Relevant bibliographies by topics / Brain on a chip

Academic literature on the topic 'Brain on a chip'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Brain on a chip"

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Service, Robert F. "The brain chip." Science 345, no. 6197 (August 7, 2014): 614–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6197.614.

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NAKADA, Tsutomu. "Brain Chip: A Hypothesis." Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences 3, no. 2 (2004): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2463/mrms.3.51.

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Leslie, M. "Chip off the Old Brain." Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2003, no. 18 (May 7, 2003): 65nw—65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2003.18.nw65.

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Bouzid, Hind, Julia Belk, Max Jan, Yanyan Qi, Chloé Sarnowski, Sara Wirth, Lisa Ma, et al. "Clonal Hematopoiesis is Associated with Reduced Risk of Alzheimer's Disease." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-151064.

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Abstract Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) occurs when hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) acquire a mutation, most commonly a null variant in TET2 or DNMT3A, that confers a selective advantage. Blood cancers may result if additional cooperating mutations are acquired. However, CHIP may also cause atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases because these mutations alter the function or development of effector immune cells derived from the HSCs. Genome-wide association studies have implicated microglia, the resident myeloid cells in the brain, as key players in the biology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we asked whether CHIP associated with AD dementia or neuropathologic change, and whether mutant marrow-derived cells could be found in the brains of CHIP carriers. To test for an association, we used data from the Trans-omics for Precision Medicine project (TOPMed) and the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP), where whole genome or exome sequencing data as well as AD phenotype data was available on 5,730 persons. TOPMed contained population-based cohorts unselected for AD, while ADSP was a case-control study for AD. We surprisingly discovered that the presence of CHIP was associated with a reduced risk of AD dementia in both projects (fixed-effects meta-analysis odds ratio 0.64, p = 3.0 x 10-5, adjusted for age, sex and APOE genotype) (Figure 1). The protective effect of CHIP was strongest in those with APOE e3 or e4 alleles, but not seen in those with APOE e2 allele. No substantial differences in AD risk were seen based on mutated driver gene. In addition, the presence of CHIP was associated with a reduced burden of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of those without dementia. In sum, our human genetic analyses indicated that CHIP was robustly associated with protection from AD dementia and AD-related neuropathologic changes. A causal link between CHIP and AD would be strengthened by finding the mutated cells infiltrating the brain. However, it is presumed that bone marrow progenitors have minimal contribution to the adult microglial pool. To determine if the mutations seen in the blood of CHIP carriers could also be found in the brain, we obtained 8 occipital cortex samples from autopsy of donors with CHIP, 6 of whom were cognitively normal at the time of death. The 8 CHIP carriers had mutations in DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, SF3B1, and GNB1 with the highest frequency in DNMT3A and TET2, which is representative of the relative proportion of these mutations in the general population. We detected the CHIP somatic variants in the microglia enriched (NeuN- c-Maf+) fraction of brain in 7 out of 8 CHIP carriers, with a VAF ranging from 0.02 to 0.28 (representing 4% to 56% of nuclei) (Figure 2), but at low levels or absent in the other fractions of brain. We then performed single-cell ATAC-sequencing on brain samples from 2 CHIP carriers and 1 control to specify the cellular population harboring CHIP mutations. This revealed that hematopoietic cells in the 3 samples formed a single myeloid cluster that had accessible chromatin at the microglia marker genes TMEM119, P2RY12, and SALL1, but not in genes specific to monocytes or dendritic cells. We further determined that the proportion of cells in this cluster bearing the CHIP mutations ranged from ~40-80% in these two samples, indicating widespread replacement of the endogenous microglial pool by mutant cells. We show here that, unexpectedly, the presence of CHIP is associated with protection from AD dementia. CHIP is also associated with lower levels of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in those without dementia, indicating a possible modulating effect of CHIP on the underlying pathophysiology of AD. Consistent with this hypothesis, we also detect substantial infiltration of brain by marrow-derived mutant cells which adopt a microglial-like phenotype. We speculate that the mutations associated with CHIP confer circulating precursor cells with an enhanced ability to engraft in the brain, to differentiate into microglia once engrafted, and/or to clonally expand relative to unmutated cells in the brain microenvironment. These non-mutually exclusive possibilities could provide protection from AD by supplementing the phagocytic capacity of the endogenous microglial system during aging. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Jaiswal: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Foresite Labs: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria; AVRO Bio: Consultancy, Honoraria; Caylo: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company.
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Abdelnaby, Ramy, Samar A. Amer, Jaidaa Mekky, Khaled Mohamed, Khaled Dardeer, Walid Hassan, Bana Alafandi, and Mohamed Elsayed. "Brain Chip Implant: Public’s knowledge, Attitude, and Determinants. A Multi-Country Study, 2021." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (October 22, 2022): 2489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9982.

