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1
Chen, Xiang-Yan, Jie Zhou, Li-Ping Luo, Bin Han, Fei Li, Jing-Yao Chen, Yan-Feng Zhu, Wei Chen, and Xiao-Ping Yu. "Black Rice Anthocyanins Suppress Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells by Targeting RAS/RAF/MAPK Pathway." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/414250.
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Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) drives the biology of 30% of breast cancer cases. As a transducer of HER2 signaling, RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of breast cancer. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive effects of black rice anthocyanins (BRACs) extract and identified their molecular targets in HER2+breast cancer cells. Treatment of MDA-MB-453 cells (HER2+) with BRACs inhibited cell migration and invasion, suppressed the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (RAF), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and downregulated the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9. BRACs also weakened the interactions of HER2 with RAF, MEK, and JNK proteins, respectively, and decreased the mRNA expression ofraf,mek, andjnk. Further, we found combined treatment with BRACs and RAF, MEK, or JNK inhibitors could enhance the antimetastatic activity, compared with that of each treatment. Transient transfection with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific forraf,mek, andjnkinhibited their mRNA expression in MDA-MB-453 cells. Moreover, cotreatment with BRACs and siRNA induces a more remarkable inhibitory effect than that by either substance alone. In summary, our study suggested that BRACs suppress metastasis in breast cancer cells by targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway.
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Corker, John. "BRACS — Destined to Fail?" Media Information Australia 51, no. 1 (February 1989): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x8905100111.
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Bible, Bernard, and Richard McAvoy. "378 Calcium–Boron Regimes Effect Incidence of Postharvest Disorders on Poinsettia Bracts." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 457E—457. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.457e.
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Incidences of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch) bract disorders like the pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the abiotic disorder bract necrosis are related to nutrient stress. `Supjibi' poinsettias were grown hydroponically with four Ca-B combinations of 0 or 4 mm Ca added with either 5 or 120 μmol B added. Forty-one days after initial anthesis, plants were harvested and their bracts subdivided into true-bracts and transitional-bracts for determination of incidence of botrytis lesions and bract necrosis. Mineral nutrients in bract margins were determined for leaves, transitional-bracts and true-bracts. Leaf margins had the highest concentrations of Ca and B. Margins of transitional-bracts had substantially lower concentrations and margins of true-bracts the least. The low Ca (0 mm) or low B (5 μmol) treatments greatly reduced the concentrations of these elements, respectively, in all three tissue types. The low Ca-low B treatment increased the incidence of bract necrosis on true-bracts from 1.9% on controls (4 mm Ca, 120 μmol B) to 27%. Low Ca treatment increased bract necrosis on transitional-bracts from 1.6% on controls to 24.3%. Bract necrosis incidence was the same on true-bracts and transitional-bracts, whereas the incidence of botrytis was higher on transitional-bracts than on true-bracts. Botrytis incidence was increased for true-bracts and transitional-bracts by plant exposure to low Ca solutions compared to plants in 4 mm Ca. Low Ca reduced growth in roots, but not shoots. Ca and B stress to roots increased the incidence of bract necrosis on true-bracts, while only Ca stress increased incidence of botrytis.
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Bible, Bernard, and Richard McAvoy. "377 Differential Response of Two Poinsettia Cultivars to Calcium Stress for Postharvest Disorders." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 457D—457. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.457d.
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Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch) bracts are susceptible to postharvest disorders like the pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the abiotic disorder bract necrosis that degrade plant appearance. `Freedom Red' and `Supjibi' poinsettias were grown hydroponically with Ca concentrations of 0.5 or 4 mm. Forty days after initial anthesis, plants were harvested and their bracts subdivided into true-bracts and transitional-bracts for determination of incidence of botrytis lesions and bract necrosis. Mineral nutrients in bract margins were determined only for true-bracts. Margin Ca concentrations were relatively high in true bracts only for `Supjibi' plants exposed to 4 mm Ca solutions. Botrytis incidence was increased for transitional-bracts but not true-bracts for both cultivars by plant exposure to low (0.5 mm) Ca solutions compared to control (4 mm Ca) plants. The smaller the poinsettia roots relative to shoots, the higher the incidence of botrytis for `Freedom Red' transitional-bracts and `Supjibi' true-bracts. Botrytis incidence was higher on transitional-bracts (13%) than on true-bracts (3.5%) for both cultivars exposed to low Ca, whereas the incidence of bract necrosis on `Supjibi' was the same on true-bracts and transitional-bracts in either Ca solution. Bract necrosis was not evident on `Freedom Red' plants in either the 0.5 or 4-mmmm Ca solutions, however for `Supjibi' exposure to low Ca solutions increased incidence of bract necrosis from 5.5% for controls to 19.3%. The effect of Ca stress applied to poinsettia roots was genotype dependant for bract necrosis but not for botrytis.
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Courchesne, Natasia S., Conner M. Muth, Melanie Barker, and Susan I. Woodruff. "Correlates of Breath Alcohol Concentration Among Driving Under the Influence Program Clients in Southern California." Journal of Drug Issues 49, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042618815688.
