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1
Peng, Catherine Yee-yuen. "Decoding facial expressions of emotion." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253287.
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Gupta, Rupa. "The effects of ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage on interpersonal coordination in social interaction." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2883.
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Conversation is a highly interactive and coordinated effort between interactants. For example, interactants often mimic the behaviors and speech of one another and coordinate the timing of behaviors, or interactional synchrony. Despite being affected in certain neurological and psychiatric disorders, the neural mechanisms underlying these processes are not understood. The goal of this study is to understand the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), an area of the brain involved in social and emotional behavior, for interpersonal coordination, including mimicry and interactional synchrony. To test the role of the vmPFC for mimicry, normal comparison (NC), brain damaged comparison (BDC), and participants with vmPFC damage interacted in two sessions with a research assistant (RA) who was performing a target behavior (1st session: nodding, 2nd session: face touching). The amount of time the participants spent nodding or touching their face in each session was recorded. NC and BDC participants tended to mimic the partner and nodded slightly more in the session in which the RA was nodding, and touched their face slightly more in the session in which the RA was touching their face. In contrast, vmPFC patients showed no difference in their behaviors in either session, suggesting that they were not influenced by the partner's behaviors and did not mimic them. In a second experiment, all of the above participant groups had a naturalistic conversation with an unfamiliar interactional partner. The conversational data were analyzed for numerous aspects of interpersonal coordination, including convergence of number of words, words per turn and backchannels, reciprocity of self-disclosures, the use of questions, interactional synchrony, and a time series analysis of response latency and speech rate. The vmPFC participants performed consistently worse than NC participants on convergence of words and words per turn, self-disclosures and asking questions. All brain-damaged participants were impaired on aspects of interactional synchrony, and no conclusive results were found for the time series analysis of response latency and speech rate. This study provides support for the hypothesis that the vmPFC is important for interpersonal coordination as the vmPFC group differed significantly from the NC group on the majority of the analyses. The final goal of this study was to understand the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on interpersonal coordination. TBI patients participated in all of the experiments described above and preliminary results showed that they also seemed to be impaired on the mimicry task, and they performed slightly worse than NC participants on many of the interpersonal coordination analyses of the conversational data. This suggests that TBI also does seem to affect certain aspects of interpersonal coordination.
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Wong, Pauline P. "Mathematical models of cognitive recovery and impairment profile after severe traumatic brain injury." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/NQ43457.pdf.
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McLaughlin, Karen A. "Initial investigation of a collaborative intervention model for individuals with brain injury and their families /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3003997.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-115). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Kastuk, Donald John. "Social skills training for the traumatic brain injured." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/NQ43434.pdf.
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Ip, Ka-yan. "Social cognition deficits in frontal lesion patients." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43224325.
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Sundström, Anna. "Mild head injury : relation to cognition, dementia, fatigue & genetics /." Umeå : Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-852.
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Ehlhardt, Laurie Anne. "E-steps : evaluation of an instructional sequence for persons with impaired memory and executive functions /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3095242.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-128). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Preece, Megan H. W. "The contribution of pre-existing depression to the acute cognitive sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19733.pdf.
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Laske, Kate M. "Correlation of assessment measures in a rehabilitation program for individuals with traumatic brain injury." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1082685973.
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Ip, Ka-yan, and 葉嘉茵. "Social cognition deficits in frontal lesion patients." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43224325.
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Walton, Paul. "Relationship between social cognition and behavioural difficulties in acquired brain injury." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5124.
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A reduction in appropriate social functioning has been commonly reported following Acquired brain injury (ABI). A post-ABI empathy deficit has been suggested as a possible cause of this; specifically the ability to experience emotional empathy which has been defined as vicariously feeling what someone else is feeling. This review sought to investigate the nature and extent of emotional empathy deficits post-ABI. A systematic search of four databases yielded 10 articles that met inclusion criteria. Specific data was extracted from each article and a methodological quality score was awarded in accordance with a quality checklist. The review revealed that studies used either self-report or physiological readings as measures of experienced emotional empathy. The overarching finding was that experienced emotional empathy deficits are common post-ABI, specifically the ability to experience emotional empathy from negative emotional expressions. The measures being used to assess the experience of emotional empathy were critically appraised and their limitations used to critically assess the studies results. The strengths and limitations of literature reviewed, measures used, neurological findings and the review itself are critically analysed and possible future research discussed.
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Arenth, Patricia McSweeney. "Exploring the use of social comparison by individuals recovering from traumatic brain injury." Columbus, OH : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1058809047.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 78 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Advisors: Lyle D. Schmidt and John D. Corrigan, Dept. of Psychology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-78).
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Scharp, Victoria L. "THE CATEGORIZATION OF COMMON OBJECTS BY ADULTS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: APPLICATION OF A SYSTEMATIC TRAINING PROGRAM." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1027535270.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Speech Pathology and Audiology, 2002.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 86 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-75).
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May, Michelle. "Socio-emotional behaviour following acquired brain injury." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16445.
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Introduction: Socio-emotional behaviour difficulties following acquired brain injury (ABI) have been shown to have a persisting negative effect on quality of life. A systematic review was carried out to look at the efficacy and clinical effectiveness of available psychological treatments for socio-emotional behaviour difficulties following ABI. Research was carried out to further understand socio-emotional behaviour by exploring the possible underlying cognitive aspects (specifically social cognition) in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) population. The study investigated the relationship between social cognition and socio-emotional behaviour post-TBI. Method: A systematic search of articles published between January 2008 and November 2013 was carried out following the Cochrane (2008) guidelines. Papers were quality assessed to identify strengths and weaknesses. In the research study, forty TBI participants were asked to complete tasks of emotion recognition, theory of mind, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, attention and working memory. Selfrated and proxy-rated behaviour questionnaires were also administered. Results: The systematic review revealed seven studies for inclusion; three papers looked at a Comprehensive Holistic Approach, two papers on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, and two on Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy. The findings suggested that CHA showed the best efficacy and generalization. However, there were also positive results within the CBT studies. The research paper found that the TBI group performed significantly poorer than the control group on measures of emotion recognition and three out of the four ToM tasks. The TBI group also performed significantly poorer on measures of processing speed and working memory (executive function). There was no association found between performance on any of the cognitive tests and socio-emotional behaviour. Conclusions: This is an area of limited research, likely due to the challenges of carrying out research in an ABI population. The systematic review highlighted the limited research available which has implications in clinical practice due to a lack of evidence base for potentially effective interventions. The research study results suggest that there is still a lack of understanding of socio-emotional behaviour and its underlying cognitive functioning. Further research would improve understanding and could also focus appropriate post-ABI interventions for socio-emotional behaviour problems.
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Rowley, Dane Aaron. "Deployment of social cognition for communication and moral judgement in traumatic brain injury." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:14399.
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This portfolio comprises three parts. Part one is a systematic meta-analytic review of the relationship between cognition, including social cognition, and the pragmatic aspects of language comprehension and production following traumatic brain injury. Part two is an empirical paper which presents novel data pertaining to the characterisation of moral judgement disturbance following traumatic brain injury, and the relationship of these disturbances to social cognition. Part three comprises the appendices, which contain information supplementary to parts one and two, in addition to an epistemological and reflective statement.
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Houghton, Judith Mary. "The role of temporal lobe structures in the attribution of affect and social cognition." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343889.
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Telford, Carolyn. "Investigating the role of age and affect on social cognition following traumatic brain injury." Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6250.
