Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bracteates'

This research focuses on the analysis of pictorial images from objects of Germanic/early Scandinavian cultures in order to discriminate elements which are only applied for decorative reasons from those which also express symbolic values. At the outset I introduced an interpretation of the terms 'signs' and 'symbols' in order to inform the reader to which extent these terms were applied. It appeared that techniques, such as the geographical and chronological classification, traditionally used by archaeologists and historians to analyse objects/artefacts, were not always sufficient enough to gain all information which images may offer. Sometimes it seems to be difficult to determine if certain images shown on objects from early mediaeval, central and northern European origin, were created as a space-filling decoration only or if they held additional, probably symbolic, information as well. I have investigated aspects from visual perception, as applied within the domains of psychology, visual art and design. The methods, as they are introduced in this thesis, can be used as a identification scheme, applied on objects of great diversity. I have applied them on guldgubber (little embossed gold foils), bracteates and Gotland picture-stones. Objects of great historical and geographic difference, as well as physical diversity, such as size and material were chosen purposely to create an overview of the symbolic expressions in Germanic/early Scandinavian artefacts and to test the extent of the identification method derived from the domain of visual perception. A detailed analysis of sixty four guldgubber, found in Lundeborg, near Gudme, on the island of Fyn (Denmark), is placed in an appendix. An analysis of these objects appeared to be particularly interesting because it is not known what the purpose of guldgubber were to the present day.

This research focuses on the analysis of pictorial images from objects of Germanic/early Scandinavian cultures in order to discriminate elements which are only applied for decorative reasons from those which also express symbolic values. At the outset I introduced an interpretation of the terms �signs� and �symbols� in order to inform the reader to which extent these terms were applied. It appeared that techniques, such as the geographical and chronological classification, traditionally used by archaeologists and historians to analyse objects/artefacts, were not always sufficient enough to gain all information which images may offer. Sometimes it seems to be difficult to determine if certain images shown on objects from early mediaeval, central and northern European origin, were created as a space-filling decoration only or if they held additional, probably symbolic, information as well. I have investigated aspects from visual perception, as applied within the domains of psychology, visual art and design. The methods, as they are introduced in this thesis, can be used as a identification scheme, applied on objects of great diversity. I have applied them on guldgubber (little embossed gold foils), bracteates and Gotland picture-stones. Objects of great historical and geographic difference, as well as physical diversity, such as size and material were chosen purposely to create an overview of the symbolic expressions in Germanic/early Scandinavian artefacts and to test the extent of the identification method derived from the domain of visual perception. A detailed analysis of sixty four guldgubber, found in Lundeborg, near Gudme, on the island of Fyn (Denmark), is placed in an appendix. An analysis of these objects appeared to be particularly interesting because it is not known what the purpose of guldgubber were to the present day.

Papaver somniferum plants accumulate the secondary products codeine and morphine. P. bracteatum accumulates their precursor, thebaine. The aims of the project were to use tissue cultures for the production of these alkaloids and for the biotransformation of thebaine to codeine and morphine. Methods were evaluated for the extraction, separation and quantification of mg or mug amounts of morphinan alkaloids from plant material. TLC, IIPLC and RIA were useful. Poppy cells fron a range of seed sources and explants were grown in static and suspension culture. Manipulations were made in atterpts to induce morphinan biogenesis. These included inmobilisation of cells and changes in the growth medium. Morphinans were absent from unspecialised cells in all but one instance. The biotransformation of thebaine was tested in cell suspensions of P. somniferum and Nicotiana alata. Using thebaine (biosynthesised from CO2) these experiments were extended to organs of the P. somniferum plant. A thebaine-biotransfomation product arose in N. alata (but not P. somniferum) suspensions that also arose in excised P. somniferum capsules. A non-specific enzymic activity is proposed. No codeine or morphine were produced. Plant regeneration was demonstrated, in good yield, by embryogenesis fron meristenoid tissue of P. bracteatum. In P. somniferum the process was initiated but was not routinely successful. Regeneration may be useful for plant improvenent via cloning or as a source of variation. On reorganisation into plantlets, capacity for morphinan alkaloid accumulation was realised. Capacity for alkaloid accumulation is discussed in tenns of a requisite minimum level of cytodifferentiation, perhaps of laticifer-like cells. The uptake or binding of radiolabelled morphine by suspension cultures was investigated, since binding may be a reason for failure to detect morphinans in cultures extracted by the usual methods. Evidence was found that exogenous morphine binds to an insoluble fraction in P. somniferum and I. tabacum but cells did not contain any endogenous bound morphincins.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Botânica, 2008.
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O abacaxizeiro ornamental (Ananas comosus var. bracteatus (Lindl.) Coppens & Leal pertence a família Bromeliaceae. Essa espécie é de propagação vegetativa via propágulos removidos da planta-mãe. Esse tipo de propagação usualmente traz doenças causadas por fungos, bactérias e vírus, mediante o uso de mudas contaminadas. Uma das maneiras de controlar patógenos é usar plantas estoques livres de doenças, obtidos via cultura de tecidos. O objetivo do trabalho foi o estabelecer um sistema eficiente de propagação massal de plantas livres de doenças do abacaxizeiro ornamental e avaliar a fidelidade genética das propagulos regenerados. Os efeitos da adição de BAP em combinação com ANA e períodos de subcultivo foram estudados na formação de brotações in vitro. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o inteiramente ao acaso com os tratamentos dispostos no esquema fatorial 6 x 2 x 4, referentes a 6 concentrações BA (0,0; 0,125; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; e 2,0 mg L-1), duas de ANA (0,0 e 0,1 mg L-1) e 4 períodos de subcultivos (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). A formação de brotações foi observada em meio suplementado com BAP, em todos os períodos de subcultivos. O maior número médio de brotos por explante (872,2) foi obtido em meio líquido com a concentração de 1,2 mg L-1 de BAP e 120 dias de subcultivo. Na avaliação da fidelidade genética das plantas regeneradas após 120 dias de cultivo foi observado que os tratamentos com BAP nas concentrações de 0,125, 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 influenciaram o aparecimento de variações genéticas determinadas pelo uso de marcadores RAPD. Os 46 primers utilizados amplificaram 434 bandas monomórficas (95,8%) e 18 foram polimórficas (4,2%), dentre os propágulos regenerados. Também foi estudado o efeito de concentrações de 2ip e diferentes períodos de subcultivos na propagação in vitro dessa espécie. Propágulos com, aproximadamente, 1,0 cm de tamanho, oriundos da cultura in vitro foram utilizados como explantes. Os explantes foram inoculados em meio básico, formulação líquida, contendo concentrações de 2ip (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg L-1) em combinação com quatro períodos de subcultivos (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). O maior número de brotos por explante (139) foi obtido em meio básico com 1,6 mg L-1 de 2ip e 120 dias de subcultivo. Após a transferência de brotações individualizadas para meio contendo ANA (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 4,0 mg.L-1) verificou-se a diferenciação de raízes adventícias na porção basilar dos explantes. As folhas das plantas in vitro apresentam a forma lanceoladas e consistem de uma camada de células epidérmicas, hipoderme, parênquima aqüífero, parênquima clorofiliano, idioblastos de ráfides, canais de ar e sistema vascular circundado total ou parcialmente por fibras. Na epiderme ocorrem tricomas e escamas. O processo de pré-aclimatação consiste em abrir as tampas dos frascos de cultura contendo as plantas enraizadas in vitro progressivamente, 4 a 5 dias antes de transplantio para casa de vegetação. O transplantio deve ser feito para vasos contendo o substrato PlantMax ou mistura 1:1 de areia e vermiculita. Em ambas as condições 90% dos propágulos sobrevivem e desenvolvem-se ex vitro. Propágulos que não foram aclimatados apresentaram uma percentagem de sobrevivência de 70%, após transplantio com desenvolvimento inicial lento quando comparado com plantas pré-aclimatadas. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The ornamental pineapple (Ananas comosus var. bracteatus (Lindley) Coppens & Leal) belongs to the Bromeliaceae family. This specie is vegetatively propagated by propagules removed from the mother plant. This kind of propagation brings diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses by using infected propagules. One option to control pathogens is to use disease-free stock plants obtained by tissue culture. The objectives of this work were to establish an efficient system for mass propagation of disease-free plants of ornamental pineapple and to evaluate the genetic fidelity of regenerated plantlets. The effects of the addition of BAP in combination with either NAA or subculture periods were studied in shoot formations in vitro. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete design in a factorial disposition 6 x 2 x 4, referring to six BAP (0.0; 0.125; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; and 2.0 mg L-1) and two NAA (0.0 and 0.1 mg L-1) concentrations and four subculturing periods (30, 60, 90 e 120 days). Shoot formations were observed in medium supplemented with BAP in all subculturing periods. The maximum average number of shoots per explant (872,2) was obtained in liquid medium with 1.2 mg L-1 BAP and 120 days of subcultive. In the evaluation of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants, after 120 days in culture, it was observed that BAP in concentrations of 0.125; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 mg.L-1 influenced the appearance of genetic variation in the regenerated propagules using RAPD markers. The 46 primers used amplified 434 monomorphic bands (96.66%) and 22 were polymorphics (4.44%), among regenerated plants. The effect of 2ip concentrations and subculture periods in the micropropagation of ornamental pineapple was also studied. Propagules with approximately 1.0 cm in height, originated from in vitro culture were used as explants. The explants were inoculated in basal medium, liquid formulation, with 2ip in concentrations of 0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1) in combination with four subculture periods of 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. The maximum number of shoot production per explant (139) was obtained in basal medium with 1.6 mg L-1 de 2ip and 120 days of subculture. After transferring individual shoots to NAA (0.0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 and 4.0 mg.L-1) media adventitious root formed in the basal portion of the explants. The leaves of the in vitro plants presented a laceolated form and consisted of an epidermal layer of cells, hypoderme, aquiferous parenchyma, chlorophyllous parenchyma, raphydes idioblastes, and vascular system circundated total or partially by fibers. Tricomes and scales were found in the epidermis. The pre-acclimatization process consisted in opening the closure of the culture flasks containing in vitro rooted plantlets progressively five days prior to transplanting them to the greenhouse. The transplanting was done in pots containing PlantMax substrate or a mixture of sand and vermiculate in the proportion 1:1 v/v. In both conditions 90% of the plantlets survived and developed ex vitro. Non acclimatized plantlets showed a 70% survival rate after they were transferred to substrate and they presented slow initial growth as compared with acclimatized plants.