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Understanding factors correlated with breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) at time of arrest for driving under the influence (DUI) may lead to informed rehabilitation programs. This study describes correlations between BrAC at time of arrest and sociodemographic, mental, and physical health, and alcohol-related characteristics among clients in a large California DUI Program. Client reported data ( n = 17,282) were collected at an intake from 2009 to 2014. BrACs ranged from 0.083% to 0.390%, with an average of 0.159% ( SD = 0.051), almost twice the legal limit in the state. Approximately 10.6% of the variance in BrAC was explained by 11 significant correlates. Two sociodemographic factors (age and race/ethnicity) as well as several alcohol-related characteristics were related to higher BrAC levels, whereas comorbid mental and physical health factors played less of a role. Factors associated with BrAC are complex and warrant further investigation to identify causality and inform future interventions.
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Zhang, Ji Gang, Jian Han, and Wen Yan Deng. "Experimental Study of Buckling-Restrained Brace System with Pall-Typed Frictional Damper." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 2973–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2973.
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In view of general braces of Pall-typed frictional damper will produce additional axial forces on side column in frame, considering the buckling-restrained braces(BRB) to replace the general braces to make the braces action fully, it would not generate the growth of additional axial forces on side columns, to settle basis for BRBs’ application in Pall friction damping brace system. Because hysteresis behaviors of the Pall-typed friction damper are not affected by brace buckling forces, this paper puts forward that the braces use the ordinary steel plate replacing BRB core plate to do Pall-typed frictional damping brace experimental research, meanwhile considering the geometric nonlinearity the finite element simulation analyses are done for this brace system in ANSYS software. The experimental results and simulation results show that the Pall friction force and brace forces’ variation rule is almost the same, and the brace force is almost the same.
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NIU, XINJIAN, CHIFU YANG, BOWEN TIAN, XIANG LI, SHUTAO ZHENG, DACHENG CONG, JUNWEI HAN, and SUNIL K. AGRAWAL. "INVESTIGATION OF ROBOTIC BRACES OF PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (IS) — REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND DESCRIPTION OF A NOVEL BRACE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 08 (December 2018): 1840038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418400389.
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Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a complex three-dimensional (3D) deformity. The non-operative treatments for IS have been developed for a long time. According to current studies, hard braces are more effective than soft braces for the treatment of scoliosis. Though current braces are proved to be effective for the treatment of IS, there are several shortcomings needed to be overcome: (i) Braces cannot realize precise control over a specific vertebra. (ii) Braces affect cardiopulmonary efficiency (braces limit maximal exercise performance). (iii) The brace is not modulated based on user’s needs. (iv) Braces, including motions during eating, tying shoes, sitting, and standing. (v) Braces apply forces on skin, which causes pain, skin breakdown, and abnormal deformation of bone. In order to solve these boring problems of the current braces, this paper proposed a new intelligent robotic spine brace based on the principle of human biomechanics, three point pressure treatment theory and parallel mechanism theory. This novel brace can offer 3D active dynamic adjustable corrective forces for the treatment of IS and some experiments are employed for verifying the effect of the proposed brace.
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Cantin, Kristine, Sophia Ulman, Jang-Ho Park, Sunwook Kim, and Maury A. Nussbaum. "Evaluating the Usability of Alternative Shoulder Stabilization Methods." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601637.
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Braces are commonly used to stabilize and restrict movement of the arm and shoulder after injury, such as dislocation (Itoi, Hatakeyama, and Kido, 2003). However, secondary pain and discomfort cause concern for clinicians when prescribing braces to patients that require shoulder stability, and may result in poor compliance by the patient if prescribed for long durations. Popularly used braces have been associated with secondary pain in surrounding areas, such as the neck and shoulders, compared to rehabilitative outcomes without the use of braces (Struijs, Kerkhoffs, Assendelft, and van Dijk, 2004). Straps are often used in conventional brace design for stability, yet they are potential sources of discomfort. Novel supporting methods used in more recently developed braces could mitigate the above concerns associated with traditional bracing methods (i.e., discomfort and low ease of use) while stabilizing the shoulder. We examined the usability of five brace designs, including a newly developed brace. Selected existing products were used to represent a spectrum of different design approaches (e.g., brace shape and coverage, connector locations, and straps) and included, in alphabetical order: 1) Bledsoe Clinic Shoulder Immobilizer (“Sling”) (Bledsoe Brace Systems, Grand Prairie, TX, bledsoebrace.net ), 2) Breg SlingShot 3 Shoulder Brace (“SlingShot”) (Breg, Inc. Carlsbad, CA, www.breg.com ), 3) Breg Straight Shoulder Immobilizer (“Straight”) (Breg, Inc. Carlsbad, CA, www.breg.com ), and 4) Bledsoe Sling and Swathe Immobilizer (“Swathe”) (Bledsoe Brace Systems, Grand Prairie, TX, bledsoebrace.net ). The new brace design ( www.kaykare.net ) includes a sleeve and single waist strap. A total of 10 young adults (M = 24.2±4.9 years old) and 10 older adults (M = 66.9±4.3 years old), gender-balanced in each group, were recruited to enhance generalizability of results. A within-subjects design was implemented to test donning/doffing performance, perceived stability and comfort of the selected arm braces. The study included controlled tasks involving donning and doffing on the self and on a simulated “patient” as the participant acted as a “caregiver,” along with simulated activities of daily living, to compare brace performance. Outcome measures included donning/doffing times, ratings and rankings of ease of use, and stability and comfort ratings and rankings, and these were compared between age, gender, and braces using Analyses of Variance. Participants had significantly lower donning and doffing times while using the new brace versus the other braces, and it was rated as having a higher level of ease when donning/doffing. The “Swathe” type of brace was rated as having the highest level of stability, while comfort ratings were not significantly different between braces. Braces more frequently selected as the preferred brace at the end of the study, such as the “Sling,” are more commonly provided braces at clinics or in emergency scenarios (Hatta, Sano, Yamamoto, and Itoi, 2013). Non-traditional strapping methods used in the new brace and the “Straight” were often perceived as being less stable due to fewer straps. Throughout data collection, it was found that as straps increase on the brace, greater stability is perceived, although application ease and donning time will likely increase. These results reveal that the newer brace design offers a potential solution to emergency shoulder immobilizing when compared to popularly supplied braces, though patients may perceive greater support while wearing a brace with more straps. However, the current work is limited by a healthy participant pool, and future work should explore patient responses to actual prescription of each brace. Long-term use should also be examined to capture experiences beyond the laboratory.
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Brownstein, Bruce. "Migration and Design Characteristics of Functional Knee Braces." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 7, no. 1 (February 1998): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.7.1.33.
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Functional braces are often used as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation protocol following ligamentous injury of the knee. One of the common problems of a functional knee brace is distal migration. This study was undertaken to identify the migration tendencies of 14 commonly used functional knee braces and the design and measurement characteristics that contribute to migration. Two subjects performed 15 min of exercise (5 min each on a treadmill, slide board, and stair machine), and brace position was measured pre-and postexercise. All 14 braces migrated somewhat. Nine of the braces had migration of less than 5 mm and were considered superior. The brace design (active or passive) had a significant effect (p <.05) on migration. No difference (p >.05) was noted for brace type (custom vs. off the shelf) or fit method (cast vs. measuring tool). Based upon this evaluation, an active brace design is recommended for functional knee braces.
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Alfuth, Martin, Dieter Klein, Raphael Koch, and Dieter Rosenbaum. "Biomechanical Comparison of 3 Ankle Braces With and Without Free Rotation in the Sagittal Plane." Journal of Athletic Training 49, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.20.
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Context: Various designs of braces including hinged and nonhinged models are used to provide external support of the ankle. Hinged ankle braces supposedly allow almost free dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot in the sagittal plane. It is unclear, however, whether this additional degree of freedom affects the stabilizing effect of the brace in the other planes of motion. Objective: To investigate the dynamic and passive stabilizing effects of 3 ankle braces, 2 hinged models that provide free plantar flexion–dorsiflexion in the sagittal plane and 1 ankle brace without a hinge. Design: Crossover study. Setting: University Movement Analysis Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Seventeen healthy volunteers (5 women, 12 men; age = 25.4 ± 4.8 years; height = 180.3 ± 6.5 cm; body mass = 75.5 ± 10.4 kg). Intervention(s): We dynamically induced foot inversion on a tilting platform and passively induced foot movements in 6 directions via a custom-built apparatus in 3 brace conditions and a control condition (no brace). Main Outcome Measure(s): Maximum inversion was determined dynamically using an in-shoe electrogoniometer. Passively induced maximal joint angles were measured using a torque and angle sensor. We analyzed differences among the 4 ankle-brace conditions (3 braces, 1 control) for each of the dependent variables with Friedman and post hoc tests (P < .05). Results: Each ankle brace restricted dynamic foot-inversion movements on the tilting platform as compared with the control condition, whereas only the 2 hinged ankle braces differed from each other, with greater movement restriction caused by the Ankle X model. Passive foot inversion was reduced with all ankle braces. Passive plantar flexion was greater in the hinged models as compared with the nonhinged brace. Conclusions: All ankle braces showed stabilizing effects against dynamic and passive foot inversion. Differences between the hinged braces and the nonhinged brace did not appear to be clinically relevant.
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Costa, Lorenzo, Tom P. C. Schlosser, Hanad Jimale, Jelle F. Homans, Moyo C. Kruyt, and René M. Castelein. "The Effectiveness of Different Concepts of Bracing in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102145.