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Moral reasoning and emotion have consistently been linked in the literature; interactions between the two concepts are well-researched. Offenders have been studied in relation to moral reasoning as a population who have committed morally- or socially-deviant acts. The current review sought to understand how emotion and moral reasoning related to one another in this population; it also sought to understand whether this was linked to offending behaviours. A systematic search of four databases was conducted, resulting in seven papers which were reviewed in depth. Data were extracted from these, and studies were assessed for their quality. Empathy was a key area in the results, with mixed findings. Two studies found that poorer emotional empathy related to poor aspects of moral reasoning; two studies found no relationship. Impairments in emotional empathy, in psychopaths, only had an impact at a high threshold of impairment. Cognitive empathy and moral reasoning correlated in a positive linear relationship. Participants’ own emotions also impacted upon their moral judgement; this was moderated by multiple factors. Offending was related to moral reasoning in adolescence, but not adulthood. Thus, in conclusion, emotion and moral reasoning had a complex relationship, with age moderating the relationship with delinquency. Future directions for research include more detailed exploration of these concepts, such as by examining empathy or psychopathy. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can have a wide range of consequences; previous studies have found a relationship between younger age at TBI and more severe cognitive consequences. Moral reasoning can be impaired by TBI; it also has a key transition between ‘immature’ and ‘mature’ reasoning in early adolescence. The current study aimed to investigate differences in adults’ moral reasoning, depending upon whether a brain injury was sustained in middle-childhood (prior to development of mature moral reasoning) or adulthood. It was hypothesised that moral reasoning would differ between adult participants, according to age at TBI, moderated by affect during testing and intellectual functioning. Fourteen adult participants were recruited into two groups; childhood-TBI (n=5; aged 5-10 at injury) and adulthood-TBI (n=9; aged 25-53 at injury). One battery of tests was administered, including measures of moral reasoning, affect during testing and current intellectual functioning. Results were unreliable due to the small sample size; firm conclusions could not be drawn. However, preliminary results demonstrated group differences in moral reasoning; the childhood-TBI group demonstrated significantly less-mature moral reasoning. This was moderated by negative affect during testing and intellectual functioning, and negated when accounting for both variables. It was tentatively concluded that whilst further research was needed, age at injury may impact upon moral reasoning, moderated by impairments to intellectual functioning and negative affect. Implications of findings and areas for future research were discussed.
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Bach, Laura Joy. "Behavioural disturbance in acquired brain injury : the role of self-awareness and social cognition." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425638.
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Majied, Hayfaa. "Social cognition assessment in relation to cognitive dysfunctions and brain lesions among stroke survivors." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7297/.
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Families of brain injured patients often report change in the patient’s everyday social behaviour. However, efficient instruments for the assessment of social cognitive (SC) abilities of these individuals have been lacking. To fill this gap, a novel instrument was designed and administered to healthy controls and stroke survivors in order to ascertain its psychometric properties. Further theoretical insights into SC have been carried out in three levels. First, it aimed to identify commonalities among the SC elements. The analysis revealed four factors that explained 71% of the total variance: Social Cognition Control; Motivation; Interest in Others; and Mindreading. At the second level, the thesis addressed the associations and dissociations between SC elements and ‘general cognitive domains’. This analysis revealed that SC elements are mostly processed independently. However, level of education and spatial attention predicted the patients’ ability to identify others’ emotions, and disinhibition predicted impaired belief attribution and misunderstanding figurative language. Third, ‘Hodological analysis’ was conducted to explore association of SC syndromes with integrity of white matter pathways. This analysis revealed ten white matter pathways that cluster into distinct networks, and which uniquely were associated with three of the SC factors. Finally, a single case study of a stroke survivor demonstrated degrees of convergence/divergence vis-à-vis the track-wise lesion-deficit analysis from the group study, and the result were in favour of the use of multi-faceted SC test battery in stroke patients, and underscore the importance of single-case studies in this population as a complement to group-based analyses.
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Thyberg, Joel. "Dehumanization in the brain." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17727.
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Dehumanization is a process whereby people fail to view others as human beings. Instead, the others are perceived as nonhuman animals or objects, unworthy of the same moral treatment. Dehumanization has previously been studied in a variety of different scholarly domains without adhering to a uniform theoretical framework. This literature review contrasts research on fully humanized perception, with research on dehumanized perception, and proposes neural areas which are likely to be involved. Not every aspect of dehumanization can be understood at the neurological level. To understand what factors lead up to, and modulates dehumanization, other perspectives might also be necessary. Dehumanized perception is coupled with reduced activity in the social cognitive brain network, a wide network which encompasses several cortical and subcortical areas. This disengages prosocial abilities and allows for other people to be treated like objects and means to an end. One area of special interest is the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). It functions as an integration center in the person perception network and is also active when we make moral judgments, empathize, or take the perspective of someone else. For this reason, the MPFC is sometimes used as an index of dehumanized perception.
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Moran, Lisa Marie Tonik. "The impact of social information processing on peer relations in pediatric traumatic brain injury." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1363358050.
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Gaitonde, Suchita S. "RULE-BASED CATEGORY LEARNING: AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTION IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1058296601.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Speech Pathology and Audiology, 2003.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 66 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-59).
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Vladeanu, Matei Catalin. "Systematic review of the changes in basic emotion recognition and social cognition in patients with frontal lobe damage." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/systematic-review-of-the-changes-in-basic-emotion-recognition-and-social-cognition-in-patients-with-frontal-lobe-damage(70bce51f-775c-473d-ad3f-1370904e7980).html.
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This review aims to evaluate the empirical literature relating to the affect recognition and social cognition of patients who have lesions to areas of the frontal lobes of the brain. Following a thorough search, 39 papers were included in this systematic review. The majority of these papers reveal that most patients with lesions in the orbitofrontal and ventromedial areas of the frontal lobe have difficulties recognising emotion from faces or prosody, as well as impairments in some aspects of social cognition ("hot" social cognition: e.g. reduced cognitive and affective empathy, significant difficulties with processing of complex social emotions such as guilt). Impairments in theory of mind (or "cold" social cognition skills) are also widely reported in patients with damage to the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This pattern of impairment is not only present in patients with focal damage (e.g. stroke, tumours, surgical lesions, some forms of TBI) but also in patients with diffuse damage to the frontal areas such as MS probably due to with lesions of fibre tracts in the white matter interconnecting cortical regions related to emotion processing and social cognition. The relationship between basic emotion recognition and social cognition is also discussed in the light of these findings, and recommendations are made for the neuro-rehabilitation of patients who have damage to the frontal lobes.
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Ball, Anna [Verfasser], Onur [Gutachter] Güntürkün, and Oliver T. [Gutachter] Wolf. "Hormonal modulation of social cognition and functional brain organization / Anna Ball ; Gutachter: Onur Güntürkün, Oliver T. Wolf." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1144612640/34.
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Eley, D. "Investigating the relationship between social cognition, neuropsychological function and post-traumatic stress disorder in acquired brain injury." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2012. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/11079/.
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Literature suggests that aspects of social cognition, as well as neuropsychological difficulties play a key role in the development and maintenance of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in brain injury survivors. The present study aimed to explore the direct relationship between measures of neuropsychological function and social cognition, and psychological outcomes related to PTSD. A quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational design was employed, using correlational and multivariate regression methods of analysis. Forty-nine adult brain injury survivors were administered a range of measures of neuropsychological function (memory, executive function and attention); social cognition (Mentalization, emotion recognition, social judgment making and emotion-based decision-making) and Psychological outcomes related to PTSD (depression, anxiety, anger and PTSD symptoms). Significant relationships were found between measures of Mentalization, attention and memory, and symptoms relating to depression and PTSD. Selective visual attention and Mentalization were found to account for 37% of the relevant variance for depressive symptoms, while Mentalization and delayed memory recall accounted for 24% of the relevant variance for PTSD symptoms. Different measures of Mentalization showed unexpected correlation directions, which had significant implications for the role Mentalization might play in maintaining PTSD symptoms. The findings suggest an association between aspects of social cognition and neuropsychological functioning, and psychological outcomes related to PTSD. It is thought that impairments in these areas could play a role in maintaining these outcomes in Acquired Brain Injury survivors.
