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Journal articles on the topic 'Bradford Hill Criteria'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Colebunders, Robert, Alfred K. Njamnshi, Sonia Menon, Charles R. Newton, An Hotterbeekx, Pierre-Marie Preux, Adrian Hopkins, Michel Vaillant, and Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo. "Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy: A comprehensive review using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): e0008965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008965.

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Background The possibility that onchocerciasis may cause epilepsy has been suggested for a long time, but thus far, an etiological link has not been universally accepted. The objective of this review is to critically appraise the relationship between Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy and subsequently apply the Bradford Hill criteria to further evaluate the likelihood of a causal association. Methods PubMed and gray literature published until September 15, 2020, were searched and findings from original research were synthesized. Adherence to the 9 Bradford Hill criteria in the context of onchocerciasis and epilepsy was determined to assess whether the criteria are met to strengthen the evidence base for a causal link between infection with O. volvulus and epilepsy, including the nodding syndrome. Results Onchocerciasis as a risk factor for epilepsy meets the following Bradford Hill criteria for causality: strength of the association, consistency, temporality, and biological gradient. There is weaker evidence supporting causality based on the specificity, plausibility, coherence, and analogy criteria. There is little experimental evidence. Considering the Bradford Hill criteria, available data suggest that under certain conditions (high microfilarial load, timing of infection, and perhaps genetic predisposition), onchocerciasis is likely to cause epilepsy including nodding and Nakalanga syndromes. Conclusion Applying the Bradford Hill criteria suggests consistent epidemiological evidence that O. volvulus infection is a trigger of epilepsy. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for seizure induction still need to be elucidated.

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2

Ulmer, Hans-Volkhart. "Let’s discuss the Criteria of Bradford Hill (1965)." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 15, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9508.

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Davidson, Terence M., and Wendy M. Smith. "The Bradford Hill Criteria and Zinc-Induced Anosmia." Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 136, no. 7 (July 19, 2010): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archoto.2010.111.

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4

Usman, Muhammad, Mukhtiar Ahmad, Yasir Hameed, Hamad Ahmed, Muhammad Safdar Hussain, Jalil Ur Rehman, Rizwan Arshad, and Muhammad Atif. "Identification of correlation between human papillomavirus and prostate cancer: Bradford Hill Criteria Based Evaluation." International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research (IJEHSR) 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29052/ijehsr.v9.i2.2021.248-256.

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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) association has effectively been decoded in prostate cancer (PC) worldwide with controverting conclusions. Though the different groups of researchers explored the potential association of HPV with PC using meta-analysis but it still remains controversial due to the major limitations. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the potential link of HPV with PC using Bradford Hill criteria. Methodology: Initially using PubMed, we extracted studies that associated HPV to PC. Then, to assess the potential association of HPV with PC, an examination of the available data on HPV in PC, normal/benign samples was conducted using all the major Bradford Hill criteria postulates. Furthermore, to improve the authenticity of the present study, we have also critically evaluated the methodologies of the identified studies to check the possibility of false-negative and false-positive results. Results: After a careful assessment of the previous studies against Bradford Hill criteria postulates, we observed that all the major postulates were not fulfilled, including strength, temporality, consistency, plausibility, biological gradient, experiment, specificity, and analogy. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review suggest no casual association of HPV with PC.

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Sanderson, Penelope, Tara McCurdie, and Tobias Grundgeiger. "Interruptions in Health Care: Assessing Their Connection With Error and Patient Harm." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819869115.

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Objective: We address the problem of how researchers investigate the actual or potential causal connection between interruptions and medical errors, and whether interventions might reduce the potential for harm. Background: It is widely assumed that interruptions lead to errors and patient harm. However, many reviewers and authors have commented that there is not strong evidence for a causal connection. Method: We introduce a framework of criteria for assessing how strongly evidence implies causality: the so-called Bradford Hill criteria. We then examine four key “metanarratives” of research into interruptions in health care—applied cognitive psychology, epidemiology, quality improvement, and cognitive systems engineering—and assess how each tradition has addressed the causal connection between interruptions and error. Results: Outcomes of applying the Bradford Hill criteria are that the applied cognitive psychology and epidemiology metanarratives address the causal connection relatively directly, whereas the quality improvement metanarrative merely assumes causality, and the cognitive systems engineering metanarrative either implicitly or explicitly questions the feasibility of finding a direct causal connection with harm. Conclusion: The Bradford Hill criteria are useful for evaluating the existing literature on the relationship between interruptions in health care, clinical errors, and the potential for patient harm. In the future, more attention is needed to the issue of why interruptions usually do not lead to harm, and the implications for how we approach patient safety.

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Marshall, Tom. "Bradford-Hill Criteria provide the way ahead for controversial theory." International Journal of Surgery 3, no. 4 (2005): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2005.10.006.

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7

O'Brien, JM. "Progestogen safety in multiple gestations: application of the Bradford Hill criteria." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 122, no. 5 (January 14, 2015): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13277.

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8

Piemonte, Eduardo David, and Jerónimo Lazos. "Evidence for chronic mechanical irritation as a causative factor in oral cancer: application of Bradford Hill criteria." Translational Research in Oral Oncology 3 (January 1, 2018): 2057178X1879103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057178x18791034.

