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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Braid group

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Academic literature on the topic 'Braid group'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Braid group"

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Nasution, Mahyuddin K. M. "The braid group: redefining." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819701005.

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The role of the braid group constitutes one of the invariant measurements. Through the classification of braids formed several parts of the braid group, but does not computationally distinguish them. Some characteristics have been expressed to give the features to a braid in braid group based on redefining relation between braid group and permutation group.

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Paul, Kamakhya, Pinkimani Goswami, and Madan Mohan Singh. "ALGEBRAIC BRAID GROUP PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY." jnanabha 52, no. 02 (2022): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58250/jnanabha.2022.52225.

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The braid group cryptography arises with the involvement of the braid group, which is an infinite non-commutative group arising from geometric braids. In this paper, we have proposed a new public key cryptosystem based on braid group. The security of our proposed scheme is based on two hard problems on braid group, conjugacy search problem and p-th root problem on braid group. We also checked the one-wayness, semantic security and efficiency of our proposed scheme, and found it to be computationally secured

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El-Ghoul, M., and M. M. Al-Shamiri. "Retraction of Braid and Braid Group." Asian Journal of Algebra 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2007): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aja.2008.1.9.

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El-Ghoul, M., and M. M. Al-Shamiri. "Retraction of Braid and Braid Group*." Asian Journal of Algebra 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2009): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aja.2010.8.16.

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Bardakov, Valeriy G., Slavik Jablan, and Hang Wang. "Monoid and group of pseudo braids." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 25, no. 09 (August 2016): 1641002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216516410029.

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Rodr�guez-Romo, Suemi. "Braid group symmetries." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 30, no. 11 (November 1991): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00675607.

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KAUFFMAN, LOUIS H., and SOFIA LAMBROPOULOU. "A CATEGORICAL MODEL FOR THE VIRTUAL BRAID GROUP." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 21, no. 13 (October 24, 2012): 1240008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216512400081.

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This paper gives a new interpretation of the virtual braid group in terms of a strict monoidal category SC that is freely generated by one object and three morphisms, two of the morphisms corresponding to basic pure virtual braids and one morphism corresponding to a transposition in the symmetric group. The key to this approach is to take pure virtual braids as primary. The generators of the pure virtual braid group are abstract solutions to the algebraic Yang–Baxter equation. This point of view illuminates representations of the virtual braid groups and pure virtual braid groups via solutions to the algebraic Yang–Baxter equation. In this categorical framework, the virtual braid group is a natural group associated with the structure of algebraic braiding. We then point out how the category SC is related to categories associated with quantum algebras and Hopf algebras and with quantum invariants of virtual links.

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Häring-Oldenburg, Reinhard. "Braid lift representations of Artin's Braid Group." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 09, no. 08 (December 2000): 1005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216500000591.

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We recast the braid-lift representation of Contantinescu, Lüdde and Toppan in the language of B-type braid theory. Composing with finite dimensional representations of these braid groups we obtain various sequences of finite dimensional multi-parameter representations.

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Chang, Wonjun, Byung Chun Kim, and Yongjin Song. "An infinite family of braid group representations in automorphism groups of free groups." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 29, no. 10 (August 5, 2020): 2042007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216520420079.

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The [Formula: see text]-fold ([Formula: see text]) branched coverings on a disk give an infinite family of nongeometric embeddings of braid groups into mapping class groups. We, in this paper, give new explicit expressions of these braid group representations into automorphism groups of free groups in terms of the actions on the generators of free groups. We also give a systematic way of constructing and expressing these braid group representations in terms of a new gadget, called covering groupoid. We prove that each generator [Formula: see text] of braid group inside mapping class group induced by [Formula: see text]-fold covering is the product of [Formula: see text] Dehn twists on the surface.

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Fedoseev, Denis A., Vassily O. Manturov, and Zhiyun Cheng. "On marked braid groups." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 24, no. 13 (November 2015): 1541005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216515410059.