This thesis developed for the first time an understanding of the traits, environmental conditions and lifecycle of the critically endangered tree species, Melaleuca irbyana R.T. Baker. M. irbyana's distribution is restricted to the south-west peri-urban fringe of South East Queensland. It forms dense monocultures naturally, providing unique and important habitat for wildlife, which is now a declared critically endangered ecosystem under Australia's EPBC Act 1999. Research findings are aimed at assisting management efforts to ensure the persistence of remaining populations of this species and guiding efforts for more effective revegetation projects.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior
Este trabalho descreve o estudo quÃmico de trÃs espÃcies do gÃnero Ananas (A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus) e dos fungos endofÃticos Acremonium curvulum e Fusarium oxysporum, isolados de A. lucidus. A investigaÃÃo fitoquÃmica das raÃzes, folhas e talos de A. bracteatus levou ao isolamento de trÃs compostos micromoleculares: cumataquenina (1), glicosÃdeo do sitosterol (2) e sitosterol (3). Das folhas da espÃcie A. lucidus foram isolados a mistura de trÃs monoacilglicerois (4) e o 5-(hidroximetil)-2-furaldeÃdo (5). O estudo dos Ãcidos graxos das folhas e raÃzes de A. bracteatus e A. lucidus, bem como de A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus cultivadas in vitro foi realizado. Vinte e um Ãcidos graxos, na forma de Ãsteres metÃlicos, foram identificados nas oito amostras analisadas, sendo 16 (76%) Ãcidos graxos saturados e 5 (24%) insaturados. A prospecÃÃo quÃmica do fungo A. curvulum levou ao isolamento dos compostos 2-hidroxipropanoato de feniletila (6), ergosterol (7) e triptofol (8). A analise dos extratos de F. oxysporum levou ao isolamento do composto tetra(S)-butirolactona (9) e do (4R*, 5S*)-5-hidroxihexan-4-olida (71%) e (4R*, 5R*)-5-hidroxihexan-4-olida (29%) (10), estes na forma de uma mistura diastereoisomerica. A determinaÃÃo estrutural dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios isolados foi realizada empregando-se as tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas de infravermelho, ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear de hidrogÃnio e carbono-13, incluindo tÃcnicas bidimensionais (COSY, HMQC e HMBC) e espectrometria de massa, alÃm de comparaÃÃo com dados descritos na literatura.
The chemical study of three Ananas species (A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus) and the endophytic fungi Acremonium curvulum and Fusarium oxysporum, both isolated from A. lucidus, are described. The phytochemical investigations of roots, leaves and steams from A. bracteatus yielded the isolation of three micro molecular compounds: kumatekenin (1), glycosilated sitosterol (2) and sitosterol (3). From leaves of A. lucidus it was isolated a mixture of three monoacylglicerols (4) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (5). The fatty acid composition of leaves and roots from A. bracteatus and A. lucidus, as well as in vitro A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus was investigated. Twenty-one fatty acids, as methyl ester derivatives, were identified in eight studied samples, 16 (76%) of them saturated and 5 (24%) unsaturated acids. From the fungus A. curvulum three compounds were isolated: phenetyl 2-hydroxypropionate (6), ergosterol (7) and tryptophol (8). The chemical investigation of the organic extracts from F. oxysporum led to the isolation of tetra(S)-butirolactone (9) and the diastereoisomeric mixture of (4R*,5S*)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (71%) and (4R*,5R*)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (29%) (10). Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was done by spectrometric analysis such as infrared, 1H and 13C NMR, including bidimensional techniques (COSY, HMQC e HMBC), mass spectrometry as well as literature comparison.

