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Journal articles on the topic 'Brain – Mechanical properties'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Sato, M., W. H. Schwartz, S. C. Selden, and T. D. Pollard. "Mechanical properties of brain tubulin and microtubules." Journal of Cell Biology 106, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.106.4.1205.

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We measured the elasticity and viscosity of brain tubulin solutions under various conditions with a cone and plate rheometer using both oscillatory and steady shearing modes. Microtubules composed of purified tubulin, purified tubulin with taxol and 3x cycled microtubule protein from pig, cow, and chicken behaved as mechanically indistinguishable viscoelastic materials. Microtubules composed of pure tubulin and heat stable microtubule-associated proteins were also similar but did not recover their mechanical properties after shearing like other samples, even after 60 min. All of the other microtubule samples were more rigid after flow orientation, suggesting that the mechanical properties of anisotropic arrays of microtubules may be substantially greater than those of randomly arranged microtubules. These experiments confirm that MAPs do not cross link microtubules. Surprisingly, under conditions where microtubule assembly is strongly inhibited (either 5 degrees or at 37 degrees C with colchicine or Ca++) tubulin was mechanically indistinguishable from microtubules at 10-20 microM concentration. By electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation these samples were devoid of microtubules or other obvious structures. However, these mechanical data are strong evidence that tubulin will spontaneously assemble into alternate structures (aggregates) in nonpolymerizing conditions. Because unpolymerized tubulin is found in significant quantities in the cytoplasm, it may contribute significantly to the viscoelastic properties of cytoplasm, especially at low deformation rates.

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2

Miller, Karol, and Kiyoyuki Chinzei. "Mechanical properties of brain tissue in tension." Journal of Biomechanics 35, no. 4 (April 2002): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00234-2.

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3

Chatelin, S., J. Vappou, S. Roth, J. S. Raul, and R. Willinger. "Towards child versus adult brain mechanical properties." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 6 (February 2012): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.09.013.

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4

ATSUMI, Noritoshi, Satoko HIRABAYASHI, Eiichi TANAKA, and Masami IWAMOTO. "537 Modeling of Mechanical Properties of Brain Parenchyma." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2013.62 (2013): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2013.62.333.

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5

McIlvain, Grace, Hillary Schwarb, Neal J. Cohen, Eva H. Telzer, and Curtis L. Johnson. "Mechanical properties of the in vivo adolescent human brain." Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 34 (November 2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.06.001.

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6

FUJIMOTO, Masaya, Itsuo SAKURAMOTO, Kazuhiko ICHIHARA, Jyunji OHGI, and Masami IWAMOTO. "147 Investigation of the Mechanical Properties for Brain tissue." Proceedings of the Tecnology and Society Conference 2013 (2013): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetsd.2013.95.

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7

van Dommelen, J. A. W., T. P. J. van der Sande, M. Hrapko, and G. W. M. Peters. "Mechanical properties of brain tissue by indentation: Interregional variation." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 3, no. 2 (February 2010): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2009.09.001.

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8

Tobushi, Hisaaki, K. Kitamura, Yukiharu Yoshimi, K. Miyamoto, and K. Mitsui. "Mechanical Properties of Cast Shape Memory Alloy for Brain Spatula." Materials Science Forum 674 (February 2011): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.674.213.

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In order to develop a brain spatula or a brain retractor made of a shape memory alloy (SMA), the bending characteristics of the brain spatula of TiNi SMA made by the precision casting were discussed based on the tensile deformation properties of the existing copper and the TiNi rolled-SMA. The fatigue properties of both materials were also investigated by the plane-bending fatigue test. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. (1) The modulus of elasticity and the yield stress for the cast and rolled SMAs are lower than those for the copper. Therefore, the conventional rolled-SMA spatula and the new cast-SMA spatula can be bent easily compared to the existing copper-brain spatula. (2) With respect to the alternating- and pulsating-plane bending fatigue, the fatigue life of both the copper and the SMAs in the region of low-cycle fatigue is expressed by a power function of the maximum bending strain. The fatigue life of the conventional rolled SMA and the new cast SMA is longer than that of the existing copper. The fatigue life of the new cast and rolled SMAs in the pulsating-plane bending is longer than that in the alternating-plane bending. (3) The fatigue life of the rolled-SMA and the cast SMA for alternating- and pulsating-plane bendings can be expressed by the unified relationship with a power function of the dissipated work.