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In this paper, we introduce [Formula: see text]-braids and, more generally, [Formula: see text]-braids for an arbitrary group [Formula: see text]. They form a natural group-theoretic counterpart of [Formula: see text]-knots, see [V. O. Manturov; Reidemeister moves and groups, preprint (2014), arXiv:1412.8691]. The underlying idea used in the construction of these objects — decoration of crossings with some additional information — generalizes an important notion of parity introduced by the second author (see [V. O. Manturov, Parity in knot theory, Sb. Math. 201(5) (2010) 693–733]) to different combinatorically geometric theories, such as knot theory, braid theory and others. These objects act as natural enhancements of classical (Artin) braid groups. The notion of dotted braid group is introduced: classical (Artin) braid groups live inside dotted braid groups as those elements having presentation with no dots on the strands. The paper is concluded by a list of unsolved problems.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Braid group"

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Longrigg, Jonathan James. "Aspects of Braid group cryptography." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492947.

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Franko, Jennifer M. "Braid group representations via the Yang Baxter equation." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3278226.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Mathematics, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 5995. Advisers: Zhenghan Wang; Kent Orr. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 9, 2008).

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Weinberger, Oskar. "The braid group, representations and non-abelian anyons." Thesis, KTH, Matematik (Inst.), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-167993.

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This bachelor’s thesis concerns unitary linear representations of the braid group, motivated by their connection to two dimensional particle statistics and certain quasi-particles called non-abelian anyons. Particle statistics in two dimensions is related to the braid group via the fundamental group of the configuration space of indistinguishable particles in two dimensions, and non-abelian anyons correspond to non-commutative unitary representations of the braid group. In the aim of understanding these connections and studying the mathematical possibilities for non-abelian anyons, algebraic and topological definitions as well as results about braids and their representations are presented and investigated. The focus is on representations of low dimension, and a characterisation of low-dimensional irreducible complex representations is analysed. The unitarisability of such representations and the consequences for non-abelian anyons are then considered.
Detta kandidatexamensarbete berör unitära linjära representationer av flätgruppen, med motivering av deras koppling till två dimensionell partikelstatistik och de kvasipartiklar som kallas icke-abelska anyoner. Partikelstatistik i två dimensioner är relaterat till flätgruppen via fundamental gruppen av konfigurationsrummet av icke-särskiljbara partiklar i två dimensioner, och icke-abelska anyoner svarar mot icke-kommutativa unitära representationerav flätgruppen. I syfte att förstå dessa kopplingar och studera de matematiska möjligheterna för icke-abelska anyoner presenteras och undersöks algebraiska och topologiska definitioner såväl som resultat för flätor och deras representationer. Fokus är på representationer med låg dimension, och en karaktärisering av lågdimensionella irreducibla komplexa representationer analyseras. Vidarebetraktas unitariserbarheten av sådana representationer och konsekvenserna för icke-abelska anyoner.

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Cornwell, Christopher R. "On the Combinatorics of Certain Garside Semigroups." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1381.pdf.

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Puente, Philip C. "Crystallographic Complex Reflection Groups and the Braid Conjecture." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011877/.

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Crystallographic complex reflection groups are generated by reflections about affine hyperplanes in complex space and stabilize a full rank lattice. These analogs of affine Weyl groups have infinite order and were classified by V.L. Popov in 1982. The classical Braid theorem (first established by E. Artin and E. Brieskorn) asserts that the Artin group of a reflection group (finite or affine Weyl) gives the fundamental group of regular orbits. In other words, the fundamental group of the space with reflecting hyperplanes removed has a presentation mimicking that of the Coxeter presentation; one need only remove relations giving generators finite order. N.V Dung used a semi-cell construction to prove the Braid theorem for affine Weyl groups. Malle conjectured that the Braid theorem holds for all crystallographic complex reflection groups after constructing Coxeter-like reflection presentations. We show how to extend Dung's ideas to crystallographic complex reflection groups and then extend the Braid theorem to some groups in the infinite family [G(r,p,n)]. The proof requires a new classification of crystallographic groups in the infinite family that fail the Steinberg theorem.

