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1
Boroday, Sergey. "Some arguments in favor of embodied cognition." Philosophy Journal 17, no. 2 (May 2024): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2024-17-2-137-152.
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The article criticizes a number of assumptions of the disembodied approach to mind, according to which human mind and higher cognitive capacities can be represented without a human body or without a body part outside the brain; the bodily correlate of mind is the human brain; mind and cognition can be conceptualized as computation. In contrast, arguments for the conception of embodied cognition are presented: 1) the prototypical form of mind is impossible without natural language, and language is impossible without the body; 2) the brain-in-a-vat mental experiment is inadequate because the individual brain mirrors idiosyncratic experiences associated with the body that cannot be translated into extramodal “information”; the brain cannot be isolated from the rest of the nervous system and the body as a whole, and the fullest understanding of nervous system functioning is possible only from comparative-evolutionary, ontogenetic, and cultural perspectives; 3) biological processes and those involving conscious states cannot be reduced to “computation” because of the incommensurability of ontologies.
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Whitten, Tara A., Laura J. Martz, Anthony Guico, Nicole Gervais, and Clayton T. Dickson. "Heat Synch: Inter- and Independence of Body-Temperature Fluctuations and Brain-State Alternations in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 3 (September 2009): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00374.2009.
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During sleep, warm-blooded animals exhibit cyclic alternations between rapid-eye-movement (REM) and nonrapid-eye-movement (non-REM) states, characterized by distinct patterns of brain activity apparent in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings coupled with corresponding changes in physiological measures, including body temperature. Recently we have shown that urethane-anesthetized rats display cyclic alternations between an activated state and a deactivated state that are highly similar in both EEG and physiological characteristics to REM and non-REM sleep states, respectively. Here, using intracranial local field potential recordings from urethane-anesthetized rats, we show that brain-state alternations were correlated to core temperature fluctuations induced using a feedback-controlled heating system. Activated (REM-like) states predominated during the rising phase of the temperature cycle, whereas deactivated (non-REM-like) states predominated during the falling phase. Brain-state alternations persisted following the elimination of core temperature fluctuations by the use of a constant heating protocol, but the timing and rhythmicity of state alternations were altered. In contrast, thermal fluctuations applied to the ventral surface (and especially the scrotum) of rats in the absence or independently of core temperature fluctuations appeared to induce brain-state alternations. Heating brought about activated patterns, whereas cooling produced deactivated patterns. This shows that although alternations of sleeplike brain states under urethane anesthesia can be independent of imposed temperature variations, they can also be entrained through the activation of peripheral thermoreceptors. Overall, these results imply that brain state and bodily metabolism are highly related during unconsciousness and that the brain mechanisms underlying sleep cycling and thermoregulation likely represent independent, yet coupled oscillators.
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Harré, Rom. "Nagel's Challenge and the Mind-Body Problem." Philosophy 74, no. 2 (April 1999): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819199000285.
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Nagel has argued that the ‘mind-body’ problem, as traditionally conceived, is insoluble. His challenge to philosophers is to devise a metaphysical scheme that incorporates materialist concepts in describing first person experience and mentalistic concepts in describing third person experience, such that the internal relations between the concepts thereby constructed are necessary. Nagel's own suggestion, a scheme not unlike the ‘underlying process’ schemes of the physical sciences, seems to lead him towards a covert materialism. Progress can be made in meeting the challenge by tackling the problem first by taking the units in each ‘sphere’ to be brains and persons. I show that a metaphysics based on the metaphor of person defined tasks and materially defined tools does satisfy both Nagel's challenge conditions. To devise a scheme for qualia and brain-states I turn back to Locke's presentation of the primary/secondary quality distinction. This depends on the concept of a causal power, grounded in material states of the world. While this scheme is inadequate, a variation, based on Gibson's concept of an affordance, and drawing on Bohr's resolution of the seeming incompatibility between wave and particle ontologies for physics, is promising. The world, whatever it is, affords material states to our perceptual apparatus, and mental states to our proprioceptual apparatus. The mental states/brain states duality is not a duality of types of states, which might stand in causal relations to one another, but is a duality of means of access to two classes of affordances of whatever the world is. There is no mind-body problem in the traditional sense, namely ‘How could a material state cause or be caused by a mental state?’
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Groothuis, Jitte, and Hans M. Smid. "Nasonia Parasitic Wasps Escape from Haller's Rule by Diphasic, Partially Isometric Brain-Body Size Scaling and Selective Neuropil Adaptations." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 90, no. 3 (2017): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480421.
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Haller's rule states that brains scale allometrically with body size in all animals, meaning that relative brain size increases with decreasing body size. This rule applies both on inter- and intraspecific comparisons. Only 1 species, the extremely small parasitic wasp Trichogramma evanescens, is known as an exception and shows an isometric brain-body size relation in an intraspecific comparison between differently sized individuals. Here, we investigated if such an isometric brain-body size relationship also occurs in an intraspecific comparison with a slightly larger parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, a species that may vary 10-fold in body weight upon differences in levels of scramble competition during larval development. We show that Nasonia exhibits diphasic brain-body size scaling: larger wasps scale allometrically, following Haller's rule, whereas the smallest wasps show isometric scaling. Brains of smaller wasps are, therefore, smaller than expected and we hypothesized that this may lead to adaptations in brain architecture. Volumetric analysis of neuropil composition revealed that wasps of different sizes differed in relative volume of multiple neuropils. The optic lobes and mushroom bodies in particular were smaller in the smallest wasps. Furthermore, smaller brains had a relatively smaller total neuropil volume and larger cellular rind than large brains. These changes in relative brain size and brain architecture suggest that the energetic constraints on brain tissue outweigh specific cognitive requirements in small Nasonia wasps.
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Ried, A. M. Soza. "The Lateralized Vestibular Stimulation: Effect on Mood, Cognition, and Autonomic States in Mental Disorders." Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy Research 11 (November 26, 2024): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2313-1047.2024.11.07.
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The vestibular system in the inner ear senses the body's movements, which is essential for regulating reflex movements and body balance at the brain stem level. Still, it is also critical in regulating high brain functions, including mental states, motivation, mood, cognition, and reasoning. This article reviews the neuro-functional effects of lateralized vestibular stimulation in three main brain areas involved in mental disorders: the parieto–insular–vestibular cortex (PIVC), the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus. We discuss its implications for the performance of high-demanding works and possible therapeutic applications in psychiatric patients.
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Romanchuk, N. "Cognitive Brain: Neuroscience, Neurophysiology and Neuroendocrinology of Emotions." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 158–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/88/21.
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Humancognitive brain integrates and synchronizes neurobiological, neurophysiological, and neuroendocrinological emotions that promote compassion and intersubjectivity that will help reduce stress and enhance compassionate mediation to resolve conflicts. The dependence of emotional states on context is also critical for affective neurology studies in which we want to experimentally manipulate emotional states. Emotions are functional states realized in the activities of neural systems that regulate complex behavior. Strategic is the creation of an integrative working model of emotions and stress, which specifies a time frame for measuring stress: acute, event, daily and chronic and a more accurate language for measuring stress. Human cognitive brains are biological, biophysical, neurophysiological, and medico-social information exchange paradigms. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting cognitive impairment and cognitive disorders, using combined and hybrid neuroimaging, next-generation sequencing, etc., in order to begin timely and effective rehabilitation of the Human brain. Social feelings have conceptual and empirical links to affect and emotion. The modern problem of affective neurology is to detail causal interactions between emotional states, emotion experiences, and emotion concepts: in healthy adults, all three usually occur together. Emotional states, along with many other signs of mental state, provide causal explanations for behavior. Emotions are “purposeful” because they are aimed at preparing the body to respond to situations that have repeatedly arisen throughout evolution. In conceptual stages of development, emotions become more differentiated and diverse as the cognitive brain of Human (individual, person, personality) postpones memories of emotional events often caused by social interactions, assesses situations, and develops coping mechanisms, including expectation, appropriate levels of arousal, and cognitive control of emotional behavior. Human brain working in the mode of genius (talent, creativity) requires the creation and maintenance of modern neurocompunctions between the new cortex and the hippocampus (memory library, memory hard drive), the formation of new structural and functional neurocompunctions in Human brain that occur continuously throughout the life of all life from birth to ultra-longevity and have creative advantages in the era of modern neuroscience and neuromarketing.