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Background: In August 2020, a brain chip was announced as implantation in the human brain targeted to boost brain activity without significant side effects. The aim of this work was to examine the level of knowledge, awareness, and public concerns about the use of brain chip implants. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey targeted 326 adults from more than five countries in the Middle East and North Africa during the period from May 2021 to July 2021. The data was collected through a validated self-administrated questionnaire composed of five sections. The collected data were coded and analyzed using suitable tests and methods. Results: According to our results, 54.6% of the study participants mentioned that they had heard about the Brain Chip Implant; while only 6.1% stated that they knew its importance. The most common reported indication for the Brain Chip Implant was improving memory, followed by treatment of epilepsy and improving mental function. Brain Chip Implant safety seemed to be the most common public concern, as most of the participants were hesitant about using it and had concerns regarding its safety. Conclusion: Medical personnel seems to be the most concerned about the use of the brain chip implant. Safety measures, confidentiality, and security procedures, respectively, are the major issues that might limit the broad use of the brain chip implant.
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Staicu, Cristina Elena, Florin Jipa, Emanuel Axente, Mihai Radu, Beatrice Mihaela Radu, and Felix Sima. "Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms as Tools for Drug Screening in Neuropathologies Associated with Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations." Biomolecules 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11060916.

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Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices are highly versatile platforms that enable miniaturization and advanced controlled laboratory functions (i.e., microfluidics, advanced optical or electrical recordings, high-throughput screening). The manufacturing advancements of LOCs/OOCs for biomedical applications and their current limitations are briefly discussed. Multiple studies have exploited the advantages of mimicking organs or tissues on a chip. Among these, we focused our attention on the brain-on-a-chip, blood–brain barrier (BBB)-on-a-chip, and neurovascular unit (NVU)-on-a-chip applications. Mainly, we review the latest developments of brain-on-a-chip, BBB-on-a-chip, and NVU-on-a-chip devices and their use as testing platforms for high-throughput pharmacological screening. In particular, we analyze the most important contributions of these studies in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and their relevance in translational personalized medicine.
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Geddes, Linda. "Chip replaces part of rat brain." New Scientist 211, no. 2831 (September 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(11)62329-4.

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Lu, Donna. "Brain-inspired chip could transform AI." New Scientist 243, no. 3241 (August 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)31406-x.

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Song, Jiyoung, Seokyoung Bang, Nakwon Choi, and Hong Nam Kim. "Brain organoid-on-a-chip: A next-generation human brain avatar for recapitulating human brain physiology and pathology." Biomicrofluidics 16, no. 6 (December 2022): 061301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121476.

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Neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders have become increasingly prevalent; however, the development of new pharmaceuticals to treat these diseases has lagged. Animal models have been extensively utilized to identify underlying mechanisms and to validate drug efficacies, but they possess inherent limitations including genetic heterogeneity with humans. To overcome these limitations, human cell-based in vitro brain models including brain-on-a-chip and brain organoids have been developed. Each technique has distinct advantages and disadvantages in terms of the mimicry of structure and microenvironment, but each technique could not fully mimic the structure and functional aspects of the brain tissue. Recently, a brain organoid-on-a-chip (BOoC) platform has emerged, which merges brain-on-a-chip and brain organoids. BOoC can potentially reflect the detailed structure of the brain tissue, vascular structure, and circulation of fluid. Hence, we summarize recent advances in BOoC as a human brain avatar and discuss future perspectives. BOoC platform can pave the way for mechanistic studies and the development of pharmaceuticals to treat brain diseases in future.
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Herreros, Pedro, Silvia Tapia-González, Laura Sánchez-Olivares, María Fe Laguna Heras, and Miguel Holgado. "Alternative Brain Slice-on-a-Chip for Organotypic Culture and Effective Fluorescence Injection Testing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052549.

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Mouse brain slices are one of the most common models to study brain development and functioning, increasing the number of study models that integrate microfluidic systems for hippocampal slice cultures. This report presents an alternative brain slice-on-a-chip, integrating an injection system inside the chip to dispense a fluorescent dye for long-term monitoring. Hippocampal slices have been cultured inside these chips, observing fluorescence signals from living cells, maintaining the cytoarchitecture of the slices. Having fluorescence images of biological samples inside the chip demonstrates the effectiveness of the staining process using the injection method avoiding leaks or biological contamination. The technology developed in this study presents a significant improvement in the local administration of reagents within a brain slice-on-a-chip system, which could be a suitable option for organotypic cultures in a microfluidic chip acting as a highly effective bioreactor.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brain on a chip"

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George, Suma. "Can my chip behave like my brain?" Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54905.

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Many decades ago, Carver Mead established the foundations of neuromorphic systems. Neuromorphic systems are analog circuits that emulate biology. These circuits utilize subthreshold dynamics of CMOS transistors to mimic the behavior of neurons. The objective is to not only simulate the human brain, but also to build useful applications using these bio-inspired circuits for ultra low power speech processing, image processing, and robotics. This can be achieved using reconfigurable hardware, like field programmable analog arrays (FPAAs), which enable configuring different applications on a cross platform system. As digital systems saturate in terms of power efficiency, this alternate approach has the potential to improve computational efficiency by approximately eight orders of magnitude. These systems, which include analog, digital, and neuromorphic elements combine to result in a very powerful reconfigurable processing machine.
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Carrillo, Snaider. "Scalable hierarchical networks-on-chip architecture for brain-inspired computing." Thesis, Ulster University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633690.