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Brace treatment is the most common noninvasive treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS); however it is currently not fully known whether there is a difference in effectiveness between brace types/concepts. All studies on brace treatment for AIS were searched for in PubMed and EMBASE up to January 2021. Articles that did not report on maturity of the study population were excluded. Critical appraisal was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies tool (MINORS). Brace concepts were distinguished in prescribed wearing time and rigidity of the brace: full-time, part-time, and night-time, rigid braces and soft braces. In the meta-analysis, success was defined as ≤5° curve progression during follow-up. Of the 33 selected studies, 11 papers showed high risk of bias. The rigid full-time brace had on average a success rate of 73.2% (95% CI 61–86%), night-time of 78.7% (72–85%), soft braces of 62.4% (55–70%), observation only of 50% (44–56%). There was insufficient evidence on part-time wear for the meta-analysis. The majority of brace studies have significant risk of bias. No significant difference in outcome between the night-time or full-time concepts could be identified. Soft braces have a lower success rate compared to rigid braces. Bracing for scoliosis in Risser 0–2 and 0–3 stage of maturation appeared most effective.
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Ferdinand, Niyonyungu, Zhao Jianchang, Yang Qiangqiang, Guobing Wang, and Xu Junjie. "Research on Application of Buckling Restrained Braces in Strengthening of Concrete Frame Structures." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 344–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091475.
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This paper examines the application of BRB in strengthening of reinforced concrete frame structures to meet seismic requirements according to Chinese seismic design code. Elastic response spectrum analysis and nonlinear time history analysis are performed by taking a real engineering example that suffers weak first floor irregularity due to added loads and addition of one floor. With the method of equivalent stiffness and displacement-based design method, buckling restrained brace parameters are deduced and are used to model BRB in ETABS using plastic wen model. Three configurations of buckling restrained braces are studied together with ordinary braces. Under elastic state, the relationship between the required cross section area of BRB and ordinary braces is deduced from the formula of calculating elastic bearing capacity where it is shown that the area of the ordinary braces must be 1.25 times that of BRB for ensuring the same performance. The results show that Inverted V brace configuration demonstrated better performance over single brace and V brace configurations and X brace configuration, although not recommended by Chinese code, is simulated and used in this paper and has demonstrated better performance over other configurations, and the further research on the practical use of this brace is recommended. Also, under action of strong earthquakes, by nonlinear time history analysis, buckling restrained braces demonstrated better performance of strengthening the structure and make it meet the requirement of code. Under this same condition, ordinary braces losses their bearing capacity due to excessive buckling.
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Rump, Wolfgang. "Set-theoretic solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation, skew-braces, and related near-rings." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 18, no. 08 (July 5, 2019): 1950145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498819501457.
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Skew-braces have been introduced recently by Guarnieri and Vendramin. The structure group of a non-degenerate solution to the Yang–Baxter equation is a skew-brace, and every skew-brace gives a set-theoretic solution to the Yang–Baxter equation. It is proved that skew-braces arise from near-rings with a distinguished exponential map. For a fixed skew-brace, the corresponding near-rings with exponential form a category. The terminal object is a near-ring of self-maps, while the initial object is a near-ring which gives a complete invariant of the skew-brace. The radicals of split local near-rings with a central residue field [Formula: see text] are characterized as [Formula: see text]-braces with a compatible near-ring structure. Under this correspondence, [Formula: see text]-braces are radicals of local near-rings with radical square zero.
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Yin, Zhan Zhong, and Xiu Li Wang. "Hysteretic Performance Analysis of Double-Tube Buckling Restrained Braces with Contact-Ring." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.681.
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Double-tube buckling restrained braces with contact ring is a new buckling-restrained brace (BRBs), and is a refinement of double-tube buckling restrained braces. Based on the theory of the finite element method, the finite element entity model of double-tube buckling restrained brace with contact-ring has been made. The double-tube buckling restrained braces is systematically analyzed and computed. The analysis results indicate that this kind of buckling restrained brace has good energy dissipation and restoring force characteristics, and can overcome the difficulty in connection.
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Bottoni, Giuliamarta, Philipp Kofler, Anne Theresa Herten, Michael Hasler, Anton Giger, and Werner Nachbauer. "The Effect of Three Knee Brace Styles on Balance Ability." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 20, no. 4 (July 2015): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2014-0078.
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Knee braces might enhance balance ability by improving joint stabilization or proprioception. We tested the effects of three different knee braces on single-limb balance. There was a significant decrease in the anteroposterior balance ability when participants wore the brace that was described as the most cumbersome or uncomfortable (p = .04). For the other two braces, there was no difference in single-limb balance ability compared with the no brace condition. Comfort and weight of the knee brace might alter somatosensory inputs, which play an important role in balance ability.
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Tsai, Ching-Yi, Keh-Chyuan Tsai, Pao-Chun Lin, Wai-Hang Ao, Charles W. Roeder, Stephen A. Mahin, Chih-Han Lin, et al. "Seismic Design and Hybrid Tests of a Full-Scale Three-Story Concentrically Braced Frame using In-Plane Buckling Braces." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 3 (August 2013): 1043–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000165.