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Sepetyi, Dmytro. "The problem of mind-body interaction and the causal principle of Descartes’s Third Meditation." Sententiae 40, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent40.01.028.
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The article analyses recent English publications in Cartesian studies that deal with two problems: (1) the problem of the intrinsic coherence of Descartes’s doctrine of the real distinction and interaction between mind and body and (2) the problem of the consistency of this doctrine with the causal principle formulated in the Third Meditation. The principle at issue is alternatively interpreted by different Cartesian scholars either as the Hierarchy Principle, that the cause should be at least as perfect as its effects, or the Containment Principle, that the cause should contain all there is in its effects. The author argues that Descartes’s claim (in his argument against the scholastic doctrine of substantial forms) that it is inconceivable how things of different natures can interact does not conflict with the acknowledgement of interaction between things of different natures in the case of soul and body. The case is made that Cartesian mind-body interaction can agree with both the Hierarchy Principle and the Containment Principle, because the Principle is about total and efficient cause, whereas in the interaction, mental and brain states are only partial (and plausibly, in the case of brains states, occasional) causes. In particular, in the case of the causality in the brain-to-mind direction, the mind is conditioned by brain states to form the corresponding specific ideas on the basis of its innate general ideas of movements, forms, colours, etc. Eventually, for Descartes, the most natural way to deal with worries about the possibility of mind-brain interaction is to rely on God’s omnipotence, which certainly enables Him to arrange for such interaction.
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Glas, Gerrit. "CHURCHLAND, KANDEL AND DOOYEWEERD ON THE REDUCIBILITY OF MIND STATES." Philosophia Reformata 67, no. 2 (December 2, 2002): 148–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000260.
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This article is devoted to the conceptual analysis of two texts of leading scholars in cognitive neuroscience and its philosophy, Patricia Churchland and Eric Kandel. After a short introduction about the notion of reduction, I give a detailed account of the way both scientists view the relationship between theories about brain functioning on the one hand and consciousness and psychopathology, respectively, on the other hand. The analysis not only reveals underlying philosophical mind/brain conceptions and their inner tensions, but also the conceptual relevance of distinctions that are fundamental in the work of Dooyeweerd, such as the distinction between modes and entities, between law and subject and between subject function and object function. After a brief clarification of the way these distinctions function in Dooyeweerd’s theory of the body as an ‘enkaptic structural whole’, I try to explain how the conceptual framework, developed here, could be applied to brain functioning and leads to greater clarity in neuroscientific theorizing.
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Suárez-Grimalt, Raquel, Ilona C. Grunwald Kadow, and Lisa Scheunemann. "An integrative sensor of body states: how the mushroom body modulates behavior depending on physiological context." Learning & Memory 31, no. 5 (May 2024): a053918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.053918.124.
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The brain constantly compares past and present experiences to predict the future, thereby enabling instantaneous and future behavioral adjustments. Integration of external information with the animal's current internal needs and behavioral state represents a key challenge of the nervous system. Recent advancements in dissecting the function of theDrosophilamushroom body (MB) at the single-cell level have uncovered its three-layered logic and parallel systems conveying positive and negative values during associative learning. This review explores a lesser-known role of the MB in detecting and integrating body states such as hunger, thirst, and sleep, ultimately modulating motivation and sensory-driven decisions based on the physiological state of the fly. State-dependent signals predominantly affect the activity of modulatory MB input neurons (dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and octopaminergic), but also induce plastic changes directly at the level of the MB intrinsic and output neurons. Thus, the MB emerges as a tightly regulated relay station in the insect brain, orchestrating neuroadaptations due to current internal and behavioral states leading to short- but also long-lasting changes in behavior. While these adaptations are crucial to ensure fitness and survival, recent findings also underscore how circuit motifs in the MB may reflect fundamental design principles that contribute to maladaptive behaviors such as addiction or depression-like symptoms.
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Lifshitz, Michael, Robert T. Thibault, Raquel R. Roth, and Amir Raz. "Source Localization of Brain States Associated with Canonical Neuroimaging Postures." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 7 (July 2017): 1292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01107.
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Cognitive neuroscientists rarely consider the influence that body position exerts on brain activity; yet, postural variation holds important implications for the acquisition and interpretation of neuroimaging data. Whereas participants in most behavioral and EEG experiments sit upright, many prominent brain imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI) require participants to lie supine. Here we demonstrate that physical comportment profoundly alters baseline brain activity as measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG)—an imaging modality that permits multipostural acquisition. We collected resting-state MEG data from 12 healthy participants in three postures (lying supine, reclining at 45°, and sitting upright). Source-modeling analysis revealed a broadly distributed influence of posture on resting brain function. Sitting upright versus lying supine was associated with greater high-frequency (i.e., beta and gamma) activity in widespread parieto-occipital cortex. Moreover, sitting upright and reclining postures correlated with dampened activity in prefrontal regions across a range of bandwidths (i.e., from alpha to low gamma). The observed effects were large, with a mean Cohen's d of 0.95 ( SD = 0.23). In addition to neural activity, physiological parameters such as muscle tension and eye blinks may have contributed to these posture-dependent changes in brain signal. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, however, the present results have important implications for the acquisition and interpretation of multimodal imaging data (e.g., studies combining fMRI or PET with EEG or MEG). More broadly, our findings indicate that generalizing results—from supine neuroimaging measurements to erect positions typical of ecological human behavior—would call for considering the influence that posture wields on brain dynamics.
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van der Woude, Emma, and Hans M. Smid. "Effects of Isometric Brain-Body Size Scaling on the Complexity of Monoaminergic Neurons in a Minute Parasitic Wasp." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 89, no. 3 (2017): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000468974.
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Trichogramma evanescens parasitic wasps show large phenotypic plasticity in brain and body size, resulting in a 5-fold difference in brain volume among genetically identical sister wasps. Brain volume scales linearly with body volume in these wasps. This isometric brain scaling forms an exception to Haller's rule, which states that small animals have relatively larger brains than large animals. The large plasticity in brain size may be facilitated by plasticity in neuron size, in the number of neurons, or both. Here, we investigated whether brain isometry requires plasticity in the number and size of monoaminergic neurons that express serotonin (5HT), octopamine (OA), and dopamine (DA). Genetically identical small and large T. evanescens appear to have the same number of 5HT-, OA-, and DA-like immunoreactive cell bodies in their brains, but these cell bodies differ in diameter. This indicates that brain isometry can be facilitated by plasticity in the size of monoaminergic neurons, rather than plasticity in numbers of monoaminergic neurons. Selection pressures on body miniaturization may have resulted in the evolution of miniaturized neural pathways that allow even the smallest wasps to find suitable hosts. Plasticity in the size of neural components may be among the mechanisms that underlie isometric brain scaling while maintaining cognitive abilities in the smallest individuals.
