Journal articles: 'Brain damage – Patients – Rehabilitation'

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Bogolepova, A. N., and O. S. Levin. "Cognitive rehabilitation of patients with focal brain damage." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 120, no. 4 (2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2020120041115.

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Kalantarova, M. V., L. B. Zavaliy, E. V. Borisonik, M. I. Subotich, A. V. Grechko, I. G. Shchelkunova, and S. S. Petrikov. "Digital Technologies in Rehabilitation of Patients with Focal Brain Injury." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 28, no. 3 (2020): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2020280308.

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Focal damage of the brain leads to cognitive impairments, which sufficiently limit the person’s functional capabilities, which, in turn, can lead to secondary disorders of the emotional and personal sphere and social maladjustment. The need to include cognitive rehabilitation in the system of complex treatment methods for patients with focal brain lesions is generally recognized. The article describes methods of neurorehabilitation based on high technologies and indicates their place in the general rehabilitation process. Data yielded by domestic and foreign studies on the effectiveness of digital technologies in the cognitive rehabilitation of patients with focal brain lesions is presented.

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Katz, Noomi, Dorit Hefner, and Rachel Reuben. "Measuring Clinical Change in Cognitive Rehabilitation of Patients with Brain Damage." Occupational Therapy In Health Care 7, no. 1 (January 1990): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j003v07n01_04.

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Katz, Noomi, Dorit Hefner, and Rachel Reuben. "Measuring Clinical Change in Cognitive Rehabilitation of Patients with Brain Damage." Occupational Therapy In Health Care 7, no. 1 (December 21, 1990): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j003v07n01_04.

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Lange-von Szczutowski, M. "Traumatic brain injury and coping processes – improving outcomes by involving family in the rehabilitation process." Neurologie & Rehabilitation 27, no. 03 (September 2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14624/nr2103003.

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Following a traumatic brain injury, many patients struggle to cope with daily activities and experiences, both at the physical and psychological level. In addition to the patient's own coping process, the family's involvement in the heal-ing process is extremely important. Acute care is usually provided by family members and has the potential to either support or hinder rehabilitation and adaptation processes. In addition to new limits of self-care and complaints caused by brain damage, patients face far-reaching psychosocial problems. Despite increasing interest in the management of brain damage and processing of the disease, there is a lack of health-promoting concepts designed to address the impairments and psychosocial relationship difficul-ties suffered by people after traumatic brain injury. In this study, rehabilitation potential was identified by analyzing the results of biographical narrative interviews with men who had suffered a traumatic brain injury in an industrial accident, and their relatives. The selection and qualitative analysis of the rehabilitation process of traumatic brain injury patients reveals the potential for intervention and the need for a holistic integration process between the patient, relatives and physicians, which can be further supported by integrating family members into the treatment process. Keywords: rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury, qualitative social research, reintegration, relatives

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Zharova, Elena, Anastasia Bondarenko, Elena Vershinina, Olga Titova, and Natalia Talnishnih. "Rehabilitation of patients with facial nerve injuries after neurosurgical treatment." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine 15, no. 1 (2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu11.2020.105.

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The facial nerve is most often, as compared with other cranial nerves, damaged due to surgical interventions. In the first place, as the cause of iatrogenic damage, is neurosurgical treatment for neoplasms of the ponto-cerebellar angle and temporal bone, brain injuries. The neuropathy of the facial nerve is the cause of neurological and cosmetic defects that have a serious traumatic effect on the patient. The psychological consequences of facial neuropathy are more important for the patient than physical damage. Paresis of mimic muscles cannot be hidden and often leads to social maladjustment, isolation and a marked reduction in the quality of life. Facial neuropathy, in most cases, is not a life-threatening condition, but it definitely changes the patient’s life. This article proposes an effective rehabilitation system, tested on 172 patients with facial nerve damage after neurosurgical treatment. The combined use of physiotherapy, massage, therapeutic gymnastics, including posture treatment with taping, during the early period of the disease, allows restoring nerve function and maintaining mimic muscles, as well as avoiding undesirable complications such as pathological synkinesis and corneal atrophy.

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Ciancarelli, Irene, Giovanni Morone, Marco Iosa, Antonio Cerasa, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Giovanni Iolascon, Francesca Gimigliano, Paolo Tonin, and Maria Giuliana Tozzi Ciancarelli. "Influence of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation on Nutritional Status and Neural Plasticity: New Perspectives on Post-Stroke Neurorehabilitative Outcome." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010108.

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Beyond brain deficits caused by strokes, the effectiveness of neurorehabilitation is strongly influenced by the baseline clinical features of stroke patients, including a patient’s current nutritional status. Malnutrition, either as a pre-stroke existing condition or occurring because of ischemic injury, predisposes patients to poor rehabilitation outcomes. On the other hand, a proper nutritional status compliant with the specific needs required by the process of brain recovery plays a key role in post-stroke rehabilitative outcome favoring neuroplasticity mechanisms. Oxidative stress and inflammation play a role in stroke-associated malnutrition, as well as in the cascade of ischemic events in the brain area, where ischemic damage leads to neuronal death and brain infarction, and, via cell-to-cell signaling, the alteration of neuroplasticity processes underlying functional recovery induced by multidisciplinary rehabilitative treatment. Nutrition strategies based on food components with oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties may help to reverse or stop malnutrition and may be a prerequisite for supporting the ability of neuronal plasticity to result in satisfactory rehabilitative outcome in stroke patients. To expand nutritional recommendations for functional rehabilitation recovery, studies considering the evolution of nutritional status changes in post-stroke patients over time are required. The assessment of nutritional status must be included as a routine tool in rehabilitation settings for the integrated care of stroke-patients.

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Hara, Hiroyoshi. "Cognitive rehabilitation of executive functioning in patients with frontal lobe brain damage." Higher Brain Function Research 32, no. 2 (2012): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2496/hbfr.32.185.