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Santamaría-García, Hernando 1981. "Understanding the social brain : neurocogntive effetcs of experiencing a social hierarchy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/299213.
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The present research is aimed at analyzing how human’s brain jointly computes cognitive and social interactions in presence of implicit social stimuli and/or in presence of socially neutral stimuli. First we analyzed the electrophysiological and neuroanatomical substrates involved in recognizing of explicit hierarchical stimuli. We observed that an early recognition of the social hierarchy that it is mediated by the morphology of a network of brain areas involved in automatic processing of social stimuli. Second we showed that social context modulates the early stages of processing of socially neutral stimulus including a visual discrimination task and a sentence comprehension task. Finally, we explored the impact of the social context in patients with recognized social sensitivity, as is the case of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients. Crucially, we observed selective modulations of social context on the core cognitive processes involved in physiopathology of the OCD. Taken together, the studies presented in this dissertation provide new insights on how cognitive processes and social information interact.En la presente investigación analizamos la manera en la que el cerebro humano procesa la interacción entre procesos cognitivos y sociales, bien sea en presencia de estímulos socialmente implícitos y/o en presencia de estímulos socialmente neutros. Primero, hemos estudiado los sustratos electrofisiológicos, y neuroanatómicos implicados en el reconocimiento de estímulos socialmente implícitos. Mostramos un reconocimiento temprano de la jerarquía social, mediado por la morfología de una red de áreas cerebrales implicadas en el procesamiento automático de los estímulos sociales. Segundo, mostramos que el contexto social modula los estados tempranos del procesamiento de estímulos neutros, incluyendo en una tarea de discriminación visual, y una tarea de comprensión de oraciones. Finalmente, hemos explorado el impacto del contexto social en pacientes con una reconocida sensibilidad social, como es el caso de los pacientes con Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo. De forma crucial, encontramos que el contexto social modula selectivamente los procesos implicados en la fisiopatología del TOC. En conjunto, los estudios que presentamos en esta tesis aportan nuevos conocimientos en el estudio de cómo interactúan los procesos cognitivos con la información social
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Thomas, Kathy Lee. "Organization of Narrative Discourse in Children and Adolescents with Acute Traumatic Brain Injury." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3075/.
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Children with a recent history of TBI often demonstrate impaired memory, which can be affected by impaired attention, processing speed or impaired verbal information processing. The purpose of this study was to determine if qualitative differences exist among the narrative recall of TBI patients that is not adequately accounted for by standard scoring methods. Sixty-six TBI subjects ranging in age from 6 to 16 were given the Wide Range and Memory and Learning (WRAML) Story Memory subtest and selected subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third Edition (WISC-III). Mean elapsed time since injury was 53 days. Recall of the story on the WRAML subtest was hand-recorded by the examiner. A supplemental scoring method accounted for differences in length, errors, and disorganization. Comparisons were made to a randomly selected control group consisting of 16 hospitalized subjects between 7 and 15 years with no history of head injury, neurological condition or event. Findings suggest the WRAML Story Memory subtest is relatively robust in providing information regarding the quality of recall, with the exception of not accounting for the addition of erroneous details. Subjects with both cortical and subcortical injuries were more likely to add superfluous details to their stories. Results also demonstrated significant differences between the TBI subjects and control group in how well the stories were recalled, primarily in the order of details recalled and in retention after a 30 minute delay. Location was not a significant predictor of narrative organization. Although using this comprehensive supplemental scoring system a regular basis has practical limitations, hand-recording the narrative takes relatively little time and does appear to provide useful additional information concerning the nature of the child's verbal memory difficulties. Furthermore, the more knowledgeable the child, parents and teacher are about these difficulties and about remediation strategies, the more likely the child will have a successful learning experience upon return to the classroom.
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Elliott, Brenda M. "Environmental enrichment, performance, and brain injury in male and female rats /." Download the dissertation in PDF, 2004. http://www.lrc.usuhs.mil/dissertations/pdf/Elliott2004.pdf.
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Antelius, Eleonor. "Different Voices - Different Stories : Communication, identity and meaning among people with acquired brain damage." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-18323.
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Tlustos-Carter, Sarah J. "Neural Substrates of Inhibitory and Socio-Emotional Processing in Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1305644628.
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DeBeus, Mary. "Electroencephalographic Events During the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278565/.
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Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was used in this study to describe cognitive processing, particularly brain locations used, during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The hypothesis was that significant cognitive functioning is not limited to the frontal lobes. Significant EEG activity was found in non-frontal areas as well as frontal areas.
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Cabrera, Sara Michelle. "192 IgG-Saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis impair serial reversal learning in rats." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2778.
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In order to assess flexibility in acquiring and using conflicting response rules, rats with selective lesions of the NBM or sham-lesion controls were subjected to serial reversal training in a simple operant discrimination paradigm. The NBM lesion group did not differ from the control group in acquisition of the original rules; the NBM lesion group required more time to master the changes in rules in the first reversal, but not in subsequent reversals.
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Whiting, Mark D. "Cognitive Mechanisms of Memory Impairment Following Traumatic Brain Injury." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/2040.
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Hoffman, Jessica L. "Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on Ethanol Consumption and the Combined Effects on Neuroinflammation, Cognition, and Behavior in Mice." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7304.
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The relationship between alcohol consumption and traumatic brain injury (TBI) often focuses on alcohol consumption increasing the likelihood of incurring a TBI, rather than alcohol use outcomes after TBI. This focus is in part due to the large numbers of TBI patients visiting emergency rooms notable levels of alcohol in their blood. Additionally, increases in alcohol use disorders following TBI can be predicted by previous history of alcohol use. However, studies have also shown patients without a history of an alcohol use disorder can experience increases in problem drinking after single or multiple TBIs. Due to the diffuse impact of alcohol consumption and mild TBI on the brain, it is likely that an interaction exists between TBI outcomes and problematic alcohol use after TBI. To examine the impact of mild repetitive TBI (rmTBI) on voluntary alcohol consumption, male mice were subjected to four mild TBI or sham procedures over a two week period, then offered ethanol (20% v/v) for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks using the two-bottle choice, drinking in the dark paradigm. Following the drinking period, mice were sacrificed and brains were extracted to examine expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, a possible shared mechanism of neuronal damage. An additional cohort of mice was subjected to the same rmTBI and voluntary ethanol paradigm and tested for cognitive and behavioral deficits following the set drinking period. Results indicate there is a temporary decrease in ethanol consumption following rmTBIs compared to Sham mice in this model. Results also suggest an attenuated expression of TNF-α in rmTBI, ethanol drinking groups compared to ethanol exposed mice after the Sham procedure. The outcomes of the cognitive and behavioral tasks suggest that ethanol consumption after rmTBI can cause transient cognitive dysfunction and increased novelty preference.
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Man, Wai-kwong, and 文偉光. "The empowering of Hong Kong Chinese families with a brain damaged member: its investigation, measurement andintervention." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31235177.
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Ligneul, Romain. "Bases cérébrales des processus de compétition et de hiérarchisation sociales." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10334.