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Cotter, David G., Rebecca C. Schugar, and Peter A. Crawford. "Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): H1060—H1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00646.2012.
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Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways that support bioenergetic homeostasis, particularly in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle when carbohydrates are in short supply. The metabolism of ketone bodies interfaces with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, sterol biosynthesis, glucose metabolism, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, hormonal signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and the microbiome. Here we review the mechanisms through which ketone bodies are metabolized and how their signals are transmitted. We focus on the roles this metabolic pathway may play in cardiovascular disease states, the bioenergetic benefits of myocardial ketone body oxidation, and prospective interactions among ketone body metabolism, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. Ketone body metabolism is noninvasively quantifiable in humans and is responsive to nutritional interventions. Therefore, further investigation of this pathway in disease models and in humans may ultimately yield tailored diagnostic strategies and therapies for specific pathological states.
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Wittmann, Marc. "The inner experience of time." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1525 (July 12, 2009): 1955–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0003.
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The striking diversity of psychological and neurophysiological models of ‘time perception’ characterizes the debate on how and where in the brain time is processed. In this review, the most prominent models of time perception will be critically discussed. Some of the variation across the proposed models will be explained, namely (i) different processes and regions of the brain are involved depending on the length of the processed time interval, and (ii) different cognitive processes may be involved that are not necessarily part of a core timekeeping system but, nevertheless, influence the experience of time. These cognitive processes are distributed over the brain and are difficult to discern from timing mechanisms. Recent developments in the research on emotional influences on time perception, which succeed decades of studies on the cognition of temporal processing, will be highlighted. Empirical findings on the relationship between affect and time, together with recent conceptualizations of self- and body processes, are integrated by viewing time perception as entailing emotional and interoceptive (within the body) states. To date, specific neurophysiological mechanisms that would account for the representation of human time have not been identified. It will be argued that neural processes in the insular cortex that are related to body signals and feeling states might constitute such a neurophysiological mechanism for the encoding of duration.
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Yu, Edwin Chau-Leung. "From Core and Mantle to Primary Integrality - A Brief Introduction of the Fit and Snug States." Journal of Alternative, Complementary & Integrative Medicine 7, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/acim-7562/100177.
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The body acting as a whole could function positively. In the body comprehensive functional-anatomical framework, adaptations start with core-to-match to the environment, and being fit and snug in living is important. For an individual to actuate and assert in confronting the surrounding environment, the body is prepared by a nervous and vascular co-directed development whence information and perfusion go together. This coupled nervous-perfusional adaptivity is for the first time expressed in this paper. Correspondingly, Chinese medicine describes the concept with Qi (Energy process) and Xue (Blood); and also related Yin Yang dynamics. Positivity in living in an individual can be ensured by the fit and snug processes with these body assets working together for advantages in living. The whole functional-anatomical body is involved from the heart, brain and other systems and managed in this perspective.
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Li, Xue, Xianwen Wu, Tangsheng Lu, Chenyan Kuang, Yue Si, Wei Zheng, Zhonghao Li, and Yanxue Xue. "Perineuronal Nets in the CNS: Architects of Memory and Potential Therapeutic Target in Neuropsychiatric Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 6 (March 18, 2024): 3412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063412.
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The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the brain possesses a distinctive composition and functionality, influencing a spectrum of physiological and pathological states. Among its constituents, perineuronal nets (PNNs) are unique ECM structures that wrap around the cell body of many neurons and extend along their dendrites within the central nervous system (CNS). PNNs are pivotal regulators of plasticity in CNS, both during development and adulthood stages. Characterized by their condensed glycosaminoglycan-rich structures and heterogeneous molecular composition, PNNs not only offer neuroprotection but also participate in signal transduction, orchestrating neuronal activity and plasticity. Interfering with the PNNs in adult animals induces the reactivation of critical period plasticity, permitting modifications in neuronal connections and promoting the recovery of neuroplasticity following spinal cord damage. Interestingly, in the adult brain, PNN expression is dynamic, potentially modulating plasticity-associated states. Given their multifaceted roles, PNNs have emerged as regulators in the domains of learning, memory, addiction behaviors, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we aimed to address how PNNs contribute to the memory processes in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Wessel, Susan. "The Reception of Greek Science in Gregory of Nyssa's De hominis opificio." Vigiliae Christianae 63, no. 1 (2009): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007208x306579.
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AbstractOne of the most significant philosophical questions that Gregory of Nyssa grappled with in his anthropological treatise, De hominis opificio, was how intelligible mind, the image of God that the human person contained, might possibly exist in the physically-circumscribed limits of the corporeal body. Gregory addressed this question by engaging in a medical controversy that was current in his day: where in the body was the reasoning faculty located? Against those who placed this faculty in the brain, Gregory argued that certain mental states and afflictions were due to physical conditions suffered by the body and, therefore, had nothing to do with the reasoning faculty being confined to the brain. I conclude that Gregory's selective use of the anatomical investigations of Galen and the Greek medical writers helped him construct a unified theory of the human person in which the intelligible activity of mind both interacted freely with the physical body and depended upon the body functioning naturally for the complete expression of its divine rationality.
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Cheniaux, Elie, and Carlos Eduardo de Sousa Lyra. "The dialog between psychoanalysis and neuroscience: what does philosophy of mind say?" Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 36, no. 4 (November 21, 2014): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0010.
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Objective: To briefly review how the main monist and dualist currents of philosophy of mind approach the mind-body problem and to describe their association with arguments for and against a closer dialog between psychoanalysis and neuroscience.Methods: The literature was reviewed for studies in the fields of psychology, psychoanalysis, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind.Results: Some currents are incompatible with a closer dialog between psychoanalysis and neurosciences: interactionism and psychophysical parallelism, because they do not account for current knowledge about the brain; epiphenomenalism, which claims that the mind is a mere byproduct of the brain; and analytical behaviorism, eliminative materialism, reductive materialism and functionalism, because they ignore subjective experiences. In contrast, emergentism claims that mental states are dependent on brain states, but have properties that go beyond the field of neurobiology.Conclusions: Only emergentism is compatible with a closer dialog between psychoanalysis and neuroscience.
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Choi, Eun-Kyoung, Valita Fredland, Carla Zachodni, J. Eugene Lammers, Patricia Bledsoe, and Paul R. Helft. "Brain Death Revisited: The Case for a National Standard." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 4 (2008): 824–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.00340.x.
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The concept of brain death evolved because advancements in medical science permitted unprecedented artificial maintenance of vital body functions by external means. Although the concept of brain death is accepted clinically, ethically, and legally in the United States, there is no national standard for the determination of brain death. There is evidence that variability and inconsistency in the process of determining brain death exist both in clinical settings and in State statutes. Several studies demonstrate that medical personnel determine brain death in variable ways, and have variable understandings of the definition of brain death. The declaration of death has significant legal consequences such as probate proceedings and liability issues for wrongful death. Inconsistencies in the determination of death may therefore be medically, ethically, and legally problematic.
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Wu, John Z., Christopher S. Pan, Bryan M. Wimer, and Charles L. Rosen. "Finite element simulations of the head–brain responses to the top impacts of a construction helmet: Effects of the neck and body mass." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 231, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411916678017.
