on wear and creep groan of two commercial brake material types: the so called i) "non-asbestos organic" (NAO) and the ii) "semi-metallic" (SM) brake materials rubbed against pearlitic gray cast iron rotors typically used in the passenger vehicles. The friction and wear tests were performed with the Universal Mechanical Tester (UMT) manufactured by Bruker and the wear surfaces/mechanisms were studied by using of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and optical topography methods. The applied wear testing conditions were designed as a series of particularly designed drag tests and were performed at several different relative humidity levels ranging between 50% and 80%. The major findings confirmed the considerable effect of humidity on wear of brake materials. Both pad types wore noticeably less at increased humidity. This was ascribed to a better capacity to form a protective friction layer. The complex wear mechanisms including abrasive, adhesive, fatigue, and corrosion wear were observed on both material types, irrespectively of humidity levels, and they dependent on the chemistry and phase composition of the friction layer. Humidity also influenced the level of friction.
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Verma, Piyush Chandra. "Automotive Brake Materials: Characterization of Wear Products and Relevant Mechanisms at High Temperature." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/369200.

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Wear is an ubiquitous phenomenon affecting an extremely wide number of technological system, often determining their premature failure. In this regard, wear and friction behavior of friction materials and the characterization of wear debris from brake disc system is an important step to understand the dominant wear mechanisms active in a given tribological system, in order to improve its performances and to increase the expected lifetime. In the thesis, four tribological task has been performed, under the code name Case I, II, III & IV. This thesis present the work on the development of a characterization methodology of a wear debris from brake pad-disc system, M1 and M2 friction materials at elevated temperatures and study of the wear and frictional behavior of a heat treated cast iron disc. In Case I, the dry sliding behavior of two friction materials (M1 & M2) have been investigated. The sliding tests were carried out on a pin-on-disc test rig, using a cast iron disc as a counterface, under mild conditions (the applied nominal pressure was 2 MPa and the sliding speed was 3.14 m/s). The results shows that friction material M2 is characterized by a lower friction coefficient than friction material M1, and the friction coefficient is stable during the test. In addition, friction material M2 shows a lower wear rate than M1. The results were explained by considering the characteristics of the friction layer that is established during the test. On the bases of the experimental observations, the lower friction and wear of friction material M2 was attributed to the formation a quite uniform and well compacted friction layer, due to the presence of ingredients, such as Zr oxides, able to form small particles during sliding that are compacted and held together by the presence of metallic ingredients, such as copper. The absence of Zr-oxides in the formulation of M1friction material and the presence, in their place, of hard and abrasives Mg, Zn and Al-oxides, impeded the formation of wide covering friction layer, increasing friction and wear. The different frictional properties of the brake pads determine their driving performances, and the different wear behavior determine their in-service deterioration and also their attitude to emit particulate matter in the environment, which is nowadays a concern of increasing importance. Under the Case II, a streamline characterization protocol for wear debris emitted under wear testing conditions (Case I - M1 friction material) used for disc brake assemblies is presented. An important aspect of the experimental test methodology concerns the powder collection methodology on different substrates: aluminum foil, for a gravitational integral collection, and polycarbonate filters of an ELPI+ impactor equipment, on which particles are selectively trapped, according to their average size. The protocol is based on the application of different materials characterization tools, like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The deliberate aim of the study was to identify suitable selection parameters, like specimen availability and average particle size, for an effective and smart application of the mentioned experimental techniques so to optimize testing times and obtain statistical reliable results. The proposed characterization approach could be profitably employed also in other contexts, like environmental and health monitoring, as far as particulate matter, even from other sources than brake systems, is concerned. We extended the work in Case I by investigating further wear mechanisms of M1 & M2 pins at elevated temperatures i.e., 170°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C and 350°C, under Case III. The results showed a clear evolution of frictional parameters with temperature. For M1, the working temperature were 155°C, 200°C, 250°C and 300°C, the absence of frictional parameters with temperature and wear behavior of M1 is higher than M2 with one degree higher order of magnitude. Wear tracks on the discs form from the piling up of wear fragments produced both by the tribo-oxidation of the disc itself and from the wearing out of the pin materials. This accumulation of wear debris on the disc surface nearly compensate for the weight loss associated with disc wear. The observed tribological behaviour is very much influenced by the thermal degradation of the phenolic binder of the friction material. The thermal decomposition kinetics was confirmed by thermogravimetric analyses, conducted on purpose on the pin material, and by Raman spectroscopy results, that confirmed the presence of carbonaceous products on the worn out pin surface. For M2, the working temperature were 170°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C and 350°C, above 170°C a transition from mild to severe wear was observed. Correspondingly, the friction layers, in particular, the secondary plateaus, which develop on the pins and disc surface during sliding displayed quite different features, as proved by electron microscopy observations and X-ray spectroscopy analyses. As concerns the pins, at 25°C and 170°C, the friction layer consists of primary and well compacted secondary plateaus. At 200°C and above, a progressive reduction of the pin surface coverage by the secondary component of the friction layer and a corresponding thinning of this component are observed. Secondary plateaus are barely present on the samples tested at 350°C. Although referring to rather extreme conditions and simplified sliding conditions, the results obtained in this study provide useful indications on the role that the thermal stability of the organic component may have in determining wear rate in brake systems in which the temperature rise may be induced by actual operational conditions. The Case IV work aims at illustrating the role of conventional heat-treatments on the friction and wear behavior of the above system. Wear rates of both disc and M2 friction material were reduced by almost one order of magnitude when the disc is preliminarily heat-treated and then grinded to remove the surface decarburized layer that forms during the adopted treatment cycle. Heat-treatment and heat-treatment plus ground results in the reduction of the friction coefficient, which was comparatively low for the grounded samples (grinded to remove the surface decarburized layer). The friction and wear behavior along with the contact temperature evolutions were rationalized according to the materials characteristics and the observed wear mechanisms.
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Abbasi, Saeed. "Towards elimination of airborne particles from rail traffic." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Maskinelement, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131372.

