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Journal articles on the topic 'Brain injury – diagnosis'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Дюсембеков, Е. К., А. Р. Халимов, Л. Н. Танашева, И. Т. Курмаев, А. С. Жайлаубаева, А. В. Николаева, and М. Ж. Мирзабаев. "BRAIN DEATH DIAGNOSIS IN SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI)." Vestnik, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53065/kaznmu.2021.79.37.019.

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Проведено клинико-неврологическое и инструментальное исследование смерти мозга у 23 пациентов с тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмой за 2020 год. Результаты исследования показали, что летальность в первые 72 часа была в 14 случаях - 60,9%. Досуточная летальность составила 9 случаев - 39,1 %. Пациенты трудоспособного возраста составили 83%. В большинстве случаев клиническая картина смерти мозга осложнялась наличием травм лица, спонтанными или индуцированными автоматизмами, ушибом легких при сочетанной травме. В данной статье описаны виды клинических исследований, используемых в диагностике смерти мозга, в сложных случаях дополнительных подтверждающих тестов. Research has been done of 23 patients with а severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 2020. Outcomes of our research have indicated mortality in the first 72 hours was in 14 cases - 60,9%.And the first day lethality was 9 cases - 39,1%. The significant quantity of working age patients amounts to 83%. Generally, brain death in any patient with catastrophic brain injury and a bedside exam consistent with brain death complicated by facial injuries, spontaneous or induced automatism, lungs contusion with concomitant injury. The article describes types of clinical examination, used in the definition of brain death. In complicated cases, supplementary confirm tests.

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2

Machado, Calixto. "Diagnosis of brain death." Neurology International 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2010): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ni.2010.e2.

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Brain death (BD) should be understood as the ultimate clinical expression of a brain catastrophe characterized by a complete and irreversible neurological stoppage, recognized by irreversible coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and apnea. The most common pattern is manifested by an elevation of intracranial pressure to a point beyond the mean arterial pressure, and hence cerebral perfusion pressure falls and, as a result, no net cerebral blood flow is present, in due course leading to permanent cytotoxic injury of the intracranial neuronal tissue. A second mechanism is an intrinsic injury affecting the nervous tissue at a cellular level which, if extensive and unremitting, can also lead to BD. We review here the methodology of diagnosing death, based on finding any of the signs of death. The irreversible loss of cardio-circulatory and respiratory functions can cause death only when ischemia and anoxia are prolonged enough to produce an irreversible destruction of the brain. The sign of such loss of brain functions, that is to say BD diagnosis, is fully reviewed.

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3

Mysiw, W. Jerry, and Rebecca D. Jackson. "Differential diagnosis of agitation following brain injury." NeuroRehabilitation 5, no. 3 (October 1, 1995): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-1995-5302.

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4

FitzGerald, David B., and Charles E. Levy. "Delayed Diagnosis of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 94, no. 4 (April 2015): e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phm.0000000000000250.

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5

Ling, Geoffrey S. F., Scott A. Marshall, and David F. Moore. "DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY." CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 16 (December 2010): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.con.0000391451.30299.bc.

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6

Fins, J. J. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 18 (May 10, 2000): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.18.2392.

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7

Powell, Janet M., Joseph V. Ferraro, Sureyya S. Dikmen, Nancy R. Temkin, and Kathleen R. Bell. "Accuracy of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89, no. 8 (August 2008): 1550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.035.

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8

Mysiw, W. "Differential diagnosis of agitation following brain injury." Neurorehabilitation 5, no. 3 (July 1995): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1053-8135(95)00117-q.

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9

Carter-Allison, Samantha N., Sebastian Potter, and Katharine Rimes. "Diagnosis Threat and Injury Beliefs After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 31, no. 7 (August 22, 2016): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw062.

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10

Macmillan, C. SA, J. M. Wild, P. JD Andrews, J. M. Wardlaw, I. Marshall, J. Cannon, and P. A. Jones. "ACCURATE BRAIN INJURY DIAGNOSIS USING CHEMICAL SHIFT MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN ACUTE BRAIN INJURY." Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 10, no. 4 (October 1998): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008506-199810000-00153.