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Chronic mechanical irritation (CMI) of the oral mucosa has been proposed as a risk factor for oral cancer (OC), but the available evidence is limited and controversial. One of the main limitations is the lack of proper criteria to define and classify CMI. The objective of this narrative review is to apply the Bradford Hill causality criteria to assess such an association based on the published literature. The level of evidence is not conclusive, mainly due to methodological shortcomings. Hence, to systematize future CMI research, we recommend the following items should be included: a clear definition for CMI, ascertaining any temporal association, recording all types of CMI: dental, prosthetic, and functional. Finally, it is important to emphasize that studies dealing with risk factors for OC should not only be restricted to established factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and areca nut consumption but should also consider other factors including the patient’s dental condition. In this regard, CMI, tooth loss, periodontal disease, and many others could be included. The causality criteria set out by Bradford Hill could be used for studying different controversial risk factors for OC.

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Fundora, Jennifer B., Pallabi Guha, Darla R. Shores, Mohan Pammi, and Akhil Maheshwari. "Intestinal dysbiosis and necrotizing enterocolitis: assessment for causality using Bradford Hill criteria." Pediatric Research 87, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0482-9.

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Cox, Louis Anthony. "Modernizing the Bradford Hill criteria for assessing causal relationships in observational data." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 48, no. 8 (September 14, 2018): 682–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2018.1518404.

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Holt, R. I. G., and R. C. Peveler. "Antipsychotic drugs and diabetes—an application of the Austin Bradford Hill criteria." Diabetologia 49, no. 7 (May 13, 2006): 1467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0279-3.

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Șerban, Costela Lăcrimioara, Denis Mihai Șerban, Ștefania Ioana Butica, and Diana Lungeanu. "Web of Causation between Dietary Patterns and Childhood Obesity: Applying Hill's Criteria." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjdnmd-2018-0052.

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Abstract Since their publication in 1965, the Bradford Hill criteria for causality have been largely used as a framework for causal inference in epidemiology. We aim at employing this classical approach to shed new light onto the web of causation of childhood obesity. Although the fundamental cause of obesity is the long-term imbalance between energetic need and intake, this medical condition is multifactorial in its origin, influenced by genetic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. This imbalance leads to accumulation of excessive adipose tissue. Observational studies tend to mostly quantify association between dietary factors and accumulation of adipose tissue. On the other hand, multivariate analysis proved some of these associations to be spurious, therefore prospective trials are needed to demonstrate causality. Short term experimental studies have been conducted to identify unique dietary pattern changes on specific outcomes, but long term, community-based studies would offer more comprehensive answers on dietary pattern effects. We conducted a literature review on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. From a total of 323 papers identified at first stage, we further discuss the applicability of Bradford Hill criteria for 31 articles, by examples of dietary patterns and accumulation of excess body fat as exposure-response associations. We also put forward and analyzed the evidence prospective studies would bring, as foundation for future interventions.

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Dubuisson, Nicolas, Fabiola Puentes, Gavin Giovannoni, and Sharmilee Gnanapavan. "Science is 1% inspiration and 99% biomarkers." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 23, no. 11 (May 24, 2017): 1442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517709362.

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Neurodegeneration plays a key role in multiple sclerosis (MS) contributing to long-term disability in patients. The prognosis is, however, unpredictable coloured by complex disease mechanisms which can only be clearly appreciated using biomarkers specific to pathobiology of the underlying process. Here, we describe six promising neurodegenerative biomarkers in MS (neurofilament proteins, neurofilament antibodies, tau, N-acetylaspartate, chitinase and chitinase-like proteins and osteopontin), critically evaluating the evidence using a modified Bradford Hill criteria.

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Perrio, Michael, Simon Voss, and Saad AW Shakir. "Application of the Bradford Hill Criteria to Assess the Causality of Cisapride-Induced Arrhythmia." Drug Safety 30, no. 4 (2007): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200730040-00006.

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15

Feldman, Ryan, Jonathan Meiman, Matthew Stanton, and David D. Gummin. "Culprit or correlate? An application of the Bradford Hill criteria to Vitamin E acetate." Archives of Toxicology 94, no. 6 (May 25, 2020): 2249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02770-x.

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Raj, A. Thirumal, Govindarajan Sujatha, Jayanandan Muruganandhan, S. Satish Kumar, SK Indu Bharkavi, Saranya Varadarajan, Shankargouda Patil, and Kamran Habib Awan. "Reviewing the oral carcinogenic potential of E-cigarettes using the Bradford Hill criteria of causation." Translational Cancer Research 9, no. 4 (April 2020): 3142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2020.01.23.

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Lawson, James S., and Wendy K. Glenn. "Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus (MMTV) in Human Breast Cancer—The Value of Bradford Hill Criteria." Viruses 14, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040721.

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For many decades, the betaretrovirus, mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV), has been a causal suspect for human breast cancer. In recent years, substantial new evidence has been developed. Based on this evidence, we hypothesise that MMTV has a causal role. We have used an extended version of the classic A. Bradford Hill causal criteria to assess the evidence. 1. Identification of MMTV in human breast cancers: The MMTV 9.9 kb genome in breast cancer cells has been identified. The MMTV genome in human breast cancer is up to 98% identical to MMTV in mice. 2. Epidemiology: The prevalence of MMTV positive human breast cancer is about 35 to 40% of breast cancers in Western countries and 15 to 20% in China and Japan. 3. Strength of the association between MMTV and human breast cancer: Consistency—MMTV env gene sequences are consistently five-fold higher in human breast cancer as compared to benign and normal breast controls. 4. Temporality (timing) of the association: MMTV has been identified in benign and normal breast tissues up to 10 years before the development of MMTV positive breast cancer in the same patient. 5. Exposure: Exposure of humans to MMTV leads to development of MMTV positive human breast cancer. 6. Experimental evidence: MMTVs can infect human breast cells in culture; MMTV proteins are capable of malignantly transforming normal human breast epithelial cells; MMTV is a likely cause of biliary cirrhosis, which suggests a link between MMTV and the disease in humans. 7. Coherence—analogy: The life cycle and biology of MMTV in humans is almost the same as in experimental and feral mice. 8. MMTV Transmission: MMTV has been identified in human sputum and human milk. Cereals contaminated with mouse fecal material may transmit MMTV. These are potential means of transmission. 9. Biological plausibility: Retroviruses are the established cause of human cancers. Human T cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-1) causes adult T cell leukaemia, and human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) is associated with lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma. 10. Oncogenic mechanisms: MMTV oncogenesis in humans probably differs from mice and may involve the enzyme APOBEC3B. Conclusion: In our view, the evidence is compelling that MMTV has a probable causal role in a subset of approximately 40% of human breast cancers.