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9

Zhang, Chi, Long Qian, and Hongwei Zhao. "Elucidation of Regional Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissues Based on Cell Density." Journal of Bionic Engineering 18, no. 3 (May 2021): 611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-0047-6.

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AbstractResearch on the mechanical properties of brain tissue has received extensive attention. However, most of the current studies have been conducted at the phenomenological level. In this study, the indentation method was used to explore the difference in local mechanical properties among different regions of the porcine cerebral cortex. Further, hematoxylin-eosin and immunofluorescence staining methods were used to determine the correlation between the cellular density at different test points and mechanical properties of the porcine cerebral cortex. The frontal lobe exhibited the strongest viscosity. The temporal lobe displayed the lowest sensitivity to changes in the indentation speed, and the occipital lobe exhibited the highest shear modulus. Additionally, the shear modulus of different areas of the cerebral cortex was negatively correlated with the total number of local cells per unit area and positively correlated with the number of neuronal cell bodies per unit area. Exploration of the mechanical properties of the local brain tissue can provide basic data for the establishment of a finite element model of the brain and mechanical referential information for the implantation position of brain chips.

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10

Metwally, Mohamed K., Hee-Sok Han, Hyun Jae Jeon, Sang Beom Nam, Seung Moo Han, and Tae-Seong Kim. "Influence of Skull Anisotropic Mechanical Properties in Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound." Journal of Computational Acoustics 24, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x1650003x.

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Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) is a new noninvasive brain stimulation technique where ultrasound is applied with low frequency and intensity to focus at a target region within the brain in order to exhibit or inhibit neuronal activity. In applying LIFU to the human brain, the skull is the main barrier due to its well-known high anisotropic mechanical properties which will affect the ultrasound focusing thereby affecting the neuromodulation or brain stimulation. This study aims at investigating the influence of the anisotropic mechanical properties of the skull on ultrasound propagation and focusing in LIFU. In this study, we used 2D finite element (FE) head models incorporating the isotropic and anisotropic properties of the skull. Three kinds of stresses were examined and shown within the skull: namely the normal stress in the direction of wave propagation ([Formula: see text]-stress), normal stress in the transverse direction to the wave propagation ([Formula: see text]-stress), and shear stress. Our analysis show that although most of the pressure that reaches to the brain is due to the longitudinal wave propagation through the skull, the stress in the transverse direction to the wave propagation direction ([Formula: see text]-stress) has the main influence on the pressure profile inside the brain. The results also show that the anisotropic properties of the skull broaden the focal size about 19% and 13% in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively more than the case of considering the isotropic properties in the realistic 2D FE head model. The results indicate the importance of considering the anisotropic properties of the skull in practicing LIFU to achieve accurate targeting within the brain.

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11

Finan, John D., Sowmya N. Sundaresh, Benjamin S. Elkin, Guy M. McKhann, and Barclay Morrison. "Regional mechanical properties of human brain tissue for computational models of traumatic brain injury." Acta Biomaterialia 55 (June 2017): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.037.

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12

Zhang, Wei, Yi-fan Liu, Li-fu Liu, Ying Niu, Jian-li Ma, and Cheng-wei Wu. "Effect of vitro preservation on mechanical properties of brain tissue." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 842 (May 2017): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/842/1/012005.

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13

Sanjana, Faria, Peyton L. Delgorio, Lucy V. Hiscox, Theodore M. DeConne, Joshua C. Hobson, Curtis L. Johnson, and Christopher R. Martens. "Association between serum triglycerides and brain mechanical properties in humans." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06112.

