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Journal articles on the topic 'Brain – Ventricles'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Bakici, C., RO Akgun, D. Ozen, O. Alagin, and C. Oto. "The volume fraction values of the brain compartments using the Cavalieri principle and a 3T MRI in brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 11 (November 20, 2019): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/33/2019-vetmed.

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This study was aimed at: 1) estimating the volume and the volume fraction values of brain ventricles, grey matter and white matter with the Cavalieri principle and 2) creating three-dimensional reconstruction models of the brain ventricles by using magnetic resonance imaging. The brain structures of dogs were scanned with a 3T magnetic resonance system. The volumes of the total brain, the grey matter, the white matter, the lateral ventricle, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct and the fourth ventricle of both sides were estimated separately by using a combination of the Cavalieri principle and the point-counting method. In addition to that, magnetic resonance images of dog brains were uploaded to the 3D slicer software to design the three-dimensional reconstruction models. The mean volume fraction values of the left and right lateral ventricle, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle were 1.83 ± 0.14%, 1.75 ± 0.1%, 0.7 ± 0.07%, 0.2 ± 0.04%, and 1 ± 0.32% for the brachycephalic dogs and 1.69 ± 0.04%, 1.66 ± 0.03%, 0.91 ± 0.03%, 0.27 ± 0.05%, and 0.71 ± 0.15% for the mesocephalic dogs, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs in all the volume fraction values (P > 0.05). This study showed the volume and the volume fraction values of the brain ventricles and the structures in the different types of the dogs’ head shapes. These volume fraction values can be essential data for determining some diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used for precise volume estimations in combination with the Cavalieri principle and the point-counting method.
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2

Farooqui, Azhar, Muhammad Tahir Ramzan, Joanne Pattinson, and Syed Habib Haider Zaidi. "MR-Brain Causing Confusion." Acute Medicine Journal 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0788.

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This is a T2 weighted image (T2WI). In T2WI compartments filled with fluid appear brighter (as is the case of the CSF in the lateral ventricles). On the contrary, tissues with a high fat content appear as dark. This T2WI demonstrates layering of debris (figure 2- marked red star) in the occipital horn of the lateral ventricles. In this particular patient, the complete MRI report additionally demonstrated that the debris did not show a high T1 signal, demonstrated diffusion restriction, and a high FLAIR sequence. There was also restricting material observed in the fourth ventricle and the sylvian fissures bilaterally. There were no parenchymal changes or pathological contrast enhancements within the brain tissue. Whilst this appearance could represent blood, the appearance of the debrinous material itself was more in keeping with infective/pus material within the ventricles suggestive of ventriculitis.
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Eichele, Gregor, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Zuzana Ditte, Ann-Kathrin Günther, Shoba Kapoor, Yong Wang, and Christian Westendorf. "Cilia-driven flows in the brain third ventricle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1792 (December 30, 2019): 20190154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0154.

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The brain ventricles are interconnected, elaborate cavities that traverse the brain. They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that is, to a large part, produced by the choroid plexus, a secretory epithelium that reaches into the ventricles. CSF is rich in cytokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles that glide along the walls of ventricles, powered by bundles of motile cilia that coat the ventricular wall. We review the cellular and biochemical properties of the ventral part of the third ventricle that is surrounded by the hypothalamus. In particular, we consider the recently discovered intricate network of cilia-driven flows that characterize this ventricle and discuss the potential physiological significance of this flow for the directional transport of CSF signals to cellular targets located either within the third ventricle or in the adjacent hypothalamic brain parenchyma. Cilia-driven streams of signalling molecules offer an exciting perspective on how fluid-borne signals are dynamically transmitted in the brain. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport’.
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4

Ogiwara, Hideki, and Nobuhito Morota. "Flexible endoscopy for management of intraventricular brain tumors in patients with small ventricles." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 14, no. 5 (November 2014): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.7.peds13648.

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Object Endoscopic surgery is generally withheld in patients with small ventricles due to difficulties in ventricular cannulation and intraventricular manipulation. The effectiveness of flexible endoscopy for management of intraventricular brain tumors in patients with small ventricles was evaluated. Methods Forty-five patients who underwent endoscopic surgery with a flexible endoscope for intraventricular brain tumors were divided into small-ventricle and ventriculomegaly groups according to the frontal and occipital horn ratio (FOR). Retrospective review of these cases was performed and achievement of surgical goals and morbidity were assessed. Results Among the 45 patients, there were 14 with small ventricles and 31 with ventriculomegaly. In the smallventricle group, targeted tumors were located in the suprasellar region in 12 patients and in the pineal region in 2. In the ventriculomegaly group, tumors were located in the pineal region in 15 patients, in the suprasellar region in 9, in the lateral ventricle in 4, in the midbrain in 2, and in the fourth ventricle in 1. In the small-ventricle group, ventricular cannulation was successful and the surgical goals were accomplished in all patients. In ventriculomegaly group, sampling of the tumor was not diagnostic due to intraoperative hemorrhage in 1 patient. There were no significant differences in the rate of achieving the surgical goals or the morbidity between the 2 groups. Conclusions Endoscopic surgery using a flexible endoscope is useful for management of intraventricular brain tumors in patients with small ventricles. A flexible endoscope allows excellent maneuverability in introducing the device into the lateral ventricle and manipulating through small ventricles.
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5

Przyborowska, Paulina, Zbigniew Adamiak, and Yauheni Zhalniarovich. "Quantification of cerebral lateral ventricular volume in cats by low- and high-field MRI." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 10 (November 10, 2016): 1080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16676434.

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Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate variations in lateral ventricles in the examined feline population with the use of quantitative analysis methods to determine whether sex or body weight influenced the size of the ventricles, and to identify any significant differences in the results of low- and high-field MRI. Methods Twenty healthy European Shorthair cats, aged 1–3 years, with body weights ranging from 2.85–4.35 kg, were studied. MRI of brain structures was performed in a low- and a high-field MRI system. The height of the brain and lateral ventricles at the level of the interthalamic adhesion, and volume of the lateral ventricles were determined in T2-weighted images in the transverse plane. The degree of symmetry of lateral ventricles was analysed based on the ratio of right to left ventricular volume. The measured parameters were processed statistically to determine whether sex and body weight were significantly correlated with variations in ventricular anatomy. The results of low- and high-field MRI were analysed to evaluate for any significant differences. Results The average brain height was determined to be 27.79 mm, and the average height of the left and right ventricles were 2.98 mm and 2.89 mm, respectively. The average ventricle/brain height ratio was 10.61%. The average volume of the left ventricle was 134.12 mm3 and the right ventricle was 130.49 mm3. Moderately enlarged ventricles were observed in two cats. Moderate ventricular asymmetry was described in four cats. Sex and body weight had no significant effect on the evaluated parameters. The differences in the results of low- and high-field MRI were not statistically significant. Conclusions and relevance This study has determined reference intervals for ventricular volume in a population of European Shorthair cats without brain disease, which will facilitate the interpretation of MRI images and the characterisation of brain abnormalities in cats with neurological disease. Further research involving larger animal populations, including other breeds, is required to compare the measured parameters between breeds and to determine reference values for other breeds.
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6

Naftel, Robert P., Chevis N. Shannon, Gavin T. Reed, Richard Martin, Jeffrey P. Blount, R. Shane Tubbs, and John C. Wellons. "Small-ventricle neuroendoscopy for pediatric brain tumor management." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 7, no. 1 (January 2011): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.10.peds10338.