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The brain is highly efficient in how it processes information and tolerates faults. Significant research is therefore focused on harnessing this efficiency and to build artificial neural systems that can emulate the key information processing principles of the brain. However, existing software approaches are too slow and cannot provide the dense interconnect for the billions of neurons and synapses that are required. Therefore, it is necessary to look to new custom hardware architectures to address this scalability issue and to enable the deployment of brain-like embedded systems processors. This thesis presents a novel Hierarchical Networks-on-Chip (H-NoC) architecture for SNN hardware, which aims to address the scalability issue by creating a modular array of clusters of neurons using a hierarchical structure of low and high-level routers. The proposed H-NoC architecture can be viewed as a flat 3D structure, which mimics to a degree the hierarchical organisation found in biological neural systems. Furthermore, this H-NoC architecture also incorporates a novel spike traffic compression technique to exploit SNN traffic patterns and locality between neurons, thus reducing traffic overhead and improving throughput on the network. In addition, novel adaptive routing capabilities between clusters, balance local and global traffic loads to sustain throughput under bursting activity. The thesis also reports on analytical results based on five large-scale scenarios, which demonstrate the scalability of the proposed H-NoC approach under varied traffic load intensities. Simulation and synthesis analysis using 65-nm CMOS technology demonstrate a good trade-off between high throughput and low cost area/power footprints per cluster. The thesis concludes with results on the mapping of the IRIS and Wisconsin Breast Cancer data sets using the proposed H-NoC architecture, and validates in FPGA hardware, the analytical performance. Most importantly, the FPGA implementation of both benchmarks demonstrates that the H-NoC architecture can provide up to 100x speedup when compared with biological real-time system equivalents.
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Petch, Amelia K. "DNA chip designed antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting EGFR MRNA for brain tumour therapy." Thesis, Aston University, 2002. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10998/.

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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain tumour for which there is currently no effective treatment regime. It is thought to develop due to the overexpression of a number of genes, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is found in over 40% of GBM. Novel forms of treatment such as antisense therapy may allow for the specific inhibition of aberrant genes and thus they are optimistic therapies for future treatment of GBM. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are small pieces of DNA that are often modified to increase their stability to nucleases and can be targeted to the aberrant gene in order to inhibit it and thus prevent its transcription into protein. By specifically binding to mRNA in an antisense manner, they can bring about its degradation by a variety of mechanisms including the activation of RNase H and thus have great potential as therapeutic agents. One of the main drawbacks to the utilisation of this therapy so far is the lack of techniques that can successfully predict accessible regions on the target mRNA that the ODNs can bind to. DNA chip technology has been utilised here to predict target sequences on the EGFR mRNA and these ODNs (AS 1 and AS2) have been tested in vitro for their stability, uptake into cells and their efficacy on cellular growth, EGFR protein and mRNA. Studies showed that phosphorothioate and 2'O-methyl ODNs were significantly more stable than phosphodiester ODNs both in serum and serum-free conditions and that the mechanism of uptake into A431 cells was temperature dependent and more efficient with the use of optimised lipofectin. Efficacy results show that AS 1 and AS2 phosphorothioate antisense ODNs were capable of inhibiting cell proliferation by 69% ±4% and 65% ±4.5% respectively at 500nM in conjunction with a non-toxic dose of lipofectinTM used to enhance cellular delivery. Furthermore, control ODN sequences, 2' O-methyl derivatives and a third ODN sequence, that was found not to be capable of binding efficiently to the EGFR mRNA by DNA chip technology, showed no significant effect on cell proliferation. AS 1 almost completely inhibited EGFR protein levels within 48 hours with two doses of 500nM AS 1 with no effect on other EGFR family member proteins or by control sequences. RNA analysis showed a decrease in mRNA levels of 32.4% ±0.8% but techniques require further optimisation to confirm this. As there are variations found between human glioblastoma in situ and those developed as xenografts, analysis of effect of AS 1 and AS2 was performed on primary tumour cell lines derived from glioma patients. ODN treatment showed a specific knockdown of cell growth compared to any of the controls used. Furthermore, combination therapies were tested on A431 cell growth to determine the advantage of combining different antisense approaches and that of conventional drugs. Results varied between the combination treatments but indicated that with optimisation of treatment regimes and delivery techniques that combination therapies utilising antisense therapies would be plausible.
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Galluppi, Francesco. "Information representation on a universal neural Chip." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/information-representation-on-a-universal-neural-chip(77038a24-1f1e-4824-8725-4bd0d233626c).html.

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How can science possibly understand the organ through which the Universe knows itself? The scientific method can be used to study how electro-chemical signals represent information in the brain. However, modelling it by simulating its structures and functions is a computation- and communication-intensive task. Whilst supercomputers offer great computational power, brain-scale models are challenging in terms of communication overheads and power consumption. Dedicated neural hardware can be used to enhance simulation performance, but it is often optimised for specific models. While performance and flexibility are desirable simulation features, there is no perfect modelling platform, and the choice is subordinate to the specific research question being investigated. In this context SpiNNaker constitutes a novel parallel architecture, with communication and memory accesses optimised for spike-based computation, permitting simulation of large spiking neural networks in real time. To exploit SpiNNaker's performance and reconfigurability fully, a neural network model must be translated from its conceptual form into data structures for a parallel system. This thesis presents a flexible approach to distributing and mapping neural models onto SpiNNaker, within the constraints introduced by its specialised architecture. The conceptual map underlying this approach characterizes the interaction between the model and the system: during the build phase the model is placed on SpiNNaker; at runtime, placement information mediates communication with devices and instrumentation for data analysis. Integration within the computational neuroscience community is achieved by interfaces to two domain-specific languages: PyNN and Nengo. The real-time, event-driven nature of the SpiNNaker platform is explored using address-event representation sensors and robots, performing visual processing using a silicon retina, and navigation on a robotic platform based on a cortical, basal ganglia and hippocampal place cells model. The approach has been successfully exploited to run models on all iterations of SpiNNaker chips and development boards to date, and demonstrated live in workshops and conferences.
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MUZZI, LORENZO. "Development of engineered human-derived brain-on-a-chip models for electrophysiological recording." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1091007.