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14

MacManus, D. B., B. Pierrat, J. G. Murphy, and M. D. Gilchrist. "Dynamic mechanical properties of murine brain tissue using micro-indentation." Journal of Biomechanics 48, no. 12 (September 2015): 3213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.06.028.

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15

Pong, Alice C., Lauriane Jugé, Shaokoon Cheng, and Lynne E. Bilston. "Longitudinal measurements of postnatal rat brain mechanical properties in-vivo." Journal of Biomechanics 49, no. 9 (June 2016): 1751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.04.005.

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16

Ayata, Pinar, and Anne Schaefer. "Innate sensing of mechanical properties of brain tissue by microglia." Current Opinion in Immunology 62 (February 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.003.

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17

Guan, Fengjiao, Guanjun Zhang, Xiaohang Jia, and Xiaopeng Deng. "Study on the Effect of Sample Temperature on the Uniaxial Compressive Mechanical Properties of the Brain Tissue." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2021 (July 14, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9986395.

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Craniocerebral injury has been a research focus in the field of injury biomechanics. Although experimental endeavors have made certain progress in characterizing the material behavior of the brain, the temperature dependency of brain mechanics appears to be inconclusive thus far. To partially address this knowledge gap, the current study measured the brain material behavior via unconstrained uniaxial compression tests under low strain rate (0.0083 s-1) and high strain rate (0.83 s-1) at four different sample temperatures (13°C, 20°C, 27°C, and 37°C). Each group has 9~12 samples. One-way analysis of variance method was used to study the influence of sample temperature on engineering stress. The results show that the effect of sample temperature on the mechanical properties of brain tissue is significant under the high strain rate, especially at low temperature (13°C), in which the hardening of the brain tissue is very obvious. At the low strain rate, no temperature dependency of brain mechanics is noted. Therefore, the current results highlight that the temperature of the brain sample should be ensured to be in accordance with the living subject when studying the biomechanical response of living tissue.

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18

Prabhu, Raj K., Mark T. Begonia, Wilburn R. Whittington, Michael A. Murphy, Yuxiong Mao, Jun Liao, Lakiesha N. Williams, Mark F. Horstemeyer, and Jianping Sheng. "Compressive Mechanical Properties of Porcine Brain: Experimentation and Modeling of the Tissue Hydration Effects." Bioengineering 6, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6020040.

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Designing protective systems for the human head—and, hence, the brain—requires understanding the brain’s microstructural response to mechanical insults. We present the behavior of wet and dry porcine brain undergoing quasi-static and high strain rate mechanical deformations to unravel the effect of hydration on the brain’s biomechanics. Here, native ‘wet’ brain samples contained ~80% (mass/mass) water content and ‘dry’ brain samples contained ~0% (mass/mass) water content. First, the wet brain incurred a large initial peak stress that was not exhibited by the dry brain. Second, stress levels for the dry brain were greater than the wet brain. Third, the dry brain stress–strain behavior was characteristic of ductile materials with a yield point and work hardening; however, the wet brain showed a typical concave inflection that is often manifested by polymers. Finally, finite element analysis (FEA) of the brain’s high strain rate response for samples with various proportions of water and dry brain showed that water played a major role in the initial hardening trend. Therefore, hydration level plays a key role in brain tissue micromechanics, and the incorporation of this hydration effect on the brain’s mechanical response in simulated injury scenarios or virtual human-centric protective headgear design is essential.

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19

Johnson, Curtis L., Matthew D. J. McGarry, Armen A. Gharibans, John B. Weaver, Keith D. Paulsen, Huan Wang, William C. Olivero, Bradley P. Sutton, and John G. Georgiadis. "Local mechanical properties of white matter structures in the human brain." NeuroImage 79 (October 2013): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.089.

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20

Miller, Karol, Kiyoyuki Chinzei, Girma Orssengo, and Piotr Bednarz. "Mechanical properties of brain tissue in-vivo: experiment and computer simulation." Journal of Biomechanics 33, no. 11 (November 2000): 1369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00120-2.