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MacIntyre, C. Raina, and Anita Elizabeth Heywood. "The Bradford-Hill criteria and evidence of association between influenza vaccination and ischaemic heart disease." Heart 100, no. 6 (January 23, 2014): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305435.

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19

McDonald, Rebecca, and John Strang. "Are take‐home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria." Addiction 111, no. 7 (March 30, 2016): 1177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13326.

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20

Hill, Erica, Yu Wang, Caroline Clark, Bethany McGowen, Lauren O'Connor, and Wayne Campbell. "Red Meat Intake and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk: An Assessment of Causality Using The Bradford Hill Criteria." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_031.

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Abstract Objectives Higher red meat intake is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases, but causation of this relationships is unclear. This umbrella systematic review qualitatively assessed causality between red meat intake and cardiometabolic diseases. Methods Two researchers independently screened and crosschecked 524 articles from MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL up to November 25,2019. Articles included were systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational or experimental studies using healthy subjects aged 19+ years; included red meat (RM) intake [total (TRM), unprocessed (URM), or processed (PRM)] as an a priori independent variable; and reported outcomes or risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Causality was assessed using Bradford Hill's Causation Criteria: 1) strength (relative risk, RR ≥1.2), 2) consistency (≥67% of assessments), 3) specificity, 4) temporality, 5) biological dose-response gradient 6) plausibility, 7) coherence, 8) experimental evidence and 9) analogy. Results In total, 22 articles (16 with CVD data; 11 with T2D data) were included. While TRM and URM were statistically positively associated with CVD incidence and mortality, these associations were consistently weak (RR < 1.2). The strength of positive associations between TRM and T2D incidence were inconsistent while the positive associations between URM and T2D incidence were consistently weak. Results from short-term randomized controlled trials assessing effects of TRM and URM on CVD and T2D risk factors were predominately null. These experimental findings indicate a lack of coherence and need for more research to determine causality of the positive associations described above. For both CVD and T2D, temporality was established with the inclusion of prospective study designs. Researchers have proposed plausible biological mechanisms and analogies but specificity is lacking. Insufficient data precluded assessing causality between PRM and CVD or T2D; research is needed. Conclusions Weakness of associations between total and unprocessed red meat intake and cardiometabolic diseases and lack of coherence with short-term experimental evidence on cardiometabolic disease risk factors reduces confidence that associations are causal. Funding Sources The Beef Checkoff.

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21

Rouquié, David. "Bradford Hill criteria still needed: Applications to MoA elucidation, low dose evaluation and adverse outcome pathway." Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.065.

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Cebrián Cuenca, Ana M., Domingo Orozco Beltrán, Jorge Navarro Pérez, Fernando Álvarez-Guisasola, Julio Núñez Villota, and Luciano Consuegra-Sánchez. "Saxagliptin and Heart Failure in the SAVOR-TIMI 53 Trial: Reflections on the Bradford Hill Criteria." Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 70, no. 12 (December 2017): 1143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2017.02.023.

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Raj, A. Thirumal, Shankargouda Patil, Archana A. Gupta, Chandini Rajkumar, and Kamran H. Awan. "Reviewing the role of human papillomavirus in oral cancer using the Bradford Hill criteria of causation." Disease-a-Month 65, no. 6 (June 2019): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.09.007.

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Snyder, Robert B., and James B. Talmage. "Medical Aspects of Causation for COVID-19." Guides Newsletter 25, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2020.julaug02.

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Abstract The decision about whether a case of documented COVID-19 illness is accepted as occupationally acquired and thus work compensable is made by insurers, or if contested, by judges or administrative bureaus. Causation for COVID-19 may be difficult to show because of the lack of accurate information and difficulty in meeting some of the criteria established by Bradford Hill. Nevertheless, physicians will be asked for medical records and documentation of illness. This article provides preliminary guidance to assist physicians in responding to insurers or workers compensation agencies' requests for information on the medial aspects of COVID-19.

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Degelman, Michelle L., and Katya M. Herman. "Smoking and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation." Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 17 (October 2017): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.07.020.

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Bhunjun, Chitrabhanu S., Alan J. L. Phillips, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Itthayakorn Promputtha, and Kevin D. Hyde. "Importance of Molecular Data to Identify Fungal Plant Pathogens and Guidelines for Pathogenicity Testing Based on Koch’s Postulates." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091096.

