Journal articles: 'BRAKE DRUM MANUFACTURING'

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Sohn, Jung Woo, Han Gyeol Gang, and Seung-Bok Choi. "An experimental study on torque characteristics of magnetorheological brake with modified magnetic core shape." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 168781401775222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017752222.

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In this article, a new type of magnetorheological brake is designed and its torque characteristics are investigated experimentally. The proposed magnetorheological brake consists of an outer housing, a rotating drum, magnetorheological fluid, and a copper wire coiled magnetic core to generate a magnetic field. At first, the structural configurations of the magnetorheological brakes are presented with conventional and modified magnetic core shape. To achieve enhanced braking torque under limited small size, a modified magnetic core shape is adopted in the proposed magnetorheological brake. After manufacturing the magnetorheological brakes and measurement of braking torque, it is verified that the proposed magnetorheological brake with modified magnetic core shape has improved braking torque compared to conventional-type magnetorheological brake. For the actuator application, the dynamic characteristics, such as rising time, settling time, and falling time, of the proposed magnetorheological brake is also experimentally evaluated by observing the step response. In addition, the torque tracking control performance is also investigated by adopting fuzzy–proportional–integral–derivative control algorithm for desired input of sinusoidal and multi-magnitude step input. It is demonstrated that the proposed magnetorheological brake can be successfully used as an actuator with limited small size.

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Mamiti, G. I. "Drum brake with self-stabilizing shoes." Russian Engineering Research 29, no. 11 (November 2009): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x09110173.

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Siregar, Rolan, Mohammad Adhitya, Danardono A. Sumarsono, Nazaruddin Nazaruddin, Ghany Heryana, Sonki Prasetya, and Fuad Zainuri. "Optimization of temperature measurement on the bus drum brake as a basis for developing brake fault signals." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 1 (109) (February 19, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.224907.

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Brake failure is always possible due to several factors that are difficult to control, such as a slight leak in the brake hose due to an impact or a rat bite. In the latest research, the development of a brake performance detection tool has been started, but how to detect a brake temperature more efficiently on the brakes of large vehicles has not been specified. Given the significant impact of losses due to brake failure and accidents that are still occurring, this research plays an important role. It must be completed immediately so that accident cases can be reduced. The object of this research is where the position of the maximum brake temperature occurs? How to measure brake temperature is more practical? What sensor is optimal in detecting a brake temperature? The research method is carried out in a systematic stage that ends with an experimental method. This study indicates that the maximum temperature is relative to the entire friction area between the canvas and the drum brake. The most efficient sensor placement is in the hole in the drum brake cover so that installation is more practical and the brakes are not disturbed by the sensor’s presence. The optimal sensor is a thermocouple sensor because it is more stable to vibrations and more resistant to mud disturbances than infrared sensors. When using a thermocouple sensor, the temperature detection results must be corrected. The correction factor can be made with the equation y=10.3670+1.3205x–0.0003x2, where y is the actual temperature displayed, and x is the input temperature from the thermocouple sensor’s initial detection. Accurate brake temperature detection results will be developed as a signal for detecting brake faults in real-time to avoid brake failure. Finally, the safety of public transportation can be improved

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Potter, Ron. "Robots, vision systems and automatic gages streamline brake drum and rotor manufacturing." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 29, no. 5 (October 2002): 404–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01439910210440192.

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Zabolotnyi, K. S., O. L. Zhupiiev, and V. V. Symonenko. "Substantiating the methods for calculating the split cylindrical drums of mine hoisting machines with increased rope capacity." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 5 (October 30, 2022): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-5/060.

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Purpose. A simplified calculation method development for strengthened split cylindrical drum structures of the mine hoisting machines of the TsR-6.756.2/1.95 type. Methodology. The drum structure for the mine hoisting machines is conventionally divided into several nodes. A simplified averaged model is constructed for the nodes consisting of the shell, frontal, rib strengthening and brake discs (end nodes) based on the analysis of their operation, in particular, the stiffness analysis under different loads. After that, when assembling, the initial drum nodes are replaced with simplified ones and a so-called simplified model for the whole drum is constructed, as well as the displacements of the brake disc edges are determined. Findings. The simplified models for drum nodes have been created based on the analysis of their operation, and then the displacements of the whole drum simplified model have been calculated. Originality. The simplified calculation method error has been estimated: the method of averaging with increased thickness of the frontals. Practical value. For the TsR-6.756.2/1.95 hoisting machine with a drum diameter of 6750 mm, a drum width of 6200 mm and an adjustable part width of 1950 mm, with a groove cutting pitch of 51 mm and a maximum lifting depth of 1477 m, it has been determined that the maximum axial displacements for brake disc edges of the jammed and adjustable parts are 0.854 and 1.921mm, respectively. A simplified calculation method has been developed for strengthened split cylindrical drum structures of the mine hoisting machines of the TsR-6.756.2/1.95 type, available for use in middle-class packages such as SolidWorks Simulation.

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Gorbatenko, N. N. "Output Parameters of a Drum Brake with Floating Shoes." Russian Engineering Research 43, no. 6 (June 2023): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x23060102.

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Li, Qiang, Mo Tong, Mian Jia, and Jie Yang. "Towards Low Carbon: A Lightweight Design of Automotive Brake Hub." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 15122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215122.

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Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have become important considerations in today’s manufacturing industry. Vehicle lightweight design can reduce carbon emissions and it is an important means to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In this study, the lightweight design method of automotive brake hub towards low carbon and the calculation method of low-carbon benefit are presented. A brake hub is the core of a drum brake, working together with a friction plate and brake shoe to complete the braking process. The requirements for the safety performance of brake hub are becoming increasingly more stringent in order to improve the stability and safety of the braking process. The brake hub ZD02-151122A manufactured by Anhui Axle Co., Ltd.(Suzhou, China), was used as the research object. The lightweight optimization of the brake hub was designed under the lightweight drive to reduce the shape variables and stress values of the brake hub and to reduce the mass. The proposed optimization scheme changed the chamfering to 45 × 45 and increased the number of bolt holes to eight. Compared with the original brake hub, the maximum strain, maximum stress value, stress concentration coefficient, and mass were reduced by 15.38%, 17.66%, 1.50%, and 17.40%, respectively, which achieved the specified optimization goal of improving mechanical properties and reducing mass. Towards low carbon, the reduction in carbon emissions from the optimized brake hub manufacturer and the vehicle during operation was calculated. For Anhui Axle Co., Ltd., the carbon emission can be reduced by 4.21 × 106 kg per year. Moreover, vehicle exhaust emissions can be reduced by 8.76 × 108 kg if all trucks produced by a medium-sized vehicle assembly company are driven on the road until being scrapped. This study serves as a reference for design optimization and low-carbon benefit analysis of other major automotive components.