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Wilson, Kenneth. "Alcohol-related brain damage: a 21st-century management conundrum." British Journal of Psychiatry 199, no. 3 (September 2011): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092569.

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SummaryAlcohol-related brain damage has a growing impact on service provision. Despite the benefit of therapeutic interventions and a relatively good prognosis in the context of service provision, few services exist. Both national and local initiatives are required in order to provide psychosocial rehabilitation for this marginalised group of patients.

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Arima, Michiko. "Poster 433: A Difference in Visuomotor Skill Learning Among Healthy People, Patients With the Left Brain Damage and Patients With Right Brain Damage." PM&R 2 (September 2010): S189—S190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.07.466.

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Filarecka, Agnieszka, Maciej Biernacki, Michał Jęchorek, and Łukasz Leksowski. "Physiotherapy of patients with CNS damage as a result of a brain tumor." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.079.

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Rehabilitation as a process of return to fitness should take place at every stage of the disease. Stimulation to restore lost motor function should take place all day, including when lying in bed or transferring from one position to another. Placement items are an indispensable component of restoring floatation, as well as the element of nursing the patient. By correct arrangement of the patient we affect the stimulatory nervous system. Thanks to the correct arrangement we prevent bone-joint changes, lymphedema and also stimulate the cerebral cortex. This articule aims to propose the positioning of the patient and his transfers as a passive way of rehabilitation.

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Dyagileva, V. P., and N. P. Gribova. "Diagnostics and treatment features of early spasticity in lower limb due to focal brain damage." Medical alphabet, no. 33 (January 14, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2020-33-49-57.

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Rehabilitation of patients after acute cerebrovascular accident or severe traumatic brain injury is one of the priority areas of modern medicine. Motor disorders occur in 77–81 % of patients after stroke. The development of spasticity in the lower limb in the early recovery period contributes to the deterioration of the rehabilitation prognosis and potential, limits the volume of voluntary movements, creates difficulties in patient care, reduces daily activity, creates difficulties in wearing orthoses, and reduces the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures. The article discusses aspects of the pathophysiology of spasticity in focal brain damage, discusses the possibility of early diagnosis and treatment of spasticity in the lower limb. demonstrates results of evaluation of spasticity in the lower limb using clinical scales, as well as the results of monosynaptic testing in dynamics in patients in the early recovery period after focal brain damage. The obtained data allow us to conclude that the combined use of several diagnostic techniques allows the earliest verification of spasticity in the lower limb in a patient. Discussed, that botulotoxin therapy can be used as the most targeted and effective method of treating spasticity in the lower limb after focal brain damage as part of complex therapy.

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Krylova, L. V., D. R. Khasanova, and N. V. Agafonova. "Current trends in the rehabilitation of patients with spastic paresis with focal brain damage." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 10 (August 12, 2021): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-10-101-107.

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Spasticity is one of the most frequent movement disorders and its development is associated with such CNS lesions as stroke, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, craniocerebral and spinal injuries, CNS tumors, neurodegenerative diseases. Post-stroke spasticity develops in about 40% of patients, and about 15% of patients have severe and disabling spasticity. According to statistics, after TBI, about 75% of patients develop spasticity, and half of them require treatment.Spasticity worsens walking, complicates hygiene, dressing, complicates rehabilitation measures, and reduces the quality of life of patients and his family members. In recent years, this movement disorder has been actively studied, new data have appeared on the pathophysiology of spastic paresis and encouraging data on improving function in patients receiving botulinum toxin injections as part of multidisciplinary rehabilitation.The article presents data from the latest systematic reviews on the effectiveness of various rehabilitation technologies for the treatment of spasticity.The use of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spastic paresis of the upper and lower extremities is the preferred method of complex multidisciplinary rehabilitation of patients with spasticity and has the highest level of evidence.Currently, there is no doubt that botulinum toxin should be used as early as possible in patients with an emerging pathological movement pattern, which can contribute to pattern change and muscle length maintenance. But the question remains: which rehabilitation technology is most effective for enhancing and prolonging the action of botulinum neurotoxin. To date, there is no clear answer to this question.

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Kayusheva, I. V. "Classification of hypothalamic pubertal syndrome and rehabilitation of patients." Kazan medical journal 67, no. 5 (September 15, 1986): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj70712.

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Hypothalamic pubertal syndrome is a common disease of adolescence and adolescence that occurs during the period of physical status and personality formation. It is characterized by interstitial brain damage and hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine dysregulation (hypercorticism, hyperaldosteronism, hyperprolactinemia, gonadotropin production disorders). Often this syndrome limits the fitness of young men and women for some professions requiring physical and emotional stress, in particular for military service.

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Amanullah, Talha Muneer, David Henstock, and Bushra Azam. "Alcohol Related Brain Damage Presentations in an Acute General Hospital." BJPsych Open 8, S1 (June 2022): S81—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.266.

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AimsAlcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) is used to describe a variety of clinical syndromes associated with excessive intake of alcohol. It can present with cognitive and neurological syndromes, including Wernicke's encephalopathy, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol dementia, cerebellar atrophy and frontal lobe dysfunction, Central pontine myelinolysis and Marchiafava Bignami disease. In up to 25% of cases ARBD can be complicated by traumatic head injury and brain blood supply disturbances. In the absence of clear national guidelines, standards or established pathways of care across most of the UK, most patients are unable to access appropriate service provision. The North Derbyshire mental health liaison team (MHLT) provides assessment and diagnosis of acute alcohol related brain injury, assess severity (based on clinical presentation, investigation findings, cognitive assessment) and provide a care plan with follow-up to various community services. Aim and objectives: To find out the discharge outcome for patients with ARBD diagnosis by the north MHLT, help us identify service gaps and look at ways to improve patient's care in this group.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 300 patients who were referred to liaison team for drug and alcohol problems and were seen by the drug and alcohol lead nurse within the liaison team. Patients who were given a diagnosis of ARBD by the liaison team were included in the study.We looked at 1.Age and gender distribution2.Team who gave the initial diagnosis3.Discharge destination4.Community follow-up and engagementResultsWe identified 17 patients who were given diagnosis of ARBD. There was relatively equal distribution of male to female patients. Majority of diagnosis’ were given by liaison team. The discharge destination was variable with around half referred to ARBD rehabilitation unit and Derbyshire recovery partnership. Engagement was poor with only 20% of patients engaging with services.ConclusionRecommendations: 1.Detailed cognitive tests need doing for screening and to establish severity2. Consideration for which neuroimaging modalities can help aid diagnosis, if any, should be made. 3.ARBD leaflets to be given4.ARBD diagnosed patients who do not need rehabilitation unit, should be referred for social care assessment as an inpatient and / or be followed up in the community under Care Act5. Considerations with the Multi Disciplinary Team for ways to improve engagement in the community, perhaps with more frequent and robust follow-ups.

