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Journal articles on the topic 'Bragg waveguide'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Čehovski, Marko, Jing Becker, Ouacef Charfi, Hans-Hermann Johannes, Claas Müller, and Wolfgang Kowalsky. "Single-Mode Polymer Ridge Waveguide Integration of Organic Thin-Film Laser." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082805.

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Organic thin-film lasers (OLAS) are promising optical sources when it comes to flexibility and small-scale manufacturing. These properties are required especially for integrating organic thin-film lasers into single-mode waveguides. Optical sensors based on single-mode ridge waveguide systems, especially for Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) applications, usually need external laser sources, free-space optics, and coupling structures, which suffer from coupling losses and mechanical stabilization problems. In this paper, we report on the first successful integration of organic thin-film lasers directly into polymeric single-mode ridge waveguides forming a monolithic laser device for LoC applications. The integrated waveguide laser is achieved by three production steps: nanoimprint of Bragg gratings onto the waveguide cladding material EpoClad, UV-Lithography of the waveguide core material EpoCore, and thermal evaporation of the OLAS material Alq3:DCM2 on top of the single-mode waveguides and the Bragg grating area. Here, the laser light is analyzed out of the waveguide facet with optical spectroscopy presenting single-mode characteristics even with high pump energy densities. This kind of integrated waveguide laser is very suitable for photonic LoC applications based on intensity and interferometric sensors where single-mode operation is required.

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2

Kefer, Stefan, Gian-Luca Roth, Julian Zettl, Bernhard Schmauss, and Ralf Hellmann. "Sapphire Photonic Crystal Waveguides with Integrated Bragg Grating Structure." Photonics 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9040234.

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This contribution demonstrates photonic crystal waveguides generated within bulk planar sapphire substrates. A femtosecond laser is used to modify the refractive index in a hexagonal pattern around the pristine waveguide core. Near-field measurements reveal single-mode behavior at a wavelength of 1550 nm and the possibility to adapt the mode-field diameter. Based on far-field examinations, the effective refractive index contrast between the pristine waveguide core and depressed cladding is estimated to 3·10−4. Additionally, Bragg gratings are generated within the waveguide core. Due to the inherent birefringence of Al2O3, the gratings exhibit two distinct wavelengths of main reflection. Each reflection peak exhibits a narrow spectral full width at a half maximum of 130 pm and can be selectively addressed by exciting the birefringent waveguide with appropriately polarized light. Furthermore, a waveguide attenuation of 1 dB cm−1 is determined.

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3

Xue, Jiu-Ling, Lan-Lan Xu, Tian-Tian Wang, Ya-Xian Fan, and Zhi-Yong Tao. "Terahertz Thermal Sensing by Using a Defect-Containing Periodically Corrugated Gold Waveguide." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 25, 2020): 4365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124365.

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A terahertz (THz) thermal sensor has been developed by using a periodically corrugated gold waveguide. A defect was positioned in the middle of this waveguide. The periodicities of waveguides can result in Bragg and non-Bragg gaps with identical and different transverse mode resonances, respectively. Due to the local resonance of the energy concentration in the inserted tube, a non-Bragg defect state (NBDS) was observed to arise in the non-Bragg gap. It exhibited an extremely narrow transmission peak. The numerical results showed that by using the here proposed waveguide structure, a NBDS would appear at a resonance frequency of 0.695 THz. In addition, a redshift of this frequency was observed to occur with an increase in the ambient temperature. It was also found that the maximum sensitivity can reach 11.5 MHz/K for an optimized defect radius of 0.9 times the mean value of the waveguide inner tube radius, and for a defect length of 0.2 (or 0.8) times the corrugation period. In the present simulations, a temperature modification of the Drude model was also used. By using this model, the thermal sensing could be realized with an impressive sensitivity. This THz thermal sensor is thereby very promising for applications based on high-precision temperature measurements and control.