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11

Vasilyeva, Y. B., A. E. Talypov, and S. S. Petrikov. "Clinical Features of Traumatic Brain Injury in Various Kinds of Brain Damage." Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care" 8, no. 3 (November 6, 2019): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-3-295-301.

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Various circumstances of the injury lead to various types of brain damage. The main types of destructive effects are countracoup effect and acceleration/deceleration. The high intensity injuring force creates conditions for occurrence of combinations of different types of damage leading to aggravation of pathological processes caused by trauma, complication of clinical picture, difficulties of diagnosis and treatment, prolongation of hospital stay, and requires an additional methods of research and treating the injured. Finding the genesis of symptoms observed upon neurologic examination, and especially the differential diagnosis between primary and secondary lesions of the brain stem are nessesary to choose the emergency care for victims with severe traumatic brain injury, as well as to forecast the outcomes of treatment. The dynamics of neurological symptoms (level of wakefulness, pupil size, eyeball mobility, muscle tone and limb movement disorders, pathological plantar reflexes) have significant differences in patients with various types of brain damage, which makes a regular assessment of neurological status extremely important in these patients.

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12

Marshall, Kathryn R., Sherray L. Holland, Kimberly S. Meyer, Elisabeth Moy Martin, Michael Wilmore, and Jamie B. Grimes. "Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment." Military Medicine 177, no. 8S (August 2012): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-12-00110.

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13

Filley, Christopher M. "Progress in the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury." Neurology 95, no. 6 (July 8, 2020): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009992.

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14

Larrabee, Glenn J., and Martin L. Rohling. "Neuropsychological Differential Diagnosis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 31, no. 6 (September 16, 2013): 686–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2087.

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15

Powell, Janet M., Kathleen R. Bell, Sureyya Dikmen, Joseph V. Ferraro, and Nancy Temkin. "Poster 8: Accuracy of Mild Brain Injury Diagnosis." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89, no. 11 (November 2008): e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.09.033.

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16

Sandel, Natalie, and Michael W. Collins. "Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Current Trauma Reports 4, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40719-018-0120-8.

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17

Guzeva, V. I., V. V. Guzeva, O. V. Guzeva, V. R. Kasumov, I. V. Okhrim, and V. V. Orel. "Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of consequences of traumatic brain injury in children." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 67, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2022-67-1-89-93.

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In Russia, about 140–160 thousand children are hospitalized annually with a diagnosis of childhood traumatism. Half of the surviving children with severe traumatic brain injury become disabled. Purpose. To perform a comparative analysis of clinical and anamnestic data and neurological disorders in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Characteristics of children and research methods. The study involved 81 children with TBI of varying severity. Statistical processing of data was carried out using Student’s test and Fisher’s exact method. Results. The study showed that the duration of the period from the moment of TBI to the hospitalization of children due to post-traumatic complications decreases linearly with increasing age at the time of traumatic brain injury. Mild traumatic brain injury was diagnosed in 47 (58.02%) children, moderate-to-severe — in 16 (19.75%) children, severe traumatic brain injury — in 18 (22.22%) children. The EEG study showed the presence of epileptiform and paroxysmal activity in children not only with moderate and severe, but also mild traumatic brain injury. Post-traumatic epilepsy was diagnosed in 28 (46.67%) children, the risk group for developing post-traumatic epilepsy was 19 (31.67%) children. MRI examination of the brain revealed organic changes in 62.07% of children. Conclusion. A special feature in children is the presence of post-traumatic consequences even after a mild traumatic brain injury. The duration of the period before hospitalization due to post-traumatic consequences in children decreases with increasing age at the time of traumatic brain injury. Focal symptoms in children with severe traumatic brain injury were detected significantly more often than in children with mild and moderate traumatic brain injury.

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18

Batson-Magnuson, LuAnn. "Traumatic Brain Injury and Aging." Perspectives on Gerontology 19, no. 1 (January 2014): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gero19.1.17.

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While often occurring in younger people, traumatic brain injury (TBI) can occur at any age, and there may be specific concerns with this diagnosis in older people. This article will discuss the aging of individuals who have previously experienced TBI, and it will also discuss the particular concerns of older people suffering a new onset TBI.