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Kartashev, Valery P., Alexander S. Makhov, Natalia V. Karpova, and Mikhail N. Komarov. "Physical Rehabilitation of Patients After Ischemic Stroke." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 1947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2073.

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The high prevalence of ischemic stroke and high mortality from it with increasing disability of such patients currently makes the problem of vascular diseases of the brain one of the most socially significant and requiring additional research. Conducting physical rehabilitation in post-stroke patients according to the author's scheme had a pronounced positive effect on their hematological parameters, regardless of their initial state. Wellness measures ensured in all patients who had an ischemic stroke a gradual optimization of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the blood. The upcoming changes created conditions for improving trophic tissue of patients, increased their overall reactivity and minimized the risk of repeated ischemic damage to brain tissue. The results suggest that the author's option of rehabilitation of post-stroke patients is highly promising in terms of ensuring adequate activation of the bone marrow regardless of the initial level of erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis. This prevents anemia, weakening of resistance and thrombophilia in such patients, optimizing the general condition and significantly improving the prognosis for the disease and for life.

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Gindri, Gigiane, Karina Carlesso Pagliarin, Fabíola Schwengber Casarin, Perrine Ferré, Yves Joanette, and Rochele Paz Fonseca. "Rehabilitation of discourse impairments after acquired brain injury." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 8, no. 1 (March 2014): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642014dn81000009.

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ABSTRACT Language impairments in patients with acquired brain injury can have a negative impact on social life as well as on other cognitive domains. Discourse impairments are among the most commonly reported communication deficits among patients with acquired brain damage. Despite advances in the development of diagnostic tools for detecting such impairments, few studies have investigated interventions to rehabilitate patients presenting with these conditions. Objective: The aim of this study was to present a systematic review of the methods used in the rehabilitation of discourse following acquired brain injury. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for articles using the following keywords: "rehabilitation", "neurological injury", "communication" and "discursive abilities". Results: A total of 162 abstracts were found, but only seven of these met criteria for inclusion in the review. Four studies involved samples of individuals with aphasia whereas three studies recruited samples of individuals with traumatic brain injury. Conclusion: All but one article found that patient performance improved following participation in a discourse rehabilitation program.

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MIYAMORI, TAKAFUMI. "High order cerebral function failure and rehabilitation of patients with right brain damage." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 31, no. 3 (1994): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrm1963.31.192.

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Shpichko, Andrey I., Nadezhda P. Shpichko, and Sergey A. Bosenko. "Rehabilitation forecast markers: complex assessment of damaged brain using electroencephalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP)." Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation 23, no. 1 (August 15, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mser34230.

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Identifying rehabilitatory prognosis markers while the patient is in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is an important diagnostic task that rehabilitation program depends on. Post-coma recovery procedures reintegrate functions of damaged brain regions in patients with consciousness disorders and aim for improving thalamocortical interactions in terms of neuroplasticity. In this paper we study electroencephalographic (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) data of 50 patients with post-coma consciousness disorders as a result of severe brain damage. The reasons for consciousness disorders in studied patients include acute blood circulation arrest, traumatic brain injury and brain hypoxia. Patients were diagnosed with EEG and SSEP on the day of arrival to ICU and between 35th and 45th day of their stay in the hospital. As a result of this study, we identified neuroplasticity markers related to rehabilitatory process on the basis of assessment of data produced by widely accessible neurophysiological methodologies.

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Morega, Shandiz, Bogdan Cătălin, Cristiana Eugenia Simionescu, Konstantinos Sapalidis, and Ion Rogoveanu. "Cerebrolysin Prevents Brain Injury in a Mouse Model of Liver Damage." Brain Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121622.

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Liver damage can lead to secondary organ damage by toxic substances and catabolic products accumulation which can increase the permeability of blood-brain barrier, leading to cognitive impairment. The only real treatment for end stage liver failure is grafting. With some, but not all, neurological symptoms subsiding after transplantation, the presence of brain damage can impair both the short and long-term outcome. We tested if Cerebrolysin can prevent brain injury in an experimental model of non-viral liver damage in mice. Behavior, abdominal ultrasound evaluation and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the animals. No ultrasound or behavior differences were found between the control and treated animals, with both groups displaying more anxiety and no short-term memory benefit compared to sham mice. Cerebrolysin treatment was able to maintain a normal level of cortical NeuN+ cells and induced an increase in the area occupied by BrdU+ cells. Surprisingly, no difference was observed when investigating Iba1+ cells. With neurological complications of end-stage liver disease impacting the rehabilitation of patients receiving liver grafts, a neuroprotective treatment of patients on the waiting lists might improve their rehabilitation outcome by ensuring a minimal cerebral damage.

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Tarasova, I. V., O. A. Trubnikova, and D. S. Kupriyanova. "Сognitive rehabilitation of cardiac surgery patients: problems and prospects." Siberian Medical Review, no. 5 (2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/2500136-2020-5-23-30.