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Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem, but they can also cause mild and severe plant diseases. Plant diseases are caused by a wide array of fungal groups that affect a diverse range of hosts with different tissue specificities. Fungi were previously named based only on morphology and, in many cases, host association, which has led to superfluous species names and synonyms. Morphology-based identification represents an important method for genus level identification and molecular data are important to accurately identify species. Accurate identification of fungal pathogens is vital as the scientific name links the knowledge concerning a species including the biology, host range, distribution, and potential risk of the pathogen, which are vital for effective control measures. Thus, in the modern era, a polyphasic approach is recommended when identifying fungal pathogens. It is also important to determine if the organism is capable of causing host damage, which usually relies on the application of Koch’s postulates for fungal plant pathogens. The importance and the challenges of applying Koch’s postulates are discussed. Bradford Hill criteria, which are generally used in establishing the cause of human disease, are briefly introduced. We provide guidelines for pathogenicity testing based on the implementation of modified Koch’s postulates incorporating biological gradient, consistency, and plausibility criteria from Bradford Hill. We provide a set of protocols for fungal pathogenicity testing along with a severity score guide, which takes into consideration the depth of lesions. The application of a standard protocol for fungal pathogenicity testing and disease assessment in plants will enable inter-studies comparison, thus improving accuracy. When introducing novel plant pathogenic fungal species without proving the taxon is the causal agent using Koch’s postulates, we advise the use of the term associated with the “disease symptoms” of “the host plant”. Where possible, details of disease symptoms should be clearly articulated.

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Nosyk, Bohdan, Bertrand Audoin, Chris Beyrer, Pedro Cahn, Reuben Granich, Diane Havlir, Elly Katabira, et al. "Examining the evidence on the causal effect of HAART on transmission of HIV using the Bradford Hill criteria." AIDS 27, no. 7 (April 2013): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0b013e32835f1d68.

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Muganurmath, Chandrashekhar S., Amy L. Curry, and Andrew H. Schindzielorz. "Causality Assessment of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction Associated with Intranasal Fluticasone Propionate: Application of the Bradford Hill Criteria." Advances in Therapy 35, no. 2 (February 2018): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0665-5.

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Palm, Michael J., Amanda N. Flanscha, and Zachary K. Winkelmann. "Effectiveness of Take-Home Naloxone Programs in Athletic Training: An Evidence-to-Practice Review." Clinical Practice in Athletic Training 4, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31622/2021/04.2.4.

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The number of opioid overdoses (ODs) has risen in recent years and has become more complex due to the co-involvement of both prescription and illicit opioid drug use. Provisional programs for take-home naloxone (a medication designed to rapidly reverse opiate OD symptoms) kits have been distributed to combat this potentially fatal epidemic. Although there is strong evidence to support the efficacy of naloxone in the reversal of opiate OD, there is limited evidence to support the efficacy of take-home naloxone (THN) kits. The purpose of this evidence-to-practice review was to summarize a systematic review on the efficacy of THN programs. The authors aimed to include studies of THN programs that both trained opioid users in OD prevention and reported on OD outcomes. The Bradford Hill criteria (strength of association, temporality, consistency, specificity, dose-response relationship, biological plausibility, coherence, experimental evidence, and analogy) and five additional criteria (measure cost-effectiveness, absence of negative consequences, feasibility of implementation/expansion/ coverage, unanticipated benefits, and special populations) was used as dependent variables to determine the impact of public health intervention where randomized control trials (RCTs) are not ethically feasible or operationally practical. All 22 studies included provided empirical support using the Bradford Hill Criteria for community based THN programs. Despite being unable to deduce whether death would have occurred without the administration of THN, the studies combined accounted for an estimated 2316 successful opioid OD reversals. Thus, there is a strong association between THN administration and overdose survival. Additionally, there was a low rate of adverse events: withdrawal symptoms (2.8%), vomiting (2.2%), agitation (2.1%), seizures (0.1%). Consequently, we recommend that athletic trainers include opioid crisis management equipment and procedures in a site-specific policies manual. Clinical relevance is highly dependent on patient population and geographic location, considering 90% of reversed ODs were heroin induced. Application to individuals in organized sport is minimal, but nonetheless, individuals who are prescribed opioids for pain management should be candidates for THN programs. Athletic trainers and guardians of minors prescribed opioid medications should be educated on dispensing medication, best practices for opioid crisis management, and distribution of naloxone/THN.

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Perrio, M., S. Voss, and S. A. W. Shakir. "Application of the Austin Bradford Hill Criteria to Assess Causality in Pharmacovigilance Using the Example of Cisapride-Induced Arrhythmia." Drug Safety 29, no. 10 (2006): 911–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200629100-00025.

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Olsen, Anna, David McDonald, Simon Lenton, and Paul M. Dietze. "Assessing causality in drug policy analyses: How useful are the Bradford Hill criteria in analysing take-home naloxone programs?" Drug and Alcohol Review 37, no. 4 (April 18, 2017): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dar.12523.

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Acres, Meghan J., and James A. Morris. "The pathogenesis of retinal and subdural haemorrhage in non-accidental head injury in infancy: Assessment using Bradford Hill criteria." Medical Hypotheses 82, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.09.017.

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Holt-Lunstad, Julianne. "The Major Health Implications of Social Connection." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 3 (June 2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721421999630.

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The influence of social relationships extends beyond emotional well-being to influence long-term physical-health outcomes, including mortality risk. Despite the varied measurement approaches used to examine social relationships within the health literature, the data can be synthesized using social connection as an organizing framework. This review discusses cumulative scientific evidence of links between various aspects of social connection and mortality, as well as supporting evidence for links with morbidity and plausible mechanisms. This evidence fulfills the criteria outlined in the Bradford Hill guidelines for establishing causality. Despite strong evidence currently available, several gaps remain and will need to be addressed if society is to rise to the challenge of developing effective interventions to reduce risk associated with social disconnection. This evidence has important broader implications for medical practice and public health.