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Since the investigation of wear particles from rail transport started in the late 1910s, the high mass concentrations of these particles have prompted concern among researchers interested in air quality. However, effective action has yet to be taken because relevant knowledge is still missing. This thesis provides knowledge of airborne wear particles originating from rail transport. Some aspects of their characteristic parameters, such as size, mass concentration, number concentration, and morphology, were investigated in the field and in laboratory tests. We also discuss means to mitigate non-exhaust emissions, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various test set-ups in the seven appended journal papers:Paper A reviews recent studies of exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from rail vehicles. The results, measurements, adverse health effects, and proposed or applied solutions presented in this literature are summarized in this paper.Paper B summarizes the results of field tests we conducted. The effects of curve negotiation and braking under different real conditions were investigated in a field test in which on-board measurements were made. The elemental composition and morphology of the particles emitted and their potential sources were also investigated.Paper C describes how a pin-on-disc machine can be used to reproduce real operating conditions during mechanical train braking in a controlled laboratory setting. The results were validated by comparing the field test results with the results of laboratory studies.Paper D presents comprehensive results of laboratory studies of airborne particles from different braking materials. A new index is introduced in this paper, which can be used as a quantitative metric for assessing airborne wear particle emission rates.Paper E describes the effects of using various friction modifiers and lubricants on the characteristics of airborne particles from wheel–rail contact under lubricated and unlubricated conditions.Paper F reports work to simulate thermoelastic instability in the cast-iron braking material. We simulated the fluctuation of the flash temperature by considering the temperature dependency of the material properties and the transformation of the contact state due to thermomechanical phenomena and wear.Paper G reviews new full- and sub-scale measurements of non-exhaust emissions from ground transport. The advantages and disadvantages of on-board measurements, pin-on-disc tests, dynamometer tests, and test rig studies are discussed in this paper.

QC 20131025

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Sjöholm, Mikael. "Benefits of regenerative braking and eco driving for high-speed trains : Energy consumption and brake wear." Thesis, KTH, Spårfordon, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-31701.