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This research investigates the brace-to-gusset connection designs to allow the braces buckle in the plane (IP) of the frame. In order to study the performance of the IP buckling brace connections with different design details, five 3,026 mm–long A36 H 175 × 175 × 7.5 × 11 mm braces were tested using cyclically increasing axial displacements. All specimens failed at an average axial strain less than 0.025 due to the brace fracture at the mid-length where severe local buckling had occurred. Pseudo-dynamic tests on a three-story special concentrically braced frame (SCBF) using the proposed brace end connection details for six A36 H 150 × 150 × 7 × 10 mm braces were conducted using the PGA = 597 cm/s2 LA03 record to confirm with the component tests. The knife plates and IP buckling braces sustained a peak 0.049 rad interstory drift under the design base earthquake without fracture. The highly nonlinear responses were satisfactorily predicted by OpenSees. Recommendations on the seismic design of the IP buckling brace connections are provided.
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Chou, Chung-Che, and Ying-Chuan Chen. "Development of Steel Dual-Core Self-Centering Braces: Quasi-Static Cyclic Tests and Finite Element Analyses." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 1 (February 2015): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/082712eqs272m.
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This work presents mechanics, tests, and finite element analyses of a novel steel dual-core self-centering brace (SCB) with flag-shaped re-centering responses. The axial deformation capacity of the brace is doubled with respect to the SCED brace by serial deformations of two sets of parallel tensioning elements when both braces use the same tensioning elements. The mechanics of the brace is first explained; six tensioning elements and four dual-core SCBs are tested to evaluate their cyclic performance. The braces exhibit excellent performance up to a drift of 2% with a maximum axial force around 1,400 kN. The braces also survive 15 low-cycle fatigue tests at a drift of 1.5%. Tensioning elements fail when the braces are overloaded to 2.5–3% drift. Finite element analysis is conducted to further verify hysteretic responses of the dual-core SCB in cyclic tests. A design procedure for the proposed dual-core SCB is also included in the paper.
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Ho-Yi Fung, Olivia, Joanne Yip, Mei-Chun Cheung, Kit-Lun Yick, Kenny Yat-Hong Kwan, Kenneth Man-Chee Cheung, Jason Pui-Yin Cheung, and Chi-Yung Tse. "Exploring mass customization and textile application in medical products: re-designing scoliosis brace for shorter production lead time and better quality of life." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 19-20 (April 11, 2020): 2304–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520916922.
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Bracing is the most common non-operative treatment option for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, existing brace designs have deficiencies, including a long production lead time and low patient compliance caused by the negative impacts of bracing on quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to address these problems by developing a new textile-based scoliosis brace in accordance with the biomechanics used in the existing braces for spinal correction. A case study of interface pressure had been carried out to determine the optimum combination of pads to be used in the proposed brace to correct a scoliotic spine. AIS patients who were undergoing hard brace treatment were recruited to complete a questionnaire (BrQ) on hard braces and on the proposed brace. The BrQ scores of the two types of braces were compared to assess their respective impacts on the QoL. The findings show that the proposed brace can address the issue of patient compliance by reducing the impact of bracing on QoL, and shorten the production lead time through incorporation of the mass customization concept into the design. Similar to most of the commonly-used scoliosis braces, the selected combination of pads used in the proposed brace for spinal correction shows a sufficient amount of exerted pressure and a similar function of active spinal correction.
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Shavyrin, Il’ya A., Sergey V. Kolesov, Vitaly Yu Levkov, Andrey N. Lobov, and Boris A. Polyaev. "Use of modern spinal braces in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis." Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 27, no. 2 (July 23, 2021): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0869-2106-2021-27-2-163-174.
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This review presents an analysis of scientific papers on the conservative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with spinal braces.
Insufficient awareness of brace treatment for spinal deformities is often the reason for the negative attitude of orthopedists toward brace therapy and the conservative treatment of scoliosis in general.
In world practice, braces have been the primary and scientifically proven technique for conservative treatment of intermediate forms (grades IIIII) of scoliosis in children and adolescents for over 50 years. Modern spinal braces are active orthopedic products that provide three-dimensional correction of the existing deformity and prevent the progression of scoliosis. The main goal of using braces is to eliminate the pathological displacement of the vertebrae, ribs, and pelvis to a physiological state by applying pressure to specific body areas and actively correcting the deformity. Using a brace is the only non-surgical method to treat scoliosis with scientifically proven efficiency. The poor results of using braces to treat scoliosis are primarily due to insufficient correction in the brace, non-compliance with the wearing time, and the lack of adjunctive therapy. The efficiency of brace therapy depends on three main factors that require the personal involvement of the patient: the time of wearing the corset per day, the degree of correction in the corset, and constant (daily) training of the back muscles. The results of recent multicenter studies confirm the efficiency of using braces to treat idiopathic adolescent scoliosis.
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Erwood, Amalie, Jacob M. Wilson, Andrew M. Schwartz, Mara L. Schenker, and Thomas Moore. "Femur Fracture Associated with Knee Brace Wear in the Motocross Athlete: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2018 (August 30, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1498541.