RODRIGUES, A. C. P. Estudo Químico de Ananas (A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus) e dos Fungos Endofíticos (Acremonium curvulum e Fusarium oxysporum) isolados de Ananas lucidus. 2009. 180 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química Orgânica) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2009.
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The chemical study of three Ananas species (A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus) and the endophytic fungi Acremonium curvulum and Fusarium oxysporum, both isolated from A. lucidus, are described. The phytochemical investigations of roots, leaves and steams from A. bracteatus yielded the isolation of three micro molecular compounds: kumatekenin (1), glycosilated sitosterol (2) and sitosterol (3). From leaves of A. lucidus it was isolated a mixture of three monoacylglicerols (4) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (5). The fatty acid composition of leaves and roots from A. bracteatus and A. lucidus, as well as in vitro A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus was investigated. Twenty-one fatty acids, as methyl ester derivatives, were identified in eight studied samples, 16 (76%) of them saturated and 5 (24%) unsaturated acids. From the fungus A. curvulum three compounds were isolated: phenetyl 2-hydroxypropionate (6), ergosterol (7) and tryptophol (8). The chemical investigation of the organic extracts from F. oxysporum led to the isolation of tetra(S)-butirolactone (9) and the diastereoisomeric mixture of (4R*,5S*)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (71%) and (4R*,5R*)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (29%) (10). Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was done by spectrometric analysis such as infrared, 1H and 13C NMR, including bidimensional techniques (COSY, HMQC e HMBC), mass spectrometry as well as literature comparison.
Este trabalho descreve o estudo químico de três espécies do gênero Ananas (A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus) e dos fungos endofíticos Acremonium curvulum e Fusarium oxysporum, isolados de A. lucidus. A investigação fitoquímica das raízes, folhas e talos de A. bracteatus levou ao isolamento de três compostos micromoleculares: cumataquenina (1), glicosídeo do sitosterol (2) e sitosterol (3). Das folhas da espécie A. lucidus foram isolados a mistura de três monoacilglicerois (4) e o 5-(hidroximetil)-2-furaldeído (5). O estudo dos ácidos graxos das folhas e raízes de A. bracteatus e A. lucidus, bem como de A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus cultivadas in vitro foi realizado. Vinte e um ácidos graxos, na forma de ésteres metílicos, foram identificados nas oito amostras analisadas, sendo 16 (76%) ácidos graxos saturados e 5 (24%) insaturados. A prospecção química do fungo A. curvulum levou ao isolamento dos compostos 2-hidroxipropanoato de feniletila (6), ergosterol (7) e triptofol (8). A analise dos extratos de F. oxysporum levou ao isolamento do composto tetra(S)-butirolactona (9) e do (4R*, 5S*)-5-hidroxihexan-4-olida (71%) e (4R*, 5R*)-5-hidroxihexan-4-olida (29%) (10), estes na forma de uma mistura diastereoisomerica. A determinação estrutural dos metabólitos secundários isolados foi realizada empregando-se as técnicas espectrométricas de infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e carbono-13, incluindo técnicas bidimensionais (COSY, HMQC e HMBC) e espectrometria de massa, além de comparação com dados descritos na literatura.

Atherosclerosis accounts for the highest illness and mortality rates throughout the world. This disease begins with the accumulation of cholesterol and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the endothelium, which leads to its inflammation as well as the hardening and thickening of arterial walls. The Brazilian Health Ministry issued the National Policy of Integrative and Complementary Practices in the public healthcare system, which encourages phytotherapeutic research and development based on the use of medicinal plants. Studies involving Himatanthus bracteatus have demonstrated action on arachidonic acid in rats as well as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial/antibacterial properties. Evidence of antimicrobial/antibacterial activity has also been found in Ocotea longifolia, with effective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. It is therefore important to determine the effect of alcoholic extracts of Himatanthus bracteatus and Ocotea longifolia on the thickness of the tunica media and elastic fibers in the descending portion of the aorta in C57BL6J mice. The aim of the present study was to determine the thickness of the tunica media and percentage of elastic fibers in the descending portion of the aorta of mice in which experimental atherosclerosis was induced. A 42-day experimental animal study was conducted in which C57BL6J mice were submitted to an atherosclerotic diet (1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid and 15% fat). Forty-nine mice were divided into seven groups: C group (control –one mL of 0.9% saline solution; n = 7), H group (hyperlipidemic -1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid and 15% fat; n = 7), HT25 group (Himatanthus bracteatus [25 mg/mL]; n = 7), HT12.5 group (Himatanthus bracteatus [12.5 mg/mL]; n = 7), OT25 group (Ocotea longifolia [25 mg/mL]; n = 7), OT12.5 (Ocotea longifolia [12.5 mg/mL]; n = 7) and R group (rosuvastatin [0.27 mg/mL]; n = 7). The primary variables were mean thickness of the tunica media and percentage of elastic fibers in the descending portion of the aorta. The secondary variables were total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, body mass, heart mass, blood sugar concentration and expression of the markers TNF-α, CD-68 and isoprostan. Statistical analysis was performed with the aid of the GraphPad Prism program (version 5.0). The data were expressed as mean, standard deviation and standard error. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc test were used for data with non-normal distribution. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used for data with normal distribution. A 95% confidence interval was calculated for each estimated point. The alcoholic extracts of Himatanthus bracteatus and Ocotea longifolia led to a significant reduction in the thickness of the tunica media of the descending portion of the aorta. However, no significant change occurred in the percentage of elastic fibers. The extracts also led to significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides. Moreover, the immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant changes in the expression of TNF-α, CD-68 and isoprostane.
A aterosclerose é responsável pelo maior índice de morbidade e mortalidade que ocorre no mundo. Esta doença ocorre inicialmente através do acúmulo de colesterol e proliferação de células musculares lisas no endotélio, que leva a sua inflamação, endurecimento e espessamento da parede das artérias. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde regulamentou a proposta de Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares no Sistema Único de Saúde, que incentiva a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de medicamentos fitoterápicos a partir de plantas medicinais. A Himatanthus bracteatus pesquisas mostraram ação no ácido araquidônico em ratos e uma potente atividade analgésica e antiinflamatória e antitumoral, já a Ocotea longifolia foram encontradas evidências de atividade antimibacteriana com eficácia na inibição COX-1, COX-2. Sendo assim é relevante verificar a eficácia dos extratos etanólicos da Himatanthus bracteatus e Ocotea longifolia na espessura da túnica média e nas fibras elásticas na parte descendente da aorta de camundongos C57BL6J. Os objetivos foram verificar a espessura da túnica média e percentual de fibras elásticas da parte descendente da artéria aorta de camundongos induzidos a aterosclerose experimental. Foi um estudo experimental em animais por 42 dias. Os animais foram camundongos C57BL6J, submetidos a dieta aterosclerótica (1,25% de colesterol, 0,5% de ácido cólico e gordura de 15%).Os animais foram divididos em 7 grupos: grupo C (controle 1mL de soro fisiológico 0,9%, n=7), grupo H (hiperlipidêmico 1,25% de colesterol, 0,5% de ácido cólico e gordura de 15%, n=7), grupo HT25 (Himatanthus bracteatus 25mg/mL, n=7), grupo HT12,5 (Himatanthus bracteatus 12,5mg/mL, n=7), grupo OT25 (Ocotea longifolia 25mg/mL, n=7), grupo OT12,5 (Ocotea longifolia 12,5mg/mL, n=7) e grupo R (rosuvastatina 0,27mg/mL, n=7) total de 49 animais. As variáveis primárias foram a média da espessura da tunica média e percentual de fibras elásticas da parte descendente da aorta. Variáveis secundárias foram: colesterol total, HDL, LDL, triglicerídeos, massa corpórea, peso do coração, glicemia, expressão dos marcadores TNF-α, CD-68 e isoprostano. A análise estatística foi realizada usando como ferramenta software GraphPad Prism (versão 5.0), os dados desta análise foram expressos em média, desvio padrão e erro padrão. Para os resultados que não seguiram a distribuição normal foi utilizado o teste de KRUSKAL-WALLIS e o pós-teste DUNNS. Para comparações entre os grupos será utilizado o ANOVA one-way e o pós-teste de TUKEY para os dados que seguem a distribuição normal. Foi calculado o intervalo de confiança de 95% para cada ponto estimado. Os extratos etanólicos da Himatanthus bracteatus e Ocotea longifolia reduziram de forma significante a espessura da túnica média da parte descendente da aorta, contudo não houve diferença significante no percentual de fibras elásticas. Os extratos obtiveram redução significante dos parâmetros sanguíneos: colesterol total, LDL, triglicerídeos e através da análise imunohistoquímica do TNF-α, CD-68 e isoprostano.

