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Journal articles on the topic 'Brain symmetry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Noorizadeh, Negar, Kamran Kazemi, Reinhard Grebe, Mohammad Sadegh Helfroush, Mahdi Mahmoudzadeh, and Fabrice Wallois. "A Tool to Investigate Symmetry Properties of Newborns Brain: The Newborns’ Symmetric Brain Atlas." ISRN Neuroscience 2013 (September 18, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/317215.

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It is well established that the two hemispheres of the human brain exhibit a certain degree of asymmetry. Postmortem studies of developing brains of pre- and postpartum infants have shown that already in this early stage of development Heschl gyrus, planum temporale and superior temporal sulcus (STS) exhibit pronounced asymmetry. Advances in acquisition and computational evaluation of high-resolution magnetic resonance images provide enhanced tools for noninvasive studies of brain asymmetry in newborns. Until now most atlases used for image processing contain themselves asymmetry and may thus introduce and/or increase asymmetry already contained in the original data of brain structural or functional images. So, it is preferable to avoid the application of these asymmetric atlases. Thus, in this paper we present our framework to create a symmetric brain atlas from a group of newborns aged between 39 and 42 weeks after gestation. The resulting atlas demonstrates no difference between its original and its flipped version as should be the case for an asymmetric atlas. Consequently, the resulting symmetric atlas can be used for applications such as analysis of development of brain asymmetry in the context of language development.

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2

van Putten, Michel J. A. M. "The revised brain symmetry index." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 11 (November 2007): 2362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.07.019.

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3

Jones, D. G. "The problematic symmetry between brain birth and brain death." Journal of Medical Ethics 24, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.24.4.237.

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4

Steinmetz, Helmuth, Axel Herzog, Gottfried Schlaug, Yanxiong Huang, and Lutz Jäncke. "Brain (A)Symmetry in Monozygotic Twins." Cerebral Cortex 5, no. 4 (1995): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/5.4.296.

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5

Corballis, Michael C. "Bilaterally Symmetrical: To Be or Not to Be?" Symmetry 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12030326.

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We belong to a clade of species known as the bilateria, with a body plan that is essentially symmetrical with respect to left and right, an adaptation to the indifference of the natural world to mirror-reflection. Limbs and sense organs are in bilaterally symmetrical pairs, dictating a high degree of symmetry in the brain itself. Bilateral symmetry can be maladaptive, though, especially in the human world where it is important to distinguish between left and right sides, and between left-right mirror images, as in reading directional scripts. The brains of many animals have evolved asymmetries, often but not exclusively in functions not dependent on sensory input or immediate reaction to the environment. Brain asymmetries in humans have led to exaggerate notions of a duality between the sides of the brain. The tradeoff between symmetry and asymmetry results in individual differences in brain asymmetries and handedness, contributing to a diversity of aptitude and divisions of labor. Asymmetries may have their origin in fundamental molecular asymmetries going far back in biological evolution.

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6

HUGDAHL, KENNETH. "Symmetry and asymmetry in the human brain." European Review 13, S2 (August 22, 2005): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000700.

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Structural and functional asymmetry in the human brain and nervous system is reviewed in a historical perspective, focusing on the pioneering work of Broca, Wernicke, Sperry, and Geschwind. Structural and functional asymmetry is exemplified from work done in our laboratory on auditory laterality using an empirical procedure called dichotic listening. This also involves different ways of validating the dichotic listening procedure against both invasive and non-invasive techniques, including PET and fMRI blood flow recordings. A major argument is that the human brain shows a substantial interaction between structurally, or ‘bottom-up’ asymmetry and cognitively, or ‘top-down’ modulation, through a focus of attention to the right or left side in auditory space. These results open up a more dynamic and interactive view of functional brain asymmetry than the traditional static view that the brain is lateralized, or asymmetric, only for specific stimuli and stimulus properties.

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Breakspear, Michael, and Karl Friston. "Symmetries and itineracy in nonlinear systems with many degrees of freedom." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (October 2001): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01250092.

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Tsuda examines the potential contribution of nonlinear dynamical systems, with many degrees of freedom, to understanding brain function. We offer suggestions concerning symmetry and transients to strengthen the physiological motivation and theoretical consistency of this novel research direction: Symmetry plays a fundamental role, theoretically and in relation to real brains. We also highlight a distinction between chaotic “transience” and “itineracy.”