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Le cerveau humain n'est pas seul face au monde. Il nait, grandit et vieillit, entouré par d'autres cerveaux qui poursuivent des buts similaires aux siens : survivre et s'accomplir. Dans cette quête, le cerveau humain apprend tôt l'immense valeur de la coopération et de la mise en commun des compétences, dont le total excède presque toujours la somme des parties. S'élever au-dessus de la nature, la comprendre et la maitriser ; ensemble. Mais la nature du cerveau est d'être égoïste, car ses subtiles machineries n'ont pas été sélectionnées par l'évolution pour permettre la perpétuation d'autres gènes que ceux qu'il porte en lui. Si l'émergence de la conscience constitue peut-être une promesse d'affranchissement vis-à-vis de cette contrainte en lui permettant de se conformer à des valeurs morales ou spirituelles, une multitude de mécanismes inconscients ou préconscients veillent à empêcher qu'autrui n'entrave l'accomplissement de sa finalité biologique. Lorsque deux individus visent une ressource indivisible, telles que les faveurs sexuelles d'un tiers, et plus généralement quand la possibilité du partage est supprimée par une urgence homéostatique qui réveille l'égoïsme tapi au fond de leurs natures, la coopération laisse place à la compétition sociale. C'est alors une affaire de compétence, de motivation et peut-être, de chance. Qu'il prenne la forme d'une lutte à mort, d'une guerre de mots, ou d'un simple combat de regards, ce conflit se résout dans un double évènement – la victoire de l'un et la défaite de l'autre – qui constitue la brique élémentaire de toute hiérarchie sociale biologique. L'issue d'un conflit social est avant tout une information, qui en dit long au perdant sur sa capacité à poursuivre ses buts en présence de l'autre. Son cerveau apprend qu'au milieu de cette nature qu'il peut espérer maitriser, il existe un autre cerveau qui peut le maitriser, lui. Ainsi, les hiérarchies sociales biologiques sont avant tout des hiérarchies de contrôle. Contrôle de certains individus par d'autres individus, auquel s'associent la préséance de certains buts sur d'autres et probablement une vulnérabilité variable face à certaines maladies mentales et somatiques. Les neurosciences sociales commencent seulement à se pencher sur la manière dont les informations relative aux hiérarchies sociales et aux conflits interindividuels est perçue, traitée et intégrée par le cerveau humain. A ce jour, seules quelques publications pionnières – poursuivant souvent des objectifs différents du notre – ont jeté les premières lumières sur les mécanismes neurobiologiques qui permettent à un être humain d'évaluer le niveau de contrôle ou le rang hiérarchique dont disposent ou pourraient disposer les autres individus de son groupe social. Dans cette thèse, nous exposons un certain nombre de résultats expérimentaux qui apportent chacun un éclairage nouveau sur les bases cérébrales des processus de hiérarchisation et de compétition sociales. Tout d'abord, l'utilisation de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) nous a permis de localiser les processus impliqués dans l'apprentissage des aptitudes compétitives qui accompagne l'expérience des victoires et des défaites sociales. Cette première étude ayant entre autres mis en exergue l'importance du cortex préfrontal dorsomédian pour cet apprentissage « par renforcement » des relations de dominance sociale, nous avons ensuite utilisé la stimulation électrique transcranienne directe pour révéler le rôle causal joué par cette structure dans la régulation des comportements de compétition sociale... [etc]The humain brain is not facing the world alone. It grows and ages, surrounded by other brains which pursue goals similar to his owns: survive and achieve. In this quest, the human brain soon learns the great value of cooperating and uniting competences, whose whole is almost always greater than the sum of the parts. Standing above nature, understanding it and mastering it ; together. But the nature of the brain is to be selfish, because its subtle machinery was not selected by evolution to allow others’ genes to spread, but only the ones it carries itself. While the emergence of consciousness may well constitute a promise of freeing from this heritage by allowing the compliance with moral and spiritual values, a myriad of unconscious or preconscious mechanisms make sure that others do not hinder the achievement of its biological ends. When two individuals desire an indivisible resource – such as the sexual favors from a third party – and more generally when the possibility of sharing is made impossible by a homeostatic urgency, latent egoisms wake up and social competition appears at the expense of cooperation. Then, it becomes a matter of competence, motivation and chance maybe. Be it a struggle to death, a war of words or a gaze fight, this conflict ends up with a double-event – one’s victory and other’s defeat – which constitute the core building block of any biological social hierarchy. The outcome of a social conflict is first information, which speaks volumes about the ability of the loser to pursue his own goals when the other is present. His brain learns that within this nature which may be mastered, another brain exists which may master him. Thus, biological social hierarchies are control hierarchies. Control of some individuals over others, which corresponds to the priority of some goals over others and, possibly, to the variable vulnerability in front of a subset of mental and somatic disorders. Social neurosciences only begin to investigate how information relative to social hierarchies and conflicts is perceived, processed and integrated by the human brain. Only a few studies have shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms which enable humans to evaluate the degree of control or the hierarchical status of other members in his social group. In this dissertation, we report several experimental results which may advance our understanding of how the brain process social competition and social hierarchy. First, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allowed us to localize the processes involved in learning the competitive skills of other individuals from the experience of social defeats and victories. Having highlighted the importance of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for the “reinforcement-learning” of social dominance relationships, we have then used transcranial direct current stimulation to demonstrate the causal role played by this structure in the regulation of competitive social behaviors. In a third study – also using fMRI, we showed that the neural sensitivity to asymmetries of competitive skills underlie political preferences of individuals regarding social hierarchy, the higher this sensitivity the more prone subjects were to legitimate socioeconomics inequalities and the domination of some social groups over others. In a fourth study, we explored the reaction of the amygdala to the perception of facial dominance and we found that this evolutionary ancient structure was able to distinguish dominant from subordinate individuals very rapidly. Finally, in our last behavioral study, we revealed that men and women differ in how they compare their own intellectual competence to those of other people and that these gender differences may derive from a sex-dependent mental representation of social hierarchies
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Taché, Emmanuelle. "Evaluation de la cognition sociale en situation d'interaction dans le traumatisme crânien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0054/document.
Full textAbstract:
La cognition sociale, i.e. notre capacité à attribuer des états mentaux à autrui et à identifier ses émotions, est souvent perturbée dans certaines pathologies telles que le traumatisme crânien (TC). Cette capacité est traditionnellement évaluée à l’aide de tâches sous format « papier-crayon » n’impliquant pas le participant dans une situation d’interaction sociale. Pourtant, la cognition sociale est fondamentale dans nos interactions sociales car elle nous permet de comprendre le discours et le comportement d’autrui. Ainsi, dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons évalué les capacités d’attribution d’états mentaux et de reconnaissance émotionnelle de personnes ayant subi un TC à l’aide de tâches les impliquant activement dans une situation de communication (tâche de communication référentielle et tâche EViCog), ce qui n’a jamais été fait dans cette pathologie. La tâche EViCog (Evaluation de la cognition sociale en interaction virtuelle), créée pour cette étude, permet d’avoir des conversations audio-visuelles avec des humains virtuels, qui expriment des émotions et produisent du discours nécessitant d’inférer leurs états mentaux. Les résultats ont montré que les difficultés des personnes TC étaient encore plus importantes pour la tâche en situation d’interaction (tâche EViCog) par rapport à des tâches traditionnelles au format « papier-crayon ». Par ailleurs, en situation d’interaction, les performances de cognition sociale semblent dépendre en partie des capacités mnésiques (mémoire autobiographique et du contexte), ainsi que des fonctions exécutives, alors que pour les tâches traditionnelles, les performances ne seraient expliquées que par certaines capacités exécutivesSocial cognition, i.e. the ability to attribute mental states to others and to identify emotions, is often impaired in various pathologies, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). This ability is traditionally assessed with “paper-and-pencil” tasks that do not involve the participant in a social interaction situation. However, social cognition is central in our daily social interactions, as it helps us understand others’ speech and behavior. Thus, in this study, we assessed mental state attribution and emotion recognition abilities of TBI participants, using tasks that involve the participant in a communication situation (referential communication task and EViCog task). The EViCog task (social cognition evaluation in virtual interaction), designed for this research, provides audio-visual conversations with virtual humans, which express emotions and produce speech requiring mental state inference. The results showed that the difficulties of the TBI participants were even more important for the task in interaction situation (EViCog task) compared to traditional tasks in paper-and-pencil format. Moreover, in interaction situation, social cognition performance seemed to rely on mnemonic abilities (autobiographical memory and context memory), and on executive functions, while for traditional tasks, performances were only explained by some executive abilities
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Basterfield, Candice. "The cognitive rehabilitation of a sample of children living with HIV : a specific focus on the cognitive rehabilitation of sustained attention." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017881.