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4

Casalboni, M., L. Dominici, V. Foglietti, F. Michelotti, E. Orsini, C. Palazzesi, F. Stella, and P. Prosposito. "Bragg Grating Optical Filters by UV Nanoimprinting." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/186429.

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Results on an optical waveguide filter operating in the near IR region are reported. The device consists of a hybrid sol-gel -based grating loaded waveguide, obtained through the merging of conventional photolithography and UV-nanoimprinting. Starting from submicrometric gratings, fabricated by electron beam lithography, a soft mould has been produced and the original structures were replicated onto sol-gel photosensitive films. A final photolithographic step allowed the production of grating-loaded channel waveguides. The devices were optically characterized by transmission measurements in the telecom range 1450–1590 nm. The filter extinction ratio is −11 dB and the bandwidth is 1.7 nm.

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5

Dods, Steven R. A. "Bragg reflection waveguide." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 6, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.6.001465.

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6

Butt, Muhammad Ali. "Numerical investigation of a small footprint plasmonic Bragg grating structure with a high extinction ratio." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i3.1042.

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In this paper, miniaturized design of a plasmonic Bragg grating filter is investigated via the finite element method (FEM). The filter is based on a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguide deposited on a quartz substrate. The corrugated Bragg grating designed for near-infrared wavelength range is structured on both sides of the waveguide. The spectral characteristics of the filter are studied by varying the geometric parameters of the filter design. As a result, the maximum ER and bandwidth of 36.2 dB and 173 nm is obtained at λBragg=976 nm with a filter footprint of as small as 1.0 x 8.75 µm2, respectively. The ER and bandwidth can be further improved by increasing the number of grating periods and the strength of the grating, respectively. Moreover, the Bragg grating structure is quite receptive to the refractive index of the medium. These features allow the employment of materials such as polymers in the metal-insulator-metal waveguide which can be externally tuned or it can be used for refractive index sensing applications. The sensitivity of the proposed Bragg grating structure can offer a sensitivity of 950 nm/RIU. We believe that the study presented in this paper provides a guideline for the realization of small footprint plasmonic Bragg grating structures which can be employed in filter and refractive index sensing applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. W. Field et al., "Miniaturised, Planar, Integrated Bragg Grating Spectrometer", 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), Munich, Germany, 2019, CrossRef L. Cheng, S. Mao, Z. Li, Y. Han, H.Y. Fu, "Grating Couplers on Silicon Photonics: Design Principles, Emerging Trends and Practical Issues", Micromachines, 11, 666 (2020). CrossRef J. Missinne, N. T. Beneitez, M-A. Mattelin, A. Lamberti, G. Luyckx, W. V. Paepegem, G. V. Steenberge, "Bragg-Grating-Based Photonic Strain and Temperature Sensor Foils Realized Using Imprinting and Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths", Sensors, 18, 2717 (2018). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Numerical analysis of a miniaturized design of a Fabry–Perot resonator based on silicon strip and slot waveguides for bio-sensing applications", Journal of Modern Optics, 66, 1172-1178 (2019). CrossRef H. Qiu, J. Jiang, P. Yu, T. Dai, J. Yang, H. Yu, X. Jiang, "Silicon band-rejection and band-pass filter based on asymmetric Bragg sidewall gratings in a multimode waveguide", Optics Letters, 41, 2450 (2016). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Optical elements based on silicon photonics", Computer Optics, 43, 1079-1083 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, M.A. Butt, "Plasmonic sensors based on Metal-insulator-metal waveguides for refractive index sensing applications: A brief review", Physica E, 117, 113798 (2020). CrossRef L. Lu et al, "Mode-Selective Hybrid Plasmonic Bragg Grating Reflector", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 22, 1765-1767 (2012). CrossRef R. Negahdari, E. Rafiee, F. Emami, "Design and simulation of a novel nano-plasmonic split-ring resonator filter", Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 32, 1925-1938 (2018). CrossRef M. Janfaza, M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, "Tunable plasmonic band-pass filter based on Fabry–Perot graphene nanoribbons", Applied Physics B, 123, 262 (2017). CrossRef C. Wu, G. Song, L. Yu, J.H. Xiao, "Tunable narrow band filter based on a surface plasmon polaritons Bragg grating with a metal–insulator–metal waveguide", Journal of Modern Optics, 60, 1217-1222 (2013). CrossRef J. Zhu, G. Wang, "Sense high refractive index sensitivity with bragg grating and MIM nanocavity", Results in Physics, 15, 102763 (2019). CrossRef Y. Binfeng, H. Guohua, C. Yiping, "Design of a compact and high sensitive refractive index sensor base on metal-insulator-metal plasmonic Bragg grating", Optics Express, 22, 28662-28670 (2014). CrossRef A.D. Simard, Y. Painchaud, S. Larochelle, "Small-footprint integrated Bragg gratings in SOI spiral waveguides", International Quantum Electronics Conference Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, IEEE, Munich, Germany (2013). CrossRef C. Klitis, G. Cantarella, M. J. Strain, M. Sorel, "High-extinction-ratio TE/TM selective Bragg grating filters on silicon-on-insulator", Optics Letters, 42, 3040 (2017). CrossRef J. Ctyroky et al., "Design of narrowband Bragg spectral filters in subwavelength grating metamaterial waveguides", Optics Express, 26, 179 (2018). CrossRef M.A. Butt, N.L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, "Hybrid plasmonic waveguide race-track µ-ring resonator: Analysis of dielectric and hybrid mode for refractive index sensing applications", Laser Phys., 30, 016202 (2020). CrossRef M. A. Butt, N.L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, "Label-free detection of ambient refractive index based on plasmonic Bragg gratings embedded resonator cavity sensor", Journal of Modern Optics, 66, 1920-1925 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, M.A. Butt, Photonics Letters of Poland, 12, 1-3 (2020). CrossRef Z. Guo, K. Wen, Q. Hu, W. Lai, J. Lin, Y. Fang, "Plasmonic Multichannel Refractive Index Sensor Based on Subwavelength Tangent-Ring Metal–Insulator–Metal Waveguide", Sensors, 18, 1348 (2018). CrossRef