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8

Bertamini, Marco, and Alexis Makin. "Brain Activity in Response to Visual Symmetry." Symmetry 6, no. 4 (December 2, 2014): 975–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym6040975.

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9

Bertamini, Marco, Alexis Makin, Letizia Palumbo, Giulia Rampone, and Damien Wright. "Brain Activity in Response to Visual Symmetry." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.578.

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10

Al-Azawi, Mohammad. "Symmetry-Based Brain Abnormality Detection Using Machine Learning." Inteligencia Artificial 24, no. 68 (January 19, 2022): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol24iss68pp138-150.

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Medical image processing, which includes many applications such as magnetic resonance image (MRI) processing, is one of the most significant fields of computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) systems. the detection and identification of abnormalities in the magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is one of the important applications that uses magnetic resonance imaging and digital image processing techniques. In this study, we present a method that relies on the symmetry and similarity between the two lobes of the brain to determine if there are any abnormalities in the brain because tumours cause deformations in the shape of one of the lobes, which affects this symmetry. The proposed approach overcomes the challenge arising from different shapes of brain images of different people, which poses an obstacle to some approaches that rely on comparing one person’s brain image with other people's brain images. In the proposed method the image of the brain is divided into two parts, one for the left lobe and the other for the right lobe. Some measures are extracted from the features of the image of each lobe separately and the distance between the corresponding metrics are calculated. These distances are used as the independent variables of the classification algorithm which determines the class to which the brain belongs. Metrics extracted from various features, such as colour and texture, were studied, discussed and used in the classification process. The proposed algorithm was applied to 366 images from standard datasets and four classifiers were tested namely Naïve Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), and support vector machine (SVM). The obtained results from these classifiers have been discussed thoroughly and it was found that the best results were obtained from RF classifiers where the accuracy was 98.2%. Finally, The results obtained and the limitations were discussed and benchmarked with state-of-the-art approaches.

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11

Blanchet, Mariève, Pierre Guertin, Francine Pilon, Philippe Gorce, and François Prince. "From Neural Command to Robotic Use: The Role of Symmetry/Asymmetry in Postural and Locomotor Activities." Symmetry 13, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101773.

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This article deepens a reflection on why and how symmetry/asymmetry affects the motor and postural behavior from the neural source, uterine development, child maturation, and how the notion of symmetry/asymmetry has been applied to walking robot design and control. The concepts of morphology and tensegrity are also presented to illustrate how the biological structures have been used in both sciences and arts. The development of the brain and the neuro-fascia-musculoskeletal system seems to be quite symmetric from the beginning of life through to complete maturity. The neural sources of movements (i.e., central pattern generators) are able to produce both symmetric or asymmetric responses to accommodate to environmental constraints and task requirements. Despite the fact that the human development is mainly symmetric, asymmetries already regulate neurological and physiological development. Laterality and sports training could affect natural musculoskeletal symmetry. The plasticity and flexibility of the nervous system allows the abilities to adapt and compensate for environmental constraints and musculoskeletal asymmetries in order to optimize the postural and movement control. For designing humanoid walking robots, symmetry approaches have been mainly used to reduce the complexity of the online calculation. Applications in neurological retraining and rehabilitation should also be considered.

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Abdollahi, M., and P. Ahmadi. "Brain wave /INS;symmetry in depressive patient's electroencephalography." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 333 (October 2013): e582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.2034.

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13

Contreras-Vidal, José L., Jean P. Banquet, Jany Brebion, and Mark J. Smith. "The creative brain: Symmetry breaking in motor imagery." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 1994): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00034063.

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14

Freeman, Walter J., and Giuseppe Vitiello. "Dissipation and spontaneous symmetry breaking in brain dynamics." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 41, no. 30 (July 15, 2008): 304042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/41/30/304042.

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15

Jayasuriya, S. A., A. W. C. Liew, and N. F. Law. "Brain symmetry plane detection based on fractal analysis." Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 37, no. 7-8 (October 2013): 568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2013.06.001.

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16

Reisman, D. S., R. Wityk, K. Silver, and A. J. Bastian. "Locomotor adaptation on a split-belt treadmill can improve walking symmetry post-stroke." Brain 130, no. 7 (May 29, 2007): 1861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm035.