Full textAbstract:
Pharmacological interventions to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) with antiretrovirals (ARVs), have dramatically improved the survival rates of HIV positive children maturing into adulthood. However, HIV-associated neurocognitive decline still persists in the era of ARVs. Within the framework of brain plasticity, a number of researchers have begun to assess the feasibility of cognitive rehabilitation therapy as a complement to ARVs to reverse neurocognitive decline as a result of HIV (e.g., Becker et al., 2012). Only one study has been conducted in South Africa, by Zondo & Mulder (2014), assessing the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in a paediatric sample. The current research builds on the above mentioned study by implementing an experimental approach to examine the effect of cognitive rehabilitation in a sample of both HIV positive and HIV negative children. Five HIV positive and six HIV negative children were assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group underwent two months of cognitive rehabilitation therapy remediating sustained attention, whereas the control group took part in placebo activities. Sustained attention measures were taken before and after the intervention training sessions, using a sustained attention subtest from the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH). A Mann Whitney U Test revealed that the experimental group (Mdn=38.50) did not differ significantly from the control group (Mdn = 37.00) after the cognitive rehabilitation intervention, U=12.00, z= -.55, p= .66, r= -.17. But a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test found that there was a significant improvement from pretest scores (Mdn=31.00) to posttest scores (Mdn=38.00) following the rehabilitation for HIV positive participants in the sample, T=15.00, z = -2.02, p= .04, r= -.90. This raises the possibility that cognitive rehabilitation could be used as a low cost intervention in underdeveloped contexts
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Morton, Sherry Lynn. "The Brain on Ritual: How Tantric Puja Shapes the Mind." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/rs_theses/24.
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Traditional ritual studies approaches to the body are effective for illuminating how the body functions as an entity that absorbs and expresses a variety of social, and political dynamics; however, they are less productive for understanding the body as a physical organism. This interdisciplinary thesis applies theoretical models from cognitive science, social psychology and ritual studies to the Śrī Cakra Pūjā in order to develop a more complete understanding of the ritual body as a physical body. Using Lawrence Barsalou’s theory of embodied cognition, which focuses on the impact of human experiences on the creation and integration of neural pathways, this essay, argues that Śrī Cakra Pūjā affects the mind by shaping the neural architecture of the brain. This cognitive perspective on religious ritual practice is compared with the more traditional ritual studies approach of Catherine Bell in an effort to provide a more complete understanding of the religious ritual body, brain and mind.
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Witt, Emilee A. "Is hearing loss over-diagnosed due to impaired cognition in elderly patients?" Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1624485488772529.
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Thiart, Karen. "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients’ post-acute rehabilitation : the experience of family members." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28339.
Full textAbstract:
A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is what its name suggests: an extremely traumatic event that affects the most supremely powerful but fragile organ that controls all our bodily functions and holds the essence that makes individuals unique. Some patients with a traumatic brain injury will recover without realising what the effect could have been and others will be left with effects that will last throughout their lives. “Many sufferers will remain severely incapacitated and a lamentably large number will become part of the statistics on the mortality after TBI” (Burns, 2008a:76). The impairments that an individual faces after a TBI will be dealt with in an acute rehabilitation setting. Significant emotions are experienced by patients with a traumatic brain injury. The researcher believes that this emotional reaction is also experienced by the family members. The event may be even more devastating to the family members, because of the impaired cognitive functions of the injured person. Ross and Deverell (2004:36) state that when individuals are diagnosed with disabling conditions, they experience strong emotional reactions. “Feelings of grief, anxiety, inadequacy, anger, guilt, vulnerability and confusion are some of the more common emotions that clients and their families experience when they encounter a disability in themselves or a family member” (Ross and Deverell, 2004:41). After a traumatic brain injury the patient is usually admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Once medically stable and able to participate in an active rehabilitation programme, provided this is authorised by the patient’s medical aid, the patient is transferred to a rehabilitation unit. While in ICU, the outcome is very uncertain and the the family often receives very limited support. Patients are often in a coma and unable to communicate. In working with TBI patients, the researcher found that family members receive very limited support, education on the condition and feedback on the patient’s medical state from team members, and therefore become very anxious when the patient is eventually transferred to a rehabilitation unit. In this study, the researcher focused on the family’s experience from the time of the patient’s admission into ICU until discharge from rehabilitation. During the rehabilitation process, family members are encouraged to support their family member in the rehabilitation unit. This is often very difficult for them, as it entails being confronted with reality and the often devastating impact of the injury. The focus of this study is on the experiences of family members while the patient with a TBI is in hospital and in the rehabilitation unit and the challenges they face. The researcher strove to understand the experiences of family members of patients with TBI, from ICU through until discharge from acute rehabilitation. The goal was to explore the experiences of adult family members of the traumatic brain-injured person in post-acute rehabilitation. The research question was: What were the experiences of adult family members of the person with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) during post-acute rehabilitation? A qualitative approach was used in this study, with a collective case study research design. The population for this study was all the family members of patients who underwent rehabilitation as a result of traumatic brain injury in the Life Eugene Marais Hospital, Pretoria, Gauteng. In this study purposive sampling was used to choose participants who were family members of TBI patients. The criteria for sampling of family members as participants were as follows. The patient - had suffered a traumatic brain injury;
- had undergone acute rehabilitation at Life Eugene Marais Hospital for the last four years;
- had completed rehabilitation, in other words had to be post discharge;
- lived in the province of Gauteng; and
- was able to speak and understand English or Afrikaans, irrespective of gender, race, religion, culture or age.
Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Social Work and Criminology
unrestricted
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Thébault, Guillaume. "Développement post infarctus cérébral artériel néonatal : Motricité vs Action - Apport de la cohorte AVCnn." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSES036.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse propose d’étudier le développement d’enfants avec infarctus cérébral artériel néonatal au regard de la motricité et de l’action. Dans le contexte d’une lésion cérébrale précoce l’accent est habituellement mis sur l’influence de facteurs négatifs sur le développement, comme la paralysie motrice, mettant l’emphase sur l’étude de dysfonctionnements. Ici nous proposons que la motricité soit un acteur du fonctionnement de l’individu comme le propose les approches piagétiennes et de la cognition incarnée du développement. C’est pourquoi notre problématique s’attache à mesurer l’influence de l’action sur le développement cognitif et cérébral d’enfants avec infarctus cérébral artériel néonatal. Notre première étude montre une cooccurrence entre l’intelligence globale, le langage, la paralysie cérébrale, l’épilepsie et la réussite scolaire. Ce résultat est complété par une seconde étude établissant des relations étroites entre la dextérité manuelle et l’intelligence globale. Plus particulièrement, la dextérité manuelle est un meilleur prédicteur du développement cognitif que la déficience motrice ou la latéralisation de la lésion. Une troisième étude indique que la latéralité des enfants avec infarctus cérébral artériel ne coïncide pas strictement avec la dextérité manuelle et qu’elle se développe de manière atypique. Enfin, notre dernière étude s’intéresse à l’influence des contraintes corporelles et de la lésion précoce sur ce mécanisme. L’application au développement typique et pathologique reste à réaliser. Globalement, ces travaux soulignent le rôle d’une motricité décrite comme un processus d’action dans le développement d’enfants avec lésion cérébrale précoceThis thesis proposes to study the development of children with neonatal arterial ischemic stroke with respect to motor function and action. In the context of early brain damage, emphasis is usually placed on the influence of negative developmental factors, such as motor paralysis, emphasizing the study of dysfunctions. Here we propose that motor function be an actor in the functioning of the individual as proposed by the Piagetian approaches and the embodied cognition of development. This is why our problem is to measure the influence of action on the cognitive and cerebral development of children with neonatal arterial ischemic stroke. Our first study shows a co-occurrence between global intelligence, language, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and academic success. This result is completed by a second study establishing close relationships between manual dexterity and global intelligence. In particular, motor dexterity is a better predictor of cognitive development than motor impairment or lateralization of the lesion. A third study indicates that the laterality of children with arterial cerebral infarction does not coincide strictly with manual dexterity and that it develops atypically. Finally, our last study deals with the influence of body constraints and the early lesion on this mechanism. The application to typical and pathological development remains to be realized. Overall, this work emphasizes the role of motor skills described as a process of action in the development of children with early brain damage
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Schneider, Catherine E. "MUSIC TRAINING AS A NEURO-COGNITIVE PROTECTOR FOR BRAIN AGING: COGNITIVE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILES IN PROFESSIONAL MUSICIANS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gerontol_etds/13.