The search for cheap, non toxic and readily available antidiabetic drugs has been a challenge for researchers and the pharmaceutical industries. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by defects in the synthesis of insulin and/or insensitivity to the action of insulin at the target cells. The disease has been on the increase mostly in developing countries where large proportions of the population have little access to good medical care due to either accessibility or non availability of synthetic drugs. This has led to the use of medicinal plants to treat diabetes because it is safe, cheap and with few side effects. There is little scientific evidence on the dosages, active compounds, mechanisms of action and toxicity of these traditionally used plants. Two of the most frequently used plants; Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were investigated in this study. The qualitative analysis of different extractions of these plants revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The antioxidant properties of aqueous, acetone and methanollic extracts of Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were investigated using models such as Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), Ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). Both plants revealed inhibitions against DPPH in a concentration - dependent manner with Albuca setosa (0.330 mg/ml) showing higher activity than Albuca bracteata (0.647 mg/ml) determined from the IC50. The aqueous extract of Albuca setosa showed a higher inhibition against DPPH radical compared to the Albuca bracteata aqueous extract at all concentrations investigated. The isolated saponins from Albuca bracteata had a higher DPPH scavenging activity than the crude methanolic extract of the plant in a concentration - dependent manner but are significantly different from each other at 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/ml only. The IC50 of the saponins was also observed to be higher than the crude extracts and standards.The Albuca setosa aqueous extract showed a higher percentage inhibition of ABTS radicals than Albuca bracteata at all the concentrations investigated. Overall, the Albuca setosa aqueous extract (0.0809 mg/ml) showed maximum activity against ABTS radicals. The iron reducing power was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the methanolic extract of both plants compared to the aqueous counterpart. Overall, the Albuca bracteata aqueous extract (0.344 mg/ml) showed maximum activity as indicated by the IC50. The aqueous extracts of both plants also revealed percentage inhibitions in a concentration - dependent manner against NO2. The aqueous extract of Albuca bracteata bulb was more active against nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide inhibition. In this study, the cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated at a high dose of 100 μg/ml on Chang liver cells and determined using MTT, crystal violet, glucose consumption, lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase release and FRAP. The aqueous extracts of both Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were non-toxic on Chang liver cells at the concentrations investigated. The MTT revealed that the aqueous extract of Albuca setosa bulb had the optimum cell viability of 108.09 percent while the acetonic extract of Albuca bracteata showed the least cell viability (37.72 percent) compared with the control. The crystal violet test also revealed the acetone extract of Albuca bracteata to have the least percentage of cell viability at 31.47 percent, while the aqueous extract of Albuca setosa showed the maximum cell viability at 112.5 percent. The aqueous extracts of both plants showed higher percentage cell density on the second day of incubation from the proliferation assay. All the tested samples were observed to consume more glucose than the blank except for the methanollic and acetone extracts of Albuca bracteata bulb. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Albuca setosa bulbs produced the highest lactate with 120.2 μg/ml and 113.7 μg/ml respectively. The acetone extracts of both Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata revealed toxicity with a higher lactate dehydrogenase release compared to the control.

La première partie du travail de thèse concerne la détermination des mécanismes physiologiques affectés par la température et leur impact sur la croissance des plantes géophytes. Sur exemple de Corydalis bracteata, nous avons montré que l'application d'une température basse pendant les mois d'automne – hiver est le facteur essentiel pour le développement (la floraison en particulier) des plantes géophytes. Nous supposons que la température exerce son influence sur la mobilisation et la répartition des glucides dans les organes souterrains. Notamment, la température basse conduit à l'écoulement des sucres dans le domaine apoplasmique du tubercule, qui représente la voie principale du transport des glucides vers le bourgeon. En l'absence de température basse, cette route apoplasmique n'est pas activée et le transport des sucres est endommagé, provoquant un manque de nutriments dans le bourgeon, ce qui conduit à sa nécrose. La deuxième partie est consacré aux études du métabolisme des alcaloïdes benzylisoquinoléiques produites par C. Bracteata (la dynamique saisonnière de leur accumulation et le transport au sein d'une plante). En utilisant les différents techniques de la chimie analytique, nous avons pu identifier 13 alcaloïdes benzylisoquinoléiques présents dans les extraits de C. Bracteata. De plus, notre analyse des spectres MS/MS des alcaloïdes tetrahydroprotoberberines détectés dans les extraits nous a conduit à la description du nouveau mécanisme de fragmentation de ces molécules par la rupture des liaisons C-C dans le cycle B, ce qui n'avait jamais décrit précédemment. L'étude de la dynamique saisonnière de l'accumulation des alcaloïdes montre que le contenu en alcaloïdes est plus élevé dans les jeunes organes au cours de la croissance. Nos résultats sur le transport des alcaloïdes chez C. Bracteata indiquent qu'il n'existe pas du transfert des alcaloïdes à longue distance entre les différents organes de la plante. Ceci suggère que tous les organes de la plante sont impliqués dans la biosynthèse des alcaloïdes
The first part of the work concerns the determination of physiological mechanisms affected by the temperature and their role in the growth and development of geophytes. By the example of Corydalis bracteata we have shown that low temperature applied to geophyte plants during autumn and winter months is the essential factor for their development, flowering in particularly. We suppose that temperature influences mobilization and distribution of carbohydrates in underground organs. Namely, low temperature leads to efflux of the sugars into apoplastic domain of the tuber. The apoplastic way is the main route for soluble carbohydrates transport from the tuber to the bud. Without low temperature the apoplastic route is not activated and the sugar transport is disturbed. This provokes the lack of nutriments in the bud and leads to the necrosis of the latter. The second part is devoted to the study of C. Bracteata benzylisoquinoline alkaloids metabolism (seasonal dynamics of alkaloid accumulation and transport throughout the plant). Using different analytical techniques, we could identify 13 benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in the extracts of C. Bracteata. Moreover, the results of our analysis of MS/MS spectra of tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids detected in the extracts suggest the possibility of a new fragmentation mechanism of these compounds by the rupture of C-C liaisons in the cycle B that has never been described before. The data on seasonal dynamics of alkaloid accumulation show that alkaloid content is highest in young growing organs. The results of alkaloid transport in C. Bracteata indicate that there is no long distance alkaloids translocation between different organs of the plant. This suggests that all plant organs could be implied into alkaloid biosynthesis