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Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo, Márcia Araújo Alexandre, André Siqueira, Gisely Melo, Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero, Efrem d'Ávila, Silvana Gomes Benzecry, Heitor Pons Leite, and Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda. "Could Plasmodium vivax malaria trigger malnutrition? Revisiting the Bradford Hill criteria to assess a causal relationship between two neglected problems." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 49, no. 3 (June 2016): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0397-2015.

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Hussain, S., C. Dawson, Y. Wang, A. M. Tonkin, L. Chou, A. E. Wluka, and F. M. Cicuttini. "Is Vascular Pathology a Risk Factor for Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review and Analysis Based on Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 25 (April 2017): S348—S349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.589.

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Dart, MD, PhD, Richard C., Janetta L. Iwanicki, MD, Nabarun Dasgupta, PhD, Theodore J. Cicero, PhD, and Sidney H. Schnoll, MD, PhD. "Do abuse deterrent opioid formulations work?" Journal of Opioid Management 13, no. 6 (December 7, 2017): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2017.0415.

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Objective: We performed a systematic review to answer the question, “Does the introduction of an opioid analgesic with abuse deterrent properties result in reduced overall abuse of the drug in the community?”Design: We included opioid analgesics with abuse deterrent properties (hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone) with results restricted to the metasearch term “delayed onset,” English language, use in humans, and publication years 2009-2016. All articles that contained data evaluating misuse, abuse, overdose, addiction, and death were included. The results were categorized using the Bradford-Hill criteria.Results: We included 44 reports: hydrocodone (n = 7), morphine (n = 5), or oxycodone (n = 32) with Food and Drug Administration-approved Categories 1, 2, or 3 abuse deterrent labeling. The data currently available support the Hill criteria of strength (effect size), consistency (reproducibility), temporality, plausibility, and coherence. There was insufficient or no information available for the criteria of biological gradient, experiment, and analogy. We also assessed confounding factors and bias, which indicated that both were present and substantial in magnitude.Conclusions: Our analysis found that only oxycodone extended release (ER) had information available to evaluate abuse deterrence in the community. In Australia, Canada, and the United States, reformulation of oxycodone ER was followed by marked reduction in measures of abuse. The precise extent of reduced abuse cannot be calculated because of heterogeneous data sets, but the reported reductions ranged from 10 to 90 percent depending on the measure and the duration of follow-up.

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Borger, Tamara, Elsa J. Nel, Laura M. Kok, Florine E. Marinelli, and Kees H. Woldendorp. "Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Complaints in Female Musicians: A Systematic Review and Exploration for Future Studies." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2021.4031.

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BACKGROUND: Female musicians are prone to the development of musculoskeletal complaints (MSC). The etiology of this increased risk is poorly understood. As the number of professional female musicians increases, so does the importance of understanding female-specific risk factors for MSC in musicians. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of current literature of proven and possible risk factors/etiology of MSC in female musicians, and to identify topics for future studies. METHODS: Systematic review performed according to international guidelines. A database search was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, PsycINFO, clinicaltrials.gov, and gray literature. Studies were independently selected and rated by two reviewers. QUIPS and STROBE guidelines were used for assessing quality and risk of bias. Risk factors were categorized by means of the theoretical framework of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) and evaluated using the Bradford Hill criteria for causality. RESULTS: Out of 1,924 records, 10 eligible studies were included. A low to moderate level of methodological quality was present in the studies. Fifteen risk factors could be identified from the included studies, which were positioned in the ICF model. The two most frequently mentioned female-specific risk factors were hand size and joint laxity. None of the risk factors fulfilled Bradford Hill’s criteria for causality. Many other risk factors were suggested, while a number of expected causes were not encountered. CONCLUSION: At this moment, no evidence-based deductions can be made about female-specific risk factors for MSC in musicians. There is a lack of high-quality studies in this field and a need for studies with a different focus and a prospective study design.

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Boniface, Sadie, Jack W. Scannell, and Sally Marlow. "Evidence for the effectiveness of minimum pricing of alcohol: a systematic review and assessment using the Bradford Hill criteria for causality." BMJ Open 7, no. 5 (May 2017): e013497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013497.

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Kundi, Michael. "Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 12, no. 2 (April 2007): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232007000200018.

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There is an ongoing debate regarding how and when an agent's or determinant's impact can be interpreted as causation with respect to some target disease. The criteria of causation, originating from the seminal work of Sir Austin Bradford Hill and Mervyn Susser, are often schematically applied and, furthermore, there is a tendency to misinterpret the lack of evidence for causation as evidence for lack of a causal relation. There are no criteria for the assessment of evidence concerning an agent's or determinant's propensity to cause a disease, nor are there criteria to dismiss the notion of causation. In this commentary, I propose a dialogue approach for the assessment of an agent or determinant. Starting from epidemiologic evidence, four issues need to be addressed: temporal relation, association, environmental equivalence, and population equivalence. If there are no valid counterarguments, a factor is attributed the potential of disease causation. More often, there will be insufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies. In these cases, other evidence can be used that increases or decreases confidence in a factor being causally related to a disease. Even though every verdict of causation is provisional, action must not be postponed if our present knowledge appears to demand immediate measures for health protection.

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Livesey, Geoffrey, Richard Taylor, Helen F. Livesey, Anette E. Buyken, David J. A. Jenkins, Livia S. A. Augustin, John L. Sievenpiper, et al. "Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061436.