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Wing Chan, Yiu. "Application of a solidification model to the casting of an aluminium brake drum." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 29, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(92)90437-w.

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Mistry, Jitendra M., and Piyush P. Gohil. "An overview of diversified reinforcement on aluminum metal matrix composites: Tribological aspects." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116658572.

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Aluminum metal matrix composites have found applications in manufacturing of various components such as piston, cylinder block, and brake drum, in which wear and friction are important phenomenon. This paper presents an overview of diversified reinforcement on aluminum metal matrix composites in terms of tribological aspects. A comprehensive literature review is carried out on aluminum metal matrix composites based on individual reinforcement and multiple reinforcements including various product applications. The research review is summarized in form of tribology wheel for aluminum metal matrix composites, which encompass fields involved in tribology, fabrication processes/parameters, reinforcement(s) and matrix contribution, tribological testing parameter, statistical analytical technique, and product application areas of AMCs. The tribology wheel becomes helpful in selecting parameters with possible permutation and combination for further improvement of tribological properties. Finally, comments are addressed regarding the future work on tribological aspects of aluminum metal matrix composites.

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Nallusamy, S., S. Seenuvasa Rajan, S. Sundar, and Gautam Majumdar. "Study on Enhancement of Quality Level through a Lean Approach in an Original Equipment Manufacturer." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 43 (June 2019): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.43.145.

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In the present condition, customer demand has increased gradually due to technological development and globalisation in this world. So this made the industrialist to deliver the products at right quantity at right place at right time with shorter lead time. But due to high rejection rate the industries fails to meet the customer demand which in turn reduces the customer satisfaction. Hence, this research an attempt was made to reduce the defects of casting components in an original equipment manufacturer. The study was carried out in a foundry of brake drum manufacturing industry. The problem was inside that the industry could not meet the customer demand due to high rejection rate and the major contributor for high rejection is found to be sand drop. Hence, proposed solutions have been implemented to achieve the objectives. After implementation of proper lean tools it was observed from the results that, the rejection rate was reduced by about 4% and the quality level was increased by about 4.4%.

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Askerov, S. A. "The Effect of Temperature Stresses on the Origin of Cohesion Cracks in a Brake Drum during Braking." Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability 49, no. 12 (December 2020): 998–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s105261882012002x.

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Singh, Rupinder, and Sunpreet Singh. "Investigating the friction coefficient in functionally graded rapid prototyping of Al–Al2O3 composite prepared by fused deposition modelling." Assembly Automation 37, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-06-2016-055.

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Purpose The present research work aims to study the friction coefficient in functionally graded rapid prototyping of Al–Al2O3 composite prepared via fused deposition modelling (FDM)-assisted investment casting (IC) process. The optimized settings of the process parameters (namely, filament proportion, volume of FDM pattern, density of FDM pattern, barrel finishing (BF) time, BF media weight and number of IC slurry layers) suggested in the present research work will help fabricate parts possessing higher frictional coefficient. Design/methodology/approach Initially, melt flow index (MFI) of two different proportions of Nylon6-Al–Al2O3 (to be used as an alternative FDM filament material) was tested on the melt flow indexer and matched with MFI of commercially used acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene filament. After this, the selected proportions of Nylon6-Al–Al2O3 were prepared in the form of the FDM filament by using a single screw extruder. Further, this FDM filament has been used for developing sacrificial IC patterns in the existing FDM system which was barely finished to improve their surface finish. Castings developed were tested for their wear resistance properties on a pin-on-disc-type tribo-tester under dry conditions at sliding conditions to check their suitability as a frictional device for industrial applications. In the methodology part, Taguchi L18 orthogonal array was used to study the effect of selected process variables on the coefficient of friction (μ). Findings It has been found that filament proportion, volume of FDM pattern and density of FDM pattern have significantly affected the μ-values. Further, density of the FDM pattern was found to have 91.62 per cent contribution in obtaining μ-values. Scanning electron micrographs highlighted uniform distribution of Al2O3 particles in the Al-matrix at suggested optimized settings. Practical implications The present methodology shows the development of a functional graded material that consisted of surface reinforcement with Al2O3 particles, which could have applications for manufacturing friction surfaces such as clutch plates, brake drum, etc. Originality/value This paper describes the effect of process parameters on wear properties of the Al–Al2O3 composite developed as a functionally graded material by the FDM-based pattern in the IC process.

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Posmyk, Andrzej, and Jerzy Myalski. "COMPOSITE MATERIAL WITH CAST IRON MATRIX DESIGNED FOR BRAKE SYSTEMS OF TECHNICAL MEANS OF TRANSPORT." Tribologia 301, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1036.

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The paper presents the basics of manufacturing and the tribological properties of the developed cast ironceramic composite designed for brake discs or drums. The matrix of the composite consists of GJL-150 grey cast iron used for the production of brake discs. The reinforcing phase is a SiC foam with an activated surface. The use of ceramic foam simplifies the production process because it does not require expensive mixing of the matrix and the reinforcing phase to ensure the homogeneity of the composite. An addition of 10% SiC (λSiC=100-350 Wm-1K-1) improves the thermal conductivity of cast iron (λCI=50-60 Wm-1K-1). The presence of foam elements homogenously distributed throughout the whole matrix volume reduces the wear of both the composite and the counter-sample. The results of comparative studies of contacts between the cast iron and the composite brake disc showed almost a threefold lower wear of the pad and disc and about a 10°C lower temperature in the pad near the friction zone under the pressure of 1 MPa and at a sliding velocity of 0.5 m/s. The significantly lower wear of the friction elements of the brake system will contribute to a reduction in environmental pollution by wear debris, which is required by European Union directives.