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Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
This work describes the phytochemical study of two plant species Galipea bracteata and Ravenia infelix belonging to the family Rutaceae, aiming the isolation and structure determination of componds from leaves and branches of these plants. This work is also directed to the search of trypanocidal and leishmanicidal compounds from these plants. The following models were used to check the biological activities of the isolated compounds: antiparasitc activity - trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro , enzymatic inhibitory activity on gGAPDH (Glyceraldeyde 3- phosphate dehidrogenase) of T. cruzi and enzymatic inhibitory activity on APRT (Adheninephosphoribosyl- transferase) of Leishmania tarentolae. The leaves extract of G. bracteata afforded tirtheen quinoline alkaloids. Among these compounds seven have been described for the first time: 2-(3 ,4 -methylenedioxyphenylethyl)quinoline, 4- methoxy-2-(propan-1 -ona)quinoline (inedit), 4-methoxy-2-(1 ,2 -transepoxypentyl) quinoline (inedit), 4-methoxy-2-n-heptylquinoline, 2-(1 ,2 -transepoxypentyl) quinoline (inedit), 4-methoxy-2-(3 ,4 - methylenedioxyphenylethyl)quinoline, 4-methoxy-2-(1 ,2 -trans-epoxypropyl)quinoline (inedit), 4-methoxy-2-n-propylquinoline, 2-n-pentylquinoline, 2-(propan-1 - one)quinoline (inedit), 4-methoxy-2-(pentan-1 -one)quinoline (inedit), 2-(pentan-1 - one)quinoline (inedit), a mixture of steroids campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol, one furoquinoline alkaloid evolitrine, a mixture of seco-furoquinoline alkaloids Edimethylrhoifolinate and Z-dimethylrhoifolinate, a pentacylclic triterpene arborinol and norsesquiterpene 3,5-dihydromegastigma-6,7-diene-9-one. From the branches of R. Infelix were isolated the carbazole alkaloids: 3-methylcarbazole and girinimbin, the steroids: 7-oxo-stigmasterol and 7-oxo-sitosterol, the indol 3-carboxaldeheide and mixtures of amides: N-trans and N-cis-feruloyltyramine, and N-trans and-cis-pcumaroyltyramine. The pure compounds had their trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities determined.
O presente trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico de duas espécies de plantas pertencentes à família Rutaceae, no intuito de elucidar estruturas de micromoléculas presentes nas folhas e galhos. O estudo de Galipea bracteata e Ravenia infelix (Rutaceae) está também associado à busca de metabólitos com atividades tripanocida e leishmanicida, através dos seguintes modelos experimentais selecionados para verificação da atividade biológica: atividade antiparasitária forma tripomastigota de Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro , inibição enzimática in vitro (gGAPDH - Gliceraldeído- 3-fosfato-desidrogenase de T. cruzi) e inibição enzimática in vitro (APRT Adenina-fosforribosil-transferase de Leishmania tarantolae). Dos extratos das folhas de Galipea bracteata foram isolados treze alcalóides quinolínicos, dentre estas substâncias sete estão sendo descritas pela primeira vez: 2-(3 ,4 - metilenodioxifeniletil)quinolina, 4-metoxi-2-(propan-1 -ona)quinolina (inédita), 4- metoxi-2-(1 ,2 -trans-epoxipentil)quinolina (inédita), 4-metoxi-2-n-pentilquinolina, 4-metoxi-2-n-heptilquinolina, 2-(1 ,2 -trans-epoxipentil)quinolina (inédita), 4-metoxi-2- (3 ,4 -metilenodioxifeniletil)quinolina, 4-metoxi-2-(1 ,2 -trans-epoxipropil)quinolina (inédita), 4-metoxi-2-n-propilquinolina, 2-n-pentilquinolina, 2-(propan-1 - ona)quinolina (inédita), 4-metoxi-2-(pentan-1 -ona)quinolina (inédita), 2-(pentan-1 - ona)quinolina (inédita), mistura dos esteróides campesterol, estigmasterol e β- sitosterol, um alcalóide furoquinolínico evolitrina, uma mistura de alcalóides seco furoquinolínicos E e Z-rhoifolinato de dimetila, o triterpeno pentacíclico arborinol e o norsesquiterpeno 3,5-diidromegastigma-6,7-dieno-9-ona. Dos galhos de R. infelix foram isolados os alcalóides carbazóis: 3-metilcarbazol e girinimbina, os esteróides: 7-oxo-estigmasterol e 7-oxo-β-sitosterol, o indol: indol-3-carboxaldeído e misturas das amidas N-trans e N-cis-feruloiltiramina e N-trans-p e N-cis-p-cumaroiltiramina. Estas substâncias puras foram submetidas a testes para verificação das atividades tripanocida e leishmanicida.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Myrtaceae constitutes one of the largest and most important Angiosperm families of the Brazil flora and is concentrated in a single tribe: Myrteae (three sub-tribes: Myrciinae, Eugeniinae, and Myrtinae). Species of this family have been distributed in almost all brazilian biomes. The Myrcia spp. constitutes one of the largest genus belonging to Myrtaceae in number species and chemical and biological studies. These chemical studies of Myrcia spp. have revealed the presence of terpenes, phenolics, and flavonoids, which are responsible for several chemical and biological activities. This dissertation describe the chemical study of Myrcia bracteata, M. citrifolia, and M. fenestrata collected in the Reserva Florestal Adopho Ducke, Manaus (AM), as well as evaluates the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potentials of the extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds. The HPLC fractionation of the stems and leaves ethyl acetate extract from Myrcia bracteata had resulted in the isolation of four glycosylated flavonoids. These were characterized, particularly by NMR and MS, as two dihydroflavones (naringenin-7-O-glucoside and eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside), one dihydroflavonol (astilbin) and one flavanol (quercitrin). The ANOVA of the results sequestering ability of free radical DPPH• has revealed that the non-aqueous extracts of three species of Myrcia (except the leaves aqueous extract of M. fenestrata) have the lowest values of CS50 (between 37-51%). Among these extracts, the leaves and stems ethanol extracts of M. bracteata have shown signs of the flavonoid hydrogens type in the 1H NMR spectra. The sequential aqueous extract of M. bracteata and naringenin-7-O-glucoside have exhibit inhibitory effects of a-glucosidase enzyme activity by Saccharomyces cerevisiae of 20.60 ± 0.08 and 23.27 ± 1.86%, respectively. The leaves aqueous direct extract from Myrcia fenestrata was the only sample that showed inhibitory response against the a-glucosidase enzyme of the intestine of rats, whose value is 55 ± 3%. Therefore, the species M. bracteata shows a source of the antioxidant and hypoglycemic flavonoids, among which three were not yet described on genus and family. Therefore, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the Chemistry of Natural Products from plants of the Amazônia bioma.
Myrtaceae constitui-se uma das maiores e mais importantes famílias de Angiospermas da flora brasileira. Representantes desta família estão distribuídos nos diferentes biomas brasileiros. Myrcia constitui-se um dos maiores gêneros pertencentes à família Myrtaceae em numero de espécies e estudos químicos e biológicos. Estudos químicos de Myrcia spp. revelaram a presença de substâncias do tipo terpênica, fenólica e flavonoídica, as quais são responsáveis por diversas atividades químicas e biológicas. Este trabalho objetivou descrever o estudo químico de M. bracteata, M. citrifolia e M. fenestrata coletadas na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke em Manaus (AM), bem como avaliar os potenciais antioxidante e hipoglicemiante dos extratos, frações e substâncias isoladas. Os fracionamentos por CLAE do extrato em acetato de etila dos caules e das folhas de M. bracteata resultaram no isolamento de quatro flavonoides glicosilados. Esses foram caracterizados, principalmente, por RMN e EM, como sendo duas dihidroflavonas (naringenina-7-O-b-glicosídeo e eriodictiol-7-O-b- glicosídeo), um dihidroflavonol (astilbina) e um flavonol (quercitrina). As Análises de Variância dos resultados de capacidade sequestrante do radical livre DPPH• revelaram que os extratos não aquosos das três espécies de Myrcia apresentaram os menores valores de CS50% (entre 37-51 %). Dentre esses extratos, os etanólicos de folhas e de caules de M. bracteata apresentaram sinais nos espectros de RMN de 1H característicos de substâncias flavonoídicas. O extrato aquoso sequencial das folhas de M. bracteata (MBFpba) e a naringenina-7-O-b- glicosídeo apresentaram efeitos inibitórios da atividade enzimática da a-glicosidase de Saccharomyces cerevisiae em 20,60±0,08 e 23,27±1,86 %, respectivamente. O extrato aquoso direto das folhas de M. fenestrata (MFFa) apresentou resposta inibitória frente à enzima a- glicosidase de intestino de ratos, cujo valor é 55±3%. Portanto, a espécie M. bracteata evidenciou ser uma fonte de flavonoides com atividades antioxidante e hipoglicemiante, dos quais três ainda não foram descritos no gênero e na família. Portanto, este trabalho contribui com o conhecimento da química de produtos naturais de matrizes vegetais da Amazônia.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB
This research addresses a study of methods of collection and phenological data analysisofHimatanthus bracteatus(A. DC.) Woodson e H. drasticus (Mart.) Plumel(Apocynaceae), and investigate their phenological patterns, relating them to the morphological and functional characters, biotic and abiotic factors. Monthly observations of leaf and reproductive phenology, and herbivory activity of these species were performed. We analyzed the leaf traits, water potential, chlorophyll and wood density (in dry months and rainymonths), and floral biology and floral visitor?s aspects. The normality of the data was tested by setting the corresponding regression and correlation tests. The morphological and functional characters were subjected to analysis of variance, considering each month as a treatment. In this study the quantitative method and the circular analysis were identified as the most appropriate for the intensity analysis and phenological timing of the species. The species were evergreen, with annual flowering and extend fruiting, overlaying all phenophases. Synchrony was note between reproductive phenophases. We identified the Pseudosphinx tetrio as a leaf predator. The precipitation was the trigger for the development of these caterpillars, observed in the host in rainy months. The morphofunctional characters showed water reserves in the stem of both species. The herbivorous activity had relationship with mature leaves and budding.The flowering became more intense in the absence of caterpillars. Thefloral morphology and biologyidentified phalenophily as the pollination syndrome. The aggregation and phenological patterns seems to be related to herbivory and pollination processes ofH. bracteatus and H.drasticus.
Essa pesquisa aborda um estudo de m?todos de coleta e an?lise de dados fenol?gicos de Himatanthus bracteatus(A. DC.) Woodson e H. drasticus(Mart.) Plumel (Apocynaceae), e investiga os seus padr?es fenol?gicos, relacionando-os com os caracteres morfofuncionais, fatores bi?ticos e abi?ticos. Para tanto, foram realizadas observa??es mensais da fenologia foliar e reprodutiva, e da atividade herb?vora dessas esp?cies. Analisamosos atributos foliares, potencial h?drico, clorofila e densidade da madeira (em meses de seca e chuva, durante o per?odo de estudo), aspectos de biologia floral e visitantes florais.A normalidade dos dados foi testada, definindo os testes de regress?o e correla??o correspondentes. Os caracteres morfofuncionais foram submetidos ?an?lise de vari?ncia, considerando cada m?s como um tratamento.Neste estudo o m?todo quantitativo e a an?lise circular foram identificados como os mais adequados para a an?lise de intensidade e sincronia fenol?gica das esp?cies. Em ambas as esp?cies, constatou-se padr?o perenif?lio,flora??o e frutifica??o anuais e longas, com sobreposi??o em todas as fenofases e forte sincronia entre as fenofases reprodutivas. Identificou-se a Pseudosphinx tetriocomo predadora, sendo a precipita??o o gatilho para o desenvolvimento destas, as quais foram observadas nos hospedeiros em meses chuvosos. Os caracteres morfofuncionais apontaram reserva h?drica no caule de ambas as esp?cies. A atividade herb?vora teve ainda rela??o com folhas maduras e brotamento.Aflora??o foi mais intensa na aus?ncia das lagartas.A morfologia e biologia floral apontam para a fanelofilia como s?ndrome de poliniza??o das esp?cies. A agrega??o e padr?esfenol?gicosparecem estar relacionados com a herbivoria e s?ndrome de poliniza??o em H. bracteatus e H.drasticus.