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17

Kohler, Peter J., and Alasdair D. F. Clarke. "The human visual system preserves the hierarchy of two-dimensional pattern regularity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1955 (July 21, 2021): 20211142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1142.

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Symmetries are present at many scales in natural scenes. Humans and other animals are highly sensitive to visual symmetry, and symmetry contributes to numerous domains of visual perception. The four fundamental symmetries—reflection, rotation, translation and glide reflection—can be combined into exactly 17 distinct regular textures. These wallpaper groups represent the complete set of symmetries in two-dimensional images. The current study seeks to provide a more comprehensive description of responses to symmetry in the human visual system, by collecting both brain imaging (steady-state visual evoked potentials measured using high-density EEG) and behavioural (symmetry detection thresholds) data using the entire set of wallpaper groups. This allows us to probe the hierarchy of complexity among wallpaper groups, in which simpler groups are subgroups of more complex ones. We find that both behaviour and brain activity preserve the hierarchy almost perfectly: subgroups consistently produce lower-amplitude symmetry-specific responses in visual cortex and require longer presentation durations to be reliably detected. These findings expand our understanding of symmetry perception by showing that the human brain encodes symmetries with a high level of precision and detail. This opens new avenues for research on how fine-grained representations of regular textures contribute to natural vision.

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18

V M, Nisha, and L. Jeganathan. "A symmetry based anomaly detection in brain using cellular automata for computer aided diagnosis." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i1.pp471-477.

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Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) is an advancing technology in medical imaging. CAD acts as an additional computing power for doctors to interpret the medical images which leads to a more accurate diagnosis of the disease.CAD system increases the chances of detection of brain lesions by assisting the physicians in decreasing the observational oversight in the early stage of diseases.This paper focuses on the development of a cellular automata based model to find the anomaly prone areas in human brains.Because of the bilateral symmetric nature of human brain, a symmetry based cellular automata model is proposed.An algorithm is designed based on the proposed model to detect the anomaly prone areas in brain images. The proposed model can be a standalone model or it can be incorporated to a sophisticated computer aided diagnosis system. By incorporating asymmetry information into a computer aided diagnosis system, enhances its performance in identifying the anomalies exists in bilaterally symmetrical brain images.

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19

Rogers, Lesley. "Brain Asymmetry of Structure and/or Function." Symmetry 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020214.

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20

Rehman, Hafiz, and Sungon Lee. "An Efficient Automatic Midsagittal Plane Extraction in Brain MRI." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112203.

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In this paper, a fully automatic and computationally efficient midsagittal plane (MSP) extraction technique in brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) has been proposed. Automatic detection of MSP in neuroimages can significantly aid in registration of medical images, asymmetric analysis, and alignment or tilt correction (recenter and reorientation) in brain MRIs. The parameters of MSP are estimated in two steps. In the first step, symmetric features and principal component analysis (PCA)-based technique is used to vertically align the bilateral symmetric axis of the brain. In the second step, PCA is used to achieve a set of parallel lines (principal axes) from the selected two-dimensional (2-D) elliptical slices of brain MRIs, followed by a plane fitting using orthogonal regression. The developed algorithm has been tested on 157 real T1-weighted brain MRI datasets including 14 cases from the patients with brain tumors. The presented algorithm is compared with a state-of-the-art approach based on bilateral symmetry maximization. Experimental results revealed that the proposed algorithm is fast (<1.04 s per MRI volume) and exhibits superior performance in terms of accuracy and precision (a mean z-distance of 0.336 voxels and a mean angle difference of 0.06).

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21

Jirsa, Viktor, and Hiba Sheheitli. "Entropy, free energy, symmetry and dynamics in the brain." Journal of Physics: Complexity 3, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 015007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2632-072x/ac4bec.

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Abstract Neuroscience is home to concepts and theories with roots in a variety of domains including information theory, dynamical systems theory, and cognitive psychology. Not all of those can be coherently linked, some concepts are incommensurable, and domain-specific language poses an obstacle to integration. Still, conceptual integration is a form of understanding that provides intuition and consolidation, without which progress remains unguided. This paper is concerned with the integration of deterministic and stochastic processes within an information theoretic framework, linking information entropy and free energy to mechanisms of emergent dynamics and self-organization in brain networks. We identify basic properties of neuronal populations leading to an equivariant matrix in a network, in which complex behaviors can naturally be represented through structured flows on manifolds establishing the internal model relevant to theories of brain function. We propose a neural mechanism for the generation of internal models from symmetry breaking in the connectivity of brain networks. The emergent perspective illustrates how free energy can be linked to internal models and how they arise from the neural substrate.