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Im, Kwang Hee, Ki Youl Kim, Ki Taek Shin, Han Hee Lee, To Kang, Hyun Joon Cho, and Jong An Jung. "NDE Inspections and Simulation of Defects in Composite-Sintered Bushes." Advanced Materials Research 650 (January 2013): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.650.582.

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Bush is one of machine and automobile parts like brake used in drums and hubs in particular. Such bush parts are used for bearings of heavy-duty, large cars requiring wear resistance and high load carrying capacity. High temperature diffusion bonding has been applied for holding the both materials of the bushing together, which are outer steel materials and inner composite-sintered bushings. Therefore, it is very important evaluate the bonding integrity in manufacturing process. A simulation has been performed in order to evaluate the maximum defect sizes. Also, ultrasonic C-scan tests were performed for finding the defect in the composite-sintered bushings with the size of inherent flaws.

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"Axle Drum Nut Tightness Monitoring To Ensure Safety In Rear Axle Of Heavy Vehicles." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 8, no. 6 (August 30, 2019): 3649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.f9367.088619.

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Heavy vehicle demand is exceptionally strong in India. The rear axle is the driving axle of a heavy vehicle and hence it plays an important role. In rear axle, Brake drum and Hub are mounted with the bolt and is tightened temporarily. The mounted brake drum from axle assembly is then carried to chassis assembly for further process, where it needs to be tilted for reliable manufacturing. Several accidents occur while tilting the brake drum in chassis assembly which causes risks to human life as well as affects the quality and production. This paper aims to ensure safety in rear axle assembly through a proposed system which includes a conveyor mechanism, NODEMCU, IR sensors and ultrasonic sensor. The conveyor mechanism can be controlled locally through webpage.

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"Design and Optimization of Lead-slave Drum Brake." Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.24214/jecet.c.11.2.20718.

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Perrusquia, N. López, M. A. Doñu, V. J. Cortez, D. Sánchez, and F. Vázquez. "Characterization of the Fracture of an Automobile Drum Brake." MRS Proceedings 1372 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.112.

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ABSTRACTIn this research we studied the fracture of a cast iron drum for 3.5 ton trucks, and it seeks to determine the causes that led to a series of cracks in different areas of the part of drum brake during the manufacturing process, casting or machining. The work followed the methodology usually used in failure analysis; we used the following analytical techniques: visual inspection, penetrating liquids, fractography, metallography, chemical analysis and mechanical testing of hardness. The analysis of the automotive part surface is divided into four sections which are the flange, track, belt and covers powders which were evaluated by the above techniques to determine the failure of the piece. Metallography analysis in each section of the piece showed different microstructure on gray cast iron; showing that pieces works with different cooling conditions during manufacture, giving a mechanism of failure-prone fragile.

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Antunes, D. S., D. Masotti, N. F. Ferreira, P. D. Neis, Letícia F. F. Miguel, and J. Favero. "Damping effect on nonlinear drum brake squeal prediction." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 44, no. 3 (February 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40430-022-03398-x.

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Zheng, Bin, Xin Wang, and Jingdong Zhang. "Structure Optimization Design for Brake Drum Based on Response Surface Methodology." Manufacturing Technology, May 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/mft.2021.045.

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MELIKSETYAN, N. G. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF BRAKE FRICTION LININGS WITH FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES." Proceedings, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53297/0002306x-2022.v75.3-355.

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A comparative analysis of the performance of various brake friction linings with functional properties. Friction brake linings of the code TIIR and JSC AZ URAL produced in the Russian Federation and TRIBO produced in the Ukraine, which are widely used in the brakes of Ural vehicles, were subjected to bench tests. A comparative analysis of the performance of these materials and asbestos-free friction composites patented in Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation with functional properties of the Bastenite type, created in the basic research laboratory “Tribology” of National Polytechnic University of Armenia, was carried out. As a result of bench tests on the operational simulated operating parameters of drum brakes of dual-purpose vehicles "Ural", it was found that in terms of braking efficiency, braking efficiency loss and recoverability parameters, the material of the Bastenit-9 type provides the necessary performance and meets the requirements of the international standard SAE J 661 201211. In terms of wear resistance, the material of the Bastenit-9 type is superior to its analogues. To organize the production of friction materials of the Bastenit type in Republic of Armenia, it is proposed to conduct joint road tests with interested organizations of the Russian Federation and Republic of Armenia.

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Ghanbari, Hanie, Mostafa Ketabchi, and Esmaeil Damavandi. "Effect of chemical composition and microstructure on the crack growth and machinability of GG20 gray cast iron for brake drum application." Machining Science and Technology, February 23, 2023, 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10910344.2023.2180752.

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Wasser, Frederick. "Media Is Driving Work." M/C Journal 4, no. 5 (November 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1935.