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The sport of motocross entails off-road motorcycle racing and is associated with a high incidence of traumatic injury. While prophylactic knee braces are routinely worn, there has been anecdotal concern that brace use is linked to femoral shaft fractures. While this risk remains unreported in the medical literature, preventing this complication has played a role in new commercial knee brace designs. We present two cases in which two motocross riders sustained transverse femoral shaft fractures at the proximal portion of each respective knee brace. The fracture locations measured on anterior-posterior radiograph were 22 and 21.1 cm proximal to the center of the knee, which is also the recommended proximal extent of motocross knee braces. We propose that the rigid knee brace protects the ligamentous knee structures but may focus undue force on the proximal aspect of the brace. New knee brace designs have incorporated features to dissipate the potentially injurious force to prevent femur fracture. While knee braces undoubtedly help prevent ligamentous knee injury, these cases question the safety of standard brace design and highlight the need for further brace development to better protect the patient’s bony structures, in addition to the knee joint.
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Zhang, Dahua, and Xiang Zhang. "Rehabilitation Brace Based on the Internet of Things 3D Printing Technology in the Treatment and Repair of Joint Trauma." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (February 25, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6663892.
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More and more people pay attention to the printing speed and quality of 3D printing tools. In order to understand whether the 3D printing rehabilitation brace can play a role in the treatment and repair of joint trauma, we used 3D printing technology to print the rehabilitation brace and compared with the traditional rehabilitation brace. The printed parts were analyzed in detail. The experimental results prove that the rehabilitation braces made by the two methods can play a role in the repair of joint trauma. However, 3D printed rehabilitation braces can better meet the needs of patients with detailed patient data in application. The braces are more suitable, and their production speed is about 35% faster than traditional methods. Through the survey of patients and doctors, it is found that the satisfaction of patients and doctors with printed braces is above 89%, while the satisfaction with traditionally made braces is only about 60%. This shows that the rehabilitation brace based on the Internet of Things 3D printing technology has a more significant role in the treatment and repair of joint trauma, and the effect is better.
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Miller, John P., James C. Vailas, Ronald V. Croce, Robert Confessore, and Kerriann Catlaw. "Dynamic Analysis of Custom-Fitted Functional Knee Braces: EMG and Brace Migration during Physical Activity." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 8, no. 2 (May 1999): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.8.2.109.
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This study examined the effects of (a) functional knee braces on thigh muscle EMG and (b) physical activity and leg shape on knee brace migration. Ten female college ice hockey players were fitted with a strap-secured functional knee brace (SSB) and a hard-shell functional knee brace with strapping. Participants performed a side-step maneuver, a treadmill ran, and an obstacle course. Significant differences were noted in hamstring and quadriceps EMG median frequency (mfEMG) while wearing the SSB compared with the control condition. Significant downward shifts were noted in hamstring mfEMG for both braces when compared with the control condition. There was greater brace migration for the obstacle course for both brace types. No relation was found between leg shape and the amount of migration. This study suggests that custom-fitted functional knee braces alter the motor unit recruitment patterns of the thigh musculature during physical activity and that they do not migrate significantly during physical activity.
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McAvoy, Richard, Bernard Bible, and Suman Singha. "`Annette Hegg Dark Red' Rootstock Reduces the Incidence of Poinsettia Bract Edge Burn on `Supjibi' Scions." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 867A—867. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.867a.
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The poinsettia cultivar Annette Hegg Dark Red (AHDR) is resistant to bract edge burn (BEB), while `Supjibi' readily develops BEB. In 1993, scions of both `Supjibi' and AHDR were grafted onto either `Supjibi' or AHDR rootstock (RS) prior to bract initiation. At anthesis, BEB symptoms were more prevalent on `Supjibi'/`Supjibi' than on `Supjibi'/AHDR. Four weeks postanthesis, 26.4% of the bracts on `Supjibi'/`Supjibi' developed BEB, and 10% of the bracts had severe symptoms (based on number and size of necrotic spots), while only 13.8% of the bracts on `Supjibi'/AHDR developed BEB, with 1.7% having severe symptoms. Calcium levels in `Supjibi' bracts averaged 0.41% for scions on `Supjibi' RS and 0.39% on AHDR RS. AHDR scions failed to develop BEB regardless of RS. In 1994, plants with a `Supjibi' scion on a dual RS (`Supjibi' + `Supjibi', or `Supjibi' + AHDR) were formed using an approach graft technique and the following treatments were applied: one RS severed before bract initiation to produce plants with just a `Supjibi' or AHDR RS, AHDR + `Supjibi' RS intact until anthesis then either the `Supjibi' or AHDR RS severed, or both RS remained intact until termination of the study. Scions with only AHDR RS during bract development or only AHDR RS after anthesis developed a lower incidence of BEB than bracts on `Supjibi' scions that were on just `Supjibi' RS during bract development, or just `Supjibi' RS after anthesis, or on both RS during the entire study.
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Han, Chen, Zhou, Zhang, and Gho. "Strength Performance of an Eccentric Jacket Substructure." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 10, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080264.