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Object The use of intraventricular endoscopy to achieve diagnosis or to resect accessible intraventricular or paraventricular tumors has been described in the literature in both adults and children. Traditionally, these techniques have not been used in patients with small ventricles due to the perceived risk of greater morbidity. The authors review their experience with the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic brain tumor management in children with small ventricles. Methods Between July 2002 and December 2009, 24 children with endoscopically managed brain tumors were identified. Radiological images were reviewed by a radiologist blinded to study goals and clinical setting. Patients were categorized into small-ventricle and ventriculomegaly groups based on frontal and occipital horn ratio. Surgical success was defined a priori and analyzed between groups. Trends were identified in selected subgroups, including complications related to pathological diagnosis and surgeon experience. Results Six children had small ventricles and 18 had ventriculomegaly. The ability to accomplish surgical goals was statistically equivalent in children with small ventricles and those with ventriculomegaly (83% vs 89%, respectively, p = 1.00). There were no complications in the small-ventricle cohort, but in the ventriculomegaly cohort there were 2 cases of postoperative hemorrhages and 1 case of infection. All hemorrhagic complications occurred in patients with high-grade tumor histopathological type and were early in the surgeon's endoscopic career. Conclusions Based on our experience, endoscopy should not be withheld in children with intraventricular tumors and small ventricles. Complications appear to be more dependent on tumor histopathological type and surgeon experience than ventricular size.
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7

Mallika B, Sharada B. Menasinkai, and Brahmendra M. "MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF LATERAL VENTRICLES OF BRAIN BY COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 4.3 (December 31, 2016): 3294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.465.

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8

RIJSDIJK, F. V., N. E. M. van HAREN, M. M. PICCHIONI, C. McDONALD, T. TOULOPOULOU, H. E. HULSHOFF POL, R. S. KAHN, R. MURRAY, and P. C. SHAM. "Brain MRI abnormalities in schizophrenia: same genes or same environment?" Psychological Medicine 35, no. 10 (June 16, 2005): 1399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705005167.

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Background. Structural brain volume abnormalities are among the most extensively studied endophenotypes in schizophrenia. Bivariate genetic model fitting (adjusted to account for selection) was used to quantify the genetic relationship between schizophrenia and brain volumes and to estimate the heritability of these volumes.Method. We demonstrated by simulation that the adjusted genetic model produced unbiased estimates for endophenotype heritability and the genetic and environmental correlations. The model was applied to brain volumes (whole brain, hippocampus, third and lateral ventricles) in a sample of 14 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs concordant for schizophrenia, 10 MZ discordant pairs, 17 MZ control pairs, 22 discordant sibling pairs, three concordant sibling pairs, and 114 healthy control subjects.Results. Whole brain showed a substantial heritability (88%) and lateral ventricles substantial common environmental effects (67%). Whole brain showed a significant genetic correlation with schizophrenia, whereas lateral ventricles showed a significant individual specific correlation with schizophrenia. There were significant familial effects for hippocampus and third ventricle, but the analyses could not resolve whether these were genetic or environmental in origin (around 30% each).Conclusions. Using genetic model fitting on twin and sibling data we have demonstrated differential sources of covariation between schizophrenia and brain volumes, genetic in the case of whole brain volume and individual specific environment in the case of lateral ventricles.
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9

Ivarsson, J., D. C. Viano, and P. Lo¨vsund. "Influence of the Lateral Ventricles and Irregular Skull Base on Brain Kinematics due to Sagittal Plane Head Rotation." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 4 (July 30, 2002): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1485752.

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Two-dimensional physical models of the human head were used to investigate how the lateral ventricles and irregular skull base influence kinematics in the medial brain during sagittal angular head dynamics. Silicone gel simulated the brain and was separated from the surrounding skull vessel by paraffin that provided a slip interface between the gel and vessel. A humanlike skull base model (HSB) included a surrogate skull base mimicking the irregular geometry of the human. An HSBV model added an elliptical inclusion filled with liquid paraffin simulating the lateral ventricles to the HSB model. A simplified skull base model (SSBV) included ventricle substitute but approximated the anterior and middle cranial fossae by a flat and slightly angled surface. The models were exposed to 7600 rad/s2 peak angular acceleration with 6 ms pulse duration and 5 deg forced rotation. After 90 deg free rotation, the models were decelerated during 30 ms. Rigid body displacement, shear strain and principal strains were determined from high-speed video recorded trajectories of grid markers in the surrogate brains. Peak values of inferior brain surface displacement and strains were up to 10.9X (times) and 3.3X higher in SSBV than in HSBV. Peak strain was up to 2.7X higher in HSB than in HSBV. The results indicate that the irregular skull base protects nerves and vessels passing through the cranial floor by reducing brain displacement and that the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid relieves strain in regions inferior and superior to the ventricles. The ventricles and irregular skull base are necessary in modeling head impact and understanding brain injury mechanisms.
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10

Kurtcuoglu, Vartan, Dimos Poulikakos, and Yiannis Ventikos. "Computational Modeling of the Mechanical Behavior of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 127, no. 2 (November 6, 2004): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1865191.

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A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the cerebrospinal fluid system was constructed based on a simplified geometry of the brain ventricles and their connecting pathways. The flow is driven by a prescribed sinusoidal motion of the third ventricle lateral walls, with all other boundaries being rigid. The pressure propagation between the third and lateral ventricles was examined and compared to data obtained from a similar geometry with a stenosed aqueduct. It could be shown that the pressure amplitude in the lateral ventricles increases in the presence of aqueduct stenosis. No difference in phase shift between the motion of the third ventricle walls and the pressure in the lateral ventricles because of the aqueduct stenosis could be observed. It is deduced that CFD can be used to analyze the pressure propagation and its phase shift relative to the ventricle wall motion. It is further deduced that only models that take into account the coupling between ventricles, which feature a representation of the original geometry that is as accurate as possible and which represent the ventricle boundary motion realistically, should be used to make quantitative statements on flow and pressure in the ventricular space.
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11

Orozco, Gustavo A., Joshua H. Smith, and José J. García. "Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model to estimate backflow during flow-controlled infusions into the brain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 234, no. 9 (July 9, 2020): 1018–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411920937220.