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My thesis is that new media, starting with analog broadcast and going through digital convergence, blur the line between work time and free time. The technology that we are adopting has transformed free time into potential and actual labour time. At the dawn of the modern age, work shifted from tasked time to measured time. Previously, tasked time intermingled work and leisure according to the vagaries of nature. All this was banished when industrial capitalism instituted the work clock (Mumford 12-8). But now, many have noticed how post-industrial capitalism features a new intermingling captured in such expressions as "24/7" and "multi-tasking." Yet, we are only beginning to understand that media are driving a return to the pre-modern where the hour and the space are both ambiguous, available for either work or leisure. This may be the unfortunate side effect of the much vaunted "interactivity." Do you remember the old American TV show Dobie Gillis (1959-63) which featured the character Maynard G. Krebs? He always shuddered at the mention of the four-letter word "work." Now, American television shows makes it a point that everyone works (even if just barely). Seinfeld was a bold exception in featuring the work-free Kramer; a deliberate homage to the 1940s team of Abbott and Costello. Today, as welfare is turned into workfare, The New York Times scolds even the idle rich to adopt the work ethic (Yazigi). The Forms of Broadcast and Digital Media Are Driving the Merger of Work and Leisure More than the Content It is not just the content of television and other media that is undermining the leisured life; it is the social structure within which we use the media. Broadcast advertisements were the first mode/media combinations that began to recolonise free time for the new consumer economy. There had been a previous buildup in the volume and the ubiquity of advertising particularly in billboards and print. However, the attention of the reader to the printed commercial message could not be controlled and measured. Radio was the first to appropriate and measure its audience's time for the purposes of advertising. Nineteenth century media had promoted a middle class lifestyle based on spending money on home to create a refuge from work. Twentieth century broadcasting was now planting commercial messages within that refuge in the sacred moments of repose. Subsequent to broadcast, home video and cable facilitated flexible work by offering entertainment on a 24 hour basis. Finally, the computer, which juxtaposes image/sound/text within a single machine, offers the user the same proto-interactive blend of entertainment and commercial messages that broadcasting pioneered. It also fulfills the earlier promise of interactive TV by allowing us to work and to shop, in all parts of the day and night. We need to theorise this movement. The theory of media as work needs an institutional perspective. Therefore, I begin with Dallas Smythe's blindspot argument, which gave scholarly gravitas to the structural relationship of work and media (263-299). Horkheimer and Adorno had already noticed that capitalism was extending work into free time (137). Dallas Smythe went on to dissect the precise means by which late capitalism was extending work. Smythe restates the Marxist definition of capitalist labour as that human activity which creates exchange value. Then he considered the advertising industry, which currently approaches200 billion in the USA and realised that a great deal of exchange value has been created. The audience is one element of the labour that creates this exchange value. The appropriation of people's time creates advertising value. The time we spend listening to commercials on radio or viewing them on TV can be measured and is the unit of production for the value of advertising. Our viewing time ipso facto has been changed into work time. We may not experience it subjectively as work time although pundits such as Marie Winn and Jerry Mander suggest that TV viewing contributes to the same physical stresses as actual work. Nonetheless, Smythe sees commercial broadcasting as expanding the realm of capitalism into time that was otherwise set aside for private uses. Smythe's essay created a certain degree of excitement among political economists of media. Sut Jhally used Smythe to explain aspects of US broadcast history such as the innovations of William Paley in creating the CBS network (Jhally 70-9). In 1927, as Paley contemplated winning market share from his rival NBC, he realised that selling audience time was far more profitable than selling programs. Therefore, he paid affiliated stations to air his network's programs while NBC was still charging them for the privilege. It was more lucrative to Paley to turn around and sell the stations' guaranteed time to advertisers, than to collect direct payments for supplying programs. NBC switched to his business model within a year. Smythe/Jhally's model explains the superiority of Paley's model and is a historical proof of Smythe's thesis. Nonetheless, many economists and media theorists have responded with a "so what?" to Smythe's thesis that watching TV as work. Everyone knows that the basis of network television is the sale of "eyeballs" to the advertisers. However, Smythe's thesis remains suggestive. Perhaps he arrived at it after working at the U.S. Federal Communications Commission from 1943 to 1948 (Smythe 2). He was part of a team that made one last futile attempt to force radio to embrace public interest programming. This effort failed because the tide of consumerism was too strong. Radio and television were the leading edge of recapturing the home for work, setting the stage for the Internet and a postmodern replication of the cottage industries of pre and proto-industrial worlds. The consequences have been immense. The Depression and the crisis of over-production Cultural studies recognises that social values have shifted from production to consumption (Lash and Urry). The shift has a crystallising moment in the Great Depression of 1929 through 1940. One proposal at the time was to reduce individual work hours in order to create more jobs (see Hunnicut). This proposal of "share the work" was not adopted. From the point of view of the producer, sharing the work would make little difference to productivity. However, from the retailer's perspective each individual worker would accumulate less money to buy products. Overall sales would stagnate or decline. Prominent American economists at the time argued that sharing the work would mean sharing the unemployment. They warned the US government this was a fundamental threat to an economy based on consumption. Only a fully employed laborer could have enough money to buy down the national inventory. In 1932, N. A. Weston told the American Economic Association that: " ...[the labourers'] function in society as a consumer is of equal importance as the part he plays as a producer." (Weston 11). If the defeat of the share the work movement is the negative manifestation of consumerism, then the invasion by broadcast of our leisure time is its positive materialisation. We can trace this understanding by looking at Herbert Hoover. When he was the Secretary of Commerce in 1924 he warned station executives that: "I have never believed that it was possible to advertise through broadcasting without ruining the [radio] industry" (Radio's Big Issue). He had not recognised that broadcast advertising would be qualitatively more powerful for the economy than print advertising. By 1929, Hoover, now President Hoover, approved an economics committee recommendation in the traumatic year of 1929 that leisure time be made "consumable " (Committee on Recent Economic Changes xvi). His administration supported the growth of commercial radio because broadcasting was a new efficient answer to the economists' question of how to motivate consumption. Not so coincidentally network radio became a profitable industry during the great Depression. The economic power that pre-war radio hinted at flourished in the proliferation of post-war television. Advertisers switched their dollars from magazines to TV, causing the demise of such general interest magazines as Life, The Saturday Evening Postet al. Western Europe quickly followed the American broadcasting model. Great Britain was the first, allowing television to advertise the consumer revolution in 1955. Japan and many others started to permit advertising on television. During the era of television, the nature of work changed from manufacturing to servicing (Preston 148-9). Two working parents also became the norm as a greater percentage of the population took salaried employment, mostly women (International Labour Office). Many of the service jobs are to monitor the new global division of labour that allows industrialised nations to consume while emerging nations produce. (Chapter seven of Preston