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7

Hessler, Steffen, Marieke Rüth, Horst-Dieter Lemke, Bernhard Schmauss, and Ralf Hellmann. "Deep UV Formation of Long-Term Stable Optical Bragg Gratings in Epoxy Waveguides and Their Biomedical Sensing Potentials." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113868.

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In this article, we summarize our investigations on optimized 248 nm deep ultraviolet (UV) fabrication of highly stable epoxy polymer Bragg grating sensors and their application for biomedical purposes. Employing m-line spectroscopy, deep UV photosensitivity of cross-linked EpoCore thin films in terms of responding refractive index change is determined to a maximum of Δn = + (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10−3. All-polymer waveguide Bragg gratings are fabricated by direct laser irradiation of lithographic EpoCore strip waveguides on compatible Topas 6017 substrates through standard +1/-1-order phase masks. According near-field simulations of realistic non-ideal phase masks provide insight into UV dose-dependent characteristics of the Bragg grating formation. By means of online monitoring, arising Bragg reflections during grating inscription via beforehand fiber-coupled waveguide samples, an optimum laser parameter set for well-detectable sensor reflection peaks in respect of peak strength, full width at half maximum and grating attenuation are derived. Promising blood analysis applications of optimized epoxy-based Bragg grating sensors are demonstrated in terms of bulk refractive index sensing of whole blood and selective surface refractive index sensing of human serum albumin.

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8

Wächter, C., F. Lederer, L. Leine, U. Trutschel, and M. Mann. "Nonlinear Bragg reflection waveguide." Journal of Applied Physics 71, no. 8 (April 15, 1992): 3688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350878.