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Convection-enhanced delivery is a technique to bypass the blood–brain barrier and deliver therapeutic drugs into the brain tissue. However, animal investigations and preliminary clinical trials have reported reduced efficacy to transport the infused drug in specific zones, attributed mainly to backflow, in which an annular gap is formed outside the catheter and the fluid preferentially flows toward the surface of the brain rather than through the tissue in front of the cannula tip. In this study, a three-dimensional human brain finite element model of backflow was developed to study the influence of anatomical structures during flow-controlled infusions. Predictions of backflow length were compared under the influence of ventricular pressure and the distance between the cannula and the ventricles. Simulations with zero relative ventricle pressure displayed similar backflow length predictions for larger cannula-ventricle distances. In addition, infusions near the ventricles revealed smaller backflow length and the liquid was observed to escape to the longitudinal fissure and ventricular cavities. Simulations with larger cannula-ventricle distances and nonzero relative ventricular pressure showed an increase of fluid flow through the tissue and away from the ventricles. These results reveal the importance of considering both the subject-specific anatomical details and the nonlinear effects in models focused on analyzing current and potential treatment options associated with convection-enhanced delivery optimization for future clinical trials.
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12

Pirttilä, T., R. Järvenpää, P. Dastidar, and H. Frey. "Brain Atrophy in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Acta Radiologica 34, no. 3 (May 1993): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519303400318.

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A quantitative and qualitative analysis was done of 187 CT examinations in 59 healthy subjects and 128 patients with various neurodegenerative diseases. The rates of agreement between quantitative measurements and the qualitative grading by two observers were 76.7% for the evaluation of lateral ventricular size and 66.3% for the assessment of sulcal size. Increase in the width of the 3rd ventricle, in the bicaudate span, and in the area of the lateral ventricles reflected a pathologic enlargement of the ventricles. The profile of ventricular dilatation in dementia patients was different from that of other patients with brain atrophy. However, the quantitative measurement of brain atrophy by a computer-based method did not increase the differential diagnostic accuracy among dementia patients. The results stress the importance of the selection of valid measures in the evaluation of structural changes of the brain. We suggest the use of reference scans for improving the reliability of the visual evaluation.
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13

Bankier, Robert G. "Third Ventricle Size and Dementia in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 3 (September 1985): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.3.241.

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Using an ultrasound technique, the widths of the third ventricle in a group of normal subjects was compared with groups of chronic schizophrenics and acutely ill schizophrenics. While the chronic patients showed a significantly wider ventricle (p < 0.5) from the other two groups, only 14% of the chronic patients had a third ventricle greater than the accepted normal maximum of 8 mm. Neuropsychological tests confirmed organic brain impairment in both chronic and acutely ill patients but there was no significant difference between chronic patients with large ventricles and those with normal size ventricles. This suggests that third ventricle size is not part of the schizophrenic disease process and is not related to the dementia seen in the late stages of the illness.
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Zrinzo, Ludvic, Arjen L. J. van Hulzen, Alessandra A. Gorgulho, Patricia Limousin, Michiel J. Staal, Antonio A. F. De Salles, and Marwan I. Hariz. "Avoiding the ventricle: a simple step to improve accuracy of anatomical targeting during deep brain stimulation." Journal of Neurosurgery 110, no. 6 (June 2009): 1283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.12.jns08885.

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Object The authors examined the accuracy of anatomical targeting during electrode implantation for deep brain stimulation in functional neurosurgical procedures. Special attention was focused on the impact that ventricular involvement of the electrode trajectory had on targeting accuracy. Methods The targeting error during electrode placement was assessed in 162 electrodes implanted in 109 patients at 2 centers. The targeting error was calculated as the shortest distance from the intended stereotactic coordinates to the final electrode trajectory as defined on postoperative stereotactic imaging. The trajectory of these electrodes in relation to the lateral ventricles was also analyzed on postoperative images. Results The trajectory of 68 electrodes involved the ventricle. The targeting error for all electrodes was calculated: the mean ± SD and the 95% CI of the mean was 1.5 ± 1.0 and 0.1 mm, respectively. The same calculations for targeting error for electrode trajectories that did not involve the ventricle were 1.2 ± 0.7 and 0.1 mm. A significantly larger targeting error was seen in trajectories that involved the ventricle (1.9 ± 1.1 and 0.3 mm; p < 0.001). Thirty electrodes (19%) required multiple passes before final electrode implantation on the basis of physiological and/or clinical observations. There was a significant association between an increased requirement for multiple brain passes and ventricular involvement in the trajectory (p < 0.01). Conclusions Planning an electrode trajectory that avoids the ventricles is a simple precaution that significantly improves the accuracy of anatomical targeting during electrode placement for deep brain stimulation. Avoidance of the ventricles appears to reduce the need for multiple passes through the brain to reach the desired target as defined by clinical and physiological observations.
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DS, Amaza, Zirahei JV, Sambo N, Oyewale AA, and Kogi GA. "EVALUATION OF THE FOURTH VENTRICLES OF ADULTS IN NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIANS USING COMPUTERIZE TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES." KANEM JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36020/kjms.2020.1402.006.

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Background: Knowledge of anatomy of the fourth ventricle and the structures around it, is significant in sex determination, surgical operations and brain disorders. Accurate measurements of the fourth ventricle are needful in evaluating brain disorders and in decision making before any neurosurgical procedures. Objective: To determine the dimensions of the apparently normal fourth ventricles and compare the parameters among males and females with a view to providing baseline data. Method: Retrospective study was carried out on brain CT images. Six hundred (600) brain CT images of adult North-eastern Nigerians (350 males and 250 females) were measured. The age range for the individuals was 18-75years. The brain CT images for males and females were classified separately into six (6) age groups spanned eight (8) years interval. Measurements were done using Dicomworks software. The software provides a meter rule with which measurements were done, based on a standard method. Greatest height of fourth ventricle was measured from the roof and floor of the fourth ventricle while the width measured at the midpoint of the ventricle. Results: The height of the fourth ventricle was larger in males (9.95 mm ± 1.04) as compared to females (8.38 mm ± 1.69). The width of the fourth ventricle was also observed to be greater in males (12.95 mm ±1.29) than in females (11.67 mm ±1.45). Thus, the difference between the lengths and widths of the fourth ventricles were higher and statistically significant (p<0.05) among males and females. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the parameters of the 4th ventricle measured were sexually dimorphic and can be used in sex determination in the sample population. This study also has provided reference point for the normal values of the length and width of the fourth ventricle in male and female Nigerians.
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Hamidi, Hidayatullah, Fazel Rahman Faizi, Najibullah Rasouly, and Mer Mahmood Shah Hoshang. "CT and MRI Features of Pediatric-Aged Colloid Cysts: Report of Two Cases." Case Reports in Radiology 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2467085.

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A 10-year-old boy with the history of headache, anorexia, and vomiting was referred to our department to undergo a brain CT scan. CT images demonstrated a well-defined, rounded, hyperdense lesion at the level of the foramen of Monro causing moderate dilatation of the lateral ventricles. An 11-year-old girl with a long history of a headache was also referred to undergoing a brain MRI. MR images demonstrated a well-defined round abnormal signal intensity lesion at the level of the foramen of Monro causing moderate dilatation of lateral ventricles. The findings from imaging perspective were consistent with the colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Therefore, the diagnosis of the colloid cyst was made.
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Fannon, Dominic, Lakshika Tennakoon, Alex Sumich, Seamus O'Ceallaigh, Victor Doku, Xavier Chitnis, Jennifer Lowe, William Soni, and Tonmoy Sharma. "Third ventricle enlargement and developmental delay in first-episode psychosis: preliminary findings." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 4 (October 2000): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.4.354.