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on mechanical brakes. The electric regenerative brakes can thus be used as normal service brake with minimum time loss.The first part of the study aims at developing a method to calculate wear on train brake pads. This is done by using a reformulated version of Archard’s wear equation with a temperature dependent wear coefficient and a temperature model to predict the brake pad temperature during braking. The temperature model is calibrated using trustworthy data from a brake system supplier and full-scale test results.By performing simulations in the program STEC (Simulation of Train Energy Consumption), energy consumption for different cases of high-speed train operations is procured and significant data for the wear calculations are found. Simulations include both “normal driving techniques” and “eco driving”. The driving styles were decided through interviews with train drivers and experts on energy optimized driving systems.The simulations show that more powerful drive systems reduce both energy consumption and travel time by permitting higher acceleration and energy regeneration while braking. Calculations show that since the electric motors could carry out more of the braking the wear of the mechanical brakes becomes lower.Eco driving techniques can help to further reduce the energy consumption and mechanical brake wear. This driving style can require some time margins though, since it takes slightly longer time to drive when using coasting and avoiding speed peaks. However, if used properly this should not have to affect the actual travel time, partly because some time margins are always included in the timetable.Even if new, more powerful, trains would have the ability to reduce energy consumption and brake wear it is also necessary to have an appropriate slip control system for the electric brakes, making it possible to use them also under slippery conditions. In this context it is important that the adhesion utilization is modest, about 12 – 15 % for speeds up to 100 km/h and lower at higher speeds.
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Books on the topic "Brake Wear"

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Launert, Dieter. Wer erfand die Transversalteilung?: Brahe, Ursus, Hommel, Pühler : Pühlers Practica Geometriae. Augsburg: Dr. Erwin Rauner Verlag, 2014.

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Natarajan, N., J. Paulo Davim, and Vijayan Krishnaraj. Metal Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Wear Characteristics, Machinability Study of Mmc Brake Drum. Springer International Publishing AG, 2014.

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Natarajan, Nanjappan, J. Paulo Davim, and Vijayan Krishnaraj. Metal Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Wear Characteristics, Machinability Study of MMC Brake Drum. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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Performance Analysis on Wear and Friction Characteristics of Brake Rotor Made of A359-B4c Composites. Tiruchengode, India: ASDF International, 2017.

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Mystery at Dead Broke Ranch (Texas Rangers, Men Who Wear the Star) (Volume 2). Winged Publications, 2018.

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The Bear (use with "Jesse Bear What Will You Wear?") (Take-Home Books (Harcourt Brace)). Harcourt Brace, 2000.

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Eaton, Bonita. Brace Yourself: A Book for Adults Who Wear Braces (& Children Who Have to Be Adult about It). Double E Publishing, 1988.

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Kajitvichyanukul, Puangrat, and Brian D'Arcy, eds. Land Use and Water Quality: The Impacts of Diffuse Pollution. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061123.

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Abstract The influence of landscapes – topography, soil, vegetation, geology – on water quality is an inherent part of the global water cycle. Land use has adverse impacts for example when soils are exposed, significant quantities of pollutants are released (including anthropogenic materials added to those naturally present), or pollutants are added directly to the water environment. Those impacts range from industrial development to farming and urbanisation. Whilst inefficient polluting industrial effluents are still tolerated in some countries, and poorly treated sewage globally remains a huge challenge for sanitation and public health, as well as the water environment, diffuse pollution is relatively poorly recognised or understood. The operator of a sewage or trade effluent treatment plant is consciously discharging effluent to the local river. But a farmer is simply growing crops or farming livestock, a city commuter driving to work is unlikely to be thinking how brake pad wear has released copper to the water (and air) environment and hydrocarbons and particulates too; no one is intending to cause pollution of the water environment. The same applies to industrial chemists creating fire-proofing chemicals, solvents, fertilisers, pesticides, cosmetics and many more substances which contaminate the environment. Understanding and ultimately minimising diffuse pollution is in that sense the science of unintended consequences. And the consequences can be severe, for water resources and ecosystems. It's a global problem. This book comprises 18 papers from experts around the globe, presenting evidence from tropical as well as temperate regions, and rural as well as urban land use challenges. The book explores the nature of diffuse pollution and exemplifies the issues at various scales, from high-level national overviews to particular catchment and pollutant issues. By contrast, natural or semi-natural forest cover has long been recognised as safeguarding water quality in reservoirs (examples from Australia to Thailand and UK). The final chapter looks at how landscapes generally, can be designed to minimise pollution risks from particular land-uses, arguing for a more widespread catchment approach to water-aware landscape design, allied with flood risk resilience, place-making for people, and biodiversity opportunities too. ISBN: 9781789061116 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789061123 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789061130 (ePub)
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femlees, book. Be Strong When You Are Weak Be Brave When You Are Scared Be Humble When You Are Victorious Be Badass Everyday: Nice Motivation Quotes. Independently Published, 2021.