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The study of the central nervous system represents a great challenge in the field of neuroscience. For years, various techniques have been developed to study neuronal cells in-vitro as it is difficult to conduct in-vivo experiments due to ethical problems deriving from its anatomical location. Consequently, both in-vivo and in-vitro animal models have been used extensively to gain new insights into basic functioning principles of neuronal tissue and therapeutic approaches for brain diseases. Over time, we have seen that there is a poor correlation between the clinical diagnosis and the underlying pathological mechanisms. In fact, some symptoms that may occur in the patient are not replicated in the animal, making many promising approaches in animal studies not translatable in the clinic. With the advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (h-iPSC) several protocols for the generation of human-neuronal cells are becoming available for all laboratories. The importance of this technique lies in the opportunity to develop a human model derived directly from the patient: the patient's in-vitro cells will exhibit the same genetic and epigenetic modifications as the in-vivo cells. This has raised hopes for the generation of engineered brain models that can be coupled to sensors / actuators in order to better investigate their functional properties in-vitro (i.e. brain-on-a-chip). A reliable method for evaluating the functionality of neuronal cultures is the study of the spontaneous electrophysiological activity using microelectrode arrays (MEA). There are numerous studies in the literature that used h-iPSC on MEAs, showing the characterization of neuronal patterns of patient-derived cultures, demonstrating how this platform is valid for disease phenotyping, drug discovery and translational medicine. Although these models helped to shed light on fundamental biological mechanisms, the majority is based on two-dimensional neuronal cultures, which lack some key features to mimic in-vivo behavior. Three-dimensional h-iPSC-derived models possess a microenvironment, tissue architecture and potential to model network activity with greater complexity than two-dimensional models. Depending on the purpose of the study, we can choose different approaches to recreate 3D in-vitro brain, from those that aim to reproduce the trajectories of neurodevelopment (i.e. brain-organoids) to the use of synthetic materials that reproduce the functionalities of the extracellular matrix (ECM) (i.e. scaffold-based) (Chiaradia and Lancaster, 2020, Tang et al., 2006). Although h-iPSC-derived brain models summarize many aspects of network function in the human brain, they are subject to variability and still do not perfectly mimic behavior in-vivo. Therefore, to reach the full potential of this model we need improvements in differentiation methods and bioengineering, making these models engineered and reproducible. The aim of this PhD thesis was to implement different 3D neuronal culture generation methodologies that can be integrated on MEA devices to offer robust engineered platforms for functional studies.
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PISANO, MARIETTA. "Exploring innovative stimulation protocols to promote neuromodulation in brain-on-a-chip models." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1047469.