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While dietary factors are important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), the causal role of carbohydrate quality in nutrition remains controversial. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been examined in relation to the risk of T2D in multiple prospective cohort studies. Previous meta-analyses indicate significant relations but consideration of causality has been minimal. Here, the results of our recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies of 4 to 26-y follow-up are interpreted in the context of the nine Bradford-Hill criteria for causality, that is: (1) Strength of Association, (2) Consistency, (3) Specificity, (4) Temporality, (5) Biological Gradient, (6) Plausibility, (7) Experimental evidence, (8) Analogy, and (9) Coherence. These criteria necessitated referral to a body of literature wider than prospective cohort studies alone, especially in criteria 6 to 9. In this analysis, all nine of the Hill’s criteria were met for GI and GL indicating that we can be confident of a role for GI and GL as causal factors contributing to incident T2D. In addition, neither dietary fiber nor cereal fiber nor wholegrain were found to be reliable or effective surrogate measures of GI or GL. Finally, our cost–benefit analysis suggests food and nutrition advice favors lower GI or GL and would produce significant potential cost savings in national healthcare budgets. The high confidence in causal associations for incident T2D is sufficient to consider inclusion of GI and GL in food and nutrient-based recommendations.

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van Diepen, Anouk T. N., and Sarbjit V. Jassal. "A Qualitative Systematic Review of the Literature Supporting a Causal Relationship between Exit-Site Infection and Subsequent Peritonitis in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Treated with Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 33, no. 6 (November 2013): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2012.00082.

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ObjectiveThe objective of our research was to summarize and review evidence supporting a causal relationship between exit-site infection and peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Data SourcesWe undertook a qualitative review of studies retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed, and supplemented that process with a hand search of references and abstracts in the literature.Study SelectionOur quality criteria were based on the Paediatric Risk of Mortality guidelines, definitions, and recommendations from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD), and the Bradford Hill criteria for causality. All identified abstracts were reviewed for content. Of 776 abstracts, 59 were selected for full-text evaluation, and 22 of those met the ISPD criteria for good-quality research in PD-related infections. Of the 22 eligible studies, 9 met the study's quality criteria and were included in the summative analysis. No articles reported sufficient data for a quantitative analysis.Data ExtractionInformation on study design, study population characteristics, definitions, peritonitis rates, exit-site care protocol, exit-site treatment protocol, follow-up period, potential bias, and outcomes was extracted. Criteria for including data in the final study were determined using ISPD guidelines.Data SynthesisOf the 9 included studies, 8 suggested that a history of exit-site infection increased the risk for subsequent peritonitis. Of those studies, 3 met 5 causality criteria, 4 met 4 causality criteria, and 1 met 3 causality criteria.ConclusionsThe literature provides weak evidence to support a causal relationship between exit-site infection and subsequent peritonitis. Few criteria for causation were met. We were unable to attribute causation and could assume an association only. The exclusion of studies focusing on PD-related tunnel infections may be viewed as both a strength and a limitation of the present work.

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COELHO, Luiz Gonzaga Vaz, and Maria Clara Freitas COELHO. "Helicobacter pylori and colorectal neoplasms: a concise review." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 58, no. 1 (March 2021): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.202100000-19.

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ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori is the main etiological agent of all malignant tumors caused by an infectious disease. It is a major, at times dominant, factor in the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of diseases such as acute and chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastric carcinoma, and lymphoma. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that H. pylori chronic infection may be related to different extragastric diseases, including colorectal neoplasms. This concise review aims to explore the association of H. pylori infection with colorectal cancer and adenoma, including the recent epidemiological findings, the diagnostic methods employed to detect H. pylori and virulent factors, and the potentially involved mechanisms. Furthermore, is attempted to establish the current data integration for causal inference using the Bradford-Hill causality criteria. The weak, although global, strength of the epidemiological positive association between H. pylori infection and colonic neoplasms associated to new mechanisms postulated to explain this interaction, including intestinal dysbiosis, should stimulate future studies. Prospective confirmatory studies to establish the role of H. pylori eradication in the process of carcinogenic transformation of the colonic epithelium may define its eventual role in the treatment and prevention of colonic neoplasms.

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Freeman, Michael D., and Sean S. Kohles. "Plasma Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, and Causation." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/258981.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbons that have extensively polluted the environment and bioaccumulated in the food chain. PCBs have been deemed to be probable carcinogens by the Environmental Protection Agency, and exposure to high levels of PCBs has been consistently linked to increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In the present article we present a forensic epidemiologic evaluation of the causal relationship between NHL and elevated PCB levels via application of the Bradford-Hill criteria. Included in the evaluation is a meta-analysis of the results of previously published case-control studies in order to assess the strength of association between NHL and PCBs, resulting in an odds ratio in which the lowest percentile PCB concentration (quartile, quintile, or tertile) has been compared with the highest percentile concentration in the study groups. The weight-adjusted odds ratio for all PCB congeners was 1.43 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.31 to 1.55, indicating a statistically significant causal association with NHL. Because of the lack of an unexposed comparison group, a rationale for the use of a less than 2.0 relative risk causal contribution threshold is presented herein, including an ecologic analysis of NHL incidence and PCB accumulation (as measured by sales volume) over time. The overall results presented here indicate a strong general causal association between NHL and PCB exposure.

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Sears, Malcolm R. "Short-Acting Beta-Agonist Research: A Perspective." Canadian Respiratory Journal 8, no. 5 (2001): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/987151.