is the most current discussion of the shift of jobs within information economies and between industrialised and emerging nations.) Flexible Time/ Flexible Media Film and television has responded by depicting these shifts. The Mary Tyler Moore Show debuted in September of 1970 (see http://www.transparencynow.com/mary.htm). In this show nurturing and emotional attachments were centered in the work place, not in an actual biological family. It started a trend that continues to this day. However, media representations of the changing nature of work are merely symptomatic of the relationship between media and work. Broadcast advertising has a more causal relationship. As people worked more to buy more, they found that they wanted time-saving media. It is in this time period that the Internet started (1968), that the video cassette recorder was introduced (1975) and that the cable industry grew. Each of these ultimately enhanced the flexibility of work time. The VCR allowed time shifting programs. This is the media answer to the work concept of flexible time. The tired worker can now see her/his favourite TV show according to his/her own flex schedule (Wasser 2001). Cable programming, with its repeats and staggered starting times, also accommodates the new 24/7 work day. These machines, offering greater choice of programming and scheduling, are the first prototypes of interactivity. The Internet goes further in expanding flexible time by adding actual shopping to the vicarious enjoyment of consumerist products on television. The Internet user continues to perform the labour of watching advertising and, in addition, now has the opportunity to do actual work tasks at any time of the day or night. The computer enters the home as an all-purpose machine. Its purchase is motivated by several simultaneous factors. The rhetoric often stresses the recreational and work aspects of the computer in the same breath (Reed 173, Friedrich 16-7). Games drove the early computer programmers to find more "user-friendly" interfaces in order to entice young consumers. Entertainment continues to be the main driving force behind visual and audio improvements. This has been true ever since the introduction of the Apple II, Radio Shack's TRS 80 and Atari 400 personal computers in the 1977-1978 time frame (see http://www.atari-history.com/computers/8bits/400.html). The current ubiquity of colour monitors, and the standard package of speakers with PC computers are strong indications that entertainment and leisure pursuits continue to drive the marketing of computers. However, once the computer is in place in the study or bedroom, its uses fully integrates the user with world of work in both the sense of consuming and creating value. This is a specific instance of what Philip Graham calls the analytical convergence of production, consumption and circulation in hypercapitalism. The streaming video and audio not only captures the action of the game, they lend sensual appeal to the banner advertising and the power point downloads from work. In one regard, the advent of Internet advertising is a regression to the pre-broadcast era. The passive web site ad runs the same risk of being ignored as does print advertising. The measure of a successful web ad is interactivity that most often necessitates a click through on the part of the viewer. Ads often show up on separate windows that necessitate a click from the viewer if only to close down the program. In the words of Bolter and Grusin, click-through advertising is a hypermediation of television. In other words, it makes apparent the transparent relationship television forged between work and leisure. We do not sit passively through Internet advertising, we click to either eliminate them or to go on and buy the advertised products. Just as broadcasting facilitated consumable leisure, new media combines consumable leisure with flexible portable work. The new media landscape has had consequences, although the price of consumable leisure took awhile to become visible. The average work week declined from 1945 to 1982. After that point in the US, it has been edging up, continuously (United States Bureau of Labor Statistics). There is some question whether the computer has improved productivity (Kim), there is little question that the computer is colonising leisure time for multi-tasking. In a population that goes online from home almost twice as much as those who go online from work, almost half use their online time for work based activities other than email. Undoubtedly, email activity would account for even more work time (Horrigan). On the other side of the blur between work and leisure, the Pew Institute estimates that fifty percent use work Internet time for personal pleasure ("Wired Workers"). Media theory has to reengage the problem that Horkheimer/Adorno/Smythe raised. The contemporary problem of leisure is not so much the lack of leisure, but its fractured, non-contemplative, unfulfilling nature. A media critique will demonstrate the contribution of the TV and the Internet to this erosion of free time. References Bolter, Jay David, and Richard Grusin. Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. Committee on Recent Economic Changes. Recent Economic Changes. Vol. 1. New York: no publisher listed, 1929. Friedrich, Otto. "The Computer Moves In." Time 3 Jan. 1983: 14-24. Graham, Philip. Hypercapitalism: A Political Economy of Informational Idealism. In press for New Media and Society2.2 (2000). Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor W. Adorno. Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York: Continuum Publishing, 1944/1987. Horrigan, John B. "New Internet Users: What They Do Online, What They Don't and Implications for the 'Net's Future." Pew Internet and American Life Project. 25 Sep. 2000. 24 Oct. 2001 <http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=22>. Hunnicutt, Benjamin Kline. Work without End: Abandoning Shorter Hours for the Right to Work. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1988. International Labour Office. Economically Active Populations: Estimates and Projections 1950-2025. Geneva: ILO, 1995. Jhally, Sut. The Codes of Advertising. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Kim, Jane. "Computers and the Digital Economy." Digital Economy 1999. 8 June 1999. October 24, 2001 <http://www.digitaleconomy.gov/powerpoint/triplett/index.htm>. Lash, Scott, and John Urry. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage Publications, 1994. Mander, Jerry. Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television. New York: Morrow Press, 1978. Mumford, Lewis. Technics and Civilization. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1934. Preston, Paschal. Reshaping Communication: Technology, Information and Social Change. London: Sage, 2001. "Radio's Big Issue Who Is to Pay the Artist?" The New York Times 18 May 1924: Section 8, 3. Reed, Lori. "Domesticating the Personal Computer." Critical Studies in Media Communication17 (2000): 159-85. Smythe, Dallas. Counterclockwise: Perspectives on Communication. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unpublished Data from the Current Population Survey. 2001. Wasser, Frederick A. Veni, Vidi, Video: The Hollywood Empire and the VCR. Austin, TX: U of Texas P, 2001. Weston, N.A., T.N. Carver, J.P. Frey, E.H. Johnson, T.R. Snavely and F.D. Tyson. "Shorter Working Time and Unemployment." American Economic Review Supplement 22.1 (March 1932): 8-15. <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28193203%2922%3C8%3ASWTAU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3>. Winn, Marie. The Plug-in Drug. New York: Viking Press, 1977. "Wired Workers: Who They Are, What They're Doing Online." Pew Internet Life Report 3 Sep. 2000. 24 Oct. 2000 <http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=20>. Yazigi, Monique P. "Shocking Visits to the Real World." The New York Times 21 Feb. 1990. Page unknown. Links http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=20 http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=22 http://www.atari-history.com/computers/8bits/400.html http://www.transparencynow.com/mary.htm http://www.digitaleconomy.gov/powerpoint/triplett/index.htm http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28193203%2922%3C8%3ASWTAU%3 E2.0.CO%3B2-3 Citation reference for this article MLA Style Wasser, Frederick. "Media Is Driving Work" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4.5 (2001). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Wasser.xml >. Chicago Style Wasser, Frederick, "Media Is Driving Work" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4, no. 5 (2001), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Wasser.xml > ([your date of access]). APA Style Wasser, Frederick. (2001) Media Is Driving Work. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4(5). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Wasser.xml > ([your date of access]).