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An eccentric jacket substructure is comprised of circular hollow section tubular joints with complete overlap of braces. The joint is formed with the lap brace overlapping the diagonal through the brace joining the chord face. In this study, the jacket substructure is subjected to a static vertical load due to self-weight and facilities, and four horizontal loads to simulate the environmental loads applied at four different horizontal angles. The maximum stresses at each level of the eccentric jacket are found lower than that of the traditional jacket. For the eccentric jacket substructure, the high stress critical area is mostly located at the short segment of the diagonal through brace joining the chord face. From the parametric study, the ultimate strength of the joint with the complete overlap of braces of the eccentric jacket reduces with increasing the gap size-to-through brace diameter ratio, ξ. With the short segment of the through-brace joining the chord face, the high-stress area is transferred from the joint intersection of the chord and the braces to the lap brace and the diagonal through-brace. It could; therefore, be concluded, based on the strength performance, that the eccentric jacket performed better with maximum stresses and high-stress critical areas.
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Vaes, Peter H., William Duquet, Frank Handelberg, Pierre-Paul Casteleyn, René Van Tiggelen, and Pierre Opdecam. "Influence of Ankle Strapping, Taping, and Nine Braces: A Stress Roentgenologic Comparison." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 7, no. 3 (August 1998): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.7.3.157.
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The stabilizing effect of external support, in the form of strapping, taping, and nine different ankle braces, was tested in 220 functionally unstable ankles. A standard surface EMG, controlled-stress Roentgen test protocol was used, measuring talar tilt (TT) without support and with strapping, tape bandage, or brace. Different levels of TT restraint of external support could be identified. Taping and two braces had a highly significant (p < .001) influence on TT. The mean TT without support was decreased by using tape from 13.4° to 4.9°, by using one brace to 4.8°, and by using another brace to 5.9°. The two braces were effectively fitted for protection during functional treatment. A classification into three grades of effectiveness was proposed. It was concluded that the stabilizing influence of bandages and braces should be measured before these external supports are used to treat acute ankle sprain and protect against sprain injuries in daily living and sports.
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Li, Wei, Bin Wu, Yong Ding, and Junxian Zhao. "Experimental performance of buckling-restrained braces with steel cores of H-section and half-wavelength evaluation of higher-order local buckling." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 5, 2016): 641–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216659491.
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To prevent lower-order local buckling of H-section steel core, an improved type of buckling-restrained braces named buckling-restrained brace with H-section steel core was proposed by the authors. This article further investigates the effect of configuration details on seismic performance of buckling-restrained braces with H-section steel core and compares two half-wavelength calculation methods for higher-order local buckling of H-section steel core. First, quasi-static cyclic tests are described on two newly designed buckling-restrained braces with H-section steel cores and another buckling-restrained brace with flat steel core. Then, Bleich’s and Lundquist’s methods are reviewed for evaluating half wavelength of higher-order local buckling based on elastoplastic buckling theory of plates and compared with the test results of four buckling-restrained braces with H-section steel core including the two from a previous test. It is found from the test results that due to H-section steel core’s higher self-stability, the compression force fluctuation was not observed on the hysteretic loops of buckling-restrained brace with H-section steel core with even larger clearance but on the buckling-restrained brace with flat core. The buckling-restrained brace with H-section steel core was also advantageous over the buckling-restrained brace with flat core in terms of having lower compression strength adjustment factor β. A stopper in the middle of the core member and the gradual change of cross section of the core plate around the end of stiffeners could help to improve the fatigue performance of buckling-restrained braces. The test results also confirmed that Lundquist’s theory was more reliable for evaluating the half wavelength of higher-order local buckling for H-section steel core.
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Davis, Alexis G., Brian G. Pietrosimone, Christopher D. Ingersoll, Kelli Pugh, and Joseph M. Hart. "Quadriceps Function After Exercise in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Knees Wearing Knee Braces." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.6.615.
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Context: Knee braces and neoprene sleeves are commonly worn by people with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLRs) during athletic activity. How knee braces and sleeves affect muscle activation in people with ACLRs is unclear.Purpose: To determine the effects of knee braces and neoprene knee sleeves on the quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) before and after aerobic exercise in people with ACLRs.Design: Crossover study.Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen people with a history of ACLR (9 women, 5 men: age = 23.61 ± 4.44 years, height = 174.09 ± 9.82 cm, mass = 75.35 ± 17.48 kg, months since ACLR = 40.62 ± 20.41).Intervention(s): During each of 3 sessions, participants performed a standardized aerobic exercise protocol on a treadmill. The independent variables were condition (brace, sleeve, or control) and time (baseline, pre-exercise with brace, postexercise with brace, postexercise without brace).Main Outcome Measure(s): Normalized torque measured during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (TMVIC) and CAR were measured by a blinded assessor using the superimposed burst technique. The CAR was expressed as a percentage of full muscle activation. The quadriceps CAR and TMVIC were measured 4 times during each session: baseline, pre-exercise with brace, postexercise with brace, and postexercise without brace.Results: Immediately after the application of the knee brace, TMVIC decreased (P = .01), but no differences between bracing conditions were observed. We noted reduced TMVIC and CAR (P < .001) after exercise, both with and without the brace. No differences were seen between bracing conditions after aerobic exercise.Conclusions: The decrease in TMVIC immediately after brace application was not accompanied by differences between bracing conditions. Wearing a knee brace or neoprene sleeve did not seem to affect the deterioration of quadriceps function after aerobic exercise.