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Henderson, Roger William. "Cryptanalysis of braid group cryptosystem and related combinatorial structures." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440519.

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Sweeney, Andrew. "A Study of Topological Invariants in the Braid Group B2." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3407.

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The Jones polynomial is a special topological invariant in the field of Knot Theory. Created by Vaughn Jones, in the year 1984, it is used to study when links in space are topologically different and when they are topologically equivalent. This thesis discusses the Jones polynomial in depth as well as determines a general form for the closure of any braid in the braid group B2 where the closure is a knot. This derivation is facilitated by the help of the Temperley-Lieb algebra as well as with tools from the field of Abstract Algebra. In general, the Artin braid group Bn is the set of braids on n strands along with the binary operation of concatenation. This thesis also shows results of the relationship between the closure of a product of braids in B2 and the connected sum of the closure of braids in B2. Results on the topological invariant of tricolorability of closed braids in B2 and (2,n) torus links along with their obverses are presented as well.

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Penrod, Keith G. "Infinite Product Group." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/976.

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The theory of infinite multiplication has been studied in the case of the Hawaiian earring group, and has been seen to simplify the description of that group. In this paper we try to extend the theory of infinite multiplication to other groups and give a few examples of how this can be done. In particular, we discuss the theory as applied to symmetric groups and braid groups. We also give an equivalent definition to K. Eda's infinitary product as the fundamental group of a modified wedge product.

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East, James Phillip Hinton. "On Monoids Related to Braid Groups and Transformation Semigroups." School of Mathematics and Statistics, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2438.

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East, James Phillip Hinton. "On Monoids Related to Braid Groups and Transformation Semigroups." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2438.

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Books on the topic "Braid group"

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Todorov, Ivan T. Quantum groups and braid group statistics in conformal current algebra models. Vitória, Brazil: Editora da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Introduction to complex reflection groups and their braid groups. Berlin: Springer, 2010.

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2-knots and their groups. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Murasugi, Kunio. A Study of Braids. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999.

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Kassel, Christian, and Vladimir Turaev. Braid Groups. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68548-9.

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Fröhlich, Jürg. Quantum groups, quantum categories, and quantum field theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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S, Rosenberg Robin, ed. Introducing psychology: Brain, person, group. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2011.

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Broué, Michel. Introduction to Complex Reflection Groups and Their Braid Groups. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11175-4.

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Saito, K. Semi-algebraic geometry of braid groups. Kyoto, Japan: Kyōto Daigaku Sūri Kaiseki Kenkyūjo, 2005.

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Havard, Cody T. Intense Group Behavior and Brand Negativity. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23456-9.

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Book chapters on the topic "Braid group"

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Murasugi, Kunio, and Bohdan I. Kurpita. "The braid group." In A Study of Braids, 11–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9319-9_2.

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Rehren, K. H. "Braid Group Statistics." In Geometry and Theoretical Physics, 141–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76353-3_4.

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Lusztig, George. "Braid Group Relations." In Introduction to Quantum Groups, 304–17. Boston: Birkhäuser Boston, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-4717-9_39.

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Jackson, David M., and Iain Moffatt. "Braids and the Braid Group." In CMS Books in Mathematics, 49–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05213-3_4.

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Murasugi, Kunio, and Bohdan I. Kurpita. "Quotient groups of the braid group." In A Study of Braids, 74–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9319-9_5.

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Fenn, Roger, Richárd Rimányi, and Colin Rourke. "Some Remarks on the Braid-Permutation Group." In Topics in Knot Theory, 57–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1695-4_5.

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Fröhlich, Jürg, and Thomas Kerler. "Local quantum theory with braid group statistics." In Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 17–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0084246.