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21

HIRABAYASHI, Satoko, Noritoshi ATSUMI, Masami IWAMOTO, and Eiichi TANAKA. "Modeling of Mechanical Properties in Brain and Functional Damage in Axon." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series A 79, no. 806 (2013): 1460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.79.1460.

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22

Mchedlishvili, G., M. Itkis, and N. Sikharulidze. "Mechanical properties of brain tissue related to oedema development in rabbits." Acta Neurochirurgica 96, no. 3-4 (September 1989): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01456173.

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23

Budday, Silvia, Richard Nay, Rijk de Rooij, Paul Steinmann, Thomas Wyrobek, Timothy C. Ovaert, and Ellen Kuhl. "Mechanical properties of gray and white matter brain tissue by indentation." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 46 (June 2015): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.02.024.

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24

Monson, Kenneth L., Werner Goldsmith, Nicholas M. Barbaro, and Geoffrey T. Manley. "Axial Mechanical Properties of Fresh Human Cerebral Blood Vessels." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1554412.

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Human cerebral blood vessels are frequently damaged in head impact, whether accidental or deliberate, resulting in intracranial bleeding. Additionally, the vasculature constitutes the support structure for the brain and, hence, plays a key role in the cranial load response. Quantification of its mechanical behavior, including limiting loads, is thus required for a proper understanding and modeling of traumatic brain injury—as well as providing substantial assistance in the development and application of preventive measures. It is believed that axial stretching is the dominant loading mode for the blood vessels, regardless of the nature of the insult. Eighteen arteries and fourteen veins were obtained from the cortical surface of the cerebral temporal lobe of patients undergoing surgery. These vessels were stretched to failure in the longitudinal direction, either quasi-statically or dynamically. The significance of specimen and experiment parameters was determined using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) testing. Results demonstrate that the arteries were considerably stiffer than the veins, carrying approximately twice as much stress at failure but withstanding only half as much stretch. No significant rate dependence was measured over a strain rate range of more than four orders of magnitude (0.01 to 500 s−1).

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25

Cui, Shihai, Haiyan Li, Xiangnan Li, and Jesse Ruan. "Effects of the Variation in Brain Tissue Mechanical Properties on the Intracranial Response of a 6-Year-Old Child." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/529729.

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Brain tissue mechanical properties are of importance to investigate child head injury using finite element (FE) method. However, these properties used in child head FE model normally vary in a large range in published literatures because of the insufficient child cadaver experiments. In this work, a head FE model with detailed anatomical structures is developed from the computed tomography (CT) data of a 6-year-old healthy child head. The effects of brain tissue mechanical properties on traumatic brain response are also analyzed by reconstruction of a head impact on engine hood according to Euro-NCAP testing regulation using FE method. The result showed that the variations of brain tissue mechanical parameters in linear viscoelastic constitutive model had different influences on the intracranial response. Furthermore, the opposite trend was obtained in the predicted shear stress and shear strain of brain tissues caused by the variations of mentioned parameters.

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26

Wang, Lei, Liguo Tian, Wenxiao Zhang, Zuobin Wang, and Xianping Liu. "Effect of AFM Nanoindentation Loading Rate on the Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Vascular Endothelial Cell." Micromachines 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11060562.

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Vascular endothelial cells form a barrier that blocks the delivery of drugs entering into brain tissue for central nervous system disease treatment. The mechanical responses of vascular endothelial cells play a key role in the progress of drugs passing through the blood–brain barrier. Although nanoindentation experiment by using AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) has been widely used to investigate the mechanical properties of cells, the particular mechanism that determines the mechanical response of vascular endothelial cells is still poorly understood. In order to overcome this limitation, nanoindentation experiments were performed at different loading rates during the ramp stage to investigate the loading rate effect on the characterization of the mechanical properties of bEnd.3 cells (mouse brain endothelial cell line). Inverse finite element analysis was implemented to determine the mechanical properties of bEnd.3 cells. The loading rate effect appears to be more significant in short-term peak force than that in long-term force. A higher loading rate results in a larger value of elastic modulus of bEnd.3 cells, while some mechanical parameters show ambiguous regulation to the variation of indentation rate. This study provides new insights into the mechanical responses of vascular endothelial cells, which is important for a deeper understanding of the cell mechanobiological mechanism in the blood–brain barrier.