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22

Jayasuriya, Surani, Alan Liew, and Ngai-Fong Law. "Symmetry Plane Detection in Brain Image Analysis: A Survey." Current Medical Imaging Reviews 9, no. 3 (November 2013): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15734056113096660007.

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23

Downer, J. J., and P. M. Pretorius. "Symmetry in computed tomography of the brain: the pitfalls." Clinical Radiology 64, no. 3 (March 2009): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2008.08.012.

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24

Nikolov, Nikolay A., Sergey S. Makeiev, Tatiana G. Novikova, Vladislav O. Tsikalo, and Yelizaveta S. Kriukova. "Intrahemispheric Symmetry of Brain Perfusion. Part 1. Calculation Procedure." Radioelectronics and Communications Systems 64, no. 8 (August 2021): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s073527272108001x.

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25

Liu, Xiao, Shuaizong Si, Bo Hu, Hai Zhao, and Jian Zhu. "A Generative Network Model of the Human Brain Normal Aging Process." Symmetry 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010091.

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The human brain is approximately a symmetric structure, although the functional brain does not exhibit symmetry. Functional brain aging process modelling is essential for the understanding of hypothesized generative mechanisms for human brain networks throughout one’s lifespan. We present a novel generative network model of the human functional brain network, which is the hybrid of the local naïve Bayes model and the anatomical similarity correction (LNBE). We use LNBE, as well as published generative network models to simulate the aging process of the functional brain network, to construct artificial brain networks and to reveal the generative mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of human functional brain across human lifespans. It is suggested that the idea of classifying common neighbours while considering anatomical distances during network formation can provide a much more similar generative mechanism of the human fMRI brain aging process as well as a more practical generative network model of it. We hold that studies on brain normal aging process modelling have the potential to improve the way in which early warnings for latent injury or disease are practised today and advance healthcare.

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Stojanovic, Nebojsa, Ivica Stefanovic, Aleksandar Kostic, Radisav Mitic, Misa Radisavljevic, Dragan Stojanov, and Sladjana Petrovic. "Analysis of the symmetric configuration of the circle of Willis in a series of autopsied corpses." Vojnosanitetski pregled 72, no. 4 (2015): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1504356s.

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Introduction. The forming of the blood vessels network configuration at the base of the brain and interconnecting of blood vessels during the embryogenesis is directly related to the phylogenetic development of the brain and brain structures. A blood vessel configuration at the brain base, in the form of a ring or a hexagon, stands in direct relation to the perfusion needs of certain parts of the brain during its primary differentiation. The aim of this paper was to determine the incidence of certain blood vessel configurations at the base of the brain and understanding their symmetry or asymmetry. Methods. Analysis of the blood vessels at the base of the brain was performed on the autopsied subjects. The object of observation was the anterior segment of the circle of Willis consisting of C1- a. carotis interna (ICA), above a. communicaus posterior (PcoA), the segment A1 a. cerebri anterior (ACA) from a. carotis interna bifurcation to the a. communicans anterior (AcoA) and a. communicans anterior itself, as well as the posterior segment consisting of PcoA and the segment P1 - a. cerebri posterior (PCA) from the a. basilaris bifurcation to the PcoA. For the purpose of grouping the findings, the four basic configuration types of the circle of Willis were identified based on its symmetry or asymmetry. Type-A (symmetric circle of Willis), type-B (asymmetric circle of Willis' due to the unilateral hypoplastic A1-ACA); type-C (symmetric circle of Willis with bilateral symmetric changes on PcoA) and type-D (asymmetric circle of Willis due to the asymmetric changes on PcoA). Results. Autopsy was performed on 56 corpses. A total of 41 (73.2%) subjects were recorded with a symmetric configuration of the circle of Willis', of which 27 (48.2%) subjects had type A and 14 (25%) type C. The asymmetric configuration was present in 15 (26.8%) subjects, of whom 9 (16%) had type B and 6 (10.8%) type D. The symmetric Willis group (73.2%) did not have a homogeneous finding that would fit into the schematic presentation of the symmetric type A and type C. A total of 17 (30.4%) findings were classified in this group of the so-called conditionally symmetric configurations. In all the cases, type B (16%) had unilaterally reduced diameter A1 and hyperplastic AcoA. Conclusion. The presence of asymmetric Willis configuration in 26.8% of the cases, which makes up more than one fourth, indicates that the asymmetric configurations do not represent a pathological form of connecting the blood vessels at the base of the brain, but rather one aspect of its adaptation. The forming of the basic types of configurations of the circle of Willis is associated with a tendency toward certain types of hemodynamic disorders and more frequent pathological changes in places of reduced resistance.