The kings of Norway issued coins on a regular basis starting in the mid-11th century, and probably conducted renovatio monetae whenever a new king came to power. As a privilege of bona regalia, the king could use coin production to serve his own interests. Economic factors are usually the main focus of discussions on coinage, but there were also political, religious and cultural dimensions that must have been important both for the production of coins and in the choice of motives, form and style. From the outset, manipulation of the coinage is visible in the debasement of silver content, followed by a reduction in weight to re-establish the silver level.  In the 12th century, the weights continued to drop and single-faced coins and bracteates became the standard; only a few biface coins are known. These small coins and bracteates from the 12th century carry little or no information concerning issuer, date or place of production. This lack of information has resulted in a gap in our knowledge about the role of these coins in medieval society in Norway. This role was dependent both on the intentions of the producer and on how the coins were perceived by the people, and their will to use them in certain ways. What were the reasons behind issuing the smallest coins ever produced in coin history, and what impact did this dramatic reduction in weight have on the understanding and use of the coin? To advance the discussion it has been vital to establish new knowledge about chronology, coin-issuing authority and mints. These areas have been addressed through two analyses using numismatic and archaeological methods. The results of the initial analyses are combined with an investigation of the size of the coin production and a study of archaeological contexts, in order to reveal how, where and when the bracteates were used.  The theoretical approach to understanding the role of coins is inspired by theories in anthropology and sociology about the many ways in which money can be incorporated in a society, emphasising the complex social component of coins in contrast to the traditional economic emphasis on their neutral qualities as a means of exchange. Central to this are the concepts behind formalism and substantivist and post-substantivist theory. The study concludes with a discussion that explores what can be said about economy and economic systems based on the 12th-century Norwegian coins.