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9

Govindan, Vishnupriya, and Shai Ashkenazi. "Bragg waveguide ultrasound detectors." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 59, no. 10 (October 2012): 2304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2012.2455.

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10

Kulishov, Mykola, Jacques M. Laniel, Nicolas Bélanger, José Azaña, and David V. Plant. "Nonreciprocal waveguide Bragg gratings." Optics Express 13, no. 8 (2005): 3068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opex.13.003068.

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11

Hsu, Fang Chang, Che Yi Liao, Xiao Han Yu, Xuan Ming Lai, and Chi Ting Ho. "The Effect of the Different Core Layer on Polymer Asymmetric Bragg Couplers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2821.

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In this work, we successfully developed a process to fabricate dual-channel polymeric waveguide filters based on an asymmetric Bragg coupler using holographic interference techniques, soft lithography, and micro molding. At the cross- and self-reflection Bragg wavelengths, the transmission dips of approximately –16.5 and –11.7dB relative to the 3dB background insertion loss and the 3dB transmission bandwidths of approximately 0.6 and 0.5nm were obtained from an ABC-based filter. The transmission spectrum overlaps when the effective index difference between two single waveguides is less than 0.0025.

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12

Hessler, Steffen, Patrick Bott, Stefan Kefer, Bernhard Schmauss, and Ralf Hellmann. "Multipurpose Polymer Bragg Grating-Based Optomechanical Sensor Pad." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 23, 2019): 4101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194101.

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Flexible epoxy waveguide Bragg gratings are fabricated on a low-modulus TPX™ polymethylpentene polyolefin substrate for an easy to manufacture and low-cost optomechanical sensor pad providing exceedingly multipurpose application potentials. Rectangular EpoCore negative resist strip waveguides are formed employing standard UV mask lithography. Highly persistent Bragg gratings are inscribed directly into the channel waveguides by permanently modifying the local refractive indices through a well-defined KrF excimer laser irradiated +1/-1 order phase mask. The reproducible and vastly versatile sensing capabilities of this easy-to-apply optomechanical sensor pad are demonstrated in the form of an optical pickup for acoustic instruments, a broadband optical accelerometer, and a biomedical vital sign sensor monitoring both respiration and pulse at the same time.

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13

Tsarev, Andrei. "Effect of Dispersion-Enhanced Sensitivity in a Two-Mode Optical Waveguide with an Asymmetric Diffraction Grating." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 5492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165492.

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Analysis of trends in the development of silicon photonics shows the high efficiency regarding the creation of optical sensors. The concept of bimodal sensors, which suggests moving away from the usual paradigm based only on single-mode waveguides and using the inter-mode interaction of guided optical waves in a two-mode optical waveguide, is developed in the present paper. In this case, the interaction occurs in the presence of an asymmetric periodic perturbation of the refractive index above the waveguide surface. Such a system has unique dispersion properties that lead to the implementation of collinear Bragg diffraction with the mode number transformation, in which there is an extremely high dependence of the Bragg wavelength on the change in the refractive index of the environment. This is called the “effect of dispersion-enhanced sensitivity”. In this paper, it is shown by numerical calculation methods that the effect can be used to create optical sensors with the homogeneous sensitivity higher than 3000 nm/RIU, which is many times better than that of sensors in single-mode waveguide structures.

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14

Missinne, Jeroen, Nuria Teigell Benéitez, Marie-Aline Mattelin, Alfredo Lamberti, Geert Luyckx, Wim Van Paepegem, and Geert Van Steenberge. "Bragg-Grating-Based Photonic Strain and Temperature Sensor Foils Realized Using Imprinting and Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082717.