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Asthma mortality increased sharply in New Zealand in 1977, prompting a national investigation into circumstances of asthma deaths. Subsequent observations of improved asthma control in subjects withdrawn from regular beta2-agonist treatment raised the question of whether asthma severity and, therefore, mortality could relate to frequent beta-agonist use. A randomized controlled trial of regular inhaled fenoterol versus as-needed bronchodilator use showed worsened asthma control during regular treatment despite concomitant use of inhaled corticosteroids. Assessment of these findings led to delay in the publishing of the American Asthma Guidelines, which were modified to suggest caution in using beta2-agonist treatments. Simultaneously, case control studies in New Zealand suggested that prescription of fenoterol was a substantial risk factor for asthma mortality. The causal association was hotly debated, but increasing evidence pointed to an adverse effect of fenoterol on asthma severity and, hence, mortality. This was supported by dramatic decreases in both morbidity and mortality when fenoterol was effectively withdrawn from use in New Zealand. The link between worsening asthma morbidity and mortality, and the use of potent short-acting beta2-agonists fulfills the Bradford Hill criteria for attributing causality. Application of evidence from randomized, controlled trials of short-acting beta-agonist use has led to a major shift in therapy in asthma to the recommendation of as-needed use only of short-acting beta-agonists and decreased patient reliance on regular bronchodilator therapy.

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Al-Imam, Ahmed, Hend J. Al-Doori, and Ali K. Al-Shalchy. "Dorsal expansion-related manual disability in verrucae vulgaris patients treated with cryotherapy: A longitudinal study via big data." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v12i4.33521.

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Background: Common warts frequently occur over the hands and may overlie critical structures, including the extensor expansion of the digits, for which cryotherapy can lead to manual disability. Aims and Objectives: We aim to implement big data to infer knowledge on the interest of web users regarding the dorsal expansion-related manual disability in verrucae vulgaris patients managed with cryotherapy. Materials and Methods: We mapped the interest of users of the surface web in connection with five topics: cryosurgery, extensor digitorum muscle, human papillomavirus, manual disability, and verruca vulgaris. We retrieved longitudinal data [2004-2019] concerning the spatio-temporal variations of interest in these topics, using Google Trends. We are also reporting a case of interest while analyzing it using the Bradford Hill criteria. Results: Sixty-four nations contributed to the spatial (geographic) map, including ten countries from the Middle East and the north of Africa (15.63%). There was high temporal variability concerning cryosurgery 29.61 (+/- 0.94), extensor digitorum muscle 64.43 (+/- 0.86), human papillomavirus 0.01 (+/- 0.01), manual disability 2.89 (+/- 0.13), and verruca vulgaris 9.39 (+/- 0.20). Conjoint inference, via Post-Hoc testing and neural networks [machine learning], assigned the highest synaptic weight [effect size] to “cryosurgery” and “extensor digitorum muscle”, thus indicating that these topics are of prime interest for web users, including anatomists and dermatologists. Conclusions: We are conveying two messages: 1) Dermatologists are encouraged to collaborate with data scientists to realize the importance of big data for evidence-based dermatology. 2) Physicians should exercise extra caution in managing patients with verrucae vulgaris using cryotherapy.

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Russom, Mulugeta, Filipos Yohannes, Abel Tekle, and Ruth Ghirmay. "Ibuprofen and risk of hypoglycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic consumers: analysis of international pharmacovigilance data." Journal of Pharmacology & Clinical Toxicology 9, no. 1 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47739/pharmacology.1154.

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Introduction: Ibuprofen was associated with hypoglycemia in a single published case report in a diabetic patient. Ibuprofen, however, has never been associated so far with hypoglycemia in previously healthy non-diabetic individuals and thus, it is not listed as adverse effect in its summary of product characteristics approved by major regulatory authorities. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the causal relationship between ibuprofen and hypoglycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Materials and Methods: Analysis of the literature and the WHO global database of individual case safety reports, VigiBase, was made to explore evidence on the association of ibuprofen and hypoglycemia. The unpublished data and the currently availablepublished toxicological, biological, clinical and epidemiological evidence, if any, was systematically organized using Austin Bradford Hill criteria, causality assessment framework, to assess the causal link between ibuprofen and hypoglycemia. Results: In VigiBase, there were 125 cases of hypoglycemia associated with ibuprofen, reported from 19 countries. About 50% had history of diabetes. Ibuprofen was reported as sole suspect in 36.8% of the cases and the only drug administered in18.4%. Hypoglycemia resolved following discontinuation of ibuprofen in 21.6% and recurred in three patients with rechallenge. Outcome was fatal in 10.5%. Where ibuprofen was solely administered, median time-to-onset of hypoglycemia was one-day following administration of the drug. In an experimental study, a significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed at a higher dose of ibuprofen compared to a low-dose. Conclusion: Currently available totality of evidence reflects a possible causal association between ibuprofen and hypoglycemia that need to be substantiated with further studies.

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Ramma, Wenda, and Asif Ahmed. "Is inflammation the cause of pre-eclampsia?" Biochemical Society Transactions 39, no. 6 (November 21, 2011): 1619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20110672.