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Traumatic brain injuries are among the most common severely disabling injuries in the United States. Construction helmets are considered essential personal protective equipment for reducing traumatic brain injury risks at work sites. In this study, we proposed a practical finite element modeling approach that would be suitable for engineers to optimize construction helmet design. The finite element model includes all essential anatomical structures of a human head (i.e. skin, scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, medulla, spinal cord, cervical vertebrae, and discs) and all major engineering components of a construction helmet (i.e. shell and suspension system). The head finite element model has been calibrated using the experimental data in the literature. It is technically difficult to precisely account for the effects of the neck and body mass on the dynamic responses, because the finite element model does not include the entire human body. An approximation approach has been developed to account for the effects of the neck and body mass on the dynamic responses of the head–brain. Using the proposed model, we have calculated the responses of the head–brain during a top impact when wearing a construction helmet. The proposed modeling approach would provide a tool to improve the helmet design on a biomechanical basis.
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Hess, Jacob Z., Edwin E. Gantt, Jeffrey R. Lacasse, and Nathan Vierling-Claassen. "Narrating the Brain." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 45, no. 2 (November 25, 2014): 168–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691624-12341276.
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Public conversation about biological contributors to mental disorder often centers on whether the problem is “biological or not.” In this paper, we propose moving beyond this bifurcation to a very different question:how exactlyare these problems understood to be biological? Specifically, we consider four issues around which different interpretations of the body’s relationship to mental disorder exist:1. The body’s relationship to day-to-day action; 2. The extent to which the body is changeable; 3. The body’s relationship to context; 4. The degree to which states of the body directly cause mental disorder.Drawing on the work of Merleau-Ponty and other phenomenologists, we examine different responses to these questions and associated implications for how mental health treatment and recovery come to be experienced. Finally, we consider broader questions these patterns raise, including why certain portrayals of the brain dominate public attention and how to foster more deliberation in this regard.
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McEwen, Bruce S., Jason D. Gray, and Carla Nasca. "60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Redefining neuroendocrinology: stress, sex and cognitive and emotional regulation." Journal of Endocrinology 226, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): T67—T83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-15-0121.
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The discovery of steroid hormone receptors in brain regions that mediate every aspect of brain function has broadened the definition of ‘neuroendocrinology’ to include the reciprocal communication between the brain and the body via hormonal and neural pathways. The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor. The adult and developing brain possess remarkable structural and functional plasticity in response to stress, including neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling, and synapse turnover. Stress causes an imbalance of neural circuitry subserving cognition, decision-making, anxiety and mood that can alter expression of those behaviors and behavioral states. This imbalance, in turn, affects systemic physiology via neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune and metabolic mediators. In the short term, as for increased fearful vigilance and anxiety in a threatening environment, these changes may be adaptive. But, if the danger passes and the behavioral state persists along with the changes in neural circuitry, such maladaptation may need intervention with a combination of pharmacological and behavioral therapies, as is the case for chronic anxiety and depression. There are important sex differences in the brain responses to stressors that are in urgent need of further exploration. Moreover, adverse early-life experience, interacting with alleles of certain genes, produce lasting effects on brain and body over the life-course via epigenetic mechanisms. While prevention is most important, the plasticity of the brain gives hope for therapies that take into consideration brain–body interactions.
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Dal Bò, Elisa, Claudio Gentili, and Cinzia Cecchetto. "Human Chemosignals and Brain Activity: A Preliminary Meta-analysis of the Processing of Human Body Odors." Chemical Senses 45, no. 9 (October 14, 2020): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa067.
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Abstract Across phyla, chemosignals are a widely used form of social communication and increasing evidence suggests that chemosensory communication is present also in humans. Chemosignals can transfer, via body odors, socially relevant information, such as specific information about identity or emotional states. However, findings on neural correlates of processing of body odors are divergent. The aims of this meta-analysis were to assess the brain areas involved in the perception of body odors (both neutral and emotional) and the specific activation patterns for the perception of neutral body odor (NBO) and emotional body odor (EBO). We conducted an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on 16 experiments (13 studies) examining brain activity during body odors processing. We found that the contrast EBO versus NBO resulted in significant convergence in the right middle frontal gyrus and the left cerebellum, whereas the pooled meta-analysis combining all the studies of human odors showed significant convergence in the right inferior frontal gyrus. No significant cluster was found for NBOs. However, our findings also highlight methodological heterogeneity across the existing literature. Further neuroimaging studies are needed to clarify and support the existing findings on neural correlates of processing of body odors.
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Burke, Adam, and Autumn Gonzalez. "Growing Interest in Meditation in the United States." Biofeedback 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-39.2.09.
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Meditation is a self-regulatory, mind-body process used to help engage attention and awareness, and to produce a state of inner quiescence. It has been used as a self-transformative practice for millennia, most notably in the Far East. Interest in meditation was evident in the United States in the late 19th century, and began to flourish during the early 1960s as Transcendental Meditation, Zen, and other traditions grew significantly in popularity. Over the ensuing decades a large body of scientific literature has also emerged. One factor contributing to this growth in publications is an increasingly sophisticated ability to measure brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and advance EEG and MEG technologies. National surveys, including the National Health Interview Survey's (NHIS), also show clear evidence of growing consumer interest in meditation. The NHIS shows use of meditation to be in the top ten most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. The most recent 2007 NHIS compared findings of meditation use with reported use in the 2002 survey. A statistically significant increase in mediation practice among adults in the previous 12 months was noted, up from 7.6% in 2002 to 9.4% in 2007.
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Nguyen, Thanh Khoa, Sophia Baker, John-Michael Rodriguez, Liana Arceri, and Rebecca A. Wingert. "Using Zebrafish to Study Multiciliated Cell Development and Disease States." Cells 13, no. 21 (October 23, 2024): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13211749.
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Multiciliated cells (MCCs) serve many important functions, including fluid propulsion and chemo- and mechanosensing. Diseases ranging from rare conditions to the recent COVID-19 global health pandemic have been linked to MCC defects. In recent years, the zebrafish has emerged as a model to investigate the biology of MCCs. Here, we review the major events in MCC formation including centriole biogenesis and basal body docking. Then, we discuss studies on the role of MCCs in diseases of the brain, respiratory, kidney and reproductive systems, as well as recent findings about the link between MCCs and SARS-CoV-2. Next, we explore why the zebrafish is a useful model to study MCCs and provide a comprehensive overview of previous studies of genetic components essential for MCC development and motility across three major tissues in the zebrafish: the pronephros, brain ependymal cells and nasal placode. Taken together, here we provide a cohesive summary of MCC research using the zebrafish and its future potential for expanding our understanding of MCC-related disease states.
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Borghini, Gianluca, Pietro Aricò, Gianluca Di Flumeri, Nicolina Sciaraffa, and Fabio Babiloni. "Correlation and Similarity between Cerebral and Non-Cerebral Electrical Activity for User’s States Assessment." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 9, 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030704.
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Human tissues own conductive properties, and the electrical activity produced by human organs can propagate throughout the body due to neuro transmitters and electrolytes. Therefore, it might be reasonable to hypothesize correlations and similarities between electrical activities among different parts of the body. Since no works have been found in this direction, the proposed study aimed at overcoming this lack of evidence and seeking analogies between the brain activity and the electrical activity of non-cerebral locations, such as the neck and wrists, to determine if i) cerebral parameters can be estimated from non-cerebral sites, and if ii) non-cerebral sensors can replace cerebral sensors for the evaluation of the users under specific experimental conditions, such as eyes open or closed. In fact, the use of cerebral sensors requires high-qualified personnel, and reliable recording systems, which are still expensive. Therefore, the possibility to use cheaper and easy-to-use equipment to estimate cerebral parameters will allow making some brain-based applications less invasive and expensive, and easier to employ. The results demonstrated the occurrence of significant correlations and analogies between cerebral and non-cerebral electrical activity. Furthermore, the same discrimination and classification accuracy were found in using the cerebral or non-cerebral sites for the user’s status assessment.