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Thin and flexible sensor foils are very suitable for unobtrusive integration with mechanical structures and allow monitoring for example strain and temperature while minimally interfering with the operation of those structures. Electrical strain gages have long been used for this purpose, but optical strain sensors based on Bragg gratings are gaining importance because of their improved accuracy, insusceptibility to electromagnetic interference, and multiplexing capability, thereby drastically reducing the amount of interconnection cables required. This paper reports on thin polymer sensor foils that can be used as photonic strain gage or temperature sensors, using several Bragg grating sensors multiplexed in a single polymer waveguide. Compared to commercially available optical fibers with Bragg grating sensors, our planar approach allows fabricating multiple, closely spaced sensors in well-defined directions in the same plane realizing photonic strain gage rosettes. While most of the reported Bragg grating sensors operate around a wavelength of 1550 nm, the sensors in the current paper operate around a wavelength of 850 nm, where the material losses are the lowest. This was accomplished by imprinting gratings with pitches 280 nm, 285 nm, and 290 nm at the core-cladding interface of an imprinted single mode waveguide with cross-sectional dimensions 3 × 3 µm2. We show that it is possible to realize high-quality imprinted single mode waveguides, with gratings, having only a very thin residual layer which is important to limit bend losses or cross-talk with neighboring waveguides. The strain and temperature sensitivity of the Bragg grating sensors was found to be 0.85 pm/µε and −150 pm/°C, respectively. These values correspond well with those of previously reported sensors based on the same materials but operating around 1550 nm, taking into account that sensitivity scales with the wavelength.

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15

Melnyk, Aaron. "Rainbow on a Chip: Experimental Observation of the Trapped Rainbow Effect Using Tapered Hollow Bragg Waveguides." Eureka 4, no. 1 (July 28, 2014): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/eureka22828.

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Experimental observation of the ‘trapped rainbow’ in the visible is demonstrated using tapered hollow Bragg waveguides. These waveguides spatially disperse an input spectrum into its various frequency components and vertical out of plane radiation was observed at wavelength dependant positions along the entire length of the waveguide. The experimental observation is corroborated by a brief theoretical analysis and simulation. These devices form the foundation for future work involving integration into a micro-spectrometer for eventual lab-on-chip use.

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16

Kozlov, G. G., V. S. Zapasskiĭ, and V. V. Ovsyankin. "Light slowdown in Bragg waveguide." Optics and Spectroscopy 109, no. 3 (September 2010): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x10090146.

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17

Bijlani, Bhavin J., and Amr S. Helmy. "Bragg reflection waveguide diode lasers." Optics Letters 34, no. 23 (November 30, 2009): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.003734.

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18

Lenz, G., and J. Salzman. "Bragg reflection waveguide composite structures." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 26, no. 3 (March 1990): 519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.52129.

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19

Spikhal'skii, A. A. "Coatings for waveguide Bragg reflectors." Optics & Laser Technology 18, no. 3 (June 1986): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-3992(86)90072-1.

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20

Selina, N. V. "Bragg waveguide of rectangular cross-section." Computer Optics 44, no. 4 (August 2020): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-672.

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A method for calculating parameters of rectangular waveguides using separation of variables is presented. The method makes it possible to calculate multilayer Bragg waveguides with an arbitrary number of layers and an arbitrary composition as photonic crystal structures with defect. A result of the numerical calculation of the dispersion diagram of such a structure is given. This result is in good agreement with the earlier published data on the study of similar structures.

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21

Sakurai, Yasuki, Akihiro Matsutani, Takahiro Sakaguchi, and Fumio Koyama. "Giant Bragg Wavelength Tuning of Tunable Hollow Waveguide Bragg Reflector." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44, No. 37 (September 2, 2005): L1171—L1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.l1171.

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22

Zhao, C. Y., P. Y. Chen, and C. M. Zhang. "Numerical analysis of Bragg grating-based slot-micro-ring coupling resonator system for electromagnetically-induced transparency-like effect." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 28 (June 15, 2020): 2050307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920503078.