Full textAbstract:
The proportion of older adults living with cognitive impairments is increasing rapidly. This shift will likely increase mortality rates, reduce perceived quality of life, and cause economic burden to patients and health care systems. Currently evidence of highly effective and noninvasive interventions that prevent or slow the onset of cognitive impairment are limited. This study aims to better understand what drives cognitive aging variability among musicians versus non-musicians. Music playing has been shown to improve brain and cognitive functions by engaging networks of brain areas, simultaneously involving cortical mechanisms associated with executive, high-level cognitive and motor functions, and multiple sensory systems. Literature suggests strong correlations between cognition and music ability. However, studies in the past have not concretely operationalized music training. Here we test the general hypothesis that music training improves neural mechanisms associated with core cognitive functions (e.g. working-memory and attention).
A multi-source study was designed to control level of music involvement and genre by examining professional, classically trained orchestral musicians, establishing cognitive and neuropsychological profiles in an effort to better understand the potential for music training to protect older adults from cognitive decline. Specific hypotheses involved attentional inhibition theory and increased ability of musicians to perform attention and working memory tasks. Twenty-nine professional musicians were recruited who completed five neuropsychological exams. The scalp electrophysiological signals from 14 channels were recorded wirelessly while each musician performed a modified delayed match-to-sample task, imagination of music playing, and resting states. Musicians completed neuropsychological screening (MoCA) a music and life span questionnaire as well.
Musicians tested above normative ranges in cognitive ability indicated through MoCA. Musicians’ scores were compared with average or normative scores of participants at similar ages in previous studies using the same measures and current musicians performed significantly faster and more accurately on four of five neuropsychological measures. Regression and ANCOVA showed strong positive correlations between theta oscillation in bilateral frontal sites (F3, F4) and both number of years of private music lessons and number of hours of music practice. Correlations between EEG recordings taken during music imagination exercise at posterior (01, 02) sites and the number of years of private music lessons participants took, the age participant started to take music lessons and the number of years they played their musical instrument were found. Current new findings reveal that professional musician’s cognitive scores and neural activity are associated with superior cognitive ability via enhancement of neural mechanisms of current target material and inhibition of distractions.
Music training is apromising noninvasive method to control cognitive challenge, which merits further research to determine how it can be used as a beneficial cognitive training method for aging individuals. Future studies should examine neuro-cognitive differences between professional musicians and individuals with lower levels of music involvement to examine dose effects of music or the amount of music needed to protect aging adults from cognitive decline.
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Baranova, Anna Igorevna. "The Effects of Aniracetam Treatment on Cognitive Performance and AMPA Receptor GluR2 Subunit Expression After Moderate Fluid Percussion Injury in Rats." VCU Scholars Compass, 2004. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/799.
Full textAbstract:
In addition to the acute pathology produced by traumatic brain injury, there are chronic alterations that occur after the trauma, including a depressed state of neuronal activity (Feeney, 1991). This study included a preclinical testing of a novel treatment strategy focusing on increasing neuronal activity during the chronic hypofunctional posttraumatic stage. The present investigation tested the effects of repeated post-injury aniracetam administration on cognitive performance in the Morris water maze (MWM) and on the GluR2 - immunoreactivity and protein expression by Western blot analysis in the hippocampus. The first study examined the optimal dose of aniracetam in the MWM task. Animals received aniracetam (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily for fifteen days and on days 11-15 were tested in the MWM. The results indicated that injured aniracetam-treated rats had a significant improvement in MWM performance compared to injured saline-treated animals. When the drug was delayed for 11 days post-injury in the second experiment, its beneficial effects were still present, as injured aniracetam-treated rats performed significantly better that injured saline treated rats on the MWM task. In the third experiment, chronic daily aniracetam administration was terminated after 15 days immediately before MWM testing on days 16-20. The results indicated that termination of aniracetam did not enhance MWM performance as injured terminated aniracetam-treated rats did not have significant improvement over injured saline-treated rats. In the fourth study we investigated the mechanism of aniracetam's effects by examining the expression of the AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit, the only AMPA receptor subunit that is Ca++ impermeable. Using a monoclonal antibody selective for the GluR2 subunit, immunohistochemical results indicated that injured rats treated with aniracetam (50mg/kg for 15 days post-injury) had a slight reduction in the GluR2- IR. The fifth study investigated a change in the GluR2 protein expression in the hippocampus with a Western blot analysis. The results were consistent with the immunohistochemical study outcome as the injured vehicle and injured aniracetam treated animals showed a reduced protein expression in the hippocampus. The changes were not significantly different from the controls. The results of these experiments suggested that chronic aniracetam treatment significantly attenuated injury induced spatial memory deficits when administered continually during the hypofunctional posttraumatic stage and when the treatment was delayed for 11 days, but not when the treatment was terminated before the MWM testing. These effects suggest that the compound does not induce chronic receptor changes and has to be biologically active in an organism for it to exert its beneficial properties. Results from the present studies suggest that aniracetam may become a potential treatment option for brain injury induced cognitive deficits.
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Gómez, Pulido Almudena. "Tratamiento de rehabilitación cognitiva de la atención en pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido a través de la plataforma PREVIRNEC." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663994.
Full textAbstract:
La Tesis consta de 5 fases diferenciados de trabajo: una investigación teórica, tres empíricas y un estudio clínico de casos. El objetivo principal dirige las tareas al análisis del perfil cognitivo de pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido, que han recibido un tratamiento de rehabilitación cognitiva de la capacidad de atención mediante la plataforma PREVIRNEC. Otros objetivos conducen a la observación de los efectos del tratamiento de la atención sobre otras funciones cognitivas, y a conocer la relación entre los citados perfiles y el rendimiento en la rehabilitación.