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The aim of my project is to investigate a non-invasive alternative to classical electrical stimulation in the field of neuromodulation techniques, which employ ultrasound (US). Even though ultrasound are collecting enough interest in the scientific community for their several advantages (high spatial resolution, low cost, and non-invasiveness), the mechanisms through which sound waves interact with cells and their activity are still unclear. Under this perspective, I consider a few possible strategies to induce an in vitro electrophysiological response of neuronal assemblies of different sizes to short and low-intensity US pulses; first of all, I had been applied US on neuronal cells treated with piezoelectric barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs), in order to exploit their piezoelectric effect to transduce the mechanical stimulus into an electrical one. To make the experimental model closer to the in vivo scenario, I also designed a more complex experimental set-up to investigate the above strategy on heterogeneous (i.e., neurons coming from different brain areas) and three-dimensional (3D) neuronal networks. As it is known, cells in the brain are characterized by a 3D structure and multi-cellular links, so 3D structures are a more powerful model than 2D ones1 in order to emulate the in vivo effects. Moreover, I wanted to merge the two aforementioned strategies to establish an experimental protocol to release a model drug, Doxorubicin, stored in polyelectrolyte microcapsules, fabricated with the layer-by-layer technique, using an ultrasound.
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Hajal, Cynthia. "Blood-brain barrier model on a microfluidic chip for the study of tumor cell extravasation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118716.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 50-58).
With up to 40% of cancer patients showing metastatic lesions to the brain and a 30% five-year survival rate post-diagnosis, secondary tumors to the brain are a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor cell extravasation at the brain is therefore crucial to the development of therapeutic agents targeting this step in cancer metastasis, and to the overall improvement of cancer survival rates . Investigating the interactions between tumor cells and brain stroma is of particular interest due to the site's unique microenvironment. In fact, the interface between brain and blood, known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is the tightest endothelial barrier in humans. The presence of tight junctions between brain endothelial cells, coupled with the spatial organization of pericytes and astrocytes around the vasculature, restrict the entry of most solutes and cells into the brain. Yet, the brain constitutes a common metastatic site to many primary cancers originating from the lung, breast and skin. This suggests that tumor cells must employ specific mechanisms to cross the blood-brain barrier. While in vitro models aimed at replicating the human blood-brain barrier exist, most are limited in their physiological relevance. In fact, the majority of these platforms rely on a monolayer of human brain endothelial cells in contact with pencytes, astrocytes and neurons. While this approach focuses on incorporating the relevant cell types of the brain microenvironment, it fails to accurately replicate the geometry of brain capillaries, the barrier tightness of the BBB, and the juxtacrine and paracrine signaling events occurring between brain endothelial cells and stromal cells during vasculogenesis. To integrate these features into a physiologically relevant blood-brain barrier model, we designed an in vitro microvascular network platform formed via vasculogenesis, using endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, primary human brain pericytes, and primary human brain astrocytes. The vasculatures formed with brain pericytes and astrocytes exhibit decreased cross-section areas, increased endothelial cell-cell tight junction expression and basement membrane deposition, as well as reduced and more physiologically relevant values of vessel permeability, compared to the vasculatures formed with endothelial cells alone. The addition of pericytes and astrocytes in the vascular system was also coupled with increased extravasation efficiencies of different tumor cell subpopulations, despite the lower permeability values measured in this BBB model. Moreover, an increase in the extravasation potential of metastasized breast tumor cells collected from the brain was recorded with the addition of pericytes and astrocytes, with respect to the parental breast tumor cell line. These results were not observed in metastasized breast tumor cells collected from the lung, thus validating our BBB model and providing useful insight into the role of pericytes and astrocytes in extravasation. Our microfluidic platform certainly provides advantages over the current state-of-the-art in vitro blood-brain barrier models. While being more physiologically relevant than most in vitro platforms when it comes to geometry, barrier function and juxtacrine/paracrine signaling between the relevant cell types, our model provides a robust platform to understand tumor cell-brain stromal cell interactions during extravasation.
by Cynthia Hajal.
S.M.
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Sörensen, Rebecka. "Fabrication and characterization of a blood-brain barrier on-a-chip for electrical characterization of cells." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Mikrosystemteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-369978.

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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial to maintain brainhomeostasis and prevent toxic substances from entering the brain.Endothelial cells (EC) are essential for the BBB and in this thesistwo different BBB-on-chips were designed for electricalcharacterization of immortalized mouse EC (bEnd3).Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) coated glass slides were etched, creating ITOelectrodes with increasing distance between them. The glass slideswere attached to a 3D-printed plastic well with UV-glue. The second prototype was an extension of the first prototype with acopper printed circuit board (PCB) attached to the ITO glass slidesusing silver epoxy to connect the ITO electrodes to the copperelectrodes. The aim with these two chips was to create chips withtransparent electrodes for live imaging of the cells with an opticalmicroscope. The chips were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a profilometer beforeseeding the cells inside the well. The absolute impedance wasmeasured across two parallel electrodes at a time. The impedance wasplotted against the distance between the electrodes. The method usedis called transmission line measurements (TLM) and is used to extractthe sheet impedance between the electrodes to evaluate the barriertightness of the cells. Only one chip from each prototype remained intact after thefabrication and sterilization, making it difficult to drawconclusions from the impedance measurements. However, based on thetwo chips, the TLM for the first prototype followed a linear trendwith a high R-square value whereas, the second prototype showed largevariations, causing the R-square value to decrease
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Pan, Teng. "Brain on a chip : to reconstruct multi-nodal neuronal networks in vitro for neurodegenerative disease modelling." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS261.pdf.

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Les organes sur puce (OoC) sont des systèmes miniaturisés basés sur la microfluidique qui permettent de reproduire la dynamique, les fonctions et les réponses physiologiques et pathologiques de mini-organes dans un micro-environnement contrôlé. Le cerveau est un organe majeur pour l'étude des maladies neurodégénératives, et le schéma de propagation des NDD dans le cerveau reste peu clair. Ainsi, la reconstruction de réseaux neuronaux sur une puce pourrait fournir une plateforme pour comprendre les mécanismes de propagation de ces maladies. Pour construire des réseaux neuronaux dans de tels systèmes miniatures, il faut tenir compte de l'unidirectionnalité du réseau neuronal et de l'efficacité des connexions entre les nœuds. Dans ma thèse de doctorat, j'ai d'abord montré la construction in vitro d'un réseau neuronal cortico-striatal unidirectionnel en utilisant des techniques de patterning dans le moule. J'ai ensuite vérifié la connectivité et la fonctionnalité du réseau neuronal par imagerie calcique et coloration par immunofluorescence. Afin de modéliser les mécanismes de propagation des maladies neurodégénératives. Afin de modéliser les mécanismes de propagation des maladies neurodégénératives, j'ai utilisé de l'a-synucléine pour infecter les réseaux neuronaux et j'ai observé de la synucléine phosphorylée dans les réseaux neuronaux. En outre, j'ai montré deux nouvelles méthodes de fabrication des puces pour améliorer la survie des neurones dans les puces. Globalement, les réseaux neuronaux sur puce pourraient offrir davantage de possibilités pour l'étude des maladies neurodégénératives
Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) is a microfluidic-based miniaturized system that enables to mimic dynamics, functions, physiological and pathological responses of mini-organs in a controlled microenvironment. The brain is a major organ for studying neurodegenerative diseases, and the pattern of NDD propagation in the brain remains unclear. Thus, reconstructing neural networks on a chip could provide a platform for understanding the spreading mechanisms of these diseases. Building neural networks in such miniature systems require addressing the neural network's unidirectionality and the efficiency of the connections between the nodes. In my PhD thesis, I first showed in vitro construction of a unidirectional cortico-striatal neural network using in-mold patterning technics. Then I verified the neural network's connectivity and functionality by calcium imaging immunofluorescence staining. Further, multi-node neural networks were constructed as well. In order to model the propagation mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. I used a-synuclein to infect neural networks and observed phosphorylated synuclein in the neural networks. In addition to this, I showed two new methods of fabricating chips to improve the survival of neurons in the chips. Overall, neural networks on a chip could offer more possibilities for studying neurodegenerative diseases
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SILVESTRI, NICCOLO'. "Magnetic nanoparticles for brain diseases." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/941306.