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Harvey, Arthur W. "Is Brain Research Relevant for Music Education?" British Journal of Music Education 3, no. 2 (July 1986): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700005313.
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During the past several years Dr Harvey has presented seminars on ‘Music and the Brain’ throughout the United States and Canada. In the course of a weekend seminar in 1985 he was, once again, particularly impressed with the power of music to affect individuals in many different ways; musical performances (live and taped) evoked responses as diverse as excitement, tears, loneliness, increases in pulse rate, changes in breathing rate, spontaneous body movement, memory recall and imagery experiences. To understand just how the brain produces both biophysical and psychological responses to music requires a basic understanding of the human brain, the areas of the human personality affected through brain processes, and an awareness of the interactions of musical elements affecting us. In this article Dr Harvey outlines some of the directions of recent research.
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Dickinson, Edwin, Melody W. Young, Daniel Tanis, and Michael C. Granatosky. "Patterns and Factors Influencing Parrot (Order: Psittaciformes) Success in Establishing Thriving Naturalized Populations within the Contiguous United States." Animals 13, no. 13 (June 24, 2023): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13132101.
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Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) represent one of the most striking and ecomorphologically diverse avian clades, spanning more than two orders of magnitude in body size with populations occupying six continents. The worldwide diaspora of parrots is largely due to the pet trade, driven by human desire for bright, colorful, and intelligent animals as companions. Some introduced species have aptly inserted themselves into the local ecosystem and established successful breeding colonies all around the globe. Notably, the United States is home to several thriving populations of introduced species including red-masked parakeets (Psittacara erythrogenys), monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), nanday conures (Aratinga nenday), and red-crowned amazons (Amazona viridigenalis). Their incredible success globally begs the question as to how these birds adapt so readily to novel environments. In this commentary, we trace parrots through evolutionary history, contextualize existent naturalized parrot populations within the contiguous United States, and provide a phylogenetic regression analysis of body mass and brain size based on success in establishing breeding populations. The propensity for a parrot species to become established appears to be phylogenetically driven. Notably, parrots in the family Cacatuidae and Neotropical Pyrrhua appear to be poor at establishing themselves in the United States once released. Although brain size among Psittaciformes did not show a significant impact on successful breeding in the continental United States, we propose that the success of parrots can be attributed to their charismatic nature, significant intelligence relative to other avian lineages, and behavioral flexibility.
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Krystofova, Jana, Praneeti Pathipati, Jeffrey Russ, Ann Sheldon, and Donna Ferriero. "The Arginase Pathway in Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia." Developmental Neuroscience 40, no. 5-6 (2018): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496467.
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Brain damage after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) occurs in an age-dependent manner. Neuroprotective strategies assumed to be effective in adults might have deleterious effects in the immature brain. In order to create effective therapies, the complex pathophysiology of HI in the developing brain requires exploring new mechanisms. Critical determinants of neuronal survival after HI are the extent of vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress, followed later by tissue repair. The key enzyme of these processes in the human body is arginase (ARG) that acts via the bioavailability of nitric oxide, and the synthesis of polyamines and proline. ARG is expressed throughout the brain in different cells. However, little is known about the effect of ARG in pathophysiological states of the brain, especially hypoxia-ischemia. Here, we summarize the role of ARG during neurodevelopment as well as in various brain pathologies.
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Frohlich, Joel, Daniel Toker, and Martin M. Monti. "Consciousness among delta waves: a paradox?" Brain 144, no. 8 (March 9, 2021): 2257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab095.
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Abstract A common observation in EEG research is that consciousness vanishes with the appearance of delta (1–4 Hz) waves, particularly when those waves are high amplitude. High amplitude delta oscillations are frequently observed in states of diminished consciousness, including slow wave sleep, anaesthesia, generalized epileptic seizures, and disorders of consciousness, such as coma and the vegetative state. This strong correlation between loss of consciousness and high amplitude delta oscillations is thought to stem from the widespread cortical deactivation that occurs during the ‘down states’ or troughs of these slow oscillations. Recently, however, many studies have reported the presence of prominent delta activity during conscious states, which casts doubt on the hypothesis that high amplitude delta oscillations are an indicator of unconsciousness. These studies include work in Angelman syndrome, epilepsy, behavioural responsiveness during propofol anaesthesia, postoperative delirium, and states of dissociation from the environment such as dreaming and powerful psychedelic states. The foregoing studies complement an older, yet largely unacknowledged, body of literature that has documented awake, conscious patients with high amplitude delta oscillations in clinical reports from Rett syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, schizophrenia, mitochondrial diseases, hepatic encephalopathy, and non-convulsive status epilepticus. At the same time, a largely parallel body of recent work has reported convincing evidence that the complexity or entropy of EEG and magnetoencephalographic signals strongly relates to an individual’s level of consciousness. Having reviewed this literature, we discuss plausible mechanisms that would resolve the seeming contradiction between high amplitude delta oscillations and consciousness. We also consider implications concerning theories of consciousness, such as integrated information theory and the entropic brain hypothesis. Finally, we conclude that false inferences of unconscious states can be best avoided by examining measures of electrophysiological complexity in addition to spectral power.
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Wittmann, Marc, and Virginie van Wassenhove. "The experience of time: neural mechanisms and the interplay of emotion, cognition and embodiment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1525 (July 12, 2009): 1809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0025.
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Time research has been a neglected topic in the cognitive neurosciences of the last decades: how do humans perceive time? How and where in the brain is time processed? This introductory paper provides an overview of the empirical and theoretical papers on the psychological and neural basis of time perception collected in this theme issue. Contributors from the fields of cognitive psychology, psychiatry, neurology and neuroanatomy tackle this complex question with a variety of techniques ranging from psychophysical and behavioural experiments to pharmacological interventions and functional neuroimaging. Several (and some new) models of how and where in the brain time is processed are presented in this unique collection of recent research that covers experienced time intervals from milliseconds to minutes. We hope this volume to be conducive in developing a better understanding of the sense of time as part of complex set of brain–body factors that include cognitive, emotional and body states.
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Sharma, Raksha, and Meera K. Bhojani. "A Critical Review on Nidraas aCardinal Requisite for Optimal Health and Well Being." International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga 06, no. 01 (2023): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47223/irjay.2023.6118.
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Ayurvedaas a holistic science lays great emphasis on lifestyle modification under Ahar(Diet), Vihar(Daily regimen) and Aoushadh(triad for prevention and treatment of all diseases).Among vihara nidrais considered as a very influencing factorin Ayurvedaclassics. Nindrais considered as one of the sub pillar of Trayopasthambh which includes Ahaar, Bhramcharya, and Nidra. Ahaar nourishes our body, Brahmcharya nourishes mind but Nidra nourishes both bodyand mind. Sleep maintains the functions of entire body through homeostasis; contemporary science states that NREM (non rapid eye movement) sleep may be state of brain repair i.e. of increased cerebral protein synthesis or of reprogramming the brain so that the information achieved in a wakeful functioning is most efficiently assimilated. Ayurvedasubstantiates the similar opinion by designating it as ‘Bhut-Dhatri‘which nourishes the all living beings.
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Khorev, Vladimir, Artem Badarin, Vladimir Antipov, Vladimir Maksimenko, and Semen Kurkin. "EEG activity during balance platform test in humans." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 8, 2019, Number 3 (November 30, 2019): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2019-8-3-132-136.