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Bellagarda, Cayla A., James E. Dickinson, Jason Bell, and David R. Badcock. "Haemodynamic Signatures of Temporal Integration of Visual Mirror Symmetry." Symmetry 14, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14050901.

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EEG, fMRI and TMS studies have implicated the extra-striate cortex, including the Lateral Occipital Cortex (LOC), in the processing of visual mirror symmetries. Recent research has found that the sustained posterior negativity (SPN), a symmetry specific electrophysiological response identified in the region of the LOC, is generated when temporally displaced asymmetric components are integrated into a symmetric whole. We aim to expand on this finding using dynamic dot-patterns with systematically increased intra-pair temporal delay to map the limits of temporal integration of visual mirror symmetry. To achieve this, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) which measures the changes in the haemodynamic response to stimulation using near infrared light. We show that a symmetry specific haemodynamic response can be identified following temporal integration of otherwise meaningless dot-patterns, and the magnitude of this response scales with the duration of temporal delay. These results contribute to our understanding of when and where mirror symmetry is processed in the visual system. Furthermore, we highlight fNIRS as a promising but so far underutilised method of studying the haemodynamics of mid-level visual processes in the brain.

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28

Hochstein, Shaul. "The Eyes Wide Shut Illusion." Perception 47, no. 9 (July 12, 2018): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006618786863.

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The new “eyes wide shut” illusion uses a standard enlarging (shaving or makeup) mirror. Close one eye and look at the closed eye in the mirror; the eye should take up most of the mirror. Switch eyes to see the other closed eye. Switch back-and-forth a few times, then open both eyes. You see an open eye. Which eye is it? To find out, close one eye. Whichever you close, that’s the eye you see. How can this be possible? The brain is fusing two images of the two eyes! The illusion depends on (a) binocular fusion: The brain combines two images to a single percept; (b) symmetry: Mirrors don’t affect appearance of left–right symmetric objects and the eyes are sufficiently left–right symmetric for the brain to combine them. Why aren’t the lingering asymmetries sufficient to prevent fusion? (c) Only vision with scrutiny affords conscious access to scene details. Consistent with reverse hierarchy theory, vision at a glance grants conscious perception of the gist of the scene, integrating images of nonperfectly symmetric eyes.

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Kralj, Samo, and Robert Repnik. "PATTERNS IN SYMMETRY BREAKING TRANSITIONS." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 46, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/12.46.74.

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It is now well accepted that we all have amazing capabilities in recognizing faces in a fraction of a second. This specific pattern recognition ability could be by appropriate training transferred to some other field of expertise. At the same time pattern recognition skills are becoming increasingly important “survival” strategy in the modern competitive world which faces information overload. In the paper we demonstrate an example of pattern-recognition type of lecturing modern physics. By using already absorbed knowledge and analogies we exploit our innate pattern recognition brain capabilities for more effective learning of new concepts in physics. Key words: pattern recognition, universalities, liquid crystals, cosmology.

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Oostenveld, Robert, Dick F. Stegeman, Peter Praamstra, and Adriaan van Oosterom. "Brain symmetry and topographic analysis of lateralized event-related potentials." Clinical Neurophysiology 114, no. 7 (July 2003): 1194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00059-2.

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Tuzikov, Alexander V., Olivier Colliot, and Isabelle Bloch. "Evaluation of the symmetry plane in 3D MR brain images." Pattern Recognition Letters 24, no. 14 (October 2003): 2219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(03)00049-7.

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Wright, P., J. Nobrega, R. Langevin, and G. Wortzman. "Brain Density and Symmetry in Pedophilic and Sexually Aggressive Offenders." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 3, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300304.

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Wright, Percy, Jose Nobrega, Ron Langevin, and George Wortzman. "Brain density and symmetry in pedophilic and sexually aggressive offenders." Annals of Sex Research 3, no. 3 (1990): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00849186.