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We propose a novel bio-sensor structure composed of double sided-wall Bragg gratings and dual-slot-micro-ring waveguides. The slot waveguide is a better choice to interact the bio-material under investigation with the propagating light with in the slot region. The incident light field propagates clockwise through the slot micro-ring resonator, the reflection light field propagates counterclockwise in the slot Bragg grating. By optimizing the geometric parameters of the device, the spectral response is tailored to obtain a sharp resonant peak simulated by the finite- difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The spectrum can be tuned not only by geometrically changing the couple distance in slot Bragg grating resonator, but also by dynamically altering the depth and number of the Bragg grating. Furthermore, the device is easy to yield an extinction ratio of 11 dB, a FWHM of 1.1 nm and a quality factor of [Formula: see text]. The device with a small footprint can enable integration with some photonic devices on a chip and have great promising for applications including tunable sensors, slow-light devices and optical communication.

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23

Dhavamani, Vigneshwar, Srijani Chakraborty, S. Ramya, and Somesh Nandi. "Design and Simulation of Waveguide Bragg Grating based Temperature Sensor in COMSOL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2161, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2161/1/012047.

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Abstract With the advancements in the domain of photonics and optical sensors, Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, owing to their increased advantages, have been researched widely and have proved to be useful in sensing applications. Moreover, the advent of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) demands the incorporation of optical sensing in waveguides, which can be integrated on silicon photonic chips. In this paper, the design of a sub-micron range Waveguide Bragg Grating (WBG) based temperature sensor with high peak reflectivity and thermal sensitivity is proposed. The flexibility of COMSOL Multiphysics software is explored to simulate the sensor and the results are verified with the analytical values calculated using MATLAB. The simulation is carried out for the proposed design having 16000 gratings and a corresponding peak reflectivity of 0.953 is obtained. A thermal sensitivity of 80 pm/K is achieved, which is approximately eight times better than that of FBG based sensor.

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24

Zhang, Bowei, and Mojtaba Kahrizi. "High-Temperature Bragg Grating Waveguide Sensor." Sensor Letters 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2004.035.

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25

Wang, Lijie, Cunzhu Tong, Yugang Zeng, Ye Yang, Hangyu Peng, Sicong Tian, Hao Wu, and Lijun Wang. "Bragg reflection waveguide twin-beam lasers." Laser Physics 23, no. 10 (August 16, 2013): 105802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660x/23/10/105802.

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26

Salzman, J., and G. Lenz. "The Bragg reflection waveguide directional coupler." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 1, no. 10 (October 1989): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.43361.

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27

Cheng, S. Y., K. S. Chiang, and H. P. Chan. "Polarization-insensitive polymer waveguide Bragg gratings." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 48, no. 2 (2005): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.21342.

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28

WANG Li-jie, 汪丽杰, 佟存柱 TONG Cun-zhu, 曾玉刚 ZENG Yu-gang, 田思聪 TIAN Si-cong, 吴昊 WU Hao, 杨海贵 YANG Hai-gui, 宁永强 NING Yong-qiang, and 王立军 WANG Li-jun. "High Brightness Bragg Reflection Waveguide Laser." Chinese Journal of Luminescence 34, no. 6 (2013): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/fgxb20133406.0787.

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29

Fuks, M. I., M. B. Goikhman, N. F. Kovalev, A. V. Palitsin, and E. Schamiloglu. "Waveguide Resonators With Combined Bragg Reflectors." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 32, no. 3 (June 2004): 1323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2004.828808.

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30

Lambkin, P. M., and K. A. Shore. "Nonlinear semiconductor Bragg reflection waveguide structures." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 27, no. 3 (March 1991): 824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.81395.

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31

Söchtig, J. "Ti:LiNbO3 stripe waveguide Bragg reflector gratings." Electronics Letters 24, no. 14 (1988): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19880574.