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In order to analyze different human brain states related to perception and maintaining of body posture, we implemented an experiment with a balance platform. It is known the cerebral cortex regulates subcortical postural centers to maintain upright balance and posture and balance demands. However, the cortical mechanisms that support standing balance remain elusive. In this work, we present an EEG-based analysis during execution of balance responses with distinct postural demands. The results suggest the existence of common features in the EEG structure associated with distinct activity during balance maintaining. This may give new directions for future research in the field of brain activity, and for the development of brain-computer interfaces.
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McEwen, Bruce S. "Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress." Chronic Stress 1 (February 2017): 247054701769232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470547017692328.
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The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor, which promote adaptation (“allostasis”) but also contribute to pathophysiology (“allostatic load/overload”) when overused and dysregulated. The adult as well as developing brain possesses a remarkable ability to show structural and functional plasticity in response to stressful and other experiences, including neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling and synapse turnover. Stress can cause an imbalance of neural circuitry subserving cognition, decision making, anxiety and mood that can increase or decrease expression of those behaviors and behavioral states. This imbalance, in turn, affects systemic physiology via neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune and metabolic mediators. In the short term, these changes may be adaptive; but, if the threat passes and the behavioral state persists along with the changes in neural circuitry, such maladaptation requires intervention with a combination of pharmacological and behavioral therapies. There are important sex differences in how the brain responds to stressors. Moreover, adverse early life experience, interacting with alleles of certain genes, produces lasting effects on brain and body via epigenetic mechanisms. While prevention is key, the plasticity of the brain gives hope for therapies that utilize brain–body interactions. Policies of government and the private sector are important to promote health and increase “healthspan.”
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Düzel, Sandra, Johanna Drewelies, Denis Gerstorf, Ilja Demuth, Simone Kühn, and Ulman Lindenberger. "Facets of Subjective Health Horizons Are Differentially Linked to Brain Volume." GeroPsych 31, no. 3 (September 2018): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000191.
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Abstract. An active lifestyle including physical exercise and novelty processing is considered to promote brain health. Also, subjective future time perspectives (FTP) are known to shape motivation and goal-directed behavior, with links to objective health, well-being, and cognition. Nevertheless, the links between subjective FTP and brain physiology are largely unknown. We report data from 326 healthy older adults who completed the Subjective Health Horizon Questionnaire (SHH-Q) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed associations between (1) the SHH-Q Novelty factor and brain regions of the episodic memory network, and (2) the SHH-Q Body factor and regions contributing to the cortical representation of bodily states. Longitudinal and experimental data are needed to better understand the etiology of these links.
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FREEMAN, WALTER J., ROBERTO LIVI, MASASHI OBINATA, and GIUSEPPE VITIELLO. "CORTICAL PHASE TRANSITIONS, NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS AND THE TIME-DEPENDENT GINZBURG–LANDAU EQUATION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 06 (March 10, 2012): 1250035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921250035x.
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The formation of amplitude modulated and phase modulated assemblies of neurons is observed in the brain functional activity. The study of the formation of such structures requires that the analysis has to be organized in hierarchical levels, microscopic, mesoscopic, macroscopic, each with its characteristic space-time scales and the various forms of energy, electric, chemical, thermal produced and used by the brain. In this paper, we discuss the microscopic dynamics underlying the mesoscopic and the macroscopic levels and focus our attention on the thermodynamics of the nonequilibrium phase transitions. We obtain the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equation for the nonstationary regime and consider the formation of topologically nontrivial structures such as the vortex solution. The power laws observed in functional activities of the brain is also discussed and related to coherent states characterizing the many-body dissipative model of brain.
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Lertkrai, Puriwat, Nattapong Kaewboonma, and Jutaporn Lertkrai. "The Ontology of Food and Nutrition System for Pre-School." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.19 (November 27, 2018): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.19.23204.
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Nutrition is very important for pre-school children age 1-5 years. At this age, they grow too fast both with body and brain. Structural damages in the body and brain may result if children are underweight or obese. In this research, we propose an ontology development of food and nutrition for ore-school that aims to assist pre-school in daily diet selections based on Thai foods menus and nutrition guidelines. This research reused existing ontologies and resources to present the ontology modeling and rules-based that focus on Thai pre-school. The methodology of this research can be summarized into four major states; data collection, ontology development, rules-based development, and evaluation. The eight main classes of this ontology are Body Mass Index (BMI) levels, Thai foods menus, Food energy levels, and knowledge base for providing the recommendation based on BMI level for Thai pre-school. In addition, the evaluation result from domain experts ensured that this ontology and rules-based can be used in Thai food menu recommendation system for Thai pre-school.  Â
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Xiao, Haijun, Binita Shrestha, Gabriel Gallegos, Nuala Kalensky, Dhruv Patel, Maurizio Bocchetta, Tyrone M. Porter, and Muna Aryal. "The efficiency of ultrasonic glymphatic manipulation-based intrathecal drug delivery depends on the physiological states." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018309.
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Recently, for the first time, we discovered that brain-wide application of low-pressure transcranial focused ultrasound can be used to enhance the parenchymal penetration of intrathecally administered imaging agents to a large portion of the brain through the glymphatic pathway. This proof-of-concept study only investigated the delivery efficiency in fully anesthetized animals (2.5% isoflurane). Here, we aim to determine how different anesthetic conditions affect the delivery efficiency as the glymphatic system is altered by the physiological states. We assigned three rat experimental groups: heavy-3% isoflurane (n = 4), moderate-2.5% isoflurane (n = 4), and light-1.5% isoflurane (n = 5), co-delivered two different-sized imaging tracers intrathecally (IRDye + trypan blue, IRDye labeled IgG antibody + trypan blue), and exposed ultrasound (650 kHz, 0.2 MPa for 10 min). We measured heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen level, perfusion, and body temperature during the test and imaged the ex vivo brain using an optical imaging system. We observed that the distribution of the delivered agents in the brain parenchyma is higher in light anesthetic groups as compared to moderate and higher ones, and it depends on the molecular size of the agents as well. Future work is to increase the number of animals in each group, perform statistical analysis to confirm the preliminary findings, and determine the delivery efficacy of the technique on metastatic cancer model. M. Aryal et al., J Control Release (2022), PMID:35798095.
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Preston, Stephanie D., and Alicia J. Hofelich. "The Many Faces of Empathy: Parsing Empathic Phenomena through a Proximate, Dynamic-Systems View of Representing the Other in the Self." Emotion Review 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073911421378.
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A surfeit of research confirms that people activate personal, affective, and conceptual representations when perceiving the states of others. However, researchers continue to debate the role of self–other overlap in empathy due to a failure to dissociate neural overlap, subjective resonance, and personal distress. A perception–action view posits that neural-level overlap is necessary during early processing for all social understanding, but need not be conscious or aversive. This neural overlap can subsequently produce a variety of states depending on the context and degree of common experience and emotionality. We outline a framework for understanding the interrelationship between neural and subjective overlap, and among empathic states, through a dynamic-systems view of how information is processed in the brain and body.
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Arifin, Hasanul. "SECRETS OF QUR'AN INTERACTION AND BRAIN HEALTH." International Journal of Islamic and Complementary Medicine 3, no. 1 (May 10, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55116/ijicm.v3i1.33.