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BackgroundThird rather than lateral ventriculomegaly may be a more specific finding in psychosis. The relevance of ventricular abnormality remains unclear.AimsTo investigate the developmental correlates of ventricular enlargement.MethodInformation on childhood development and magnetic resonance images in 1.5-mm contiguous sections were collected on 21 patients experiencing a first episode of psychosis.ResultsPatients (n=21) had significantly less whole brain volume and enlarged third and lateral ventricles compared to controls (n=25). Third ventricle (r=0.48, P < 0.03) and lateral ventricle (r=0.65, P < 0.01) volumes correlated with developmental score. Patients with developmental delay had significantly larger third and lateral ventricles than those without.ConclusionsEnlargement of both third and lateral ventricles is found in first-episode psychosis and is related to developmental delay in childhood. Insult to periventricular areas is relevant to the neurobiology of the disease. These findings support the view that schizophrenia involves disturbance of neurodevelopmental processes in some patients.
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Tahir, M., I. Jafree, and K. Qazi. "Memory loss with enlarged brain ventricles." Case Reports 2009, jan27 1 (February 2, 2009): bcr0620080164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0164.

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19

Sharma, Tonmoy, Eric Lancaster, David Lee, Shôn Lewis, Thordur Sigmundsson, Noriyoshi Takei, Hugh Gurling, Patrick E. Barta, Godfrey Pearlson, and Robin M. Murray. "Brain changes in schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 2 (August 1998): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.2.132.

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BackgroundStructural brain abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia. We tested the hypothesis that these abnormalities represented a marker for the genetic liability to schizophrenia in a sample of people with schizophrenia and their relatives from families multiply affected with the disorder.MethodWe compared 31 people with schizophrenia, 57 relatives and 39 unrelated control subjects. Volumetric measurement of brain structures was carried out using stereological principles from three-dimensional reconstructed magnetic resonance images.ResultsSubjects with schizophrenia had larger lateral ventricles than their relatives and the normal control subjects. Relatives who were ‘presumed obligate carriers' had larger left lateral ventricles than other relatives and the control subjects. Subjects with schizophrenia showed smaller whole brain and cerebellar volumes and larger lateral ventricles than their age–and gender-matched unaffected siblings.ConclusionsIn families multiply affected with schizophrenia lateral ventricular enlargement distinguishes people with schizophrenia and presumed obligate carriers from other relatives and unrelated control subjects. These changes may be a marker for a genetic liability to schizophrenia.
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20

Kasowski, Hahnah, and Joseph M. Piepmeier. "Transcallosal approach for tumors of the lateral and third ventricles." Neurosurgical Focus 10, no. 6 (June 2001): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2001.10.6.4.

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Tumors that arise within the ventricles present a unique surgical challenge. Because of their deep location, relatively large size, and their association with hydrocephalus, surgical planning requires a careful assessment of the optimal method to access the lesion and to provide adequate exposure for tumor resection. The transcallosal approach to the lateral ventricles often is the best procedure by which to achieve these goals. Partial sectioning of the corpus callosum does not cause significant neurological deficits; however, if the surgery induces additional brain injury, the neurological deficits can be more severe in the presence of a callosotomy. Knowledge of the techniques of transcallosal surgery and careful preoperative planning can reduce the risk of permanent neurological impairment; these range from protection of the cortical veins that drain into the superior sagittal sinus to brain relaxation and ventricular drainage, as well as proper identification of anatomical landmarks within the ventricle. The transcallosal approach can offer a relatively easy access to the lateral and third ventricles, and with proper planning it can reduce the morbidity associated with resection of lesions within these compartments.
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Babicsak, Viviam R., Adriana V. Klein, Miriam H. Tsunemi, and Luiz C. Vulcano. "Age-related changes of the cerebral ventricles of healthy domestic cats." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 10 (October 2018): 1935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5208.

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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine age-related changes of the cerebral ventricles of healthy non-brachycephalic domestic cats by the acquisition of brain MRI images of 12 adult (1 to 6 years), 11 mature (7 to11 years) and 10 geriatric (12 years or more) cats. Our hypothesis is that the cerebral ventricular system of cats expands with increasing age. The possibility of the evidence of the olfactory bulb cavities and temporal horns of the lateral ventricles were evaluated in this study. Volumes of the olfactory bulb cavities, lateral ventricles (including the temporal horns), third ventricle, mesencephalic aqueduct and fourth ventricle were measured and corrected for the intracranial volume. Significant differences were found between the adult and mature groups in relation to the geriatric one for the variable related to the evidence of the temporal ventricular horns, which were most frequently visualized in geriatric cats. Percentage of the right lateral and third ventricles volume by intracranial volume were significantly higher in geriatric cats compared to the adults. The results of this study demonstrate that ventricular dilation tends to occur with advancing age in cats, as well as the increase in the frequency of the temporal ventricular horn evidence, as had been indicated in the hypothesis of the study.
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Gorelyshev, Sergey K., and Olga A. Medvedeva. "Surgical approaches to the third ventricle of the brain in children." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care 11, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/psaic726.

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AIM: This study aimed to describe and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various surgical approaches to neoplasms of the third ventricle of the brain in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study analyzed surgical interventions to the third ventricle in 657 patients, performed at the Academician N.N. Burdenko of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery from 1998 to 2018. These included 375 patients with intra-extraventricular craniopharyngiomas and 282 patients with gliomas of the third ventricle and chiasm. The patients age ranged from 3 mon to 18 years old. RESULTS: The anterior transcallosal approach provides access to the anterior horn and bodies of the lateral ventricles, as well as the third ventricle. The transfornical approach provides more opportunities for access to both the anterior and posterior parts of the third ventricle; however, it has a high risk of trauma to the fornix. The subchoroidal approach provides a very good view of the posterior parts of the third ventricle, especially of the pineal region; however, it has even greater restrictions on viewing its anterior parts. When compared with the transcallosal approach, the transfrontal approach can be used more safely in the absence of hydrocephalus (if the tumor is located in the anterior horn). No specific complications were inherent in a particular approach (seizures were registered in 1%, transient hemiparesis was noted in 10%, and transient memory impairments were revealed in 5% of cases). CONCLUSION: The use of a transcallosal approach is safe even in infants. The transcortical approach is recommended mainly for large tumors of the lateral ventricles, and the transcallosal approach should be used for small tumors of the third ventricle. No specific complications were inherent in a particular approach, and the choice was determined by the assessment of the exact location of the tumor and calculation of the most relevant trajectory for its achievement as well as the aim (biopsy or radical removal). Analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and neuronavigation are significant in the selection of surgical approaches.
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Vanderluit, Jacqueline L., Kerry L. Ferguson, Vassiliki Nikoletopoulou, Maura Parker, Vladimir Ruzhynsky, Tania Alexson, Stephen M. McNamara, David S. Park, Michael Rudnicki, and Ruth S. Slack. "p107 regulates neural precursor cells in the mammalian brain." Journal of Cell Biology 166, no. 6 (September 7, 2004): 853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200403156.