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Jantzen, Jens. "Braid group actions and PBW type basis." In Lectures on Quantum Groups, 141–72. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/gsm/006/11.

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Myasnikov, Alexei, Vladimir Shpilrain, and Alexander Ushakov. "Random Subgroups of Braid Groups: An Approach to Cryptanalysis of a Braid Group Based Cryptographic Protocol." In Public Key Cryptography - PKC 2006, 302–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11745853_20.

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Ge, M. L., F. Piao, L. Y. Wang, and K. Xue. "Witten’s Approach, Braid Group Representations and X-Deformations." In Nonlinear Physics, 152–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84148-4_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Braid group"

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Ranjan, Pratik, and Hari Om. "Braid groups based group signature scheme." In 2015 4th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and Future Directions). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrito.2015.7359230.

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OOTSUKA, TAKAYOSHI, and KAZUHIRO SAKUMA. "BRAID GROUP AND TOPOLOGICAL QUANTUM COMPUTING." In Summer School on Mathematical Aspects of Quantum Computing. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812814487_0002.

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Aziz, Ryan Kasyfil, and Intan Muchtadi-Alamsyah. "Braid group representation on quantum computation." In THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4930633.

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Kauffman, Louis H. "Majorana fermions and representations of the artin braid group." In Quantum Information Science, Sensing, and Computation X, edited by Michael Hayduk and Eric Donkor. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2305473.

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Kauffman, Louis H., and Samuel J. Lomonaco, Jr. "Topological quantum computing and SU (2) braid group representations." In SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Eric J. Donkor, Andrew R. Pirich, and Howard E. Brandt. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.778068.

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Cohen, F. R., and J. Pakianathan. "The stable braid group and the determinant of the Burau representation." In International Conference in Homotopy Theory. Mathematical Sciences Publishers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/gtm.2007.10.117.

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Li, Shouwei, and Qiang Mei. "Public-key coding system based on grey generation and Braid group." In 2011 International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2011.6044147.

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WIECZOREK, K., and L. JACAK. "BRAID GROUP AND CONFIGURATION SPACE OF THE SYSTEM OF COMPOSITE FERMIONS." In Proceedings of the Sixth's International School of Theoretical Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811479_0020.

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Omine, Taisei, Yuki Morimoto, and Reiji Tsuruno. "Automatic Generation of a 3D Braid Hair Model from a Single Image." In SIGGRAPH '22: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3532719.3543216.

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Wojcik, Casey, Kai Wang, Avik Dutt, Janet Zhong, and Shanhui Fan. "Eigenvalue Topology of Non-Hermitian Band Structures in Two and Three Dimensions." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.ff2c.2.

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In one dimension, eigenvalue topology of non-Hermitian photonic systems is classified by the braid group. Here, we give a complete description of the much richer eigenvalue topology in two and three dimensions.

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Reports on the topic "Braid group"

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Workman, Jane E., Seung-Hee Lee, and Kyangho Jung. Fashion Adoption Groups and Consumer-Brand Relationships. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-26.

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Shijani, Seyed Mohammad Malakooti, Sina Neshat, Hossein Shayestehyekta, and Milad Gorgani. Lance-Adams syndrome; what we know now. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0025.

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Review question / Objective: 1. In Lance-Adams syndrome, what is the effect of current therapeutic management on improving patients' condition compared with the control group? 2. Are EEG, Brain CT, MRI, and brain SPECT more accurate in diagnosing Lance-Adams syndrome? 3. Does Early diagnosis and treatment influence the quality of life in patients with Lance-Adams syndrome? 4. Are patients with abnormal cortical discharge or cerebellum brain stem and thalamus cortical circuit or neurotransmitter imbalance at higher risk for/of Lance-Adams syndrome compared with patients without these symptoms? Condition being studied: LAS is a group of clinical symptoms; The primary manifestation is action myoclonus which can occur as generalized, focal, or multifocal repeated myoclonic motor movement myoclonus. In some patients, sensory stimuli can trigger myoclonus. Furthermore, negative myoclonus can impair posture and cause falls in the lower extremities.