Vegetative annuals are currently popular in the ornamental horticulture industry. Many crops are newly domesticated species and little is known about how they perform during shipping or in the retail environment. Nine species and 21 cultivars were grown and underwent simulated shipping after harvest or nitrogen toning two weeks before harvest. Shipping was not found to affect the number of flowers on all but two cultivars post ship. Nitrogen toning affected vegetative growth of most Bracteantha bracteata (bracteantha) cultivars at harvest. All species had an effect due to toning postharvest. Bractenatha and Diascia ×hybrida (diascia) were chosen for further study due to their performance during these experiments. The effect of thidiazuron (TDZ) as a foliar spray and nitrogen toning on leaf yellowing and plant growth of bracteantha were evaluated. The two treatments were then combined to see how the two treatments worked together. It was found TDZ decreased leaf yellowing but its effects can be negated if the plants were not toned. Nitrogen toning reduced vegetative growth of the bracteantha without affecting the number of flowers on the plants. Diascia was found to have flower abscission in response to shipping. Further trials were conducted using 1- methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) an ethylene inhibitor. The effects of shipping duration and temperature were investigated. 1-MCP was found to hold flowers on treated plants longer postharvest than those not treated. Plants shipped for one day had no differences from the control but shipping for two days had a negative effect on plant quality. Postharvest shelf life was decreased when diascia was shipped at 24 °C when compared to cooler shipping temperatures. These results indicate shipping for no longer than one day and at less than 24 °C is recommended for diascia.

5A Abstract This work gives the analysis of iconographic elements which are found on five gold foils. These foils depict two figures which look at each other from their profile. Foils were found in the foundations of the chieftain house in Lofot's islands in Northern Norway, which is from the Migration to the Viking period. For the reason of analysis the author demonstrates three main groups of gold objects - gold bracteates, gold foils and one medallion. On these objects we can find a pair of two figures and these objects were found in Scandinavia. The author presents here the context of such finds, iconographic elements and academic interpretations of the depiction. Author compares the elements such as type of foil, appearance of eyes, posture of man and woman, their dress and haidress with 91 foils from Scandinavia, and also with bracteates and other objects. She notices the partial concordance among these elements and the other objects and she seeks the iconographic essence and function of each foil from Borg which is later confronted with the theories of the influence of religion. Because of lack of attributes on the foils, the author's assumption is that there is no general depiction of gods on the foil. On the other hand, each foil has its own story showing people from their common life. According to...

Papaver bracteatum L, a species that accumulates high concentrations of the pharmacologically important alkaloid thebaine in its fruit capsules, has been identified as a potential new perennial crop in Tasmania, Australia. Previous attempts to establish the crop from seed in Tasmania have met with limited success, with slow and irregular emergence reported under field conditions and low flowering percentages in the year of planting. The recent availability of improved germplasm and advances in agronomic techniques associated with crop establishment has provided the impetus for a re-evaluation of P. bracteatum as a new horticultural crop. This project focussed on understanding aspects of the biology of P. bracteatum needed for the development of production strategies for the successful commercialisation of this crop in Tasmania, Australia. Papaver bracteatum seeds displayed no physiological dormancy and germinated in both light and dark conditions. The optimum temperature range for the germination was found to be between 18º and 25ºC, with lower and upper cardinal temperatures of 5ºC and 35ºC respectively. During storage, a decrease in germination viability of between 0.2% and 0.1% per week was recorded over a period of 100 weeks under 20˚C and ambient humidity conditions. Germination was found to be sensitive to water stress, with germination inhibited at water potentials of -0.1 and -0.3 MPa. It was concluded that sensitivity to water deficits may explain poor field emergence. Grading of seed-lots to retain the larger sized and denser seed fraction improved germination percentage and seedling vigour. During seed production, harvesting after the 70 DAFB resulted in the highest seed quality. Seedlings required an extended period of juvenile growth before they became competent to flower. Plants were capable of initiating flowering 20 weeks after planting when grown under glasshouse conditions and approximately 30 weeks after planting when grown under shade house conditions. The transition from juvenile to mature stages was found to correspond to a fully expanded leaf number of approximately 17. Leaf morphological characteristics used as phase change indicators in other species were shown not to be applicable in P. bracteatum. Trichome distribution and density, leaf size and plant height, which was a measure of leaf erectness and leaf length, varied considerably with growing conditions and did not provide a consistent value at the phase change that could be used as an indicator. Papaver bracteatum was shown to require a period of vernalisation to induce flowering. Results suggested that less than 4 weeks exposure to vernalising night temperatures can induce flowering that and adequate vernalisation may occur within a night temperature band of at least 5º to 10˚C. Observations also led to the conclusion that, unlike the annual opium poppy species P. somniferum, P. bracteatum does not have a daylength sensitive flowering response. Application of gibberellic acid to plants grown under marginally inductive conditions induced more rapid and more even flowering within the plant population. Knowledge of the flowering response in P. bracteatum was used to develop recommendations for planting time and production environment to ensure flowering and therefore high capsule yields in the season that the crop is planted.