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The paper analyzes modern literature on methods of cognitive functions recovery as dual tasks, implying simultaneous execution of motor and cognitive tasks. There is ambiguity of currently obtained data on the effectiveness of dual tasks in cognitive rehabilitation of elderly people, people with traumatic and neurodegenerative brain damage. It is assumed that the success of dual tasks is associated with the severity of transfer and interference effects. Opportunities and prospects of using dual tasks in cognitive rehabilitation of patients after cardiac surgery are outlined.

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Kato, Motoichiro. "Cognitive Rehabilitation for Brain Damaged Patients(Brain Surgery and Neuropsychological Function)." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 18, no. 4 (2009): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.18.277.

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ANDERSSON, S., J. M. KROGSTAD, and A. FINSET. "Apathy and depressed mood in acquired brain damage: relationship to lesion localization and psychophysiological reactivity." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 2 (March 1999): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798008046.

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Background. Apathy is a frequent neurobehavioural sequel in patients with acquired brain damage and it may seriously affect outcome of rehabilitation.Methods. Patients with traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular insults and hypoxic brain injury, categorized into four lesion localization groups: left hemisphere damage (LHD); right hemisphere damage (RHD); bilateral hemispheric damage (BHD); and subcortical damage (SCD) were assessed with the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) and Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded in an experimental situation that exposed the patients to mental stressors in order to measure psychophysiological reactivity.Results. Significant differences in level of apathy were found between diagnostic groups as well as between localization subgroups. SCD and RHD patients displayed most apathy. Factor analysis of MADRS revealed a three-factor solution; depressed mood, somatic symptoms and negative symptoms. Apathy was significantly correlated with negative symptoms in all localization subgroups, except among the BHD patients. Apathy was not correlated with depressed mood or somatic symptoms. Moreover, apathy was significantly correlated with heart rate reactivity, but not with electrodermal reactivity.Conclusion. Apathy is common, its severity depending on diagnosis and localization of lesion. Apathy and depression in brain damaged patients share common features, but may be differentiated. The significant relationship between apathy and heart rate may provide a psychophysiological correlation of the disengagement, lack of interest and absence of emotional responsivity typically seen in apathy. The results have implications for the theoretical understanding of apathy and related negative symptoms, and for rehabilitation practice.

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Neshov, Nikolay, and Agata Manolova. "Automatic Pain Detection in Video Sequences for Neuro-Rehabilitation." Materials Science Forum 856 (May 2016): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.856.213.

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Adaptive and interactive mental engagement combined with positive emotional state are requirements for an optimal outcome of the neuro-rehabilitation process for patients with brain damage usually caused by TBI (traumatic brain injury), stroke or brain disease such as cancer, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. We propose a method for automatic pain recognition in video sequences using the landmarks data from Supervised Descent Method and applying Support Vector Machine (SVM) for data classification. This method is suitable for being part of assistive medical system for neuro-rehabilitation of patients with TBI. The experiments with a video dataset with patients with shoulder pain show very good recognition rate (95,7%) for recognizing the painful facial states of the subjects.

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Krylov, Kirill Yu, Ivan V. Sergeev, Alexandra V. Yakovleva, Ruben S. Yagubyan, Alexey A. Yakovlev, and Marina V. Petrova. "The role of indirect calorimetry in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients in long-term unconsciousness after brain damage." Clinical nutrition and metabolism 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinutr21235.

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Background. Nutritional support is an important part of the treatment of critically ill patients. However, there are no specific recommendations for patients in a long unconscious state after brain damage to determine their energy needs. Aim. To determine the role of indirect calorimetry in assessing the energy expenditure of patients in prolonged unconsciousness after brain damage. Methods. Prospective cohort study included 81 patients with brain damage who were treated in the intensive care unit. All patients with prolonged unconsciousness had stayed in the intensive care unit for more than 30 days. Mean age of patients was 48.4 16.3 years. Men were predominant (58%). Almost all patients had normal body mass index (BMI) (mean 22.8 6.2 kg/m2). The main cause of brain damage was severe traumatic injury (42%). There were also patients with consequences of subarachnoid hemorrhage (35%), stroke (19%) and hypoxic damage (4%). Results. According to indirect calorimetry, mean energy requirements in patients in prolonged unconsciousness was 25.12 8.8 kcal/kg/day (1595.3 560 kcal/day). Variability of this value was high in this sample (10.661.6 kcal/kg/day, 6733514 kcal/day). According to urine nitrogen loss, mean protein requirement was 0.83 0.46 g/kg/day that was lower than the recommended values for critically ill patients. Variability of data obtained by indirect calorimetry was higher than that of the calculated values despite statistically similar energy requirements of patients. Variability of data obtained by Harris-Benedict equation ranged from 15.4 kcal/kg/day (1023 kcal/day) to 37.3 kcal/kg/day (2065 kcal/day). There was no relationship between energy expenditure and causes of brain damage. Moreover, significant correlation between metabolic rate, urine nitrogen loss and outcomes of disease was also absent. Conclusion. Indirect calorimetry alone is not enough to prescribe optimal nutritional support in patients with prolonged unconsciousness if function of the gastrointestinal tract and other factors affecting energy expenditure are not considered.

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Sidneva, Y., A. Zakrepina, M. Bratkova, and S. Valiullina. "Options for the recovery of mental activity in children after acute brain damage." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.658.