La muestra está constituida por pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido que realizaron el tratamiento de rehabilitación cognitiva en el Institut Guttmann. En el primer estudio empírico, se observa el comportamiento de 123 pacientes; en el segundo, la muestra se amplía a 242 pacientes; y en el tercero, se desarrolla un tratamiento específico de atención con dos modalidades de intervención aplicadas a 26 pacientes. Para el análisis de resultados, se aplican técnicas paramétricas o, en su caso, no paramétricas, para comparar el rendimiento en test y retest de exploración neuropsicológica pre- y post-tratamiento. Posteriormente, se llevan a cabo estudios de correlación entre el perfil y el rendimiento en la rehabilitación. Como conclusión general, se pone de manifiesto que, tras la rehabilitación cognitiva mediante la plataforma PREVIRNEC, la mayoría de los pacientes estudiados han obtenido un positivo cambio en su rendimiento cognitivo. Dichos resultados concuerdan con los planteamientos de diferentes autores sobre los efectos de la rehabilitación cognitiva (Cicerone et al. 2011); así como sobre los beneficios de las técnicas informatizadas para la rehabilitación cognitiva (García-Molina, 2011; Westerberg, 2007), y en especial de los tratamientos específicos de rehabilitación de atención (Yun-Hee et al., 2008; Dirette, 2004; Sohlberg y Maater, 2001; Gray et al., 1992; Niemann et al., 1990; Gray y Robertson, 1989). Los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de los tres estudios empíricos confirman el positivo impacto que el tratamiento de atención puede provocar sobre otras funciones cognitivas como la memoria (Poser, Kohler, Sedlmeier y Strätz, 1992; Niemman et al. 1990; Sturm et al. 1983). Finalmente, la relación entre el perfil positivo de atención dividida y el elevado rendimiento en las tareas de rehabilitación sugiere el uso de diferentes estrategias de respuesta, que favorecerían su precisión. Diversos autores han planteado la influencia que pueden provocar dichas estrategias sobre la capacidad cognitiva y funcional de los pacientes (García-Molina, 2011; Dirette, 2004; Ruff et al., 2001).This thesis is composed of 5 different parts of work: a theoretical investigation, three empirical studies and clinical case studies. The main objective was to analyse the cognitive profile of patients with cerebral damage who received a cognitive rehabilitation on attention ability with the PREVIRNEC platform. Other objectives were to describe the impact of attention training on other cognitive functions, and study the relations between the cognitive profiles of the patients and their performance in the rehabilitation tasks. All the brain injury patients who took part in the cognitive rehabilitation treatment were attending the Guttmann Institute. 123 patients took part in the first empirical study. The second sample contained 242 patients, and the third case study was made with 26 patients. Results were analysed with parametric and non parametric techniques, to compare the performance of the neuropsychological assessment pre- and post-treatment. Secondly, correlation studies were carried out between the cognitive profile and the rehabilitation performance. The general conclusion highlight’s that after the cognitive rehabilitation with the PREVIRNEC platform the majority of the patients studied have obtained a positive change in their cognitive performances. These results were supported with different previous studies by authors about cognitive rehabilitation effects (Cicerone et al. 2011; García-Molina, 2011; Westerberg, 2007), and especially on specific attention rehabilitation treatments (Yun-Hee et al., 2008; Dirette, 2004; Sohlberg and Maater, 2001; Gray et al., 1992; Niemann et al., 1990; Gray and Robertson, 1989). Conclusions after analysing the three empirical studies confirmed the positive impact that the attention treatment could made to other cognitive functions like memory (Poser, Kohler, Sedlmeier and Strätz, 1992; Niemman et al. 1990; Sturm et al. 1983). Finally, relation between the improvement of the divided attention patient profile and the high performance in the of rehabilitation tasks, suggests that the use of different strategies of answer, could improve his accuracy. Several authors supported the conclusion the positive influence that the different answers strategies could have on the cognitive and functional patient’s ability (García-Molina, 2011; Dirette, 2004; Ruff et al., 2001).
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Yordanova, Yordanka Nikolova. "Un éclairage nouveau sur les bases neurales de la mentalisation : une étude combinant cartographie multimodale et IRM fonctionnelle de repos chez des patients atteints d’un gliome diffus de bas grade." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT052/document.
Full textAbstract:
La mentalisation, ou la capacité d’élaborer des hypothèses sur les états mentaux d’autrui, a fait l’objet de nombreuses études durant les 20 dernières années dans le champ des neurosciences sociales. Toutefois, les bases neurales de cette fonction particulièrement complexe restent mal comprises, notamment en termes de connectivité structurale. Récemment, une organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle en double voie a été proposée. Selon ce modèle, les aspects réflexifs, inférentiels, de la mentalisation seraient sous-tendus par le faisceau cingulaire. Les aspects préréflexifs, identificatoires, seraient médiés, quant à eux, par le complexe faisceau arqué/partie latérale du faisceau longitudinal supérieur (FLS). L’objectif général de ce travail est d’apporter des données originales sur l’organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du réseau neural impliqué dans la mentalisation basée sur les visages. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé comme modèle physiopathologique d’étude le gliome diffus de bas grade. Cette tumeur cérébrale primitive s’avère particulièrement intéressante pour l’étude du rôle de la substance blanche dans la cognition et ce pour deux raisons : (i) les cellules tumorales se propagent préférentiellement le long des fibres blanches ; (ii) l’exérèse chirurgicale est souvent réalisée en condition éveillée avec cartographie fonctionnelle peropératoire pour permettre d’identifier, et ainsi de préserver, les structures fonctionnelles, notamment de substance blanche.Dans une première étude, grâce aux stimulations électriques peropératoires, nous avons pu identifier un vaste réseau cortico-sous-cortical impliqué dans la mentalisation. L’analyse des déconnexions induites par les stimulations de la substance blanche nous a permis de mettre clairement en évidence, et ce pour la première fois, le rôle du faisceau occipito-frontal inférieur (FOFI) tout en confirmant celui du FLS. Dans une deuxième étude, en utilisant des techniques de cartographie lésionnelle chez des patients ayant été opérés, nous avons démontré que les troubles permanents, non compensables, de la mentalisation étaient expliqués par l’atteinte du faisceau arqué. Enfin, dans une dernière étude, en combinant l’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle de repos (IRMfr) et les sites corticaux démasqués pendant la chirurgie, nous avons pu générer de véritables cartographies fonctionnelles du réseau cortical de la mentalisation, très similaires à celles observées en imagerie fonctionnelle classique.De façon générale, nos découvertes suggèrent que la mentalisation basée sur les visages reposerait sur l’intégrité d’au moins deux faisceaux associatifs de substance blanche. Elles permettent également de valider l’utilisation combinée de l’IRMfr et des stimulations corticales en tant qu’approche originale pour cartographier les réseaux neurocognitifs.En plus de ces considérations fondamentales, nos résultats ont des implications cliniques, notamment pour la cartographie fonctionnelle peropératoire. Ils permettent en outre de mieux comprendre les pathologies cérébrales caractérisées par un trouble de la mentalisation et une atteinte des voies de substance blancheMentalizing, or the ability of human beings to make assumptions about other people’s mental states, has been the subject of many studies over the last 20 years. The neural bases and especially the white matter connectivity of this complex cognitive function is still poorly understood. Recently, an anatomo-functional organization into two neural pathways has been proposed. According to this model, it is assumed that the reflective, inferential aspects of mentalizing is underpinned by the cingulum. The reflexive, identificatory aspects of mentalizing are thought to be mediated, for their part, by the arcuate fascicle and the lateral part of the superior longitudinal fascicle. The main purpose of this scientific work is to provide original data on the anatomo-functional organization of the neural network involved in the face-based mentalizing. We used as a pathophysiological study model diffuse low-grade gliomas. These primary brain tumors are particularly interesting for the study of the functional role of the white matter for two reasons: (i) the tumor cells propagate preferentially along the white matter fibers; (ii) the surgical resection is often performed in awake condition with intraoperative functional mapping to identify, and thus to preserve functional structures, including the white matter.In our first study, using intraoperative electrical stimulation, we were able to identify a large cortico-subcortical mentalizing network. The analysis of the disconnections induced by the stimulation of the white matter allowed us to clearly highlight, for the first time, the role of the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle. We also confirmed the already established role of the superior longitudinal fascicle in mentalizing. In a second study, using lesion mapping analyses in patients operated on for a diffuse low-grade glioma, we demonstrated that the long-term, non-compensatory mentalizing deficit was explained by the involvement of the arcuate fascicle. Finally, in a third study combining resting-state functional MRI and the cortical sites unmasked during surgery, we were able to identify a large cortical mentalizing networks, which were very similar to those identified by classical task-based functional imaging.In general, our findings suggest that the face-based mentalizing would require the integrity of at least two associative white matter fascicles. They also validate the combined use of resting-state functional MRI and direct cortical stimulations as an original approach to map neurocognitive networks.In addition to these fundamental considerations, our results have also clinical implications, especially regarding the intraoperative functional mapping. They also provide a better understanding of brain pathologies characterized by both mentalizing deficit and white matter impairment
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Sitnik, Magdalena. "Krossade drömmar där kris och sorg möts •En kvalitativ studie om vilket stöd föräldrar får vars barn hjärnskadats under förlossningen." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24120.