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Here we show a novel function for Retinoblastoma family member, p107 in controlling stem cell expansion in the mammalian brain. Adult p107-null mice had elevated numbers of proliferating progenitor cells in their lateral ventricles. In vitro neurosphere assays revealed striking increases in the number of neurosphere forming cells from p107−/− brains that exhibited enhanced capacity for self-renewal. An expanded stem cell population in p107-deficient mice was shown in vivo by (a) increased numbers of slowly cycling cells in the lateral ventricles; and (b) accelerated rates of neural precursor repopulation after progenitor ablation. Notch1 was up-regulated in p107−/− neurospheres in vitro and brains in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and p107 overexpression suggest that p107 may modulate the Notch1 pathway. These results demonstrate a novel function for p107 that is distinct from Rb, which is to negatively regulate the number of neural stem cells in the developing and adult brain.
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24

Danielson, Patria E., Lauren N. Sautkulis, Pamela E. Foye, Peter B. Hedlund, and Monica J. Carson. "A novel mRNA expressed along brain ventricles." Gene Expression Patterns 1, no. 2 (January 2002): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-133x(01)00012-6.

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25

Rossi, Alessandro, Paolo Stratta, Luigi D'Albenzio, Vittorio Di Michele, Antonio Serio, Luigi Giordano, Concetta Petruzzi, and Massimo Casacchia. "Quantitative computed tomographic study in schizophrenia: cerebral density and ventricle measures." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 2 (May 1989): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700012381.

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SynopsisTwenty-seven chronic schizophrenics and nineteen controls, all male, were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) scans. Lateral, third and fourth ventricles and cerebral density numbers were measured. In the schizophrenic patients there was a significant increase in third ventricle width. Ventricular Brain Ratio (VBR) and there were significantly higher densities of white matter in the right frontal and parietal region.
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26

Kumar S, Arun, and Meena Kumari S. "CT study of third and fourth ventricle size in South Indian subjects." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 06, no. 03 (July 2017): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700743.

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Abstract Background and aim: Assessment of normal dimension of cerebral ventricles is important for early detection of changes due to intrinsic and extrinsic pathology producing ventriculomegaly. Hence normal upper and lower limits of the cerebral ventricular system in various age groups and in both sexes are important for diagnosing it. Our aim is to establish a baseline reference value for the third and fourth ventricular width using Computed Tomogram [CT] for normal South Indian population. Materials and methods: 100 subjects aged between 5 to 90 years, comprising of 54 males and 46 females, with normal CT brain were analyzed. Subjects with intracranial and intraventricular pathology were excluded. Axial CT brain was obtained in Siemens Somatom scope multislice slice CT scanner. The widest diameter of the third and fourth ventricles on axial images using linear approach was measured. Student’s t test and one way analysis of variance was used. Results: Mean third ventricle size in male: 5.11 +/- 2.37 mm and in female: 4.35 +/- 2.08 mm. Mean fourth ventricle size in male: 13.40 +/- 1.66 mm and in female: 12.84 +/- 1.85 mm. Conclusion: The highest of the dimension in the third ventricle occurs in the highest age group of ≥60 years in both males and females. There was a steady rise in the third ventricle size across age groups until the seventh decade.
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27

Van Nimmen, D., J. Weyne, G. Demeester, and I. Leusen. "Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization during Intracerebral pH Changes." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 6, no. 5 (October 1986): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1986.105.

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The effect of ventriculocisternal perfusion with mock CSF with alkaline or acidic pH on the local CMRglu (LCMRglu) in the caudatoputamen was studied in artificially ventilated and relaxed rats. In control rats both lateral cerebral ventricles were perfused with mock CSF at pH 7.4. In the experimental series one cerebral ventricle was infused with normal mock CSF while the other was infused with mock CSF in which the pH was decreased or increased by changing [HCO−3]. LCMRglu was depressed in acidotic brain tissue while it was strongly increased in alkalotic brain tissue. The importance of these alterations in brain glucose metabolism for the homeostatic regulation of brain pH is discussed.
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Frank, Edmund, Erik Kohler, and Larry Hein. "A Modification of the Brown-Roberts-Wells Stereotactic Frame for Implantation of Ventricular Access Reservoirs." Neurosurgery 25, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 839–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198911000-00028.

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Abstract A ventricular catheter and connected subcutaneous reservoir (ventricular access reservoir) allows easy, repeated access to the cerebrospinal fluid for a multitude of purposes. In situations in which the ventricles are small or displaced, insertion of a ventricular catheter may be difficult. Multiple passes to cannulate the ventricle may damage the brain and manipulation of the catheter and reservoir may cause migration of the catheter, possibly compromising its function. A stereotactic method for insertion of ventricular access reservoirs using a device that attaches to the Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic system has been developed. With this device the catheter and reservoir are guided into place as a single unit, utilizing a guide attached to the Brown-Roberts-Wells frame. This technique has been useful in inserting ventricular access reservoirs into patients with small ventricles or in whom there is some abnormality of the brain or skull that renders classical landmarks for ventricular cannulation useless.
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29

Liu, James K. "Interhemispheric transcallosal approach for resection of intraventricular central neurocytoma." Neurosurgical Focus 34, v1supplement (January 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.v1.focus12353.

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The interhemispheric transcallosal approach is a versatile approach to access intraventricular tumors of the lateral and third ventricles. The advantages of using a transcallosal approach over a classical transcortical approach include a direct midline orientation with symmetrical access to both lateral ventricles and both walls of the third ventricle. In addition, violation of the cerebral cortex and the risk of postoperative seizures can be avoided. Central neurocytomas are rare benign tumors that represent approximately 0.1 to 0.5% of all primary brain tumors. They are typically located in the lateral ventricles and tend to present clinically with hydrocephalus. Currently, surgical removal with a gross-total resection is the treatment of choice. In this operative video manuscript, the author demonstrates an illustrative step-by-step technique for microsurgical resection of a large central neurocytoma involving both lateral ventricles in a patient with hydrocephalus using the interhemispheric transcallosal approach. A complete removal was performed without the need for permanent shunting. The operative technique and surgical nuances, including the surgical approach, intraventricular tumor removal, and closure are illustrated in this video atlas.The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/KzC8QYsTKeg.
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30

Woo, D.-C., C.-B. Choi, J.-W. Nam, K.-N. Ryu, G.-H. Jahng, S.-H. Lee, D.-W. Lee, et al. "Quantitative analysis of hydrocephalic ventricular alterations in Yorkshire terriers using magnetic resonance imaging." Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 3 (April 15, 2010): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/127/2009-vetmed.