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27

Oveissi, Farshad, Sina Naficy, Thi Yen Loan Le, David F. Fletcher, and Fariba Dehghani. "Polypeptide-affined interpenetrating hydrogels with tunable physical and mechanical properties." Biomaterials Science 7, no. 3 (2019): 926–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8bm01182f.

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In this study, an elastic and biocompatible hydrogel was fabricated with tunable mechanical stiffness. This type of hydrogel with unique biomechanical properties is promising for a broad range of applications in designing biomedical devices for soft tissues such as brain and skeletal muscles.

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28

Kim, Hong Nam, and Nakwon Choi. "Consideration of the Mechanical Properties of Hydrogels for Brain Tissue Engineering and Brain-on-a-chip." BioChip Journal 13, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13206-018-3101-7.

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29

Maikos, Jason T., Ragi A. I. Elias, and David I. Shreiber. "Mechanical Properties of Dura Mater from the Rat Brain and Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurotrauma 25, no. 1 (January 2008): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2007.0348.

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30

Rashid, Badar, Michel Destrade, and Michael D. Gilchrist. "Influence of preservation temperature on the measured mechanical properties of brain tissue." Journal of Biomechanics 46, no. 7 (April 2013): 1276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.02.014.

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31

Cui, Shihai, Yue Chen, Haiyan Li, Lijuan He, and Shijie Ruan. "Effects of brain mechanical properties on child head responses under linear load." Biomedical Engineering Letters 6, no. 2 (May 2016): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13534-016-0220-8.

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32

Shulyakov, Alexander V., Farrah Fernando, Stefan S. Cenkowski, and Marc R. Del Bigio. "Simultaneous determination of mechanical properties and physiologic parameters in living rat brain." Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 8, no. 5 (December 27, 2008): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10237-008-0147-9.

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33

Khalid, Ghaidaa A. "Density and Mechanical Properties of Selective Silicon Materials to Produce 3D Printed Paediatric Brain Model." Materials Science Forum 1021 (February 2021): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1021.220.

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This study presents a step towards exploring the possibility of using silicon materials as a surrogate to produce a multi-material 3D printed soft silicone brain model to be used in the investigation of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in paediatric populations. Silicone represents a popular choice of material due to its viscoelastic properties, 3D printability, and capability to be tuned to possess different properties. Dynamic oscillatory shear tests were carried out for seven types of silicon materials at three different speeds against a different range of frequencies. The mechanical parameters response has been ranked on, which is the most appropriate to try. It also agrees with the range of reported paediatric brain tissue imitating grey and white matter as a surrogate brain material. Utilising of silicone for 3D printing represents a new approach to fabricate surrogate models that closely mimic biofidelic features and advance the medical engineering discipline.