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IntroductionChildren with acute brain damage make up a large group of patients who require multi-stage rehabilitation. Rehabilitation requires the creation of special conditions for psychiatric care and psychological and pedagogical correction of the consequences of severe damage to the nervous system.ObjectivesTo identify the options for mental activity during the restoration of the level of consciousness in children after acute severe brain damage.Methods210 children under the age of 18 with severe brain damage (traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, hydrocephalus). Clinical-psychopathological, pedagogical methods were used; additionally diagnostic scales, questionnaires.Results4 groups were formed: 1st 37 (18%) patients had manifestations of mental activity with physical, cognitive and social capabilities in the minimal consciousness “+” (a- / hyperkinetic mutism with emotional reactions, understanding of addressed speech); 2nd 67 (32%) - manifestations of physical and cognitive abilities with minimal consciousness “-” (a- / hyperkinetic mutism without reactions); 3rd 95 (40%) - only the manifestation of physical capabilities at the exit from the vegetative status. 4th 11 (10%) - a low manifestation of mental activity in the form of physical capabilities with a vegetative status.Conclusions4 variants of mental activity in children after acute severe brain damage have been identified: from minimal involuntary reactions or their absence in vegetative status to voluntary actions according to the instructions of an adult in minimal consciousness “+”. Taking into account the variability of mental activity helps to differentiate the methods of psychiatric and psychological-pedagogical assistance in the recovery of children already in the early stages of rehabilitation.

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Kriz, Günter, Joachim Hermsdörfer, Christian Marquardt, and Norbert Mai. "Feedback-based training of grip force control in patients with brain damage." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 76, no. 7 (July 1995): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(95)80635-0.

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Wouters, B. "“I Don't See it so it Must be to my Left:” Rehabilitation of Visuospatially Impaired Adults." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 81, no. 3 (March 1987): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8708100309.

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Patients who are visually impaired because of brain damage often show a visuospatial syndrome characterized by disturbances of spatial orientation and determined behavior. The lesion may be located in the frontal cortex or in the right parietal cortex of the brain; recent research shows that the determination of spatial behavior is impaired. Emphasis in the rehabilitation of these patients should be shifted from perceptual to performance orientation. It is essential for the individual to gain insight into his or her specific impairment and for the professional to work cooperatively using the patient's own strategies.

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Zaharov, D. V., and V. A. Mihailov. "Influencing the effectiveness of post-stroke motor rehabilitation factors." V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2019-1-82-92.

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The issues of neurorehabilitation of stroke patients are considered. The importance of the phenomenon of neuroplasticity, which underlies the regenerative processes after brain damage is emphasized. The principles of rehabilitation therapy in stroke patients are considered. Particular attention is paid to the issue of pharmacotherapy through neurotransmitters focused on increasing neuroplasticity and neurogenesis.

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Checherita, Laura Elisabeta, Lucian Ştefan Burlea, Bogdan Petru Bulancea, Iulian Costin Lupu, Liana Aminov, Ioana Rudnic, Tudor Hamburda, et al. "Interdisciplinarity in Complex Therapeutic Approach of Psychiatric Patients with Dysfunctional Syndrome of the Stomatognated System." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 13, no. 1Sup1 (March 23, 2022): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/13.1sup1/305.

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Diseases in the maxillofacial sphere and especially the dysfunctional syndrome of the stomatognathic system have many connections and interferences with the psychiatric pathology and why not last, but not least the appearance and aesthetics that have an impact on social life and success. On the other hand, there has been a significant increase in the use of antipsychotics in recent decades. The negative impact on oral health has also increased. The ability to diagnose mental illness is essential due to the social stigma associated with these disorders and a correct differential diagnose as well. This article describes the oro-dental rehabilitation of one case, psychiatrically treated, with mandibular and maxilla missing teeth and dental destruction and prosthetic damage, temporomandibular disorders pathology due to the disbalanced occlusion and depression and anxiety, with specific medication, fixed and removable hybrid prosthesis and intra oral complex rehabilitation.

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Pizzamiglio, L., G. Antonucci, A. Judica, P. Montenero, C. Razzano, and P. Zoccolotti. "Cognitive rehabilitation of the hemineglect disorder in chronic patients with unilateral right brain damage." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 14, no. 6 (November 1992): 901–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688639208402543.

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Müller, Ulrich, and D. Yves Von Cramon. "The therapeutic potential of bromocriptine in neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients with acquired brain damage." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 18, no. 7 (November 1994): 1103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(94)90114-7.

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Wilson, Kenneth, Angela Halsey, Helen Macpherson, Jane Billington, Sharon Hill, Gavin Johnson, Keerthy Raju, and Pat Abbott. "The Psycho-Social Rehabilitation of Patients with Alcohol-Related Brain Damage in the Community†." Alcohol and Alcoholism 47, no. 3 (January 25, 2012): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agr167.

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Romero, José Rafael, Viken L. Babikian, Douglas I. Katz, and Seth P. Finklestein. "Neuroprotection and Stroke Rehabilitation: Modulation and Enhancement of Recovery." Behavioural Neurology 17, no. 1 (2006): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/137532.

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Recent advances in research are modifying our view of recovery after nervous system damage. New findings are changing previously held concepts and providing promising avenues for treatment of patients after stroke. This review discusses mechanisms of neuronal injury after brain ischemia and the attempts to study neuroprotection options based on such mechanisms. It also considers measures available at present to improve outcome after stroke and presents new areas of research, particularly stimulation techniques, neurogenesis and trophic factors to enhance recovery. In order to improve outcomes, medications that may be detrimental to recovery should be avoided, while symptomatic therapy of problems such as depression, pain syndromes and spasticity may contribute to better results. Continued surveillance and early treatment of complications associated with acute stroke, along with supportive care remain the mainstay of treatment for stroke patients in the recovery phase. Present research on limiting brain damage and improving recovery and plasticity enhance the prospects for better clinical treatments to improve recovery after stroke.

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Ansell, Barbara J. "Slow-to-Recover Brain-Injured Patients." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 5 (October 1991): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3405.1017.