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Human beings were created by Allah with complex and complex structures and functions. The more we try to dig about the brain, it will never end. Therefore, everything that Allah made every part of us is a sign of Allah's greatness that should be our contemplation together. There is a term that states that understanding how the brain works is the main way to uncover the very essence of human beings. Character (morals or behavior) is the most important thing that must be owned by every human being and we must observe and analyze that the brain is the center of human character. The brain is part of the composition of the central nervous system that works as a center for controlling human activities in the form of thinking, moving, behaving, feeling something, remembering, and so on. Without the brain, humans will not live, like inanimate objects, without any use and potential. If we talk about interactions with the Qur'an that humans do such as reading, memorizing, listening, meditating or contemplating the meaning of the Qur'an, then this will affect the function directly or indirectly even the structure and function of the brain itself microscopically cellular can be affected. Many studies have been conducted to prove how the effects of the Qur'an from listening, reading, memorizing the Qur'an to brain function, especially in terms of brain waves, mental health, and so on. Health effects can be obtained very much before we interact with the Qur'an. If we analyze simply the stages of a person's activity before interacting with the Qur'an also indirectly has a positive impact on the body.
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Gulyaeva, Natalia V., and Danil I. Peregud. "An Intricated pas de deux of Addicted Brain and Body Is Orchestrated by Stress and Neuroplasticity." Biochemistry (Moscow) 89, no. 11 (November 2024): 1863–67. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0006297924110014.
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Abstract Dependence on psychoactive substances is a phenomenon that is based on the alterations of common molecular and cellular mechanisms, structures and neuronal networks underlying normal brain functioning and realizing stress response, reinforcement and aversion, learning and memory. As a result, aberrant neuroplasticity states associated with somatic changes are formed, which determine the pathogenesis and symptoms of dependence and at the same time can be considered as targets for the development of therapies for such addictions. An integrative scheme of stress and neuroplastic changes participation in the formation of the vicious circle of substance use disorders based on a holistic approach is presented. This special issue of the journal focuses on the molecular mechanisms of psychoactive substance use disorders.
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Jiang, Ying, Jia Yu Wang, Xiao Fu Huang, Chun Lan Mai, and Wen Bo Liao. "Brain size evolution in small mammals: test of the expensive tissue hypothesis." Mammalia 85, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2019-0134.
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Abstract Brain size exhibits significant changes within and between species. Evolution of large brains can be explained by the need to improve cognitive ability for processing more information in changing environments. However, brains are among the most energetically expensive organs. Enlarged brains can impose energetic demands that limit brain size evolution. The expensive tissue hypothesis (ETH) states that a decrease in the size of another expensive tissue, such as the gut, should compensate for the cost of a large brain. We studied the interplay between energetic limitations and brain size evolution in small mammals using phylogenetically generalized least squares (PGLS) regression analysis. Brain mass was not correlated with the length of the digestive tract in 37 species of small mammals after correcting for phylogenetic relationships and body size effects. We further found that the evolution of a large brain was not accompanied by a decrease in male reproductive investments into testes mass and in female reproductive investment into offspring number. The evolution of brain size in small mammals is inconsistent with the prediction of the ETH.
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Wei, Pengna, Tong Chen, Jinhua Zhang, Jiandong Li, Jun Hong, and Lin Zhang. "Study of the Brain Functional Connectivity Processes During Multi-Movement States of the Lower Limbs." Sensors 24, no. 21 (October 31, 2024): 7016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24217016.
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Studies using source localization results have shown that cortical involvement increased in treadmill walking with brain–computer interface (BCI) control. However, the reorganization of cortical functional connectivity in treadmill walking with BCI control is largely unknown. To investigate this, a public dataset, a mobile brain–body imaging dataset recorded during treadmill walking with a brain–computer interface, was used. The electroencephalography (EEG)-coupling strength of the between-region and within-region during the continuous self-determinant movements of lower limbs were analyzed. The time–frequency cross-mutual information (TFCMI) method was used to calculate the coupling strength. The results showed the frontal–occipital connection increased in the gamma and delta bands (the threshold of the edge was >0.05) during walking with BCI, which may be related to the effective communication when subjects adjust their gaits to control the avatar. In walking with BCI control, the results showed theta oscillation within the left-frontal, which may be related to error processing and decision making. We also found that between-region connectivity was suppressed in walking with and without BCI control compared with in standing states. These findings suggest that walking with BCI may accelerate the rehabilitation process for lower limb stroke.
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Bykov, Yu N. "Integrative activity of the brain in health and disease of the nervous system." Neurology Bulletin XXXIII, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2001): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb79755.
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Attempts to link human mental and mental activity with the brain were made in the days of Hippocrates (460-370 BC) and Galen (131-201). At the same time, a connection between the brain and movements on the opposite half of the body was noticed. This was judged by the occurrence of seizures in the half of the body opposite to the lesion of the head [44]. The origin of this fact was associated with a general disruption of the brain. The pathogenesis of all disease states was explained by the humoral theory. In accordance with it, the balance of four fluids - phlegm, blood, black and yellow bile - ensures the normal development and activity of the body. When the balance of these components is disturbed, a disease occurs [39]. In the 17th century, Thomas Willis, the author of the term "neurology", somewhat modernized the humoral theory [45]. He believed that general sensitivity is represented in the striatum, his own feelings in the corpus callosum, and memory in the cortex. This marked the beginning of the development of localization as a direction in the study of brain function. At the extreme pole of this scientific worldview is the phrenological teaching of Franz-Joseph Gall and his students [36]. They assumed that mental and moral qualities are localized in certain areas of the brain surface. At the same time, there is a direct relationship between the degree of development of a particular ability and the volume of its cortical representation. By the shape of the skull, its "tubercles" and "bumps, Gall tried to unravel the professional abilities of a person and characterological features. In 1842, Flurance and Haller put forward the thesis of the physiological equivalence of the cortex. The dogma of the equipotentiality of parts of the brain arose, and then the theory of universalism appeared.
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Greeson, Jeffrey M. "Mindfulness Research Update: 2008." Complementary health practice review 14, no. 1 (January 2009): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533210108329862.
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Objective: To briefly review the effects of mindfulness on the mind, the brain, the body, and behavior. Methods: Selective review of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases (2003—2008) using the terms ``mindfulness,'' ``meditation,'' ``mental health,'' ``physical health,'' ``quality of life,'' and ``stress reduction.'' A total of 52 exemplars of empirical and theoretical work were selected for review. Results: Both basic and clinical research indicate that cultivating a more mindful way of being is associated with less emotional distress, more positive states of mind, and better quality of life. In addition, mindfulness practice can influence the brain, the autonomic nervous system, stress hormones, the immune system, and health behaviors, including eating, sleeping, and substance use, in salutary ways. Conclusion: The application of cutting-edge technology toward understanding mindfulness— an ``inner technology''—is elucidating new ways in which attention, awareness, acceptance, and compassion may promote optimal health—in mind, body, relationships, and spirit.
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Sato, Tamotu, Eiichi Imura, Akisato Murata, and Noboru Igarashi. "Thyroid hormone-catecholamine interrelationship during cold acclimation in rats Compensatory role of catecholamine for altered thyroid states." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4 (December 1986): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1130536.
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Abstract. Effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism on catecholamine (CA) metabolism in the brain, adrenal glands, liver, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were studied in adult rats during cold acclimation. Hypothyroidism was induced by the administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) and hyperthyroidism by the injection of thyroxine (T4). After 2 weeks of treatment, they were exposed to cold (5°C) and sacrificed after 1 or 4 weeks. Although the body weight gain of PTU-treated rats were markedly impaired, the body temperature was maintained within normal range. They had increased cerebral dopamine, adrenal CA and BAT norepinephrine (NE) contents, enhanced cerebral tyrosine hydroxylase and adrenal dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) activities and elevated [3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA) binding to liver plasma membranes (P <0.01 vs controls). T4-treated rats showed an increased brain and adrenal CA only after cold exposure. The BAT NE content, DHA binding to liver plasma membranes, and [3H]guanosine diphosphate binding to BAT mitochondria were reduced by 30 to 50% from control values after 4 weeks of cold exposure. These results indicate that during cold acclimation, 1) thyroid hormone deficiency is associated with an accelerated CA synthesis and release, which results in an enhanced BAT thermogenesis, and 2) the hyperthyroid state suppresses CA release, hepatic DHA binding, and BAT heat production. Thus, there is a close metabolic interrelationship between thyroid hormone and CA during exposure to cold. CA appears to ameliorate thyroid hormone excess or deficiency.