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32

Fesenko, Volodymyr I., Vladimir R. Tuz, Oleksiy V. Shulika, and Igor A. Sukhoivanov. "Dispersion properties of Kolakoski-cladding hollow-core nanophotonic Bragg waveguide." Nanophotonics 5, no. 4 (September 1, 2016): 556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0025.

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AbstractA comprehensive analysis of guided modes of a novel type of a planar Bragg reflection waveguide that consists of a low refractive index guiding layer sandwiched between two finite aperiodic mirrors is presented. The layers in the mirrors are aperiodically arranged according to the Kolakoski substitution rule. In such a waveguide, light is confined inside the core by Bragg reflection, while dispersion characteristics of guided modes strongly depend on aperiodicity of the cladding. Using the transfer matrix formalism bandgap conditions, dispersion characteristics and mode profiles of the guided modes of such a waveguide are studied on the GaAs/AlAs and Si/SiO2 epitaxial platforms, which are compatible with hybrid and heteroepitaxial frameworks of silicon photonics.

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33

Stanton, Eric, Alexander Spott, Jon Peters, Michael Davenport, Aditya Malik, Nicolas Volet, Junqian Liu, et al. "Multi-Spectral Quantum Cascade Lasers on Silicon With Integrated Multiplexers." Photonics 6, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010006.

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Multi-spectral midwave-infrared (mid-IR) lasers are demonstrated by directly bonding quantum cascade epitaxial gain layers to silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides with arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexers. Arrays of distributed feedback (DFB) and distributed Bragg-reflection (DBR) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at ∼4.7 µm wavelength are coupled to AWGs on the same chip. Low-loss spectral beam combining allows for brightness scaling by coupling the light generated by multiple input QCLs into the fundamental mode of a single output waveguide. Promising results are demonstrated and further improvements are in progress. This device can lead to compact and sensitive chemical detection systems using absorption spectroscopy across a broad spectral range in the mid-IR as well as a high-brightness multi-spectral source for power scaling.

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34

Enami, Yasufumi. "Fabricating 90 nm Resolution Structures in Sol-Gel Silica Optical Waveguides for Biosensor Applications." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4198485.

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Bragg grating structure in a sol-gel silica waveguide is fabricated on the basis of nanoimprint lithography for biophotonic applications. The process realizes nonstandardized lithography in sol-gel silica at a high resolution for a relatively large area in the range of several micrometers with a resolution in the order of several nanometers. Here we demonstrate structures of 250 and 90 nm resolutions in a sol-gel silica optical waveguide for a large area that is not optimized to date. Bragg grating of a 250 nm periodic structure is realized for a 1 mm long area.

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35

Li, Hongqiang, Sai Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Shasha Zuo, Shanshan Zhang, Yaqiang Sun, Ding Zhao, and Zanyun Zhang. "Silicon Waveguide Integrated with Germanium Photodetector for a Photonic-Integrated FBG Interrogator." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091683.

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We report a vertically coupled germanium (Ge) waveguide detector integrated on silicon-on-insulator waveguides and an optimized device structure through the analysis of the optical field distribution and absorption efficiency of the device. The photodetector we designed is manufactured by IMEC, and the tests show that the device has good performance. This study theoretically and experimentally explains the structure of Ge PIN and the effect of the photodetector (PD) waveguide parameters on the performance of the device. Simulation and optimization of waveguide detectors with different structures are carried out. The device’s structure, quantum efficiency, spectral response, response current, changes with incident light strength, and dark current of PIN-type Ge waveguide detector are calculated. The test results show that approximately 90% of the light is absorbed by a Ge waveguide with 20 μm Ge length and 500 nm Ge thickness. The quantum efficiency of the PD can reach 90.63%. Under the reverse bias of 1 V, 2 V and 3 V, the detector’s average responsiveness in C-band reached 1.02 A/W, 1.09 A/W and 1.16 A/W and the response time is 200 ns. The dark current is only 3.7 nA at the reverse bias voltage of −1 V. The proposed silicon-based Ge PIN PD is beneficial to the integration of the detector array for photonic integrated arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogators.