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19

Mateu, Nuri Cayuelas. "Traumatic brain injury in Denmark 2008–2012." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819852826.

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Aims: To examine the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Denmark, including the relative frequency, distribution of injuries and the external causes across the days of the week, sex and age. Methods: I carried out a nationwide register-based study of the full population aged 16–65 years with a diagnosis of TBI between 2008 and 2012, a total of 27,030 hospital contacts. I calculated the average annual relative frequency and the sex risk ratio for four TBI diagnoses across age. I report the distribution of five external causes and the odds ratio of acquiring a TBI during the weekend. Results: The relative frequency of TBI peaked among 16- to 35-year-olds for all diagnosis except for haemorrhages, which increase with age. During weekends, the relative frequency of concussions increases for men, whereas the relative frequency of severe TBI increases for young men and decreases for older men. The relative frequency of TBI is stable throughout the week for women aged 16–35 years, but decreases for women aged 36–65 years. For 16- to 35-year-olds, the main external causes of TBI are falls and road traffic accidents. During the weekend, the risk of violence-, sport- and fall-related TBI increases for 16- to 35-year-olds, whereas the risk of TBI related to road traffic accidents decreases for women and older men. The risk of sports-related TBI increases during weekends for older men. Conclusions: Injury patterns and external causes across TBI diagnoses differ substantially across sex, age and the day of week, indicating differences in the behavioural patterns that result in a TBI.

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20

Kraus, Jess F., Daniel Fife, and Carol Conroy. "Pediatric Brain Injuries: The Nature, Clinical Course, and Early Outcomes in a Defined United States' Population." Pediatrics 79, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.4.501.

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Acute brain injury is the cause of approximately 100,000 pediatric hospital admissions per year in the United States. This report examines the nature of the brain injury, clinical diagnosis, hospital course, and discharge outcome of all pediatric cases in the population of San Diego County, California, for 1981 (N = 709). Brain-injured children were identified from hospital records, death certificates, and coroners' records. Severity of injury was determined using the Abbreviated Injury Scale and the Glasgow Coma Scale. Three percent of brain-injured children died at the accident site; an additional 3% died in the hospital. All in-hospital deaths occurred among the 5% of children with Glascow Coma Scale scores of 8 or less, and in this group the case fatality rate was 59%. Fractures of the skull, present in 23% of cases, seemed to be associated with excess mortality even after type of lesion was considered. Type of lesion, but not presence or absence of a skull fracture, had some predictive power for disability among survivors. Concussion was the most frequent diagnosis. Mildly brain-injured children accounted for 93% of all cases and about 90% of all hospital days.

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21

Meier, Kevin, and Kiwon Lee. "Neurogenic Fever." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 32, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066615625194.

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Fever is a relatively common occurrence among patients in the intensive care setting. Although the most obvious and concerning etiology is sepsis, drug reactions, venous thromboembolism, and postsurgical fevers are all on the differential diagnosis. There is abundant evidence that fever is detrimental in acute neurologic injury. Worse outcomes are reported in acute stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. In addition to the various etiologies of fever in the intensive care setting, neurologic illness is a risk factor for neurogenic fevers. This primarily occurs in subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury, with hypothalamic injury being the proposed mechanism. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity is another source of hyperthermia commonly seen in the population with traumatic brain injury. This review focuses on the detrimental effects of fever on the neurologically injured as well as the risk factors and diagnosis of neurogenic fever.

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22

Pinchi, Enrica, Cipolloni Luigi, Santoro Paola, Volonnino Gianpietro, Tomassi Raoul, Arcangeli Mauro, and Frati Paola. "MicroRNAs: The New Challenge for Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis." Current Neuropharmacology 18, no. 4 (March 20, 2020): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x17666191113100808.