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Hu, Qingmao, and Wieslaw L. Nowinski. "Radiological Symmetry of Brain and Head Images: Comparison and Applications." International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 1, no. 2 (July 18, 2006): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-006-0039-3.

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Horev, Gadi, John M. Gomori, Gershom Zajicek, Jon J. Erickson, and Ari Shaffer. "The right-left symmetry axis of the brain on CT." Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 12, no. 3 (May 1988): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-6111(88)90027-4.

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36

Papo, David. "Time-Reversal Symmetry in Healthy and Pathological Resting Brain Activity." International Journal of Psychophysiology 168 (October 2021): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.215.

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Makin, Alexis D. J., Giulia Rampone, Amie Morris, and Marco Bertamini. "The Formation of Symmetrical Gestalts Is Task-Independent, but Can Be Enhanced by Active Regularity Discrimination." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 2 (February 2020): 353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01485.

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The brain can organize elements into perceptually meaningful gestalts. Visual symmetry is a useful tool to study gestalt formation, and we know that there are symmetry-sensitive regions in the extrastriate cortex. However, it is unclear whether symmetrical gestalt formation happens automatically, whatever the participant's current task is. Does the visual brain always organize and interpret the retinal image when possible, or only when necessary? To test this, we recorded an ERP called the sustained posterior negativity (SPN). SPN amplitude increases with the proportion of symmetry in symmetry + noise displays. We compared the SPN across five tasks with different cognitive and perceptual demands. Contrary to our predictions, the SPN was the same across four of the five tasks but selectively enhanced during active regularity discrimination. Furthermore, during regularity discrimination, the SPN was present on hit trials and false alarm trials but absent on miss and correct rejection trials. We conclude that gestalt formation is automatic and task-independent, although it occasionally fails on miss trials. However, it can be enhanced by attention to visual regularity.

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de Vries, Froukje E., Odile A. van den Heuvel, Danielle C. Cath, Henk J. Groenewegen, Anton J. L. M. van Balkom, Ronald Boellaard, Adriaan A. Lammertsma, and Dick J. Veltman. "Limbic and motor circuits involved in symmetry behavior in Tourette's syndrome." CNS Spectrums 18, no. 1 (December 3, 2012): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852912000703.

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ObjectiveThe need for symmetry and ordering objects related to a “just right”-feeling is a common symptom in Tourette's syndrome (TS) and resembles symmetry behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder, but its pathophysiology is unknown. We used a symptom provocation paradigm to investigate the neural correlates of symmetry behavior in TS and hypothesized the involvement of frontal-striatal and limbic brain areas.MethodsPictures of asymmetrically and symmetrically arranged objects were presented in randomized blocks (4 blocks of each condition) to 14 patients with TS and 10 matched healthy controls (HC). A H215O positron emission tomography scan was acquired during each stimulus block, resulting in 8 scans per subject. After each scan, state anxiety and symmetry behavior (the urge to rearrange objects) were measured using a visual analogue scale.ResultsDuring the asymmetry condition, TS patients showed increased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, and inferior frontal cortex, whereas HC showed increased rCBF in the visual cortex, primary motor cortex, and dorsal prefrontal cortex. Symmetry ratings during provocation correlated positively with orbitofrontal activation in the TS group and sensorimotor activation in the HC group, and negatively with dorsal prefrontal activity in HC.ConclusionsResults suggest that both motor and limbic circuits are involved in symmetry behavior in TS. Motor activity may relate to an urge to move or perform tics, and limbic activation may indicate that asymmetry stimuli are salient for TS patients. In contrast, symmetry provocation in HC resulted in activation of brain regions implicated in sensorimotor function and cognitive control.

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Agius Anastasi, Andrei, Owen Falzon, Kenneth Camilleri, Malcolm Vella, and Richard Muscat. "Brain Symmetry Index in Healthy and Stroke Patients for Assessment and Prognosis." Stroke Research and Treatment 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8276136.