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Approximately 10–20% of head injury survivors sustain extensive neurological damage and remain minimally or inconsistently responsive to stimuli for 3–6 months postinjury. These patients, designated as slow to recover (STR), may be candidates for sensory stimulation programs rather than traditional rehabilitation. Medical and insurance personnel have resisted referral and payment for treatment because of the lack of objective measures of progress, a theoretical basis for treatment, and evidence of treatment efficacy. A valid, reliable assessment tool has recently been developed (Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile) that assesses low-level cognitive/communicative function and documents improvement in STR patients. This article addresses the theoretical rationale for treatment. Evidence from four areas—sensory deprivation, enriched environments, nervous system plasticity, and sensitive periods of neurodevelopment— suggests that sensory stimulation programs are potentially beneficial for STR patients. Speech-language pathologists are encouraged to study the recovery patterns of STR patients and to determine the efficacy of treatment strategies.

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Vasylieva, Nataliia, Myroslava Kulesha-Liubinets, Kateryna Trubaieva, Mariana Dub, Yulia Ribtsun, and Nataliia Ivantsev. "Speech Therapy as a Component of Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Patients with Acute Impairment of Cerebral Circulation." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/13.3/361.

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The article reveals the essence of speech and speech therapy as a component of the rehabilitation process in restoring the health of patients who have suffered acute impairment of cerebral circulation. The concept of cerebral vascular insufficiency was analyzed, which refers to cerebral physiological changes in old age and associated conditions of speech impairment. Vascular diseases of the brain are not only a medical problem, but also a social one: they cause enormous damage to the economy, considering the costs of treatment, medical rehabilitation, and losses in production. The effectiveness of motor recovery after an ischemic stroke in the early recovery period depends largely on timely rehabilitation. Physical exercises have a positive effect on the recovery of the body systems of people who have had an ischemic stroke. The most frequent consequences of stroke in about 40-50% of the total number of patients are disorders of speech function, manifested in the form of aphasia and dysarthria, which are often combined with pathology of other higher mental functions (various types of agnosia and apraxia). Today, speech therapy is practiced by specialists both as a separate method and in combination with other techniques, and is used in individual and group work, including work with patients who have had an acute impairment of cerebral circulation.

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PRIGATANO, GEORGE P. "Learning from our successes and failures: Reflections and comments on “Cognitive Rehabilitation: How it is and how it might be”." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3, no. 5 (September 1997): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617797004979.

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Barbara A. Wilson's article in this issue is a thoughtful and scholarly commentary on the present state of cognitive rehabilitation. Her review of the meaning of the term “rehabilitation,” and her reminder that we are better at treating disabilities than impairments after brain damage, set the background for her four major points. First, there are currently four basic approaches to cognitive rehabilitation. Second, two of these approaches are of little help to patients. Third, combining learning theory, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology is helpful in dealing with the “everyday problems of brain-injured people.” Finally, this latter approach combined with the holistic approach is promising, especially given that patients' personality disturbances must be considered if neuropsychological rehabilitation is to be effective.

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Bateman, Andrew. "A Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach to Assessment of Patients with Brain Damage." Physiotherapy 84, no. 3 (March 1998): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)66516-9.

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Baulina, Maria E., Nataliya A. Varako, Maria S. Kovyazina, Yury P. Zinchenko, Uriy V. Mikadze, Anatoliy A. Skvortsov, and Ekaterina V. Fufaeva. "Neuropsychological diagnostics and rehabilitation of patients with memory impairments in amnestic syndrome as a result of brain damage of various etiologies." National Psychological Journal 40, no. 4 (2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/npj.2020.0411.

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Background. Neuropsychological diagnostics and rehabilitation are among the fundamental practical tasks facing a clinical psychologist. Today, rehabilitation goes beyond the usual framework in which it was 40–50 years ago. The course of the disease, stressful influences radically change the physical, psychological and social functioning of a person. It is the functioning of a person (and not the state of his functions) in new, often limiting living conditions that becomes an object in the modern rehabilitation system, which is a joint activity of the patient, his relatives and specialists of the multidisciplinary rehabilitation team. Objective: analysis and generalization of the diagnostic and rehabilitation experience accumulated in neuropsychological rehabilitation;identification of quality criteria for neuropsychological diagnostics and rehabilitation of patients with memory impairments in case of brain damage, which should be followed by a practicing psychologist in the process of rehabilitation work. Results. Based on the analysis of applied research and practical guidelines, the recommended diagnostic tools for detecting memory impairments are presentedand the main directions and effective methods of rehabilitation work in amnestic syndrome are highlighted. It is shown that different degrees of severity of a amnestic defect requires the choice of an appropriate direction of work in the process of neuropsychological rehabilitation: the formation of new mnestic means; the organization of “suggestive and reminiscent” environments and new strategies for behavior in this environment; general (non-specific) principles of restorative learning. Conclusions. The presented material can serve as a “support” in the practical work of a clinical psychologist with patients with memory impairments and brain lesions.The text outlines the main directions of diagnostic and rehabilitation work which a practicing psychologist must be aware of.

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Alves-Pinto, Ana, Varvara Turova, Tobias Blumenstein, and Renée Lampe. "The Case for Musical Instrument Training in Cerebral Palsy for Neurorehabilitation." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1072301.

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Recent imaging studies in cerebral palsy (CP) have described several brain structural changes, functional alterations, and neuroplastic processes that take place after brain injury during early development. These changes affect motor pathways as well as sensorimotor networks. Several of these changes correlate with behavioral measures of motor and sensory disability. It is now widely acknowledged that management of sensory deficits is relevant for rehabilitation in CP. Playing a musical instrument demands the coordination of hand movements with integrated auditory, visual, and tactile feedback, in a process that recruits multiple brain regions. These multiple demands during instrument playing, together with the entertaining character of music, have led to the development and investigation of music-supported therapies, especially for rehabilitation with motor disorders resulting from brain damage. We review scientific evidence that supports the use of musical instrument playing for rehabilitation in CP. We propose that active musical instrument playing may be an efficient means for triggering neuroplastic processes necessary for the development of sensorimotor skills in patients with early brain damage. We encourage experimental research on neuroplasticity and on its impact on the physical and personal development of individuals with CP.