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The present dissertation presents my doctoral work developed during the last three years at the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT) and the University of Genoa. The work was focused on the development of different ferrite nanoparticles and their magnetic characterization. Another objective of this work was the use of these magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia as a suitable mean to enhance the blood brain barrier passage. The first chapter deals with the synthesis and characterization of different divalent ions substituted ferrite nanocubes (NCs). In particular, trough non-hydrolytic synthesis, cobalt ferrite, zinc ferrite and mixed ferrite NCs, i.e. cobalt-manganese and cobalt-zinc, were obtained. The size and the composition were controlled by modifying the synthesis parameters, obtaining cubic-shaped nanoparticles with a cube edge ranging from 5 nm to 65 nm at different ions stoichiometry. The full characterization of these NCs was carried out to find the combination of composition and size that better suits their application in magnetic hyperthermia treatment (MHT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Additionally, their use to prepare magnetic clusters by controlling the aggregation of these nanocubes into polymeric beads, here named magnetic nanobeads, was also studied. In chapter 1 is shown that these nanocubes, especially cobalt ferrite and zinc ferrite, revealed outstanding heating properties in magnetic hyperthermia. The same nanocubes were showing good performances as MRI contrast agent and generates MPI signals that were better than commercially available Resovist magnetic nanoparticles. Thanks to the large portfolio of NCs here prepared, it was possible to correlate their structural and chemical properties to the hysteresis loops measured under alternating magnetic field (AMF), probing heat losses as a function of media viscosity, concentration and aggregation status. The results obtained revealed that among all the different compositions, the zinc ferrite NCs are the most promising material for MHT, MPI and MRI applications, thanks also to his biocompatibility. In the second chapter, the functionalization and the exploitation of magnetic nanoparticles for enhancing central nervous system delivery is reported. In particular, the main goal of this study was to increase the NCs transportation through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors by using magnetic hyperthermia and molecular targeting. To reach this scope two strategies were followed. The first approach consists on the temporary and local damage of the BBB driven by the heat properties of the iron oxide and cobalt ferrite NCs thus increasing the para-cellular transportation through the BBB. The second approach consists on the functionalization of the same NCs with the trans-activating transcriptional activator peptide (TAT) to enhance the trans-cellular transportation through the BBB. The experiments were carried on a functional in vitro model of BBB using bEnd3 cells. First a suitable coating for the nanoparticles was developed. The results showed the importance of coating the NPs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to increase the stability in biological media, enhancing the passive passage through the BBB. Then, the heating performances of both iron oxide and cobalt ferrite NCs were compared to induce thermal damage to the BBB. Due to their ability to heat up using lower NPs dose, cobalt ferrite NCs were chosen over iron oxide ones for further studies. The experiments of BBB transportation of these nanoparticles in presence of magnetic hyperthermia revealed a double fold dose increase in the passage when the barrier was thermally damaged. Nevertheless, the complete recovery from the temporarily induced damage was demonstrated. Concerning the second BBB transportation approach, the TAT coated NPs were successfully prepared. Further experiments will be done to test them on the BBB model. Finally, being most of the neurodegenerative disorders characterized by peptide fibrils accumulation in to the brain, a preliminary study focused on the use of Ferulic acid (FA) as a potential compound for disassembling aggregated insulin fibrils in a protein plaque model was followed. The effect of the FA on the fibrils was found to be concentration dependent, increasing with the increase of compound concentration. Further studies should be done to delivery this compound to the brain.
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Books on the topic "Brain on a chip"

1

Ian, Tovey, ed. Evil brain chips. Stevenage: Badger, 2007.

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D'Ignazio, Fred. Chip Mitchell, the case of the stolen computer brains. London: Methuen Children's, 1986.

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Nao chung feng yü fang yü chih liao. Tʻai-pei shih: Chʻing chou chʻu pan she, 1999.