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Objective.Quantitative neurophysiological signal parameters are of value in predicting motor recovery after stroke. The novel role of EEG-derived brain symmetry index for motor function prognostication in the subacute phase after stroke is explored.Methods. Ten male stroke patients and ten matched healthy controls were recruited. Motor function was first assessed clinically using the MRC score, its derivative Motricity Index, and the Fugl–Meyer assessment score. EEG was subsequently recorded first with subjects at rest and then during hand grasping motions, triggered by visual cues. Brain symmetry index (BSI) was used to identify the differences in EEG-quantified interhemispheric cortical power asymmetry observable in healthy versus cortical and subcortical stroke patients. Subsequently, any correlation between BSI and motor function was explored.Results. BSI was found to be significantly higher in stroke subjects compared to healthy controls (p=0.023). The difference in BSI was more pronounced in the cortical stroke subgroup (p=0.016). BSI showed only a mild general decrease on repeated monthly recording. Notably, a statistically significant correlation was observed between early BSI and Fugl–Meyer score later in recovery (p<0.050).Conclusions. Brain symmetry index is increased in the subacute poststroke phase and correlates with motor function 1-2 months after stroke.

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Wiebelt, Alexandra. "Do symmetrical letter pairs affect readability?" Written Language and Literacy 7, no. 2 (March 22, 2005): 275–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.7.2.07wie.

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Our everyday experience shows that we have problems in recognizing objects which only differ in their symmetry properties (street signs with two arrows in different directions or mathematical signs such as 〈 and 〉). Perception is closely correlated with an inner comparison: the perceived object with its surrounding, the perceived object with former experience and so on. The brain has evolved different constancy abilities (e.g. colour constancy) and one of them is object constancy. This object constancy makes it possible to perceive an object regardless of its orientation in space. Symmetric letter pairs with different sound representations (such as 〈b〉 and 〈d〉) are, due to object constancy, typically identified as one object. This deficiency of distinctiveness should affect their readability. The above hypothesis was examined in many scripts. The result was that mature scripts (which usually developed for a long time) avoid these symmetric letter pairs (called extrinsic symmetry) by adding distinctive features such as serifs or different stroke thickness. On the other hand, if a writer is allowed to invent letter shapes freely, he makes use of extrinsic symmetrical letter pairs. This is supposed to have aesthetic reasons — letters are often perceived as a standing object or even as a “body” on a plane. It is therefore possible to statistically separate mature scripts which show up no extrinsic symmetry from invented scripts full of extrinsic symmetry. The runes are a writing system which does not quite fit in this widely proved distinction. They have developed from the Latin writing system (or a close relative of it) and have therefore inherited the avoidance of extrinsic symmetry. The reduction of the character set from 24 signs in the Old Futhark to 16 characters in the Younger Futhark is accompanied by a simplification of runic signs. During this period the runes develop a high degree of extrinsic symmetry. Moreover, the letter shapes are often related to different sound representations. These irregularities in usage may be caused by interference from the Latin writing system. The resulting lesser readability could have been one reason for the decline of the runes. This paper shows in many figures and graphs how symmetry emerges and under what circumstances it is used to create new letter shapes.

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Corballis, Michael C. "How Asymmetries Evolved: Hearts, Brains, and Molecules." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13060914.

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Humans belong to the vast clade of species known as the bilateria, with a bilaterally symmetrical body plan. Over the course of evolution, exceptions to symmetry have arisen. Among chordates, the internal organs have been arranged asymmetrically in order to create more efficient functioning and packaging. The brain has also assumed asymmetries, although these generally trade off against the pressure toward symmetry, itself a reflection of the symmetry of limbs and sense organs. In humans, at least, brain asymmetries occur in independent networks, including those involved in language and manual manipulation biased to the left hemisphere, and emotion and face perception biased to the right. Similar asymmetries occur in other species, notably the great apes. A number of asymmetries are correlated with conditions such as dyslexia, autism, and schizophrenia, and have largely independent genetic associations. The origin of asymmetry itself, though, appears to be unitary, and in the case of the internal organs, at least, may depend ultimately on asymmetry at the molecular level.

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Stoyanov, Zlatislav, Lyoubka Decheva, Irina Pashalieva, and Piareta Nikolova. "Brain asymmetry, immunity, handedness." Open Medicine 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-011-0121-2.

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AbstractThe principle of symmetry-asymmetry is widely presented in the structural and functional organization of the nonliving and living nature. One of the most complex manifestations of this principle is the left-right asymmetry of the human brain. The present review summarizes previous and contemporary literary data regarding the role of brain asymmetry in neuroimmunomodulation. Some handedness-related peculiarities are outlined additionally. Brain asymmetry is considered to be imprinted in the formation and regulation of the individual’s responses and relationships at an immunological level with the external and internal environment. The assumptions that the hemispheres modulate immune response in an asymmetric manner have been confirmed in experiments on animals. Some authors assume that the right hemisphere plays an indirect role in neuroimmunomodulation, controlling and suppressing the left hemispheric inductive signals.