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The purpose of this work was to evaluate hydrocephalic ventricular changes using three quantitative analysis methods. The height, area and volume of the ventricles and brain were measured in 20 Yorkshire terriers (10 normal and 10 hydrocephalic dogs) using low-field MR imaging (at 0.2 Tesla). All measurements were averaged and the relative ventricle size was defined as a percentage (percent size of the ventricle/size of the brain). The difference between normal and hydrocephalic dogs was statistically significant for the average of each ventricle as well as for the percentage value. Five hydrocephalic symptoms were identified: circling, head tilting, seizures, ataxia, and strabismus. With respect to height, area and volume of the brain/ventricle, the difference between normal and hydrocephalic dogs was not significant. The ventricle/brain with height (1D) was related to the area (2D) and volume (3D). The correlations with area and volume were as good as the ventricle/brain height ratio in the case of hydrocephalic dogs. Therefore, one-, two- and three-dimensional quantitative methods may be complementary. We expect that the stage of hydrocephalic symptoms can be classified if statistical significance for ventricular size among symptoms is determined with the analysis of a large number of hydrocephalic cases.
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Pardini, Matteo, J. William L. Brown, Roberta Magliozzi, Richard Reynolds, and Declan T. Chard. "Surface-in pathology in multiple sclerosis: a new view on pathogenesis?" Brain 144, no. 6 (April 20, 2021): 1646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab025.

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Abstract While multiple sclerosis can affect any part of the CNS, it does not do so evenly. In white matter it has long been recognized that lesions tend to occur around the ventricles, and grey matter lesions mainly accrue in the outermost (subpial) cortex. In cortical grey matter, neuronal loss is greater in the outermost layers. This cortical gradient has been replicated in vivo with magnetization transfer ratio and similar gradients in grey and white matter magnetization transfer ratio are seen around the ventricles, with the most severe abnormalities abutting the ventricular surface. The cause of these gradients remains uncertain, though soluble factors released from meningeal inflammation into the CSF has the most supporting evidence. In this Update, we review this ‘surface-in’ spatial distribution of multiple sclerosis abnormalities and consider the implications for understanding pathogenic mechanisms and treatments designed to slow or stop them.
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Nakaguchi, Hiroshi, and Mario Miyamoto. "Obstructive hydrocephalus caused by intraventricular collapse of malacotic brain." Journal of Neurosurgery 95, no. 1 (July 2001): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.95.1.0119.

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✓ The authors present the case of a 68-year-old man who experienced acute obstructive hydrocephalus after having suffered an infarction in the occipital lobe. Histopathological and serial neuroimaging examinations revealed that portions of a large disintegrating occipital infarct had entered the lateral ventricle and obstructed the passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ventricular drainage was performed for 2 weeks until the patient's hydrocephalus resolved. The CSF initially contained a high concentration of protein (1070 mg/dl), a high leukocyte count of 115 cells/mm3, and a rich fibrinous exudate. Findings in the present case indicate that collapse of a periventricular ischemic lesion into the ventricles may sometimes occur not only after cerebral hemorrhage but also after cerebral infarction.
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33

Faubel, R., C. Westendorf, E. Bodenschatz, and G. Eichele. "Cilia-based flow network in the brain ventricles." Science 353, no. 6295 (July 7, 2016): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aae0450.

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34

Matsumae, Mitsunori, Ron Kikinis, István Mórocz, Antonio V. Lorenzo, Marilyn S. Albert, Peter McL Black, and Ferenc A. Jolesz. "Intracranial compartment volumes in patients with enlarged ventricles assessed by magnetic resonance—based image processing." Journal of Neurosurgery 84, no. 6 (June 1996): 972–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.84.6.0972.

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✓ Magnetic resonance image—based computerized segmentation was used to measure the volumes of the brain, gray and white matter components, and to identify regions with prolonged enhancement on T2-weighted imaging, such as periventricular or deep white matter hyperintensities. The authors also determined the volumes of the ventricles and subarachnoid space in control subjects and in patients with: 1) aqueductal stenosis (AS); 2) other causes of obstructive hydrocephalus (OH); 3) Alzheimer's disease (AD); and 4) normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). In AS the volume of the brain was smaller, whereas that of ventricles and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid space was larger than that of controls. The decrease in brain volume was due primarily to white matter loss. Although in OH the ventricles were larger, the subarachnoid space was smaller than in controls, presumably due to encroachment by the brain, in which the volume remained unchanged. In AD, loss of both gray and white matter resulted in a smaller brain volume, whereas that of ventricles and subarachnoid space was larger than in controls. In NPH patients, only ventricular volume was greater, whereas all other compartments were similar to controls. The brain normally occupies 87% to 92% of the intracranial volume and consequently, as observed in our patients, relatively small decrements in brain size lead to large increments in ventricular and/or extraventricular volumes. The magnitude of such changes differed markedly among our patient groups, and whether such changes prove useful in clinical assessment and differentiation needs to be determined.
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35

Frick, Nora, Claudius Fazelnia, Kathrin Kanzian, Wolfgang Hitzl, Thorsten Fischer, Rosemarie Forstner, and Gerhard Bogner. "The Reliability of Fetal MRI in the Assessment of Brain Malformations." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 37, no. 2 (August 15, 2014): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000363652.

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Objectives: To assess the inter- and intraobserver reliability of different fetal MRI measurements in cases of fetal brain malformations and to examine the concordance between ultrasonography (US) and MRI findings. Methods: Fetal brain MRIs and US findings of 56 pregnant women were retrieved from the institutional database. Standardized fetal brain MRI measurements were performed by 4 observers, and the inter- and intraobserver reliability was determined. Additionally, US and MRI findings were retrospectively compared. Results: The interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was above 0.9 for the cerebellum and posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. The measurements regarding the third ventricle (0.50), the fourth ventricle (0.58), and the corpus callosum (0.63) showed poor reliability. Overall, the intraobserver reliability was greater than the interobserver reliability. US and MRI findings were discordant in 29% of the cases with MRI rendering an extended diagnosis in 18%, a change of diagnosis in 3.6%, and excluding pathological findings suspected on US in 7.1%. Conclusions: Fetal MRI is a valuable complement to US in the investigation of fetal brain malformations. The reliability of most parameters was high, except for the measurements of the third and fourth ventricles and the corpus callosum.
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36

Kawaguchi, Tomohiro, Atsuhiro Nakagawa, Toshiki Endo, Miki Fujimura, Yukihiko Sonoda, and Teiji Tominaga. "Ventricle wall dissection and vascular preservation with the pulsed water jet device: novel tissue dissector for flexible neuroendoscopic surgery." Journal of Neurosurgery 124, no. 3 (March 2016): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.3.jns142121.