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The acronym TBI refers to traumatic brain injury, an alteration of brain function, or an evidence of brain pathology, that is caused by an external force. TBI is estimated to become the third leading cause of permanent disability and mortality worldwide. TBI-related injuries can be classified in many ways, according to the degree of severity or the pathophysiology of brain injury (primary and secondary damage). Numerous cellular pathways act in secondary brain damage: excitotoxicity (mediated by excitatory neurotransmitters), free radical generation (due to mitochondrial impairment), neuroinflammatory response (due to central nervous system and immunoactivation) and apoptosis. In this scenario, microRNAs are implicated in the regulation of almost all genes at the post-transcriptional level. Several microRNAs have been demonstrated to be specifically expressed in particular cerebral areas; moreover, physiological changes in microRNA expression during normal cerebral development upon the establishment of neural networks have been characterized. More importantly, microRNAs show profound alteration in expression in response to brain pathological states, both traumatic or not. This review summarizes the most important molecular networks involved in TBI and examines the most recent and important findings on TBI-related microRNAs, both in animal and clinical studies. The importance of microRNA research holds promise to find biomarkers able to unearth primary and secondary molecular patterns altered upon TBI, to ultimately identify key points of regulation, as a valuable support in forensic pathology and potential therapeutic targets for clinical treatment.

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23

Ma, Junwei, Kai Zhang, Zhimin Wang, and Gang Chen. "Progress of Research on Diffuse Axonal Injury after Traumatic Brain Injury." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9746313.

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The current work reviews the concept, pathological mechanism, and process of diagnosing of DAI. The pathological mechanism underlying DAI is complicated, including axonal breakage caused by axonal retraction balls, discontinued protein transport along the axonal axis, calcium influx, and calpain-mediated hydrolysis of structural protein, degradation of axonal cytoskeleton network, the changes of transport proteins such as amyloid precursor protein, and changes of glia cells. Based on the above pathological mechanism, the diagnosis of DAI is usually made using methods such as CT, traditional and new MRI, biochemical markers, and neuropsychological assessment. This review provides a basis in literature for further investigation and discusses the pathological mechanism. It may also facilitate improvement of the accuracy of diagnosis for DAI, which may come to play a critical role in breaking through the bottleneck of the clinical treatment of DAI and improving the survival and quality of life of patients through clear understanding of pathological mechanisms and accurate diagnosis.

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Dewi, Fitri Hapsari, and Achmed Rizal Fatahillah. "Neuroanesthesia Management in Pediatric with Traumatic Brain Injury in Emergency Operation." Journal of Anaesthesia and Pain 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jap.2022.003.01.02.

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Background: Pediatric neuroanaesthesia is an exciting and challenging branch of anaesthesia. Because the anatomy and physiology of the neurological system of children are still immature, the management of neuroanaesthesia in children is different from that of adults, from hemodynamic control, selection of anaesthetic drugs used, to endotracheal intubation. Case: In this case report, we report a 1-month-old male infant, weighing 4.6 kg, with a diagnosis of acute on chronic SDH in the frontotemporoparietal region. Physical examination revealed a decrease in consciousness GCS E2V2M5, with a pulse of 157 times per minute, a respiratory rate of 48 times per minute and a 100% SpO2 with oxygen administration of 2 litres per minute through a nasal cannula. On examination of the airway, there was no gurgling, snoring, or hoarseness. The patient was hemodynamically stable during the 90-minute operation. Postoperatively the patient was admitted to the PICU. Conclusion: Anaesthesia treatment for traumatic brain injury in infants has unique problems that require knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the pediatric brain.

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25

Ю.В., Алексеенко,. "Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Lecture." Неврология и нейрохирургия. Восточная Европа, no. 4 (January 19, 2023): 444–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2022.12.4.038.