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Roberta, DePompei, ed. Pediatric traumatic brain injury: Proactive intervention. 2nd ed. Australia: Delmar/Thomson Learning, 2003.

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Roberta, DePompei, ed. Pediatric traumatic brain injury: Proactive intervention. San Diego, Calif: Singular Pub., 1994.

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Cho, Un-do. Wŏrha chip. Maam chip. Manʼgok chip. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Yŏgang Chʻulpʻansa, 1987.

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1629-1693, Pak Sang-hyŏn, and Pak Kwang-wŏn, eds. Uhŏn chip. Paegya chip. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Pogyŏng Munhwasa, 1985.

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1920-1968, Cho Chi-hun, and Pak Tu-jin 1916-1998, eds. Chʻŏngnok chip (Chʻŏngnok chip). 2nd ed. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Ŭryu Munhwasa, 2006.

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translator, Ch'oe Pyŏng-jun 1963, Koryŏ Taehakkyo. Hancha Hanmun Yŏn'guso, and Han'guk Kojŏn Pŏnyŏgwŏn, eds. Chibong chip: Chibong chip. Sŏul-si: Pogosa, 2015.

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Sin, Tʻae-yong. Kyŏngjae chip: Pyŏngsok chip. Taejŏn Kwangyŏksi: Hangmin Munhwasa, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Brain on a chip"

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Nandi, Subhadra, Satyajit Ghosh, Shubham Garg, Ankan Sarkar, and Surajit Ghosh. "Brain-on-a-Chip." In Microfluidics and Multi Organs on Chip, 475–93. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1379-2_21.

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Davies, Mike. "The Loihi Neuromorphic Research Chip." In From Artificial Intelligence to Brain Intelligence, 161–74. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003338215-9.

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Lu, Jessica K., Pramila Ghode, and Nitish V. Thakor. "Fabrication of Brain-on-a-Chip Devices." In Handbook of Biochips, 601–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3447-4_66.

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Lu, Jessica K., Pramila Ghode, and Nitish V. Thakor. "Fabrication of Brain-on-a-Chip Devices." In Handbook of Biochips, 1–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6623-9_66-1.

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Vatsa, P., and A. B. Pant. "Application of Organ-on-Chip in Blood Brain Barrier Model." In Microfluidics and Multi Organs on Chip, 589–626. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1379-2_24.

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Lee, Somin, Minhwan Chung, and Noo Li Jeon. "BBB-on-a-Chip: Modeling Functional Human Blood-Brain Barrier by Mimicking 3D Brain Angiogenesis Using Microfluidic Chip." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 251–63. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_14.

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Mahmud, Mufti, Davide Travalin, Amir Hussain, Stefano Girardi, Marta Maschietto, Florian Felderer, and Stefano Vassanelli. "Single LFP Sorting for High-Resolution Brain-Chip Interfacing." In Advances in Brain Inspired Cognitive Systems, 329–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31561-9_37.

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Mahmud, Mufti, Claudia Cecchetto, Marta Maschietto, Roland Thewes, and Stefano Vassanelli. "Towards Automated Processing and Analysis of Neuronal Big Data Acquired Using High-Resolution Brain-Chip Interfaces." In Brain Informatics and Health, 175–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6883-1_8.

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Rae, Caroline, and Vladimir J. Balcar. "A Chip Off the Old Block: The Brain Slice as a Model for Metabolic Studies of Brain Compartmentation and Neuropharmacology." In Brain Energy Metabolism, 217–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1059-5_10.

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Campisi, Marco, Sei Hien Lim, Valeria Chiono, and Roger Dale Kamm. "3D Self-Organized Human Blood–Brain Barrier in a Microfluidic Chip." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 205–19. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1174-6_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Brain on a chip"

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Wheeler, Bruce C. "Building a brain on a chip." In 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2008.4649479.

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Park, Jaewon. "Brain-on-a-Chip." In The 7th International Multidisciplinary Conference on Optofluidics 2017. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/optofluidics2017-04492.

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Abdelhadi, Ameer, Eugene Sha, and Andreas Moshovos. "A Massive-Scale Brain Activity Decoding Chip." In 2022 IEEE Hot Chips 34 Symposium (HCS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hcs55958.2022.9895603.

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Wheeler, Bruce C. "Brain on a Chip. Can We Build One?" In 2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cne.2007.369589.

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Scheffer, Lou. "Keynote talk: Deciphering the brain, cousin to the chip." In 2013 26th International Conference on VLSI Design: concurrently with the 12th International Conference on Embedded Systems. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsid.2013.132.

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Yoshida, T., H. Ando, M. Ono, Y. Murasaka, A. Iwata, T. Suzuki, K. Matsushita, and M. Hirata. "A 36-channel Neural Recoding Chip for Brain Machine Interface." In 2012 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2012.j-2-4.

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Mahmud, Mufti, Stefano Girardi, Marta Maschietto, Alessandra Bertoldo, and Stefano Vassanelli. "Processing of neuronal signals recorded by brain-chip interface from surface of the S1 brain cortex." In 2010 36th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nebc.2010.5458211.