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Perlick, Deborah, Kristy S. Troster, Adrian Cristian, Katherine Taber, and Larry Tupler. Multi-Family Group Intervention for OEF/OIF Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors and Their Families. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada549764.

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ERSHOVA, E., and S. KOSHEVENKO. PROJECT APPROACH IN THE BRANDING OF TERRITORIES. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2021-10-5-3-66-71.

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The article is devoted to the formation and development of the brand of the territory. The authors propose for consideration a model of territorial branding based on a project approach. Brand building is viewed as a project with initiation, planning, implementation and completion phases. The authors point to the need to identify groups of stakeholders, a detailed analysis of the target audience, building a communication strategy and focusing projects in the field of territorial branding on the formation of the product portfolio of the region.

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Mattheis, Ashley A. Atomwaffen Division and its Affiliates on Telegram: Variations, Practices, and Interconnections. RESOLVE Network, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.1.

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This research brief details findings from a recent collaborative project exploring different groups related to Atomwaffen Division (AWD) on Telegram. The brief provides an initial foray into understanding the digital communicative practices these AWD-related groups use to maintain their loose structure as a transnational, digitally networked extremist culture. Groups affiliated with the meta-brand of AWD are continuing to develop globally and building a transnational, digital networked culture, despite increased scrutiny. This indicates that their structure as a digitally networked, transnational culture provides resilience to traditional policy and law enforcement approaches. Addressing this threat requires insight into the practices that such groups use to interconnect their now multi-nodal, supranational organization.

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Qian, Guoping, Xiaoye Cai, Kai Xu, Hao Tian, Qiao Meng, Zbigniew Ossowski, and Jinghong Liang. Which Gait Training Intervention Can Most Effectively Improve Gait Ability in Patients with Cerebral Palsy? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0108.

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Review question / Objective: To help physiotherapists and clinicians make clinical decisions, they may wish to know, on average, "the optimal treatment", so a comprehensive and up-to-date systematic review should be conducted on the relative effectiveness of gait ability intervention programmes in patients with CP. Using NMA, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of different approaches of gait training on gait ability in CP patients. The specific aim of this study was to verify the relative effectiveness of different gait interventions on the gait ability of people with CP. Condition being studied: Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of disorders attributed to non-progressive brain dysfunction in the developing foetus or infant, and it is characterized by central motor and postural dysplasia.

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Kerrigan, Susan, Phillip McIntyre, and Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Geelong and Surf Coast. Queensland University of Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.206969.

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Geelong and the Surf Coast are treated here as one entity although there are marked differences between the two communities. Sitting on the home of the Wathaurong Aboriginal group, this G21 region is geographically diverse. Geelong serviced a wool industry on its western plains, while manufacturing and its seaport past has left it as a post-industrial city. The Surf Coast has benefitted from the sea change phenomenon. Both communities have fast growing populations and have benefitted from their proximity to Melbourne. They are deeply integrated with this major urban centre. The early establishment of digital infrastructure proved an advantage to certain sectors. All creative industries are represented well in Geelong while many creatives in Torquay are embedded in the high profile and economically dominant surfing industry. The Geelong community is serviced well by its own creative industries with well-established advertising firms, architects, bookshops, gaming arcades, movie houses, music venues, newspaper headquarters, brand new and iconic performing and visual arts centres, libraries and museums, television and radio all accessible in its refurbished downtown area. Co-working spaces, collective practices and entrepreneurial activity are evident throughout the region.

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Abufhele, Alejandra, David Bravo, Florencia Lopez-Boo, and Pamela Soto-Ramirez. Developmental losses in young children from pre-primary program closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003920.