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36

Prokopovich, D. V., A. V. Popov, and A. V. Vinogradov. "Numerical simulation of planar Bragg waveguide bends." Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute 35, no. 12 (December 2008): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068335608120051.

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37

Lai Yingxin, 赖颖昕, 张世昌 Zhang Shichang, and 危喜临 Wei Xilin. "Transmission characteristics of defected coaxial Bragg waveguide." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 3 (2013): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20132503.0715.

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38

Sashkova, Ya V., and Ye N. Odarenko. "THE MODIFIED BRAGG WAVEGUIDE WITH ADDITIONAL LAYERS." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 77, no. 6 (2018): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v77.i6.20.

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39

Das, Ritwick, and K. Thyagarajan. "Broadband parametric amplification in Bragg reflection waveguide." Journal of Modern Optics 55, no. 2 (January 20, 2008): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340701414688.

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40

Okayama, H., Y. Onawa, D. Shimura, H. Yaegashi, and H. Sasaki. "Si waveguide polarisation rotation chirped Bragg grating." Electronics Letters 53, no. 2 (January 2017): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.4025.

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41

Wang, Lijie, Zhen Li, Cunzhu Tong, Shili Shu, Sicong Tian, Jun Zhang, Xin Zhang, and Lijun Wang. "Near-diffraction-limited Bragg reflection waveguide lasers." Applied Optics 57, no. 34 (August 27, 2018): F15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.000f15.

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42

Das, Ritwick, and K. Thyagarajan. "Anomalous behaviour in a Bragg reflection waveguide." Optics Communications 273, no. 1 (May 2007): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2006.12.006.

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43

Okayama, Hideaki, Yosuke Onawa, Daisuke Shimura, Hiroki Yaegashi, and Hironori Sasaki. "Silicon waveguide polarization rotator sampled Bragg grating." Optics Letters 42, no. 11 (May 26, 2017): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.002142.

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44

Kulchin, Yuriy N., Yuriy A. Zinin, and Vladislav A. Kolchinskiy. "Bragg waveguide with an antiresonance intermediate layer." Pacific Science Review A: Natural Science and Engineering 17, no. 2 (July 2015): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psra.2015.12.002.

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45

Pogrebnyak, Victor A. "Non-Bragg reflections in a periodic waveguide." Optics Communications 232, no. 1-6 (March 2004): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2003.12.067.

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46

Yen, Tzu-Hsiang, and Yung-Jr Hung. "Narrowband Dual-Wavelength Silicon Waveguide Bragg Reflectors." Journal of Lightwave Technology 37, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 5326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2019.2932397.

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47

Huang, Cheng-Sheng, and Wei-Chih Wang. "SU8 inverted-rib waveguide Bragg grating filter." Applied Optics 52, no. 22 (July 31, 2013): 5545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.52.005545.

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48

TONG Cun-zhu, 佟存柱, 汪丽杰 WANG Li-jie, 田思聪 TIAN Si-cong, 吴昊 WU Hao, 舒世立 SHU Shi-li, and 王立军 WANG Li-jun. "Study on Bragg reflection waveguide diode laser." Chinese Optics 8, no. 3 (2015): 480–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/co.20150803.0480.

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Tong, Cunzhu, Bhavin J. Bijlani, L. J. Zhao, Sanaz Alali, Q. Han, and Amr S. Helmy. "Mode Selectivity in Bragg Reflection Waveguide Lasers." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 23, no. 14 (July 2011): 1025–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2011.2147298.

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50

Jia, Xuefeng, Lijun Wang, Ning Zhuo, Jinchuan Zhang, Shenqiang Zhai, Junqi Liu, Shuman Liu, Fengqi Liu, and Zhanguo Wang. "Transverse Bragg Resonance Waveguide Quantum Cascade Lasers." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 7600–7603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2018.16052.

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