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Evans, John H. The Human Gene Editing Debate. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519561.001.0001.

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Scholars have been debating the ethics of what is now called human gene editing for more than 60 years. This innovative book examines the historical debate and finds that it is set up as a slippery slope, with the ethically consensual acts of human gene editing at the top and the Brave New World or Gattaca at the dystopian bottom. More importantly, what stops the debate from slipping down the slope into unacceptable acts are agreed upon limits, which this book describes as barriers on the slope. The book describes what makes weak and strong barriers, and it shows how the first barriers were built on the slope. The first barrier was between modifying the existing human body (upslope of the barrier and acceptable) and modifying the species (downslope of the barrier and unacceptable). The second was between modifying to combat disease (upslope) and modifying to enhance a person’s abilities (downslope). The book shows how these barriers were weakened and finally knocked over, potentially allowing people to engage in any human gene editing they desired. The book then turns to describing barriers that could be built on the slope and also shows that many commonly advocated barriers are unstable. The debate about human gene editing, as well as many other debates in bioethics, would be greatly improved if participants would consider the insights of this book and only create defensible barriers.
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Book chapters on the topic "Brake Wear"

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Ostermeyer, G. P., and K. Bode. "On Dynamic Friction Phenomena in Brake Systems." In Friction, Wear and Wear Protection, 301–6. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527628513.ch36.

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Rak, Zbigniew S. "A Novel CMC Material for Train Brake Systems." In Ceramics - Processing, Reliability, Tribology and Wear, 108–13. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607293.ch18.

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Kalhapure, Vaibhav A., and H. P. Khairnar. "Taguchi Optimization for Wear Behaviour of Drum Brake Shoe Interface." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1487–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0550-5_142.

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Pander, Lutz, and Ralph Mayer. "Modal analysis of brake discs – effect of wear on the frequency spectrum." In Proceedings, 691–715. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22050-1_47.

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Ge, Mengqiong, Shengfang Lu, Yan Zhang, and Cui Qin. "Fault Inspection of Brake Shoe Wear for TEDS Based on Machine Vision." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 54–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3150-4_5.

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Grigoratos, Theodoros, and G. Martini. "Development of a commonized methodology for measuring brake wear particles – current status within the PMP IWG." In Proceedings, 627. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18459-9_43.

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Jie, Teng, Chen Ding, and Chen Zhenhua. "Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of a Tribological Couple: Spray-Deposited Al-Si/SiCp Composites/Brake Pads." In Advanced Tribology, 268–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_84.

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Sngh, Reeti, Leonhard Holzgaßner, Jan Kondas, and Sascha Bernhardt. "High-performance Cold Spray Coating for Wear/Corrosion Protection and Particle Emission Reduction of Brake Discs." In Proceedings, 107–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66328-8_8.

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Ostermeyer, Georg-Peter, and Andreas Krumm. "Abstract Methods on Mesoscopic Scales of Friction." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 127–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_6.