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The learning and developmental losses from pre-primary program closures due to COVID-19 may be unprecedented. These disruptions early in life, when the brain is more sensitive to environmental changes, can be long-lasting. Although there is evidence about the effects of school closures on older children, there is currently no evidence on such losses for children in their early years. This paper is among the first to quantify the actual impact of pandemic-related closures on child development, in this case for a sample of young children in Chile, where school and childcare closures lasted for about a year. We use a unique dataset collected face-to-face in December 2020, which includes child development indicators for general development, language development, social-emotional development, and executive function. We are able to use a first difference strategy because Chile has a history of collecting longitudinal data on children as part of their national social policies monitoring strategy. This allows us to construct a valid comparison group from the 2017 longitudinal data. We find adverse impacts on children in 2020 compared to children interviewed in 2017 in most development areas. In particular, nine months after the start of the pandemic, we find a loss in language development of 0.25 SDs. This is equivalent to the impact on a childs language development of having a mother with approximately five years less education. Timely policies are needed to mitigate these enormous losses.

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Bacharach, Eran, W. Ian Lipkin, and Avigdor Eldar. Identification of the etiological agent of tilapia disease in the Lake of Galillee. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597932.bard.

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Background to the topic. Tilapines serve as the second most important group of farmed fish worldwide. Massive mortality of wild and cultured tilapia has been observed recently in Israel but the pathogen of this disease has not been identified. We proposed to identify the agent responsible for disease.  Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We characterized the lesions in diseased fish and found that the brain was one of the affected organs. We found conditions to isolate from brains of diseased fish the etiological agent of the tilapia disease and to propagate it in cell culture. This led to the identification of the pathogen as a novel RNA virus, which we named Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV). Electron microscopy of TiLV revealed virion-like particles and ether/chloroform-sensitivity assays demonstrated that TiLV is enveloped. Low passage TiLV, injected intra-peritoneally to tilapia, induced a disease with over 80% mortality. Cohabitation of healthy with diseased fish demonstrated that the disease is contagious, and that mortalities occur within few days. Fish surviving initial mortality were immune to further TiLV infections, suggesting the mounting of protective immune response. Screening cDNA libraries and high throughput sequencing determined the sequence of TiLV genome. This demonstrated that TiLV is indeed a novel virus and allowed the design of a PCRbased diagnostic test.  Implications, both scientific and agricultural. The characterization of a novel, emerging RNA virus that imposes major threat to the tilapia industry, enables the specific identification of the virus in tilapines. This allows prompt screening and surveillance of TiLV, epidemiological studies, and disease containment. This also potentially opens the way for the development of vaccines against TiLV.

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Newman-Toker, David E., Susan M. Peterson, Shervin Badihian, Ahmed Hassoon, Najlla Nassery, Donna Parizadeh, Lisa M. Wilson, et al. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer258.