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Stampanoni Bassi, Mario, Ennio Iezzi, Francesco Mori, Ilaria Simonelli, Luana Gilio, Fabio Buttari, Francesco Sica, et al. "Interleukin-6 Disrupts Synaptic Plasticity and Impairs Tissue Damage Compensation in Multiple Sclerosis." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 33, no. 10 (August 20, 2019): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968319868713.

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Background: Synaptic plasticity helps in reducing the clinical expression of brain damage and represents a useful mechanism to compensate the negative impact of new brain lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). Inflammation, altering synaptic plasticity, could negatively influence the disease course in relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS). Objective: In the present study, we explored whether interleukin (IL)-6, a major proinflammatory cytokine involved in MS pathogenesis, alters synaptic plasticity and affects the ability to compensate for ongoing brain damage. Methods: The effect of IL-6 incubation on long-term potentiation (LTP) induction was explored in vitro, in mice hippocampal slices. We also explored the correlation between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of this cytokine and the LTP-like effect induced by the paired associative stimulation (PAS) in a group of RR-MS patients. Finally, we examined the correlation between the CSF levels of IL-6 at the time of diagnosis and the prospective disease activity in a cohort of 150 RR-MS patients. Results: In vitro LTP induction was abolished by IL-6. Consistently, in patients with MS, a negative correlation emerged between IL-6 CSF concentrations and the effect of PAS. In MS patients, longer disease duration before diagnosis was associated with higher IL-6 CSF concentrations. In addition, elevated CSF levels of IL-6 were associated with greater clinical expression of new inflammatory brain lesions, unlike in patients with low or absent IL-6 concentrations, who had a better disease course. Conclusions: IL-6 interfering with synaptic plasticity mechanisms may impair the ability to compensate the clinical manifestation of new brain lesions in RR-MS patients.

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Lowe, Jenny. "Management of Brain-damaged Patients." Physiotherapy 75, no. 2 (February 1989): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)62732-0.

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Harper, Clive. "The neurotoxicity of alcohol." Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, no. 3 (March 2007): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107070499.

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Patterns of drinking are changing throughout the world and in many countries this will be detrimental to the health and welfare of the local population. Even uncomplicated alcoholics who have no specific neurological or hepatic problems show signs of regional brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. Many of these changes are exaggerated and other brain regions damaged in patients who have additional vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome). Quantitative neuropathology techniques and improvements in neuroimaging have contributed significantly to the documentation of these changes but mechanisms underlying the damage are not understood. A human brain bank targeting alcohol cases has been established in Sydney, Australia and provides fresh and frozen tissue for alcohol researchers. The tissues can be used to test hypotheses developed from structural neuropathological studies or from animal models and in vitro studies. Identification of reversible pathological changes and preventative medical approaches in alcoholism should enhance rehabilitation and treatment efforts, thereby mitigating debilitating morbidities and reducing mortality associated with this universal public health problem.

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Łojek, Emilia, and Anna Bolewska. "The effectiveness of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation in brain-damaged patients." Polish Psychological Bulletin 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2013-0004.

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AbstractThis study examined the effects of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation in a group of 16 brain-damaged patients. Therapeutic effectiveness was assessed by improvement on computer tasks, the results of neuropsychological tests and quality of life ratings. Participants suffered from mild to moderate attention and memory problems or aphasia. The procedure involved baseline assessment (pretest), a 15-week course of therapy conducted twice a week (30 hours in total) and posttest. Neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory and language problems and quality of life ratings were administered twice: in pre- and posttests. Twelve healthy controls were also examined twice (with a 15-week interval) using the same battery of neuropsychological tests. The RehaCom program and the Polish computer therapy program for aphasics called Afa-System were used for rehabilitation. The computer-assisted rehabilitation tasks were selected individually for each patient. The results showed significant improvement on computer-assisted tasks in all braindamaged subjects. However, none or very little improvement was observed on neuropsychological tests and quality of life ratings. The results of the study confirm the importance of using different types of measures to estimate the effectiveness of computer-assisted neuropsychological rehabilitation as well as the necessity of applying various kinds of therapy to improve cognitive, emotional and social functioning in brain-damaged patients.

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Tereshin, Alexey Е., Vera V. Kiryanova, Dmitry A. Reshetnik, Maria Yu Efimova, and Elena K. Savelyeva. "Photochromotherapy using narrow-band optical radiation of 530 nm wavelength in cognitive rehabilitation of patients with focal brain lesions." HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov201911127-38.

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The objective of the research was to study the nootropic effects of photochromotherapy using narrow-band optical radiation (PCT NBOR) of 530 nm wavelength in combination with the standard medical and psychological therapy in cognitive impairments rehabilitation in patients with focal brain lesions. Materials and methods. The rehabilitation outcomes in 141 patients with cognitive impairments due to focal brain lesions were studied. Patients were subdivided into two groups: 90 patients of the control group were treated with the standard nootropic medications and neuropsychological procedures; 51 patients of the main group were additionally treated with PCT NBOR of 530 nm wavelength transorbitally and in the neck-collar zone. The dynamics of the score increase according to Rivermid, Karnovsky, Roshina, MMSE, mRS, HDRS, SF-36 scales were analyzed. Conclusion. PCT NBOR of 530 nm wavelength has advantages in restoring the functional state, attention, counting, reading, and speech intrinsic to the ischemic brain damage compared to the standard cognitive rehabilitation program. In the patients with hemorrhagic stroke PCT NBOR of 530 nm wavelength has no significant effect on cognitive functions; however it improves the general functional state.

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Merrier, Louisette, Réjean Hébert, and Louise Gauthier. "Motor Free Visual Perceptual Test: Impact of Vertical Answer Cards Position on Performance of Adults with Hemispatial Visual Neglect." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 15, no. 4 (October 1995): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929501500401.