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OBJECT Neuroendoscopic surgery allows minimally invasive surgery, but lacks effective methods to control bleeding. Water jet dissection with continuous flow has been used in liver and kidney surgery since the 1980s, and is effective for tissue manipulation with vascular preservation, but involves some potential risks, such as elevation of intracranial pressure during application in the ventricles. The authors previously reported the efficacy of the actuator-driven pulsed water jet device (ADPJ) to dissect soft tissue with vascular preservation in microscopic neurosurgery. This feasibility study investigated the use of the ADPJ to reduce the amount of water usage, leading to more safety with sustained efficacy. METHODS A small-diameter pulsed water jet device was developed for use with the flexible neuroendoscope. To identify the optimal conditions for the water jet, the flow rate, water pressure, and distance between the nozzle and target were analyzed in an in vitro study by using a gelatin brain phantom. A ventricle model was used to monitor the internal pressure and temperature. For ex vivo experiments the porcine brain was harvested and ventricle walls were exposed, and subsequently immersed into physiological saline. For in vivo experiments the cortex was microsurgically resected to make the small cortico-ventricle window, and then the endoscope was introduced to dissect ventricle walls. RESULTS In the in vitro experiments, water pressure was approximately 6.5 bar at 0.5 mm from the ADPJ nozzle and was maintained at 1 mm, but dropped rapidly toward 50% at 2 mm, and became 10% at 3.5 mm. The ADPJ required less water to achieve the same dissection depth compared with the continuous-flow water jet. With the ventricle model, the internal pressure and temperature were well controlled at the baseline, with open water drainage. These results indicated that the ADPJ can be safely applied within the ventricles. The ADPJ was introduced into a flexible endoscope and the ventricle walls were dissected in both the ex vivo and in vivo conditions. The ventricle wall was dissected without obscuring the view, and the vascular structures were anatomically preserved under direct application. Histological examination revealed that both the vessels on the ventricle wall and the fine vessels in the parenchyma were preserved. CONCLUSIONS The ADPJ can safely and effectively dissect the ventricle wall, with vascular preservation in immersed conditions. To achieve the optimal result of tissue dissection with minimal surgical risk, the ADPJ is a potential device for neuroendoscopic surgery of the ventricles.
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37

Desai, Bhavna N., and Ruth B. S. Harris. "Leptin in the hindbrain facilitates phosphorylation of STAT3 in the hypothalamus." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 308, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): E351—E361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00501.2014.

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Leptin receptors (ObRs) in the forebrain and hindbrain have been independently recognized as important mediators of leptin responses. We recently used low-dose leptin infusions to show that chronic activation of both hypothalamic and hindbrain ObRs is required to reduce body fat. The objective of the present study was to identify the brain nuclei that are selectively activated in rats that received chronic infusion of leptin in both the forebrain and hindbrain. Either saline or leptin was infused into third and fourth ventricles (0.1 μg/24 h in the third ventricle and 0.6 μg/24 h in the fourth ventricle) of male Sprague-Dawley rats for 6 days using Alzet pumps. Rats infused with leptin into both ventricles (LL rats) showed a significant increase in phosphorylated (p)STAT3 immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and posterior hypothalamus compared with other groups. No differences in pSTAT3 immunoreactivity were observed in midbrain or hindbrain nuclei despite a sixfold higher infusion of leptin into the fourth ventricle than the third ventricle. ΔFosB immunoreactivity, a marker of chronic neuronal activation, showed that multiple brain nuclei were chronically activated due to the process of infusion, but only the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and ventral tuberomamillary nucleus showed a significant increase in LL rats compared with other groups. These data demonstrate that low-dose leptin in the hindbrain increases pSTAT3 in areas of the hypothalamus known to respond to leptin, supporting the hypothesis that leptin-induced weight loss requires an integrated response from both the hindbrain and forebrain.
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38

Tan, Lee A., Ricardo B. Fontes, and Richard W. Byrne. "Retrosigmoid approach for resection of an extraventricular choroid plexus papilloma in the cerebellopontine angle." Neurosurgical Focus 36, v1supplement (January 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.v1.focus13271.

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Choroid plexus papillomas (CPP) are uncommon benign brain tumors that usually arise in the fourth ventricle in adults and lateral ventricles in children. Extraventricular CPPs are rare and can be found primarily in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). We present a case of primary extraventricular CPP in the right CPA successfully resected with retrosigmoid approach. Detailed surgical techniques of retrosigmoid craniotomy and tumor dissection are presented in high definition video with narration.The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/6591en3nWlY.
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39

Pakkenberg, Bente. "Post-mortem Study of Chronic Schizophrenic Brains." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (December 1987): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.6.744.

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Volume measurements were carried out on 29 brains from institutionalised, chronic schizophrenic patients and 30 age and sex-matched controls using a stereological method. The volumes of the total fixated brain, the hemispheres, the cortex, and the central grey matter of the schizophrenic brains were significantly reduced while the volumes of the ventricles were significantly enlarged compared with the control group. The patients had been diagnosed by a psychiatrist on the basis of their case records as having either a Type I or Type II syndrome according to the symptoms they presented in the first years of their disease. The Type II patients were found to have significantly enlarged ventricles compared with the Type I patients.
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40

Mourot, A., T. d'Amato, T. Rochet, M. Marie-Cardine, C. Artéaga, JP Martin, and J. Dalery. "Cerebral investigation of healthy siblings of schizophrenics." European Psychiatry 12, no. 6 (1997): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)84785-2.

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SummaryComputed tomography (CT) studies have demonstrated that lateral ventricular size measured by ventricular brain ratio (VBR), as well as third ventricle width, is statistically enlarged in schizophrenics. Moreover, these cerebral abnormalities differ according to symptomatology evaluated with a positive and negative symptom scale. The aim of this study was to investigate, using CT scans, healthy siblings of schizophrenics, and relate the results to their ill siblings. Nineteen healthy siblings of 12 previously studied schizophrenics underwent CT scans, which were compared to those of their related schizophrenic sibling and to 17 unrelated control subjects. The results showed that in ten of 12 families, schizophrenics have larger ventricles (lateral and third ventricles) than their healthy siblings. Ventricular enlargement of healthy siblings was correlated with severity of negative symptoms of their ill sibling. Implications of a familial contribution for ventricular size and negative symptoms are discussed.
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41

Afanasieva, N. L., S. E. Pekarskiy, V. F. Mordovin, G. V. Semke, T. M. Ripp, V. A. Lichikaki, S. I. Vintizenko, P. I. Lukiyanenok, and R. S. Karpov. "THE EFFECTS OF TRANSCATHETER RENAL DENERVATION ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND BRAIN STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN RESISTANT HYPERTENSION." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 19, no. 3 (June 28, 2013): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2013-19-3-256-262.

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Objective.To study the changes of 24-hour blood pressure parameters and brain structure at follow-up after transcatheter renal denervation in resistant hypertension.Design and methods.We enrolled patients with verified resistant hypertension undergoing an intervention that included 4–8 applications of radiofrequency discharge in both renal arteries using a standard catheter5 F under the controlled temperature regimen (60 С0, 8 Watt, 2-minute application). The efficiency of the intervention was assessed by the office and 24-hour blood pressure decrease within 6 months after intervention. All subjects underwent magnetic resonance tomography («Magnetom-OPEN», «Siemens AG», Germany).Results.By the time of statistical analysis 45 subjects underwent renal denervation, there was not a single case of renal artery damage. At six-month follow-up a significant reduction of office blood pressure (-34,8/-17,2 mmHg; p < 0,00001/0,00001), and mean 24-hour blood pressure (-11,1/-7,1 mmHg; p < 0,001/0,001) was found. No increase of encephalopathy signs by magnetic resonance tomography was found. At the same time there was a reduction of the linear size of lateral ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space, III ventricle of the brain, liquor volume in the lateral ventricles of the brain.Conclusions.Renal denervation is a safe method resulting in effective blood pressure reduction in resistant hypertension. It is associated with the positive changes of encephalopathy and liquor dynamics according to the magnetic resonance tomography.
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42

Tamura, Y., M. Suzuki, M. Yamamoto, and T. Yoshida. "Extensive pneumocephalus extending into the lateral ventricles from a brain abscess: an intracranial complication of cholesteatoma." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127, no. 2 (December 7, 2012): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215112002848.