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Objectives. Diagnostic errors are a known patient safety concern across all clinical settings, including the emergency department (ED). We conducted a systematic review to determine the most frequent diseases and clinical presentations associated with diagnostic errors (and resulting harms) in the ED, measure error and harm frequency, as well as assess causal factors. Methods. We searched PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL®), and Embase® from January 2000 through September 2021. We included research studies and targeted grey literature reporting diagnostic errors or misdiagnosis-related harms in EDs in the United States or other developed countries with ED care deemed comparable by a technical expert panel. We applied standard definitions for diagnostic errors, misdiagnosis-related harms (adverse events), and serious harms (permanent disability or death). Preventability was determined by original study authors or differences in harms across groups. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility; serially extracted data regarding common diseases, error/harm rates, and causes/risk factors; and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. We synthesized results for each question and extrapolated U.S. estimates. We present 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) or plausible range (PR) bounds, as appropriate. Results. We identified 19,127 citations and included 279 studies. The top 15 clinical conditions associated with serious misdiagnosis-related harms (accounting for 68% [95% CI 66 to 71] of serious harms) were (1) stroke, (2) myocardial infarction, (3) aortic aneurysm and dissection, (4) spinal cord compression and injury, (5) venous thromboembolism, (6/7 – tie) meningitis and encephalitis, (6/7 – tie) sepsis, (8) lung cancer, (9) traumatic brain injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, (10) arterial thromboembolism, (11) spinal and intracranial abscess, (12) cardiac arrhythmia, (13) pneumonia, (14) gastrointestinal perforation and rupture, and (15) intestinal obstruction. Average disease-specific error rates ranged from 1.5 percent (myocardial infarction) to 56 percent (spinal abscess), with additional variation by clinical presentation (e.g., missed stroke average 17%, but 4% for weakness and 40% for dizziness/vertigo). There was also wide, superimposed variation by hospital (e.g., missed myocardial infarction 0% to 29% across hospitals within a single study). An estimated 5.7 percent (95% CI 4.4 to 7.1) of all ED visits had at least one diagnostic error. Estimated preventable adverse event rates were as follows: any harm severity (2.0%, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6), any serious harms (0.3%, PR 0.1 to 0.7), and deaths (0.2%, PR 0.1 to 0.4). While most disease-specific error rates derived from mainly U.S.-based studies, overall error and harm rates were derived from three prospective studies conducted outside the United States (in Canada, Spain, and Switzerland, with combined n=1,758). If overall rates are generalizable to all U.S. ED visits (130 million, 95% CI 116 to 144), this would translate to 7.4 million (PR 5.1 to 10.2) ED diagnostic errors annually; 2.6 million (PR 1.1 to 5.2) diagnostic adverse events with preventable harms; and 371,000 (PR 142,000 to 909,000) serious misdiagnosis-related harms, including more than 100,000 permanent, high-severity disabilities and 250,000 deaths. Although errors were often multifactorial, 89 percent (95% CI 88 to 90) of diagnostic error malpractice claims involved failures of clinical decision-making or judgment, regardless of the underlying disease present. Key process failures were errors in diagnostic assessment, test ordering, and test interpretation. Most often these were attributed to inadequate knowledge, skills, or reasoning, particularly in “atypical” or otherwise subtle case presentations. Limitations included use of malpractice claims and incident reports for distribution of diseases leading to serious harms, reliance on a small number of non-U.S. studies for overall (disease-agnostic) diagnostic error and harm rates, and methodologic variability across studies in measuring disease-specific rates, determining preventability, and assessing causal factors. Conclusions. Although estimated ED error rates are low (and comparable to those found in other clinical settings), the number of patients potentially impacted is large. Not all diagnostic errors or harms are preventable, but wide variability in diagnostic error rates across diseases, symptoms, and hospitals suggests improvement is possible. With 130 million U.S. ED visits, estimated rates for diagnostic error (5.7%), misdiagnosis-related harms (2.0%), and serious misdiagnosis-related harms (0.3%) could translate to more than 7 million errors, 2.5 million harms, and 350,000 patients suffering potentially preventable permanent disability or death. Over two-thirds of serious harms are attributable to just 15 diseases and linked to cognitive errors, particularly in cases with “atypical” manifestations. Scalable solutions to enhance bedside diagnostic processes are needed, and these should target the most commonly misdiagnosed clinical presentations of key diseases causing serious harms. New studies should confirm overall rates are representative of current U.S.-based ED practice and focus on identified evidence gaps (errors among common diseases with lower-severity harms, pediatric ED errors and harms, dynamic systems factors such as overcrowding, and false positives). Policy changes to consider based on this review include: (1) standardizing measurement and research results reporting to maximize comparability of measures of diagnostic error and misdiagnosis-related harms; (2) creating a National Diagnostic Performance Dashboard to track performance; and (3) using multiple policy levers (e.g., research funding, public accountability, payment reforms) to facilitate the rapid development and deployment of solutions to address this critically important patient safety concern.

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