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Patients who have hemispatial visual neglect (HVN) have difficulty directing their attention toward the visual field contralateral to the side of the lesion. This affects their performance on perceptual assessment tests and masks related visual perceptual deficits. The aim of this study was to verify whether a vertical position of the answer cards of the Motor Free Visual Perceptual Test (MVPT) could overcome this problem. Three groups of subjects were involved in the study: 15 healthy subjects, 15 subjects who had right brain damage without HVN, and 9 subjects who had right brain damage with HVN. The presence of HVN was established by positive test results for at least one of the two tests used, the Albert Test and the Bells Test. The subjects performed the MVPT twice—once in its standard version, and once in a modified version in which the answer cards were presented in a vertical position. The equivalence between the two forms was confirmed with healthy subjects and subjects with right brain damage without HVN. Tor the subjects who had HVN, the vertical positioning of the answer cards caused significantly less interference (p < .05). The test-retest reliability coefficient for the two versions of the MVPT was 0.92–0.94.

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Uchtenhagen, A. "Psychiatric rehabilitation in Switzerland." European Psychiatry 11, S2 (1996): 90s—96s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)84750-x.

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SummaryPsychiatric rehabilitation at present has a focus on the prevention of chronic disability and on active rehabilitation of socalled new long-stay patients. This is a major public health problem, concerning about one-third of all disabled persons in need of rehabilitation. Close co-operation between the various agencies concerned, with funding organizations, patients organizations etc, is of high priority in assuring effective rehabilitation. Various structures and models have been realized in order to facilitate such cooperation. The main axes of rehabilitation are lodging, occupation, financial independence/support, need for out-patient psychiatric care and quality of life. Rehabilitation results are measured along those axes, based on an assessment of patients' needs and satisfaction. Specific programmes have been implemented for various diagnostic groups, especially schizophrenic psychosis, mental retardation, substance dependence and organic brain damage. Specifications of these diversified programmes are described. Evaluation of rehabilitation efforts uses different designs, methods and instruments; a harmonization on the level of instruments is intended. A few examples regarding evaluation results (concerning schizophrenic and drug dependent patients) are presented. Finally, external factors limiting the efficacy of rehabilitation efforts are described.

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Kasrin, Rinawati. "Pendekatan Tele-Rehabilitasi Pada Pasien Stroke: Literature Review." REAL in Nursing Journal 4, no. 3 (December 28, 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.32883/rnj.v4i3.1503.

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Abstract: Stroke is a condition where blood supply to the brain is disrupted, resulting in lack of oxygen, brain damage and loss of function. Post-stroke is the most difficult period for patients, they will experience disability and the inability to carry out activities as usual and they will have difficulty in self-care. To sustain life rehabilitation is an important component of post-stroke management. The rehabilitation therapy is to improve motor function, cognitive, emotional, psychological and social well-being. In reality there are many barriers for stroke survivors to access rehabilitation care face-to-face such as time restrictions, limited resources, geographical isolation, adherence to rehabilitation, and lack of awareness. One way to overcome access barriers is through technological innovation with tele-rehabilitation. The purpose of writing this literature review is to analyze the implementation of tele-rehabilitation in stroke patients. The data sources used are from databases such as PubMed, Proquest and Google Scholars. There were 21 relevant articles and 5 of them became the material for analysis in this study. The results of the review found that tele-rehabilitation could be a suitable choice as an alternative for post-stroke rehabilitation care for patients. This has potential implications for patients, especially in remote or underserved areas.Keywords:approach, tele-rehabilitation, stroke patients

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Kiran, Swathi, Carrie Des Roches, Isabel Balachandran, and Elsa Ascenso. "Development of an Impairment-Based Individualized Treatment Workflow Using an iPad-Based Software Platform." Seminars in Speech and Language 35, no. 01 (January 21, 2014): 038–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1362995.

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Individuals with language and cognitive deficits following brain damage likely require long-term rehabilitation. Consequently, it is a huge practical problem to provide the continued communication therapy that these individuals require. The present project describes the development of an impairment-based individualized treatment workflow using a software platform called Constant Therapy. This article is organized into two sections. We will first describe the general methods of the treatment workflow for patients involved in this study. There are four steps in this process: (1) the patient's impairment is assessed using standardized tests, (2) the patient is assigned a specific and individualized treatment plan, (3) the patient practices the therapy at home and at the clinic, and (4) the clinician and the patient can analyze the results of the patient's performance remotely and monitor and alter the treatment plan accordingly. The second section provides four case studies that provide a representative sample of participants progressing through their individualized treatment plan. The preliminary results of the patient treatment provide encouraging evidence for the feasibility of a rehabilitation program for individuals with brain damage based on the iPad (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA).

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Shlopak, Lev. "Rehabilitation of patients after spinal cord injury." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2008-04.

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It was not in vain that nature took care of the safety of the central nervous system organs – brain is reliably protected by the bones of the skull and the spinal cord is in a strong bone framework, which is represented by the vertebral column. However in some cases intensity of the received injuries is so pronounced that the vertebrae are unable to protect the spinal cord and this leads to spinal cord injuries. Mortality rate as a result of this type of injury is very high, it depends on the location and degree of damage, timeliness of emergency care and medical capabilities available in the arsenal of a particular healthcare institution. But even if doctors manage to stabilize the patient’s condition, subsequent recovery and prognosis will largely depend on the implemented rehabilitation measures. Here it is important not only to restore the lost physical functions, psychological and social rehabilitation is of great importance, since rhythm and lifestyle are change completely in a patient with such injuries. Crucial point of rehabilitation measures in patients with spinal cord injury is ergotherapy – actions aimed at restoring selfcare skills in order to minimize the degree of dependence on others. Several specialists, the actions of which must be strictly coordinated, should take part in the rehabilitation of patients with a spinal cord injury. The sooner the start of rehabilitation measures is, the greater are the chances for the patient to restore vital functions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Brain damage – Patients – Rehabilitation'

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