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34

Sohrabi, Alireza, Elnaz Guivatchian, Weikun Xiao, Jesse Liang, Arshia Ehsanipour, Michael Condro, Harley Kornblum, and Stephanie Seidlits. "TAMI-16. BIOMATERIAL MATRICES TO STUDY GLIOBLASTOMA INVASION." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (November 2020): ii216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.905.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly infiltrative and lethal brain cancer. Previous studies have suggested that GBM tumors are stiffer than healthy brain tissues. We posit that local changes in the mechanical microenvironment near the tumor/tissue interface promote migration of GBM cells away from primary tumors. These studies seek to improve our understanding of how mechanical changes to the microenvironment of GBM tumors and surrounding brain tissue drive GBM progression using an in vitro, 3D model incorporating patient-derived primary GBM cells and a brain matrix-mimetic scaffold in which mechanical modulus can be varied. METHODS GBM xenografts were explanted and vibratome sectioning of fresh tissues for AFM. Hydrogels were fabricated by crosslinking thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH), 8-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG)-norbornene and 4-arm PEG-thiol in the presence of photoinitiator UV light. Mechanical properties were measured using both rheology and AFM. Patient-derived GBM cells were maintained in 3D culture and migration monitored. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION AFM measurements of xenograft and brain tissue suggest that modulus is highest near the tumor center, decreases near the tumor border and is lowest in surrounding brain tissue. Hydrogels were tuned to match in vivo mechanics by altering total thiol content while matrix composition and effective pore size remained constant. GBM cells invaded readily in soft hydrogels, but were not able to migrate in stiff hydrogels. When cultured in platforms including defined regions in which moduli were varied, GBM cells seeded in stiffer regions readily migrated towards softer regions, while cells seeded into a softer matrix did not migrate to stiffer regions. Mechanical properties of the microenvironment appear to have marked effects on tumor cell migration and may drive GBM migration into surrounding tissues. In the long-term, we expect these studies to inform development of new therapeutics targeting GBM tumor invasion through improved understanding of underlying mechanisms.

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35

Sharp, A. A., A. M. Ortega, D. Restrepo, D. Curran-Everett, and K. Gall. "In VivoPenetration Mechanics and Mechanical Properties of Mouse Brain Tissue at Micrometer Scales." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 56, no. 1 (January 2009): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.2003261.

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36

Abolfathi, N., A. Naik, M. Sotudeh Chafi, G. Karami, and M. Ziejewski. "A micromechanical procedure for modelling the anisotropic mechanical properties of brain white matter." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 12, no. 3 (June 2009): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255840802430587.

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37

Menichetti, Andrea, David B. MacManus, Michael D. Gilchrist, Bart Depreitere, Jos Vander Sloten, and Nele Famaey. "Regional characterization of the dynamic mechanical properties of human brain tissue by microindentation." International Journal of Engineering Science 155 (October 2020): 103355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103355.

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38

Prange, Michael T., and Susan S. Margulies. "Regional, Directional, and Age-Dependent Properties of the Brain Undergoing Large Deformation." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 2 (March 29, 2002): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1449907.

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The large strain mechanical properties of adult porcine gray and white matter brain tissues were measured in shear and confirmed in compression. Consistent with local neuroarchitecture, gray matter showed the least amount of anisotropy, and corpus callosum exhibited the greatest degree of anisotropy. Mean regional properties were significantly distinct, demonstrating that brain tissue is inhomogeneous. Fresh adult human brain tissue properties were slightly stiffer than adult porcine properties but considerably less stiff than the human autopsy data in the literature. Mixed porcine gray/white matter samples were obtained from animals at “infant” and “toddler” stages of neurological development, and shear properties compared to those in the adult. Only the infant properties were significantly different (stiffer) from the adult.

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39

Yeung, Jade, Lauriane Jugé, Alice Hatt, and Lynne E. Bilston. "Paediatric brain tissue properties measured with magnetic resonance elastography." Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 18, no. 5 (May 4, 2019): 1497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10237-019-01157-x.

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40

Bahn, Yong, and Deok-Kee Choi. "Numerical and Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Gelatin as Substitute for Brain Tissue." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 39, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2015.39.2.169.

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41

Johnson, Curtis L., and Eva H. Telzer. "Magnetic resonance elastography for examining developmental changes in the mechanical properties of the brain." Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 33 (October 2018): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.010.

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42

Khan, Z. S., and S. A. Vanapalli. "Probing the mechanical properties of brain cancer cells using a microfluidic cell squeezer device." Biomicrofluidics 7, no. 1 (January 2013): 011806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4774310.

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43

MacManus, David B., Andrea Menichetti, Bart Depreitere, Nele Famaey, Jos Vander Sloten, and Michael Gilchrist. "Towards animal surrogates for characterising large strain dynamic mechanical properties of human brain tissue." Brain Multiphysics 1 (November 2020): 100018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brain.2020.100018.