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AbstractObjective:We report the case of a patient with extensive pneumocephalus extending into the lateral ventricles from a brain abscess arising from a cholesteatoma-induced defect in the skull base.Case report:A 70-year-old man with cholesteatoma presented with right-sided otalgia, otorrhoea and progressive headaches. Computed tomography showed a tegmental defect (approximately 2 × 2 cm) at the right mastoid antrum. A T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scan showed pneumocephalus in both lateral ventricles, which was directly connected to the mastoid cavity via a brain abscess and a bone defect in the skull base. Radical mastoidectomy was performed to remove the cholesteatoma. The roof of the mastoid cavity was covered extensively with fascia and a pedicled temporalis muscle flap. One week post-operatively, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed no pneumocephalus.Conclusion:Pneumocephalus arising from a cholesteatoma-induced brain abscess and extending into the lateral ventricles is an important entity, with an atypical appearance on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
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Singh, Brij Raj, Ujwal Gajbe, Amit Agrawal, Y. Anilkumar Reddy, and Sunita Bhartiya. "Ventricles of brain: A morphometric study by computerized tomography." International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (2014): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2319-5886.3.2.079.

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44

Ferrarini, Luca, Walter M. Palm, Hans Olofsen, Mark A. van Buchem, Johan H. C. Reiber, and Faiza Admiraal-Behloul. "Shape differences of the brain ventricles in Alzheimer's disease." NeuroImage 32, no. 3 (September 2006): 1060–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.048.

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45

Aydin, Mehmet Dumlu, Ümit Özkan, and Nur Altinörs. "Quadruplets hydatid cysts in brain ventricles: a case report." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 104, no. 4 (September 2002): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-8467(02)00013-6.

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46

Ferré, Carles, Javier Ariza, Pedro F. Viladrich, Juan J. Acebes, Fe Tubau, Luis López, and Francisco Gudiol. "Brain abscess rupturing into the ventricles or subarachnoid space." American Journal of Medicine 106, no. 2 (February 1999): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00415-x.

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47

Ganor Paz, Y., D. Levinsky, H. Rosen, and E. Barzilay. "EP07.16: Fetal brain lateral ventricles width: does laterality matter?" Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 54, S1 (September 30, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.21242.

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48

Christiansen, P., H. B. W. Larsson, C. Thomsen, S. B. Wieslander, and O. Henriksen. "Age Dependent White Matter Lesions and Brain Volume Changes in Healthy Volunteers." Acta Radiologica 35, no. 2 (March 1994): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519403500203.

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The brain of 142 healthy volunteers aged 21 to 80 years were investigated using MR imaging. The number and size of the white matter hyperintensity lesions (WMHL) in the cerebral hemispheres were determined. Furthermore, the volume of the cerebral hemispheres and of the lateral ventricles was measured. An almost linear increase in the number of volunteers with WMHL was seen with aging for males and females. With aging a significant decrease in the volume of the cerebral hemispheres was found for males, and a significant increase in the volume of the lateral ventricles was seen for both males and females. Our results suggest that with aging central atrophy increases more (relatively) than cortical atrophy. No correlation was found between the decreasing volume of the cerebral hemispheres and the increasing number and size of WMHL, nor between the increasing volume of the lateral ventricles and the increasing number and size of WMHL.
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49

Stauder, A. J., P. W. Dickson, A. R. Aldred, G. Schreiber, F. A. Mendelsohn, and P. Hudson. "Synthesis of transthyretin (pre-albumin) mRNA in choroid plexus epithelial cells, localized by in situ hybridization in rat brain." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 7 (July 1986): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.7.3458812.

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Abstract:
The sites of synthesis of transthyretin in the brain were investigated using in situ hybridization with [35S]-labeled recombinant cDNA probes specific for transthyretin mRNA. Autoradiography of hybridized coronal sections of rat brain revealed specific cellular localization of transthyretin mRNA in choroid plexus epithelial cells of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles. Transferrin mRNA was also investigated and, in contrast to transthyretin mRNA, was localized mainly in the lateral ventricles. Our results indicate that substantial synthesis of transthyretin and transferrin mRNA may occur in the choroid plexus.
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50

Sharmin, Shahin, Akhtari Afroz, Md Atiqur Rahman, and Syed Amanul Islam. "Morphometric Study of Lateral Ventricles of Brain by MRI in Healthy Adults in Northern Zone of Bangladesh." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 10, no. 1-2 (March 15, 2021): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v10i1-2.54003.

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Background & Objective: The present study was done to provide information about the morphometric measurement of lateral ventricles of human brain in relation to age and sex in northern Bangladeshi people. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi over a period one year from July 2014 to June 2015. All patients attending at Radiology & Imaging Department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital and at different private hospitals and clinics of Rajshahi city and had normal MRI scan of brain were the study population. A total of 60 individuals of both sexes and age ranging between 18-50 years were included in the study. Having obtained ethical clearance from the Ethical Committee and verbal consent from the patients, the data collection was commenced. Patients were asked to lie on the MRI table in supine position with head fixed and coil placed around the head. MRI was done with MRI machine (Airis II Hitachi 0.3 Tesla) and images were taken by T1WI, T2WI, STAIR, FLAIR. Images were taken from axial, sagittal and coronal planes with sequence slice thickness being 7 mm. From the images of axial slices, six proper slices were selected. Result: Age distribution of the subjects with respect to sex shows that nearly two-thirds (63.3%) of the female subjects were 30 or younger than 30 years old, whereas 50% of the male subjects were early middle-aged (p = 0.110). The mean lengths of frontal horn of right and left lateral ventricles in male subjects were significantly greater than those in female subjects (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001 respectively). Likewise, the right and left ventricular bodies in male subjects were significantly longer than those of their female counterparts (p = 0.033 and p = 0.012 respectively). The length of frontal horn of the lateral ventricles was found to increase with age up to 40 years in both right and left ventricles and then it began to decrease. The mean lengths of frontal horn of right and left lateral ventricles at ages ≤ 30, 31-40 and > 40 years were 27.25, 28.74 and 26.0 mm and 27.57, 28.93 and 27.19 mm respectively. While the three measures of length of frontal horn of right lateral ventricles were significantly heterogeneous (p = 0.049), the three measures of length of frontal horn of left lateral ventricles were not significantly different (p = 0.141).The mean lengths of body of right and left lateral ventricles at different ages were 40.40, 43.98, 45.11 mm and 41.06, 44.52 and 45.21 mm respectively (p = 0.001 andp = 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The present study concluded that the lateral ventricles vary in size within certain limit according to age, sex and laterality. All the parameters of lateral ventricles (lengths of frontal horn, length of ventricular body) were significantly larger in males than those in females. While the length of frontal horn of the lateral ventricles (of both sides) increases in size up to the age of 40 years and thereafter regresses, the length of ventricular body bears a linear relationship with age throughout life-span. Ibrahim Card Med J 2020; 10 (1&2): 45-50
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