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Легкие черепно-мозговые повреждения в структуре травматических поражений головного мозга составляют примерно 60–95%. Они нередко вызывают диагностические затруднения, что объясняется скоротечностью симптомов, субъективным характером клинических проявлений, различной доступностью нейровизуализации. Цель настоящей публикации – систематизировать современные представления о легких черепно-мозговых повреждениях для повышения надежности их диагностики и оптимизации ведения пострадавших в том числе специалистами общей врачебной практики. Анализ литературы и результаты собственных исследований показывают, что надежность распознавания легких черепно-мозговых повреждений основывается на учете характерного механизма травмы, выявлении и определении временных параметров нарушения сознания и памяти в острейшем периоде травмы, скорейшего применения методов нейровизуализации для исключения более тяжелых вариантов поражения мозга. Некоторые рекомендации по лечению пострадавших с легкой черепно-мозговой травмой до сих пор имеют эмпирический характер и требуют дополнительных исследований. Вместе с тем известен ряд факторов, которые могут влиять на процесс восстановления после травмы и определяют значительные вариации в сроках лечения и ограничения трудоспособности пострадавших. Особого внимания требуют ситуации с наличием у пострадавших с легкой черепно-мозговой травмой сопутствующего алкогольного опьянения или развития эпилептического синдрома. Mild traumatic brain injuries in the structure of traumatic brain lesions account for ap- proximately 60–95%. Their diagnosis is often difficult, due to the subjective nature and reversible character of the main clinical manifestations, and the different availability of neuroimaging. The purpose of this publication is to clarify modern approaches to the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injuries to improve the reliability and accuracy of early diagnosis especially in general medical practice. Recent publications and results of our own observations show us that the accuracy of diagnosing of mild traumatic brain injuries is based on establishing the specific mechanism of trauma, accurate assess- ment of consciousness and memory disorders in the first few days after the accident, and the early use of neuroimaging methods to exclude more severe variants of brain damage. Some recommendations for the treatment of patients with mild traumatic brain injury are still uncertain and will require additional research from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. At the same time, many factors are known that can affect the recovery pro- cess after the trauma and determine significant variations in the terms of treatment and disability of the patients. Special attention should be paid to clinical situations with the presence of concomitant alcohol intoxication or the development of epileptic syndrome in patients with mild traumatic brain injury.

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26

ZINK, ELIZABETH K., and KAREN McQUILLAN. "Managing traumatic brain injury." Nursing 35, no. 9 (September 2005): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200509000-00037.

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&NA;. "Managing traumatic brain injury." Nursing 35, no. 9 (September 2005): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200509000-00038.

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28

JOHNSON, CYNTHIA C. "AFTER A BRAIN INJURY." Nursing 25, no. 11 (November 1995): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199511000-00019.

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29

Duncan, Connie C., Angela C. Summers, Elizabeth J. Perla, Kerry L. Coburn, and Allan F. Mirsky. "Evaluation of traumatic brain injury: Brain potentials in diagnosis, function, and prognosis." International Journal of Psychophysiology 82, no. 1 (October 2011): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.013.

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30

Allen, Lana I. "Traumatic Brain Injury Case Study." Lippincott's Case Management 11, no. 1 (January 2006): 57???58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129234-200601000-00011.

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31

ARAKI, Takashi, Hiroyuki YOKOTA, and Akio MORITA. "Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Characteristic Features, Diagnosis, and Management." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 57, no. 2 (2017): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0191.

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32

Victoroff, Jeff, and David Baron. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury." Psychiatric Annals 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20121003-04.

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33

Patrick, P. D., S. Rice, and S. L. Hostler. "DSM-IV: Diagnosis of children with traumatic brain injury." NeuroRehabilitation 17, no. 2 (June 4, 2002): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-2002-17205.

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34

Max, Jeffrey E., Alexander S. Strauss, and Raymond J. Pan. "TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: PSYCHIATRIC AND EDUCATIONAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 61, no. 10 (October 2022): S347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.805.

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35

Max, Jeffrey E., and Alexander S. Strauss. "TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: PSYCHIATRIC AND EDUCATIONAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 60, no. 10 (October 2021): S328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.803.

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36

Cullum, C. Munro, and Laetitia L. Thompson. "Neuropsychological Diagnosis and Outcome in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Applied Neuropsychology 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324826an0401_2.

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37

Tsaousides, Theodore, Teresa A. Ashman, and Wayne A. Gordon. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression Following Traumatic Brain Injury." Brain Impairment 14, no. 1 (April 19, 2013): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2013.8.

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Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prevalence of post-TBI depression (PTBID) ranges from 12 to 60% and is generally higher than rates reported in the general population. The wide range in reported rates is attributed to methodological variability across studies, including measurement and sampling differences. Several systematic reviews have been published in the past 5 years, reporting on outcomes for depression across different classes of interventions, including pharmacological, biomedical and behavioural. The consensus across reviews is that more research is necessary to develop evidence-based practice guidelines. The present narrative review synthesises the findings of previous studies, focusing on the nature of the interventions, the eligibility criteria for inclusion and the assessment of outcome. Pharmacological studies are generally more rigorous methodologically, but provide mixed findings. Other biomedical interventions are only at the initial stages of research development, including case and pilot studies. The results of behavioural studies are positive regarding improvements in mood. However, the number of efficacy studies of behavioural interventions for depression is extremely limited. Recommendations for designing interventions are provided.