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44

Lazarjan, Milad Soltanipour, Patrick Henry Geoghegan, Mark Christopher Jermy, and Michael Taylor. "Experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of brain simulants used for cranial gunshot simulation." Forensic Science International 239 (June 2014): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.022.

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Morrison, Barclay, David F. Meaney, Susan S. Margulies, and Tracy K. McIntosh. "Dynamic Mechanical Stretch of Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures Induces Differential Genomic Expression: Relationship to Mechanical Parameters." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 122, no. 3 (February 6, 2000): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.429650.

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Although the material properties of biological tissues are reasonably well established, recent studies have suggested that the biological response of brain tissue and its constituent cells may also be viscoelastic and sensitive to both the magnitude and rate of a mechanical stimulus. Given the potential involvement of changes in gene expression in the pathogenic sequelae after head trauma, we analyzed the expression of 22 genes related to cell death and survival and found that a number of these genes were differentially regulated after mechanical stretch of an organotypic brain slice culture. Twenty-four hours after stretch, the expression of BDNF, NGF, and TrkA was significantly increased, whereas that of bcl-2, CREB, and GAD65 was significantly decreased (MANOVA followed by ANOVA, p<0.05). Expression of CREB and GAD65 was negatively correlated with strain, whereas expression of APP695 was negatively correlated with strain rate (all p<0.05). This study demonstrates that a subset of genes involved in cell death and survival are differentially regulated after dynamic stretch in vitro and that the expression of specific genes is correlated with mechanical parameters of that stretch. [S0148-0731(00)00303-4]

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Ayad, Nadia M. E., Shelly Kaushik, and Valerie M. Weaver. "Tissue mechanics, an important regulator of development and disease." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1779 (July 2019): 20180215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0215.

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A growing body of work describes how physical forces in and around cells affect their growth, proliferation, migration, function and differentiation into specialized types. How cells receive and respond biochemically to mechanical signals is a process termed mechanotransduction. Disease may arise if a disruption occurs within this mechanism of sensing and interpreting mechanics. Cancer, cardiovascular diseases and developmental defects, such as during the process of neural tube formation, are linked to changes in cell and tissue mechanics. A breakdown in normal tissue and cellular forces activates mechanosignalling pathways that affect their function and can promote disease progression. The recent advent of high-resolution techniques enables quantitative measurements of mechanical properties of the cell and its extracellular matrix, providing insight into how mechanotransduction is regulated. In this review, we will address the standard methods and new technologies available to properly measure mechanical properties, highlighting the challenges and limitations of probing different length-scales. We will focus on the unique environment present throughout the development and maintenance of the central nervous system and discuss cases where disease, such as brain cancer, arises in response to changes in the mechanical properties of the microenvironment that disrupt homeostasis. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology’.

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Streitberger, Kaspar-Josche, Ledia Lilaj, Felix Schrank, Jürgen Braun, Karl-Titus Hoffmann, Martin Reiss-Zimmermann, Josef A. Käs, and Ingolf Sack. "How tissue fluidity influences brain tumor progression." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913511116.

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Mechanical properties of biological tissues and, above all, their solid or fluid behavior influence the spread of malignant tumors. While it is known that solid tumors tend to have higher mechanical rigidity, allowing them to aggressively invade and spread in solid surrounding healthy tissue, it is unknown how softer tumors can grow within a more rigid environment such as the brain. Here, we use in vivo magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to elucidate the role of anomalous fluidity for the invasive growth of soft brain tumors, showing that aggressive glioblastomas (GBMs) have higher water content while behaving like solids. Conversely, our data show that benign meningiomas (MENs), which contain less water than brain tissue, are characterized by fluid-like behavior. The fact that the 2 tumor entities do not differ in their soft properties suggests that fluidity plays an important role for a tumor’s aggressiveness and infiltrative potential. Using tissue-mimicking phantoms, we show that the anomalous fluidity of neurotumors physically enables GBMs to penetrate surrounding tissue, a phenomenon similar to Saffman−Taylor viscous-fingering instabilities, which occur at moving interfaces between fluids of different viscosity. Thus, targeting tissue fluidity of malignant tumors might open horizons for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

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Simsa, Robin, Theresa Rothenbücher, Hakan Gürbüz, Nidal Ghosheh, Jenny Emneus, Lachmi Jenndahl, David L. Kaplan, Niklas Bergh, Alberto Martinez Serrano, and Per Fogelstrand. "Brain organoid formation on decellularized porcine brain ECM hydrogels." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e0245685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245685.