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It has been proposed that either excessive inflammation or an imbalance in angiogenic factors cause pre-eclampsia. In the present review, the arguments for and against the role of inflammation and/or angiogenic imbalance as the cause of pre-eclampsia are discussed on the basis of the Bradford–Hill criteria for disease causation. Although both angiogenic imbalance and systemic inflammation are implicated in pre-eclampsia, the absence of temporality of inflammatory markers with pre-eclampsia challenges the concept that excessive inflammation is the cause of pre-eclampsia. In contrast, the elevation of anti-angiogenic factors that precede the clinical signs of pre-eclampsia fulfils the criterion of temporality. The second most important criterion is the dose–response relationship. Although such a relationship has not been proven between pro-inflammatory cytokines and pre-eclampsia, high levels of anti-angiogenic factors have been shown to correlate with increased incidence and disease severity, hence satisfying this condition. Finally, as the removal of circulating sFlt-1 (soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1) from pre-eclamptic patients significantly improves the clinical outcome, it fulfils the Hill's experiment principle, which states that removal of the cause by an appropriate experimental regimen should ameliorate the condition. In contrast, treatment with high doses of corticosteroid fails to improve maternal outcome in pre-eclampsia, despite suppressing inflammation. Inflammation may enhance the pathology induced by the imbalance in the angiogenic factors, but does not by itself cause pre-eclampsia. Development of therapies based on the angiogenic and cytoprotective mechanisms seems more promising.

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Girling, Benedict J., Samuel W. Channon, Ryan W. Haines, and John R. Prowle. "Acute kidney injury and adverse outcomes of critical illness: correlation or causation?" Clinical Kidney Journal 13, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz158.

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Abstract Critically ill patients who develop acute kidney injury (AKI) are more than twice as likely to die in hospital. However, it is not clear to what extent AKI is the cause of excess mortality, or merely a correlate of illness severity. The Bradford Hill criteria for causality (plausibility, temporality, magnitude, specificity, analogy, experiment & coherence, biological gradient and consistency) were applied to assess the extent to which AKI may be causative in adverse short-term outcomes of critical illness. Plausible mechanisms exist to explain increased risk of death after AKI, both from direct pathophysiological effects of renal dysfunction and mechanisms of organ cross-talk in multiple-organ failure. The temporal relationship between increased mortality following AKI is consistent with its pathophysiology. AKI is associated with substantially increased mortality, an association that persists after accounting for known confounders. A biological gradient exists between increasing severity of AKI and increasing short-term mortality. This graded association shares similar features to the increased mortality observed in ARDS; an analogous condition with a multifactorial aetiology. Evidence for the outcomes of AKI from retrospective cohort studies and experimental animal models is coherent however both of these forms of evidence have intrinsic biases and shortcomings. The relationship between AKI and risk of death is maintained across a range of patient ages, comorbidities and underlying diagnoses. In conclusion many features of the relationship between AKI and short-term mortality suggest causality. Prevention and mitigation of AKI and its complications are valid targets for studies seeking to improve short-term survival in critical care.

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Finck, Henriette, Andrew R. Hart, Amy Jennings, and Ailsa A. Welch. "Is there a role for vitamin C in preventing osteoporosis and fractures? A review of the potential underlying mechanisms and current epidemiological evidence." Nutrition Research Reviews 27, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422414000195.

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Osteoporosis and related fractures are a major global health issue, but there are few preventative strategies. Previously reported associations between higher intakes of fruits and vegetables and skeletal health have been suggested to be partly attributable to vitamin C. To date, there is some evidence for a potential role of vitamin C in osteoporosis and fracture prevention but an overall consensus of published studies has not yet been drawn. The present review aims to provide a summary of the proposed underlying mechanisms of vitamin C on bone and reviews the current evidence in the literature, examining a potential link between vitamin C intake and status with osteoporosis and fractures. The Bradford Hill criteria were used to assess reported associations. Recent animal studies have provided insights into the involvement of vitamin C in osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, and its role as a mediator of bone matrix deposition, affecting both the quantity and quality of bone collagen. Observational studies have provided some evidence for this in the general population, showing positive associations between dietary vitamin C intake and supplements and higher bone mineral density or reduced fracture risk. However, previous intervention studies were not sufficiently well designed to evaluate these associations. Epidemiological data are particularly limited for vitamin C status and for fracture risk and good-quality randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm previous epidemiological findings. The present review also highlights that associations between vitamin C and bone health may be non-linear and further research is needed to ascertain optimal intakes for osteoporosis and fracture prevention.

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Eicher-Miller, Heather A., and Yanling Zhao. "Evidence for the age-specific relationship of food insecurity and key dietary outcomes among US children and adolescents." Nutrition Research Reviews 31, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422417000245.

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AbstractApproximately 6·5 million US children live in food-insecure households, meaning that they have restrained access to the types and amounts of foods they usually eat. The nutrient demands of growth and general sub-par dietary intake of US children by age highlight the importance and difficulty of attaining recommended amounts of critical dietary components to promote health and prevent disease. Evaluation of the evidence for a relationship of food insecurity with key dietary outcomes for the specific stages of child growth at 1–5 years, 6–11 years and 12–19 years has not been previously documented. Bradford Hill criteria of strength, consistency and dose–response were applied to aid evaluation. A comprehensive search of original research on US children using food-security assessment measures indexed to January 2017 was completed and identified sixteen studies that evaluated the relationship of food insecurity with key dietary outcomes. Evidence for a strong, consistent and dose–response relationship of food insecurity with lower vegetable intake compared with food security was determined among children aged 1–5 years and strong and consistent evidence of higher added sugar intake among food-insecure children aged 6–11 years compared with food-secure children was apparent. Adolescent-focused evidence was sparse but revealed adolescence as the paediatric age stage where food insecurity has the most potential for negative impact on child dietary intake. A discussion of future research opportunities includes strengthening the evidence through longitudinal study designs, inclusion of additional nutrients of concern, and stronger mitigation of bias and error.

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