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AbstractIn recent years, research has increasingly focused on the complex processes involved in friction contacts. Especially in tribological high-loaded contacts, characterized by the presence of contact modifying wear particles, macroscopic friction shows a surprisingly high dynamic complexity on many temporal and local scales. There are dominant effects on mesoscopic scales such as the geometric self-organization structures of the wear dust in the contact, which can significantly change the local contact surfaces. For the description and simulation of these phenomena, abstract methods have shown their effectiveness. One class of methods are cellular automata, both volume- and particle-based. The latter are in particular the Movable Cellular Automata developed by Sergey Psakhie. The scales of these discrete methods are freely selectable in wide ranges between the macro world and the atomic scale. Nevertheless, they provide reliable information on mesoscopic balances in the boundary layer and thus also on the macroscopic behavior of the tribocontact. The success of these methods is shown by the example of an automotive brake. The question of the relative insensitivity of the scales of these mesoscopic methods is examined in detail.
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Krenkel, W., R. Renz, and T. Henke. "Ultralight and Wear Resistant Ceramic Brakes." In Materials for Transportation Technology, 89–94. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527606025.ch16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Brake Wear"

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Sanders, P. G., T. M. Dalka, N. Xu, M. M. Maricq, and R. H. Basch. "Brake Dynamometer Measurement of Airborne Brake Wear Debris." In SAE 2002 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1280.

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Polak, Adam, Janusz Grzybek, Stanisław Pytko, and Kirill Voynov. "Reuse of Wear Debris in Automotive Disc Brakes." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63346.

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Paper presents an idea of wear debris reuse in the automotive disc brakes. According to this idea, worn material is used as a material building up third body. Application of this idea leads to diminishing of brake discs and brake pads wear.
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Hohmann, Ch, K. Schiffner, and J. Brecht. "Pad Wear Simulation Model." In Annual Brake Colloquium And Engineering Display. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3392.

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Hearing, Brian, Kevin Grove, and Andrew Alden. "Monitoring Brake Wear with Acoustics." In Noise and Vibration Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1053.

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Grochowicz, Jaroslaw, Jos Ruymen, Harald Abendroth, Klaus Augsburg, and Max Votteler. "Mojacar Brake Wear and NVH: Dyno Simulation Concept." In 25th Annual Brake Colloquium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-3959.

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Kijanski, Jacek, Johannes Otto, Frank Stebner, Jürgen Weber, René Franke, and Georg-Peter Ostermeyer. "Investigation of Influences on Brake Pad Wear." In Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 38th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1614.

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Mamakos, Athanasios, Andreas Klug, Gerald Steiner, Michael Peter Huber, Michael Hofbauer, and Peter Fischer. "Real driving emissions sampling system for brake wear particle measurement." In EuroBrake 2022. FISITA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/eb2022-ebs-010.

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"Brake wear is well recognized as one of the dominant sources of traffic-induced particulate matter emissions. A first standardized measurement methodology is currently being developed by UNECE's Particle Measurement Program. The approach is based on isolated single brakes on dedicated brake test beds, where the test conditions can be tightly controlled. However, the actual real-world emission behaviour of a brake system is influenced by many changing factors depending on the vehicle and a multitude of surrounding conditions. This makes real driving emissions measurement of brake dust a highly relevant but also very challenging task, considering minimal impact of the measurement setup on the emission behaviour. In this paper, we show the design of a novel brake particle sampling system with minimal influence on the thermal behaviour of the brake, supported by numerical simulation studies. The proposed setup covers only part of the brake disc on one side and allows for installation with minimal interventions at the brake mount and rim. The particle-collecting grommet and the sampling line were carefully designed to minimize larger particle losses. The sampling system was implemented in a commercial passenger car and equipped with particulate matter measurement instruments, closely following the ongoing standardization for brake dyno emission testing. Repeated real driving tests on a test track were successfully performed with different sampling flow rates. The results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach, indicating promising particulate matter collection efficiency with sufficiently high sampling flow. "
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Shi, Tinghui S. "Brake Noise Analysis with Lining Wear." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0823.

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Qiao, Yijun, and Yun-Bo Yi. "Effect of Wear on Frictionally Excited Thermoelastic Instability." In Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 38th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1629.

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Learman, Cara, and Kevin Campbell. "Lining Wear Measurements using a Coordinate Measurement Machine." In Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 39th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1270.

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