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Zhou, Pin, Hugo Critchley, Yoko Nagai, and Chao Wang. "Divergent Conceptualization of Embodied Emotions in the English and Chinese Languages." Brain Sciences 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070911.
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Traditional cognitive linguistic theories acknowledge that human emotions are embodied, yet they fail to distinguish the dimensions that reflect the direction of neural signaling between the brain and body. Differences exist across languages and cultures in whether embodied emotions are conceptualized as afferent (feelings from the body) or efferent (enacted through the body). This important distinction has been neglected in academic discourse, arguably as a consequence of the ‘lexical approach’, and the dominance within the affective psychology of the cognitive and semantic models that overlook the role of interoception as an essential component of affective experience. Empirical and theoretical advances in human neuroscience are driving a reappraisal of the relationships between the mind, brain and body, with particular relevance to emotions. Allostatic (predictive) control of the internal bodily states is considered fundamental to the experience of emotions enacted through interoceptive sensory feelings and through the evoked physiological and physical actions mediated through efferent neural pathways. Embodied emotion concepts encompass these categorized outcomes of bidirectional brain–body interactions yet can be differentiated further into afferent or interoceptive and efferent or autonomic processes. Between languages, a comparison of emotion words indicates the dominance of afferent or interoceptive processes in how embodied emotions are conceptualized in Chinese, while efferent or autonomic processes feature more commonly in English. Correspondingly, in linguistic expressions of emotion, Chinese-speaking people are biased toward being more receptive, reflective, and adaptive, whereas native English speakers may tend to be more reactive, proactive, and interactive. Arguably, these distinct conceptual models of emotions may shape the perceived divergent values and ‘national character’ of Chinese- and English-speaking cultures.
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Li, Wei, Wan Yu, Claudia Sadowski-Smith, and Hao Wang. "Intellectual Migration and Brain Circulation:Conceptual Framework and Empirical Evidence知识移民和智力流动: 概念框架和实证研究." Journal of Chinese Overseas 11, no. 1 (May 8, 2015): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341300.
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A growing body of academic research and policy initiatives has addressed the global race for talent against the backdrop of the unprecedented scope and pace of skilled international migration. In this article, we coin the term “intellectual migration” as an analytical framework for international migration to explore how the experiences of students and skilled migrants to the United States from Brazil, Russia, India, and China (the bric countries) complicate notions of brain circulation. This framework not only brings together students and skilled migrants but also takes into account the complex relationship between these migrants’ career aspirations and their connections to their (extended) families, their racialization in the United States, and economic and geopolitical changes in their home countries.
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Basil, Rochelle A., Margaret L. Westwater, Martin Wiener, and James C. Thompson. "A Causal Role of the Right Superior Temporal Sulcus in Emotion Recognition From Biological Motion." Open Mind 2, no. 1 (December 2017): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00015.
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Understanding the emotions of others through nonverbal cues is critical for successful social interactions. The right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is one brain region thought to be key in the recognition of the mental states of others based on body language and facial expression. In the present study, we temporarily disrupted functional activity of the right pSTS by using continuous, theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) to test the hypothesis that the right pSTS plays a causal role in emotion recognition from body movements. Participants ( N = 23) received cTBS to the right pSTS, which was individually localized using fMRI, and a vertex control site. Before and after cTBS, we tested participants’ ability to identify emotions from point-light displays (PLDs) of biological motion stimuli and a nonbiological global motion identification task. Results revealed that accurate identification of emotional states from biological motion was reduced following cTBS to the right pSTS, but accuracy was not impaired following vertex stimulation. Accuracy on the global motion task was unaffected by cTBS to either site. These results support the causal role of the right pSTS in decoding information about others’ emotional state from their body movements and gestures.
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Kessler, Remi A., Ansh Bhammar, Nikita Lakomkin, Raj K. Shrivastava, Jonathan J. Rasouli, Jeremy Steinberger, Joshua Bederson, Constantinos G. Hadjipanayis, and Deborah L. Benzil. "Spinal cord injury in the United States Army Special Forces." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 34, no. 1 (January 2021): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.7.spine20804.
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OBJECTIVESpinal cord injury (SCI) is an area of key interest in military medicine but has not been studied among the US Army Special Forces (SF), the most elite group of US soldiers. SF soldiers make up a disproportionate 60% of all Special Operations casualties. The objective of this study was to better understand SCI incidence in the SF, its mechanisms of acquisition, and potential areas for intervention by addressing key issues pertaining to protective equipment and body armor use.METHODSAn electronic survey questionnaire was formulated with the close collaboration of US board-certified neurosurgeons from the Mount Sinai Hospital and Cleveland Clinic Departments of Neurosurgery, retired military personnel of the SF, and operational staff of the Green Beret Foundation. The survey was sent to approximately 6000 SF soldiers to understand SCI diagnosis and its associations with various health and military variables.RESULTSThe response rate was 8.2%. Among the 492 respondents, 94 (19.1%) self-reported an SCI diagnosis. An airborne operation was the most commonly attributed cause (54.8%). Moreover, 87.1% of SF soldiers reported wearing headgear at the time of injury, but only 36.6% reported wearing body armor, even though body armor use has significantly increased in post-9/11 SF soldiers compared with that in their pre-9/11 counterparts. SCI was significantly associated with traumatic brain injury, arthritis, low sperm count, low testosterone, erectile dysfunction, tinnitus, hyperacusis, sleep apnea, posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Only 16.5% of SF soldiers diagnosed with SCI had been rescued via medical evacuation (medevac) for treatment.CONCLUSIONSA high number of SF soldiers self-reported an SCI diagnosis. Airborne operations landings were the leading cause of SCI, which coincided with warfare tactics employed during the Persian Gulf War, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and other conflicts. A majority of SCIs occurred while wearing headgear and no body armor, suggesting the need for improvements in protective equipment use and design. The low rate of medevac rescue for these injuries may suggest that medical rescue was not attainable at the time or that certain SCIs were deemed minor at the time of injury.
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Rajput, Harshita Vikramsingh. "Effect of OM Chanting on Brain through EEG Signal Analysis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53562.
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Abstract: Electroencephalography (EEG) signals is an important tool in neuroscience. The behavior of human body can be controlled by millions of neurons present in human brain. EEG is an efficient modality which helps to acquire brain signal corresponds to the various states from scalp surface area. EEG is nothing but the electrical activity of brain. As we know meditation is important since the old days. Meditation can impact more on our brain signal. Recently, the brain signal has made powerful attention towards brain diseases like depression, memory loss, stress etc. Therefore, this work aims to study the importance of OM Meditation which could be very marvel for the people who are under the strain and also who are annoyed with daily routine. In this work, analysis of OM chanting signal before and after and classification is carried out, to verify the significance of meditation. The process involves major two steps: first step is to pre-process or extract the features and second stage is to apply machine learning algorithms. The performance of these methods can be assessed by OM chanting data and quantitative metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, precision.