Tese dout., Biologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2006
The main aim of this thesis was the construction of a Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill) genetic reference map. Based on an (A. comosus var. comosus X Ananas comosus var. bracteatus) F1 population, two genetic maps, one for each progenitor, were assembled. Subsequently, a new map integrating markers from both progenitors was constructed on the basis of an F2 population. Using markers segregating simultaneously among the F1 and F2 populations, an integrated map was constructed gathering 783 molecular markers (588 AFLP, 137 RAPD, 57 ISSR, and the PGM isozyme locus) and the morphological trait locus “piping” into 77 linkage groups. In view of the facts that (1) in the integrated map, 31 linkage groups (a number close to the 25 pineapple chromosomes) are longer than 50cM; (2) that the different maps span over 60.7% to 91.4% of the genome, and; (3) that marker density is moderately high, with 4.16 cM average distance between markers, it is legitimate to suppose that these first genetic maps of pineapple will be very useful for construction of physical maps, for genome sequencing and for gene isolation via map-based cloning in this crop species.
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

All over Africa, traditional healers use medicinal plants to prepare medicines to treat a wide range of illnesses. One of these illnesses is sickle cell anaemia or drepanocytosis or sicklemia. This disease is particularly common among sub-Saharan Africans with a clear predominance in equatorial Africa. However, it also exists in North Africa, Greece, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and India. An estimated 50 million people are affected worldwide. A literature review on sickle cell anaemia revealed that a number of plants have anti-drepanocytosic activity. The availability and frequency of ethnobotanic use of plants were taken into account when selecting the plants investigated in this study. Cajanus cajan, Callistemon viminalis, Melaleuca bracteata var. Revolution Gold and Syzygium guineense (from DRC and South Africa) were selected for study. The selected plants were subjected to modern phytochemical analysis. A total of 8 compounds were isolated from the plants’ extracts and their structures determined by modern spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, FT-IR and MS). S. guineense from DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) yielded flavanonoid glycoside (A) as its major chemical constituent. The South African S. guineense afforded 4 compounds namely betulinic acid (B), sitosterol (C), friedelan-3-one (D) and a betulinic acid derivative (E). Cajanus cajan showed the presence of fatty acids, one of them was characterized as an unsaturated fatty acid (I). Callistemon viminalis afforded one compound, betulic acid (F) and Melaleuca bracteata afforded two compounds which were characterized as betulinic acid acetate (G) and ursolic acid acetate (H). CH3-(CH2)n-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)n-CH2-CH2-COOH The investigation of the anti-drepanocytosis activities of the extractives and their crude extracts showed in vitro antisickling activity. Ethyl acetate crude extracts of Callistemon viminalis and Melaleuca bracteata; hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate crude extracts of Syzygium guineense of DRC, betulinic acid, betulinic acid acetate and maslinic acid showed a high antisickling activity, more than 70% of normalization. The compound BF4, a fatty acid, from Melaleuca bracteata was found to have a medium activity, between 50 and 70% of normalization and oleanolic acid showed the weakest activity, between 10 and 50 % of normalization. Maslinic acid and oleanolic acid which were used for anti-sickling bioassay were isolated and characterized from Syzygium cordatum by my supervisor, Professor Shode. Others crude extracts and pure isolated compounds were found to be non-active antisickling agents. These included crude hexane and methanol extracts of Cajanus cajan; crude dichloromethane extract of Callistemon viminalis; crude dichloromethane, methanol and 80% aqueous methanol extracts of Melaleuca bracteata; crude hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Syzygium guineense (South Africa); ursolic acid from Melaleuca bracteata and flavanone glycoside from Syzygium guineense of DRC. This is the first report of the in vitro anti-sickling activity of betunilic acid, betulinic acid acetate, oleanolic acid, and maslinic acid.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2010.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-197).

碩士
國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
102
Tropical forests are the most diverse terrestrial ecosystems on Earth. Despite consistent effort and multiple hypotheses there remains no clear answer as to why they are so diverse or how they stay so diverse. Of the many hypotheses that aim to explain this excessively high diversity, recruitment limitation stands out as a highly important and influential process. This study assesses the mechanisms driving recruitment limitation in a population of Ficus. benjamina var. bracteata in a sub-tropical seasonal karst forest of Taiwan. To understand this process in this species of fig, five components of recruitment were studied: fecundity, seed viability, seed arrival, seed predation and microsite. During the study period between (February) 2012 to (March) 2013, the individuals present in the 10-ha forest plot produced approximately 1.26 crops per year, but with only 0.02% potential seed production during the entire study period. Seeds produced were of high quality, with an average 96% germination rate. Additionally, these seeds were found to germinate well on all substrates tested such as tree branches, coral rock and soil, when moisture was available. When moisture was limited germination potential decreased significantly. Further, based on seed trap arrival data, 43 out of 72 traps received no fig seeds or syconia over the entire 6-year period for which there is data, indicating strong limitation in seed distribution. It is concluded that fecundity, seed distribution, and microsite condition are the main bottlenecks contributing to the observed recruitment limitation in this population, it is further suggested that the water limiting features of a seasonal karst forest enhance these recruitment bottlenecks. Figs are exceptionally important to many forest ecosystems, especially seasonal forests where fruit production is lower than more aseasonal forests. While their recruitment limitation may not offer substantial impacts on forest ecology in the short term, the lack of recruitment is important as a long term consequence to population maintenance and resource availability. This raises interesting questions about fig longevity and the persistence potential of this notoriously recruitment limited genus.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010
O trabalho descrito nesta tese, teve como objectivo a constru o de um mapa gen tico integrado de ananaseiro (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill), partindo de dois mapas previamente constru dos no Laborat rio Gen mica e Melhoramento Gen tico (mapa-F1 e mapa-F2). Numa primeira fase, procedeu-se clonagem e sequencia o de 42 marcadores moleculares (33 RAPD e 9 ISSR) do mapa F2 e sua transforma o em marcadores espec ficos de locus nico, SCAR e CAPS. O mapa foi reconstru do com 23 marcadores resultantes desta an lise. Numa segunda fase, com vista integra o do novo mapa F2 com o mapa F1, foram analisados na popula o F1 48 marcadores-DNA do mapa F2, dos quais: 39 marcadores espec ficos (SCAR, SSR, EST-SSR e CAPS) e 9 RAPDs. Desta an lise resultaram 22 novos marcadores espec ficos segregantes na popula o de mapeamento F1, dos quais 19 foram mapeados. O novo mapa integrado (F2+F1) constitu do por 781 marcadores-DNA (26 SSR, 13 EST-SSR, 25 SCAR, 8 CAPS, 115 RAPD, 21 ISSR, 573 AFLP) e pelo locus morfol gico da caracter stica “piping” agrupados em 36 grupos de liga o, dos quais, 25 grupos integrados (F2+F1) e 11 grupos F2 que n o integraram com grupos F1. Com um comprimento de 2155.7 cM e dist ncia m dia entre marcadores de 2.75 cM, o mapa cobre aproximadamente 87.3% do genoma do ananaseiro.