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Shettigar, Nandan, Lamees El Nihum, Ashok Thyagarajan, Debjyoti Banerjee, and Robert Krencik. "Design, Microfabrication and Testing of Brain-on-a-Chip (BOC) Platform Using Neural Organoids (Spheroids)." In ASME 2021 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2021-65894.

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Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) organoid engineering aims to steer cell aggregates toward physiological mimicking of human tissue and organ systems at the cellular level, essentially serving as tissue and organ proxies that recapitulate biological parameters (e.g., spatial organization of heterogenous tissue-specific cells, cell-cell interactions, etc.). Currently, attempts at generation of brain organoids do not mature beyond the prenatal brain equivalent, the major obstacle being the lack of vascularization in the initial embryoid bodies that ultimately limit the growth and maturation of the organoids. Thus, attention is turned toward generation of a brain-on-a-chip model that can serve as a relevant model of the human brain in its recapitulation of the neuronal circuit (i.e., organoid-on-chip or “OOC”; brain-on-chip or “BOC”). In this study, soft lithography techniques using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers were implemented to fabricate a microfluidic chip to serve as a BOC/OOC. A mold was fabricated using 3D printing for performing soft lithography of the BOC (followed by bonding on to a glass slide). Neural organoids (spheroids) were dispensed into the BOC using a pipette. The BOC was designed for the organoids to be captured at specific locations using micro-pillars that are located strategically within the microchannel network. Copper microelectrodes were manually inserted into the device through specially designed ports to serve as probes (as electrical sensors) and were mounted strategically for detection of electrical response from the organoids. Experiments were conducted to acquire and analyze the electrical response of the organoids when subjected to a variety of conditions (and stimuli). Two sets of organoids were tested in these experiments: organoids that are light responsive (LR) and organoids that are not light responsive (NLR). The set of experiments performed in this study include: control experiments using pure media (exposed to light), control experiments performed using media decanted from organoid suspensions (with and without exposure to light for both LR and NLR), baseline tests using organoids not exposed to light (control experiments for both LR and NLR), and experiments involving organoids exposed to variety of stimuli (light exposure, saline solution, etc. for both LR and NLR).
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O'Rourke, Eleanor, Kyla Haimovitz, Christy Ballweber, Carol Dweck, and Zoran Popović. "Brain points." In CHI '14: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557157.

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Maschietto, Marta, Mufti Mahmud, Girardi Stefano, and Stefano Vassanelli. "A High Resolution Bi-Directional Communication through a Brain-Chip Interface." In 2009 Advanced Technologies for Enhanced Quality of Life (AT-EQUAL). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/at-equal.2009.18.

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Reports on the topic "Brain on a chip"

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Shah, J., H. Enright, D. Lam, S. Peters, D. Soscia, A. Tooker, K. Kulp, E. Wheeler, and N. Fischer. Evaluating the organophosphate NIMP on a 3D-brain-on-a-chip system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1557067.

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Raychev, Nikolay. Can human thoughts be encoded, decoded and manipulated to achieve symbiosis of the brain and the machine. Web of Open Science, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/nsrl.v1i2.76.

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This article discusses the current state of neurointerface technologies, not limited to deep electrode approaches. There are new heuristic ideas for creating a fast and broadband channel from the brain to artificial intelligence. One of the ideas is not to decipher the natural codes of nerve cells, but to create conditions for the development of a new language for communication between the human brain and artificial intelligence tools. Theoretically, this is possible if the brain "feels" that by changing the activity of nerve cells that communicate with the computer, it is possible to "achieve" the necessary actions for the body in the external environment, for example, to take a cup of coffee or turn on your favorite music. At the same time, an artificial neural network that analyzes the flow of nerve impulses must also be directed at the brain, trying to guess the body's needs at the moment with a minimum number of movements. The most important obstacle to further progress is the problem of biocompatibility, which has not yet been resolved. This is even more important than the number of electrodes and the power of the processors on the chip. When you insert a foreign object into your brain, it tries to isolate itself from it. This is a multidisciplinary topic not only for doctors and psychophysiologists, but also for engineers, programmers, mathematicians. Of course, the problem is complex and it will be possible to overcome it only with joint efforts.
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Pu, Yaohui, Yun Fan, and Miao Wu. Effects of Tai chi on physical function and mental cognition in patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0012.

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Horowitz, Mark, Don Stark, Zain Asgar, Omid Azizi, Rehan Hameed, Wajahat Qadeer, Ofer Shacham, and Megan Wachs. Chip Generators Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada505937.

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VIANCO, PAUL T., and STEVEN N. BURCHETT. Solder Joint Reliability Predictions for Leadless Chip Resistors, Chip Capacitors, and Ferrite Chip Inductors Using the SRS Software. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/783992.

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Dally, William J., and Charles L. Seitz. The Torus Routing Chip. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada442968.

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Solomon, Emilia A. NMJ-on-a-chip. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1459852.

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McNamer, Michael G., and Walter W. Weber. Chip to System Testability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada342380.

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Creech, Gregory, Tony Quach, Pompei Orlando, Vipul Patel, Aji Mattamana, and Scott Axtell. Mixed Signal Receiver-on-a-Chip RF Front-End Receiver-on-a-Chip. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada456359.

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Hansen, S., and A. Cotta-Ramusino. Fermilab Physics Department TVC chip. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5461091.

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