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Human brain tissue models such as cerebral organoids are essential tools for developmental and biomedical research. Current methods to generate cerebral organoids often utilize Matrigel as an external scaffold to provide structure and biologically relevant signals. Matrigel however is a nonspecific hydrogel of mouse tumor origin and does not represent the complexity of the brain protein environment. In this study, we investigated the application of a decellularized adult porcine brain extracellular matrix (B-ECM) which could be processed into a hydrogel (B-ECM hydrogel) to be used as a scaffold for human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived brain organoids. We decellularized pig brains with a novel detergent- and enzyme-based method and analyzed the biomaterial properties, including protein composition and content, DNA content, mechanical characteristics, surface structure, and antigen presence. Then, we compared the growth of human brain organoid models with the B-ECM hydrogel or Matrigel controls in vitro. We found that the native brain source material was successfully decellularized with little remaining DNA content, while Mass Spectrometry (MS) showed the loss of several brain-specific proteins, while mainly different collagen types remained in the B-ECM. Rheological results revealed stable hydrogel formation, starting from B-ECM hydrogel concentrations of 5 mg/mL. hESCs cultured in B-ECM hydrogels showed gene expression and differentiation outcomes similar to those grown in Matrigel. These results indicate that B-ECM hydrogels can be used as an alternative scaffold for human cerebral organoid formation, and may be further optimized for improved organoid growth by further improving protein retention other than collagen after decellularization.

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Schettini, A., and E. K. Walsh. "Brain tissue elastic behavior and experimental brain compression." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 255, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): R799—R805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.5.r799.

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This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the progressive expansion of an extradural mass causes detectable changes in brain mechanical response properties, in particular the nonlinear elastic behavior, before any significant changes in intracranial cerebrospinal fluid pressure can be detected. In 10 chronically prepared and anesthetized dogs, incremental inflation (0.07 ml/s) of an extradural balloon caused 1) a progressive fall in the brain nonlinear elastic parameter (G0, mmHg/mm2), 2) nonsignificant changes in brain tissue elasticity (G0, mmHg/mm), 3) a disproportionate progressive rise in subpial tension, and 4) a progressive fall in local cerebral blood flow (H2 clearance), despite a modest decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (extracranial). In previous brain compression experiments (Brain Res. 305: 141-143, 1984) we have shown that the compression site becomes compacted and stiffer (increased G0) and its nonlinear elastic parameter (G0) increases markedly. These earlier findings, coupled with the present observation of a loss in tissue nonlinearity distally to the compression site, are most likely the major mechanisms by which, with a rapidly expanding intracranial mass, tissue pressure gradients and brain displacement, including transtentorial herniation, develop.

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Marques, Marco, Jorge Belinha, Lúcia Maria JS Dinis, and Renato Natal Jorge. "A brain impact stress analysis using advanced discretization meshless techniques." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411917751559.

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This work has the objective to compare the mechanical behaviour of a brain impact using an alternative numerical meshless technique. Thus, a discrete geometrical model of a brain was constructed using medical images. This technique allows to achieve a discretization with realistic geometry, allowing to define locally the mechanical properties according to the medical images colour scale. After defining the discrete geometrical model of the brain, the essential and natural boundary conditions were imposed to reproduce a sudden impact force. The analysis was performed using the finite element analysis and the radial point interpolation method, an advanced discretization technique. The results of both techniques are compared. When compared with the finite element analysis, it was verified that meshless methods possess a higher convergence rate and that they are capable of producing smoother variable fields.

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