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Krossade drömmar där kris och sorg möts•En kvalitativ studie om vilket stöd föräldrar får vars barn hjärnskadats under förlossningenSitnik, Magdalena. Krossade drömmar där kris och sorg möts – en kvalitativ studie om vilket stöd föräldrar får vars barn hjärnskadats under förlossningen. Examensarbete i socialt arbete, 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle, institutionen för Hälsa och samhälle, 2016.Många föräldrar som väntar barn drömmer och skapar en mental bild av sitt ofödda barn. Alltså när det händer att ett barn hjärnskadas under förlossning kan föräldrar befinna sig i en kris och sorgesituation. Studien visar att det inte är så många barn som hjärnskadas i samband med förlossningen årligen i Sverige. Därför har syftet med min studie varit att utforska vilket stöd de föräldrar får vars barn hjärnskadats under förlossningen. Den här studien undersöker vilket stöd professionella på neonatalklinikerna upplever att dessa föräldrar är i behov av. Studien illustrerar även hur professionella tillgodoser dessa individers behov och hur föräldrarna bemöts av yrkesverksamma personer på neonatalklinikerna. Studiens resultat visar att kris och sorgeprocess liknar samt överlappar varandra. Både kris och sorg är inte tidsbunden och kan saktas när och även dra sig tillbaka i sina respektive stadier. Resultat visar även att professionella inom neonatalkliniker måste ha individuellt förhållningssätt gentemot sina klienter. Där de erbjuder både praktiskt såväl som sociopsykologiskt stöd och hjälp till föräldrar varvs barn hjärnskadades i samband med förlossning. De yrkesverksamma personerna tillgodoser dessa föräldrarnas behov genom att lyssna på deras individuella behov noggrann. Resultatet pekar även på vikten av samverkan mellan professioner och organisationer för att erbjuda bästa möjliga hjälp för dessa föräldrar. Nyckelord: drömbarn, föräldrar, funktionshindrad, hjärnskada under förlossning,kris, det ickeperfekta barnet, sorg.SHATTERED DREAMS WHEN CRISIS AND SORROW MEET• A QUALITATIVE STUDY ABOUT WHAT SUPPORT PARENTS TO BRAIN DAMAGED CHILDREN DURING DELIVERY GETSitnik, Magdalena. Shattered dreams when crisis and sorrow meet - a qualitative study about what support parents to brain damaged children during delivery get with a focus on parents. Examination paper in social work, 15p. Malmö University: Faculty of health and society, Department of health and society, 2016.Many parents who are expecting a child dream and create a mental image of their unborn baby. So when the parents are told that their new born child has got brain damage during delivery, parents end up in a situation of crisis and sorrow. The study shows that there are not many children who are brain damage during delivery in Sweden on a yearly basis. Therefore, the purpose of the study has been to explore what support parents to brain damaged children during delivery get.This study explores what support professionals in neonatal clinics experience that parents whose children are brain injured during delivery are in need of. My study also illustrates how professionals meet these needs of individuals and how they treat and respond to those parents in neonatal clinics.Study results show that the crisis and the grief process are similarly and can merge into each other. Both the crisis and grief is not time-bound and can be slowed and also pull back in their respective stages. Results also show that professionals in neonatal clinics must have an individual approach towards their clients. They offer practical as well as socio-psychological support and assistance for these parents whose children are brain injured during delivery. The professionals meet the parents’ needs by listening to them carefully. The results also point out the importance of cooperation between professions and organizations to provide the best possible help for those parents. Keywords: brain damage during birth, disabled, crisis, dream child, grief, not perfect child, parents.
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Käcker, Pia. "Nycklar till Kommunikation : Kommunikation mellan vuxna personer med grav förvärvad hjärnskada och personernas närstående, anhöriga och personal." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8418.
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Studien fokuserar kommunikation mellan vuxna personer med grav förvärvad hjärnskada och deras närstående. Syftet är att med utgångspunkt från de närståendes berättelser beskriva hur kommunikationen manifesteras, samt att ge en teoretisk beskrivning av vilka faktorer som understödjer respektive motverkar kommunikationen. Elva gravt hjärnskadade personer ingår i studien. Orsaken till hjärnskadan är stroke, traumatisk hjärnskada eller syrebristskada. Personernas ålder varierar från 16 till 64 år vid skadetillfället. Samtliga har som en följd av hjärnskadan grava språkstörningar och kognitiva funktionshinder. Datamaterialet baseras på intervjuer och videofilm. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är symbolisk interaktionism och den metod som används är grundad teori. Resultatet presenteras i en empiriskt grundad teoretisk modell för hur kommunikation hos studiens aktörer manifesteras. Kommunikationsmodellen innehåller kärnprocessen, kommunikationsnycklar. De öppnande nycklarna består av inledande och vidmakthållande faktorer, samt av den betryggande faktorn. Den senare får stor betydelse, utan den kommer inte kommunikationen till stånd. Resultatet diskuteras i förhållande till sociala kommunikationsteorier och begreppet kommunikativ kompetens. Teorin förväntas ge de närstående stöd i hur de förhåller sig i mötet med en person som har ett kommunikativt funktionshinder.This study focuses on communication between adults with severe acquired brain damage and persons close to them. The purpose of the study is to describe, on the basis of accounts given by caregivers, the caregivers are referred to as relatives and personnel, how communication is manifested and to provide a theoretical description of the factors that facilitate or hinder communication. Eleven persons with severe brain damage are included in the study along with their caregivers. The brain damage has been caused by stroke, traumatic brain injury or lack of oxygen and in all cases has resulted in severe language impairment and cognitive disabilities. Age at time of injury varies from 16 to 64 years. The empirical material consists of interviews and video film. The theoretical framework applied is Symbolic Interactionism and the method used is Grounded Theory. The results are presented in the form of an empirically grounded theoretical model of how communication is manifested in the context of the study. This model comprises the core process and the communication keys. The keys are the introductory and maintaining factors as well as the confidence factor. The confidence factor has great significance; without it, communication cannot be established. The results are discussed in relation to theories of social communication and the term communicative ability. It is expected that application of the theory can make it easier for caregivers to interact with persons with severe communicative disability.
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Nyh, Johan. "From Snow White to Frozen : An evaluation of popular gender representation indicators applied to Disney’s princess films." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36877.
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Simple content analysis methods, such as the Bechdel test and measuring percentage of female talk time or characters, have seen a surge of attention from mainstream media and in social media the last couple of years. Underlying assumptions are generally shared with the gender role socialization model and consequently, an importance is stated, due to a high degree to which impressions from media shape in particular young children’s identification processes. For young girls, the Disney Princesses franchise (with Frozen included) stands out as the number one player commercially as well as in customer awareness. The vertical lineup of Disney princesses spans from the passive and domestic working Snow White in 1937 to independent and super-power wielding princess Elsa in 2013, which makes the line of films an optimal test subject in evaluating above-mentioned simple content analysis methods. As a control, a meta-study has been conducted on previous academic studies on the same range of films. The sampled research, within fields spanning from qualitative content analysis and semiotics to coded content analysis, all come to the same conclusions regarding the general changes over time in representations of female characters. The objective of this thesis is to answer whether or not there is a correlation between these changes and those indicated by the simple content analysis methods, i.e. whether or not the simple popular methods are in general coherence with the more intricate academic methods.Betyg VG (skala IG-VG)