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38

Albert, Bruno, Alexandre Noyvirt, Rossitza Setchi, Haldor Sjaaheim, Svetla Velikova, and Frode Strisland. "Portable Decision Support for Diagnosis of Traumatic Brain Injury." Procedia Computer Science 96 (2016): 692–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.08.252.

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39

Max, Jeffrey E., and Alexander S. Strauss. "Traumatic Brain Injury: Psychiatric and Educational Diagnosis and Management." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (October 2016): S357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.112.

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Max, Jeffrey E., and Alexander S. Strauss. "Traumatic Brain Injury: Psychiatric and Educational Diagnosis and Management." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 56, no. 10 (October 2017): S353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.756.

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Max, Jeffrey E., and Alexander S. Strauss. "TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: PSYCHIATRIC AND EDUCATIONAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 59, no. 10 (October 2020): S355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.876.

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Miller, Norman S. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Addictions in Traumatic Brain Injury." Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 13, no. 3 (October 26, 1995): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j020v13n03_02.

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Kolli, S., A. Mallipedhi, T. Hughes, and P. Evans. "Delayed diagnosis of hypopituitarism following severe traumatic brain injury." Case Reports 2010, sep23 1 (September 29, 2010): bcr1220092526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.12.2009.2526.

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MacKay, Robert J. "Brain injury after head trauma: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 20, no. 1 (April 2004): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2003.11.006.

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Batchelor, Ervin S. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)." Journal of Health Service Psychology 45, no. 1 (January 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03544678.

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Max, Jeffrey E., and Alexander S. Strauss. "TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: PSYCHIATRIC AND EDUCATIONAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 58, no. 10 (October 2019): S380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.316.

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Wada, Kojiro, Terushige Toyooka, Yohei Otsuka, Arata Tomiyama, Satoshi Tomura, Satoru Takeuchi, and Yumiko Mishima. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Adolescent Mild Traumatic Brain Injury : Based on 4th Edition Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 30, no. 10 (2021): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.30.706.

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Douglas, David B., Tae Ro, Thomas Toffoli, Bennet Krawchuk, Jonathan Muldermans, James Gullo, Adam Dulberger, Ariana E. Anderson, Pamela K. Douglas, and Max Wintermark. "Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury." Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medsci7010002.

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Abstract:

The purpose of this article is to review conventional and advanced neuroimaging techniques performed in the setting of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary goal for the treatment of patients with suspected TBI is to prevent secondary injury. In the setting of a moderate to severe TBI, the most appropriate initial neuroimaging examination is a noncontrast head computed tomography (CT), which can reveal life-threatening injuries and direct emergent neurosurgical intervention. We will focus much of the article on advanced neuroimaging techniques including perfusion imaging and diffusion tensor imaging and discuss their potentials and challenges. We believe that advanced neuroimaging techniques may improve the accuracy of diagnosis of TBI and improve management of TBI.

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VanDerwerker, Catherine, Chris Gregory, and Kit Simpson. "Dual Spinal Cord Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury Index Diagnosis: Associations With Depression Post-Injury." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 100, no. 12 (December 2019): e174-e175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.036.

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Sahler, Christopher S., and Brian D. Greenwald. "Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports: A Review." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/659652.

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Abstract:

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a clinical diagnosis of neurological dysfunction following head trauma, typically presenting with acute symptoms of some degree of cognitive impairment. There are an estimated 1.7 to 3.8 million TBIs each year in the United States, approximately 10 percent of which are due to sports and recreational activities. Most brain injuries are self-limited with symptom resolution within one week, however, a growing amount of data is now establishing significant sequelae from even minor impacts such as headaches, prolonged cognitive impairments, or even death. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment according to standardized guidelines are crucial when treating athletes who may be subjected to future head trauma, possibly increasing their likelihood of long-term impairments.

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