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Saddique, Mubbashar, Jawad Haider Kazmi, and Kalim Qureshi. "A Hybrid Approach of Using Symmetry Technique for Brain Tumor Segmentation." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/712783.

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Tumor and related abnormalities are a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a superior modality due to its noninvasiveness and high quality images of both the soft tissues and bones. In this paper we present two hybrid segmentation techniques and their results are compared with well-recognized techniques in this area. The first technique is based on symmetry and we call it a hybrid algorithm using symmetry and active contour (HASA). In HASA, we take refection image, calculate the difference image, and then apply the active contour on the difference image to segment the tumor. To avoid unimportant segmented regions, we improve the results by proposing an enhancement in the form of the second technique, EHASA. In EHASA, we also take reflection of the original image, calculate the difference image, and then change this image into a binary image. This binary image is mapped onto the original image followed by the application of active contouring to segment the tumor region.

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RajBhatele, Kirti, and Sarita Singh Bhadauria. "Pixel based Symmetry Analysis of an Axial T2 Weighted Brain MRI." International Journal of Computer Applications 118, no. 24 (May 28, 2015): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/20954-2266.

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Pillai, Ajay S., and Viktor K. Jirsa. "Symmetry Breaking in Space-Time Hierarchies Shapes Brain Dynamics and Behavior." Neuron 94, no. 5 (June 2017): 1010–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.013.

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Chen, C. C., K. L. C. Kao, and C. W. Tyler. "Face Configuration Processing in the Human Brain: The Role of Symmetry." Cerebral Cortex 17, no. 6 (August 21, 2006): 1423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl054.

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Jing-Shi, Rong, Pan Hai-Wei, Li Peng-Yuan, Gao Lin-Lin, Han Qi-Long, Zhang Zhi-Qiang, and Li Qing. "Symmetry Theory Based Classification Algorithm in Brain Computed Tomography Image Database." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2016.1596.

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Rooney, Matthew. "A Fearful Symmetry: Borges and the Geometric Language of the Brain." Journal of Literature and Science 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12929/jls.09.1.03.

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Ogretmenoglu, Cansel, Ziya Telatar, and Osman Erogul. "MR image segmentation and symmetry analysis for detection of brain tumors." Journal of Biotechnology 231 (August 2016): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.05.058.

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Huang, Ke-Chun, Chun-Chih Liao, Furen Xiao, Charles Chih-Ho Liu, I.-Jen Chiang, and Jau-Min Wong. "AUTOMATED VOLUMETRY OF POSTOPERATIVE SKULL DEFECT ON BRAIN CT." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 03 (May 30, 2013): 1350033. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500336.

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The volume of the skull defect should be one of the most important quantitative measures for decompressive craniectomy. However, there has been no study focusing on automated estimation of the volume from postoperative computed tomography (CT). This study develops and validates three methods that can automatically locate, recover and measure the missing skull region based on symmetry without preoperative images. The low resolution estimate (LRE) method involves downsizing CT images, finding the axis of symmetry for each slice, and estimating the location and size of the missing skull regions. The intact mid-sagittal plane (iMSP) can be defined either by dimension-by-dimension (DBD) method as a global symmetry plane or by Liu's method as a regression from each slices. The skull defect volume can then be calculated by skull volume difference (SVD) with respect to each iMSP. During a 48-month period between July 2006 and June 2010 at a regional hospital in northern Taiwan, we collected 30 sets of nonvolumetric CT images after craniectomies. Three board-certified neurosurgeons perform computer-assisted volumetric analysis of skull defect volume V Man as the gold standard for evaluating the performance of our algorithm. We compare the error of the three volumetry methods. The error of V LRE is smaller than that of V Liu (p < 0.0001) and V DBD (p = 0.034). The error of V DBD is significant smaller than that of V Liu (p = 0.001). The correlation coefficients between V Man and V LRE , V Liu , V DBD are 0.98, 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. In conclusion, these methods can help to define the skull defect volume in postoperative images and provide information of the immediate volume gain after decompressive craniectomies. The iMSP of the postoperative skull can be reliably identified using the DBD method.

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