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Sk, Farooq. "Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 Journal > Journal > Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 > Page 6 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE-ETHANOL BLENDS ON PFI-SI ENGINE Authors: D.Vinay Kumar ,G.Samhita Priyadarsini,V.Jagadeesh Babu,Y.Sai Varun Teja, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00051 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Alcohol based fuels can be produced from renewable energy sources and has the potential to reduce pollutant emissions due to their oxygenated nature. Lighter alcohols like ethanol and methanol are easily miscible with gasoline and by blending alcohols with gasoline; a part of conventional fuel can be replaced while contributing to fuel economy. Several researchers tested various ethanol blends on different engine test rigs and identified ethanol as one of the most promising ecofriendly fuels for spark ignition engine. Its properties high octane number, high latent heat of vaporization give better performance characteristics and reduces exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. This paper focuses on studying the effects of blending 50 of ethanol by volume with gasoline as it hardly needs engine modifications. Gasoline (E0) and E50 fuels were investigated experimentally on single-cylinder, four-stroke port fuel injection spark ignition engine by varying engine speed from 1500 rpm to 3500 rpm. Performance Characteristics like torque, brake power, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency and exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, CO2, NOx were studied.. Keywords: Ethanol,Emissions,Gasoline,Port fuel Injection, Refference: I Badrawada, I. G. G., and A. A. P. Susastriawan. “Influence of ethanol–gasoline blend on performance and emission of four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle.” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (2019): 1-6. II Doğan, Battal, et al. “The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis.” Applied Thermal Engineering 120 (2017): 433-443. III Efemwenkiekie, U. Ka, et al. “Comparative Analysis of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Local Ethanol and Gasoline Blends.” Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019): 1079-1086. IV Galloni, E., F. Scala, and G. Fontana. “Influence of fuel bio-alcohol content on the performance of a turbo-charged, PFI, spark-ignition engine.” Energy 170 (2019): 85-92. V Hasan, Ahmad O., et al. “Impact of changing combustion chamber geometry on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline blends.” Fuel 231 (2018): 197-203. VI Mourad, M., and K. Mahmoud. “Investigation into SI engine performance characteristics and emissions fuelled with ethanol/butanol-gasoline blends.” Renewable Energy 143 (2019): 762-771. VII Singh, Ripudaman, et al. “Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine.” International Journal of Engine Research (2019): 1468087419838393. VIII Thakur, Amit Kumar, et al. “Progress in performance analysis of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (2017): 324-340. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR CUSTOMIZED AFO USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Authors: Gamini Suresh,Nagarjuna Maguluri,Kunchala Balakrishna, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00052 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Neurodegenerative conditions and compressed nerves often cause an abnormal foot drop that affects an individual gait and make it difficult to walk normally. Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) is the medical device which is recommended for the patients to improve the walking ability and decrease the risk of falls. Custom AFOs provide better fit, comfort and performance than pre-manufactured ones. The technique of 3D-printing is suitable for making custom AFOs. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a 3D-printing method for custom AFO applications with the desired resistance and material deposition rate. Generally, FDM is a thermal process; therefore materials thermal behaviour plays an important role in optimizing the performance of the printed parts. The objective of this study is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PLA, ABS, nylon and WF-PLA filaments before manufacturing the AFO components using the FDM method. In the study, the sequence of testing materials provides a basic measuring method to investigate AFO device parts thermal stability. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DSC) was carried out before 3D printing is to characterize the thermal stability of each material. Keywords: Additive Manufacturing,Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO),FusedDeposition Modelling,ThermalAnalysis, Refference: I. J. Pritchett, “Foot drop: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology,” Medscape Drugs, Dis. Proced., vol. 350, no. apr27_6, p. h1736, 2014. II. J. Graham, “Foot drop: Explaining the causes, characteristics and treatment,” Br. J. Neurosci. Nurs., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 168–172, 2010. III. Y. Feng and Y. Song, “The Categories of AFO and Its Effect on Patients With Foot Impair: A Systemic Review,” Phys. Act. Heal., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2017. IV. J. H. P. Pallari, K. W. Dalgarno, J. Munguia, L. Muraru, L. Peeraer, S. Telfer, and J. Woodburn” Design and additive fabrication of foot and ankle-foot orthoses”21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2010 (2010) 834-845 V. Y. Jin, Y. He, and A. Shih, “Process Planning for the Fuse Deposition Modeling of Ankle-Foot-Othoses,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 42, no. Isem Xviii, pp. 760–765, 2016. VI. R. K. Chen, Y. an Jin, J. Wensman, and A. Shih, “Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses-A review,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 12, pp. 77–89, 2016. VII. A. D. Maso and F. Cosmi, “ScienceDirect 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis : a design method,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 12, pp. 252–261, 2019. VIII. B. Yuan et al., “Designing of a passive knee-assisting exoskeleton for weight-bearing,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2017, vol. 10463 LNAI, pp. 273–285. IX. R. Spina, B. Cavalcante, and F. Lavecchia, “Diment LE, Thompson MS, Bergmann JHM. Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of 3D printing: a systematic review.,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1960, 2018. X. M. Srivastava, S. Maheshwari, T. K. Kundra, and S. Rathee, “ScienceDirect Multi-Response Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Process Parameters of ABS Using Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) -Based Desirability Analysis,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1972–1977, 2017. XI. E. Malekipour, S. Attoye, and H. El-Mounayri, “Investigation of Layer Based Thermal Behavior in Fused Deposition Modeling Process by Infrared Thermography,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 26, pp. 1014–1022, 2018. XII. A. Patar, N. Jamlus, K. Makhtar, J. Mahmud, and T. Komeda, “Development of dynamic ankle foot orthosis for therapeutic application,” Procedia Eng., vol. 41, no. Iris, pp. 1432–1440, 2012. XIII. Y. A. Jin, H. Li, Y. He, and J. Z. Fu, “Quantitative analysis of surface profile in fused deposition modelling,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 8, pp. 142–148, 2015. XIV. M. Walbran, K. Turner, and A. J. McDaid, “Customized 3D printed ankle-foot orthosis with adaptable carbon fibre composite spring joint,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016. XV. N. Wierzbicka, F. Górski, R. Wichniarek, and W. Kuczko, “The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,” Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 283–288, 2017. XVI. S. Farah, D. G. Anderson, and R. Langer, “Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 367–392, 2016. XVII. S. Wojtyła, P. Klama, and T. Baran, “Is 3D printing safe ? Analysis of the thermal treatment of thermoplastics : ABS , PLA , PET , and,” vol. 9624, no. April, 2017. XVIII. G. Cicala et al., “Polylactide / lignin blends,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2017. XIX. S. Y. Lee, I. A. Kang, G. H. Doh, H. G. Yoon, B. D. Park, and Q. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical properties of wood flour/talc-filled polylactic acid composites: Effect of filler content and coupling treatment,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 209–223, 2008. XX. Y. Tao, H. Wang, Z. Li, P. Li, and S. Q. Shi, “Development and application ofwood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3d printing,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2017. XXI. D. Lewitus, S. McCarthy, A. Ophir, and S. Kenig, “The effect of nanoclays on the properties of PLLA-modified polymers Part 1: Mechanical and thermal properties,” J. Polym. Environ., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 171–177, 2006. XXII. H. J. Chung, E. J. Lee, and S. T. Lim, “Comparison in glass transition and enthalpy relaxation between native and gelatinized rice starches,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 287–298, 2002. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CFD STUDIES OF MIXING BEHAVIOR OF INERT SAND WITH BIOMASS IN FLUIDIZED BED Authors: B.J.M.Rao,K.V.N.S.Rao, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00053 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Agriculture deposits, which remains unused and often causes ecological problems, could play an important role as an energy source to meet energy needs in developing countries ‘ rural areas. Moreover, energy levels in these deposits are low and need to be elevated by introducing efficient operative conversion technologies to utilize these residues as fuels. In this context, the utilization of a fluidized bed innovation enables a wide range of non-uniform-sized low-grade fuels to be effectively converted into other forms of energy.This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of fluidized conversion method for transformation of agricultural by-products such as rice husk, sawdust, and groundnut shells into useful energy. The present investigation was conducted to know the mixing characteristics of sand and fuel have been found by conducting experiments with mixing ratio of rice husk (1:13), saw dust(1:5) and groundnut shells (1:12), the variation of particle movement in the bed and mixing characteristics are analyzed. The impact of sand molecule size on the fluidization speed of two biofuel and sand components is studied and recommended for groundnut shells using a sand molecule of 0.6 mm size and for rice husk, sawdust 0.4 mm sand particle size. Also, establish that the particle size of sand has a significant effect on mingling features in case of sawdust. In the next part of the investigation, the CFD simulations of the fluidized bed are done to investigate the mixing behavior of sand and biomass particles. A set of simulations are conducted by ANSYS FLUENT16; the state of the bed is the same as that of the test. The findings were presented with the volume fraction of sand and biomass particles in the form of contour plots. Keywords: Biomass,sand,mixing behavior,Volume Fraction,CFD model, Refference: I Anil Tekale, Swapna God, Balaji Bedre, Pankaj Vaghela, Ganesh Madake, Suvarna Labade (2017), Energy Production from Biomass: Review, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Volume 2, Issue 10, ISSN No: – 2456 – 2165. II Anil Kumar, Nitin Kumar , Prashant Baredar , Ashish Shukla (2015), A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Reviews 45-530-539. III Zhenglan Li, ZhenhuaXue (2015), Review of Biomass Energy utilization technology, 3rd International Conference on Material, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering. IV Abdeen Mustafa Omer (2011), Biomass energy resources utilisation and waste management, Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development Vol. 3(8), pp. 149 -170 V Rijul Dhingra, Abhinav Jain, Abhishek Pandey, and Srishti Mahajan (2014), Assessment of Renewable Energy in India, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5, No. 5. VI Paulina Drożyner, Wojciech Rejmer, Piotr Starowicz,AndrzejKlasa, Krystyna A. Skibniewska (2013), Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy, Technical Sciences 16(3), 211–220. VII Souvik Das, Swati Sikdar (2016), A Review on the Non-conventional Energy Sources in Indian Perspective, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 02. VIII Maninder, Rupinderjit Singh Kathuria, Sonia Grover, Using Agricultural Residues as a Biomass Briquetting: An Alternative Source of Energy, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE), ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 1, Issue 5 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 11-15. IX H.B.Goyal, DiptenduldDeal, R.C.Saxena (2006) Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 2Pages 504-517. X Digambar H. Patil, J. K. Shinde(2017) A Review Paper on Study of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier, International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 4 XI Neil T.M. Duffy, John A. Eaton (2013) Investigation of factors affecting channelling in fixed-bed solid fuel combustion using CFD, Combustion and Flame 160, 2204–2220. XII Xing Wu, Kai Li, Feiyue and Xifeng Zhu (2017), Fluidization Behavior of Biomass Particles and its Improvement in a Cold Visualized Fluidized, Bio Resources 12(2), 3546-3559. XIII N.G. Deen, M. Van Sint Annaland, M.A. Van der Hoef, J.A.M. Kuipers (2007), Reviewof discrete particle modeling of fluidized beds, Chemical Engineering Science 62, 28 – 44. XIV BaskaraSethupathySubbaiah, Deepak Kumar Murugan, Dinesh Babu Deenadayalan, Dhamodharan.M.I (2014), Gasification of Biomass Using Fluidized Bed, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2. XV Priyanka Kaushal, Tobias Pröll and Hermann Hofbauer, Modelling and simulation of the biomass fired dual fluidized bed gasifier at Guessing/Austria. XVI Dawit DiribaGuta (2012), Assessment of Biomass Fuel Resource Potential and Utilization in Ethiopia: Sourcing Strategies for Renewable Energies, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol.2, and No.1. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 AN APPROACH FOR OPTIMISING THE FLOW RATE CONDITIONS OF A DIVERGENT NOZZLE UNDER DIFFERENT ANGULAR CONDITIONS Authors: Lam Ratna Raju ,Ch. Pavan Satyanarayana,Neelamsetty Vijaya Kavya, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00054 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: A spout is a device which is used to offer the guidance to the gases leaving the burning chamber. Spout is a chamber which has a capability to change over the thermo-compound essentials created within the ignition chamber into lively vitality. The spout adjustments over the low speed, excessive weight, excessive temperature fuel in the consuming chamber into rapid gasoline of decrease weight and low temperature. An exciting spout is used if the spout weight volume is superior vehicles in supersonic airplane machines commonly combine a few sort of a distinctive spout. Our exam is surpassed on the use of programming like Ansys Workbench for arranging of the spout and Fluent 15.0 for separating the streams inside the spout. The events of staggers for the pipe formed spouts have been seen close by trade parameters for numerous considered one of a kind edges. The parameters underneath recognition are differentiated and that of shape spout for singular terrific edges by using keeping up the gulf, outlet and throat width and lengths of joined together and diverse quantities as same. The simultaneous component and throat expansiveness are kept regular over the cases.The surprise of stun became envisioned and the effects exhibited near closeness in direction of motion of Mach circle and its appearance plans as exposed in numerous preliminary considers on advancement in pipe molded particular spouts with assorted edges four°,7°, 10°, Occurrence of stun is seen with higher special factors Keywords: Nozzle,Supersonic Rocket Engine,Divergent edges, Refference: I. Varun, R.; Sundararajan,T.; Usha,R.; Srinivasan,ok.; Interaction among particle-laden under increased twin supersonic jets, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2010 224: 1005. II. Pandey,K.M.; Singh, A.P.; CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2010, ISSN: 2010-0221. III. Natta, Pardhasaradhi.; Kumar, V.Ranjith.; Rao, Dr. Y.V. Hanumantha.; Flow Analysis of Rocket Nozzle Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622,Vol. 2, Issue five, September- October 2012, pp.1226-1235. IV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh. K.M.Pandey, Member, IACSIT and S.K.YadavK.M.Pandey and S.K.Yadav, ―CFD Analysis of a Rocket Nozzle with Two Inlets at Mach2.1, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol 5, No 2, 2010, pp- 308-321. V. Shigeru Aso, ArifNur Hakim, Shingo Miyamoto, Kei Inoue and Yasuhiro Tani “ Fundamental examine of supersonic combustion in natural air waft with use of surprise tunnel” Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, Japan , Acta Astronautica 57 (2005) 384 – 389. VI. P. Padmanathan, Dr. S. Vaidyanathan, Computational Analysis of Shockwave in Convergent Divergent Nozzle, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622 , Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.1597-1605. VII. Adamson, T.C., Jr., and Nicholls., J.A., “On the shape of jets from Highly below improved Nozzles into Still Air,” Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol.26, No.1, Jan 1959, pp. Sixteen-24. VIII. Lewis, C. H., Jr., and Carlson, D. J., “Normal Shock Location in underneath increased Gas and Gas particle Jets,” AIAA Journal, Vol 2, No.4, April 1964, pp. 776-777. Books IX. Anderson, John D.Jr.; Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective, Third edition, 2012 X. Versteeg. H.; Malalasekra.W.; An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics The Finite Volume Method, Second Edition,2009. XI. H.K.Versteeg and W.Malala Sekhara, “An introduction to Computational fluid Dynamics”, British Library cataloguing pub, 4th version, 1996. XII. Lars Davidson, “An introduction to turbulenceModels”, Department of thermo and fluid dynamics, Chalmers college of era, Goteborg, Sweden, November, 2003. XIII. Karna s. Patel, “CFD analysis of an aerofoil”, International Journal of engineering studies,2009. XIV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh “CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software,2017. XV. P. Parthiban, M. Robert Sagayadoss, T. Ambikapathi, Design And Analysis Of Rocket Engine Nozzle by way of the usage of CFD and Optimization of Nozzle parameters, International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol.Three., Issue.5., 2015 (Sept.-Oct.). View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF DRIVE SHAFT FOR AN AUTOMOBILE APPLICATIONS Authors: Govindarajulu Eedara,P. N. Manthru Naik, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00055 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: The driveshaft is a mechanical instrument that is used in automobiles. The other name of the drive shaft is driveshaft is prop shaft. It has one long cylindrical structure consist of two universal joints. By using the driveshaft it transfers the rotary motion to the differential by using the helical gearbox. By using this rotary motion the rare wheels will run. The 3dimensional Model of automobile drive Shaft is designed using CATIA parametric which enables product development processes and thereby brings about an optimum design. Now a day’s steel is using the best material for the driveshaft.In this paper replacing the composite materials (Kevlar, e-glass epoxy) instead of steel material and itreduces a considerable amount of weight when compared to the conventional steel shaft. The composite driveshaft have high modulus is designed by using CATIA software and tested in ANSYS for optimization of design or material check and providing the best datebook Keywords: The driveshaft ,CATIA,automobile,steel,composite materials,ANSYS,Kevla,e-glass epoxy, Refference: I A.R. Abu Talib, Aidy Ali, Mohamed A. Badie, Nur Azienda Che Lah, A.F. Golestaneh Developing a hybrid, carbon/glass-fiber-reinforced, epoxy composite automotive driveshaft, Material and Design, volume31, 2010, pp 514 – 521 II ErcanSevkat, Hikmet Tumer, Residual torsional properties of composite shafts subjected to impact Loadings, Materials, and design, volume – 51, 2013, pp -956-967. III H. Bayrakceken, S. Tasgetiren, I. Yavuz two cases of failure in the power transmission system on vehicles: A Universal joint yoke and a drive shaft, volume-14,2007,pp71. IV H.B.H. Gubran, Dynamics of hybrid shafts, Mechanics Research communication, volume – 32, 2005, pp – 368-374. V Shaw D, Simitses DJ, SheinmanI. Imperfection sensitivity of laminated cylindrical shells in torsion and axial compression. ComposStruct 1985; 4(3) pp:35–60. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AN SI ENGINE USING E10 EQUIVALENT TERNARY GASOLINE- ALCOHOL BLENDS." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00056.

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