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Ng, Shu-Yan, Xiao-feng Nan, Sang-Gil Lee, and Nico Tournavitis. "The Role of Correction in the Conservative Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis." Open Orthopaedics Journal 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 1548–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001711011548.
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Introduction: Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises (PSSE) and bracing have been found to be effective in the stabilization of curves in patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Yet, the difference among the many PSSEs and braces has not been studied. The present review attempts to investigate the role of curve correction in the outcome of treatment for PSSEs and braces. Material and Methods: A PubMed manual search has been conducted for studies on the role of correction in the effectiveness of PSSE and bracing. For the PSSEs, the key words used were “adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, correction, physiotherapy, physical therapy, exercise, and rehabilitation.” For bracing, the key words used were “adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, correction and brace”. Only papers that were published from 2001-2017 were included and reviewed, as there were very few relevant papers dating earlier than 2001. Results: The search found no studies on the role of correction on the effectiveness of different PSSEs. The effectiveness of different PSSEs might or might not be related to the magnitude of curve correction during the exercises. However, many studies showed a relationship between the magnitude of in-brace correction and the outcome of the brace treatment. Discussion: The role of correction on the effectiveness of PSSE has not been studied. In-brace correction, however, has been found to be associated with the outcome of brace treatment. An in-brace correction of < 10% was associated with an increased rate of failure of brace treatment, whereas an in-brace correction of >40-50% was associated with an increased rate of brace treatment success (i.e. stabilization or improvement of curves). Thus, in the treatment of AIS, patients should be advised to use highly corrective braces, in conjunction with PSSE since exercises have been found to help stabilize the curves during weaning of the brace. Presently, no specific PSSE can be recommended. Conclusion: Braces of high in-brace correction should be used in conjunction with PSSEs in the treatment of AIS. No specific PSSE can be recommended as comparison studies of the effectiveness of different PSSEs are not found at the time of this study.
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Kim, Dong Keon, Hong Min Son, and Jong Wan Hu. "An Analytical Study on the Performance of Wind Resistant System Considering Climate Change." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.656.
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As the development of structural system and material enable to construct many high-rise buildings. However, high rise buildings are vulnerable to the strong wind rather than seismic excitation, because they have relatively long period. Recently, intensity and frequency of extreme wind such as hurricane and typhoon have been increased with the weather change all over the world. Therefore, in this study, 50-story building with three types of braces which are diagonal brace, X-brace, Chevron brace are modelled and compared with non-braced 50-story building by changing wind speed. Finally, all the results from four cases are compared for wind performances. As a result, buildings reinforced with X-brace and Chevron braces have a good performance subjected to the strong wind.
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Dinesh, Thatikonda Sai, and Prem Kotian. "STEENBEEK FOOT ABDUCTION BRACE FOR CLUBFOOT: COST EFFECTIVE BUT IS IT EFFECTIVE? A PROSPECTIVE STUDY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.16296.
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Introduction: Foot Abduction Brace is recommended to prevent recurrence after casting phase in Ponseti method. Various types of braces are described, most current braces with proven efficacy are costly(100-300$) and difficult to acquire especially for the common man in India. Steenbeek brace can be made with locally available materials and is very simple to make and is cost effective(10$). Its efficacy is largely untested.Aim: To evaluate effectiveness of Steenbeek foot abduction brace to maintain correction achieved and to study the reasons for failure and complications associated with the brace.Materials and Methods: In KMC Mangalore and allied hospitals between Jun’2014-Aug’2016 25patients (38feet) who were treated by Ponseti method of cast application were given the Steenbeek foot abduction brace and followed up for a minimum duration of 1 year. The Status of foot was assessed using Pirani score before brace application and at every follow-up. Compliance with the brace protocol was assessed and Compliance defined as brace application for 23 hours/day for the first three months, and nap time brace application for rest of the duration of study.Results: In 36 of 38 feet on the brace the correction was maintained(94.7% effective). In two patients(feet) there was worsening of the Pirani score after brace application and recurrence was seen. The reason for failure was found to be non compliance. The correlation between noncompliance and recurrence was significant(p <0.001) using Fischer Exact Test. Pirani score improved significantly in compliant group with significant worsening noted in noncompliant group. There were no other brace related complications.Conclusions: The significant correlation between noncompliance and recurrence shows that Steenbeek FAB is effective in maintaining correction and can be a cost-effective alternative to the more costly braces, for use in developing countries.
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Li, Guo Chang, Fei Tian, Zhi Jian Yang, and Guo Zhong Zhang. "Finite Element Analysis on K-Type External Braced Steel Frame System." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.495.
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The concept of moment resisting frames with K-type external braces is proposed to increase the lateral stiffness, which has short external span and large lateral stiffness. In order to investigate the lateral stiffness, overstrength coefficient and the reduction factor of K-type external brace under horizontal load, ABAQUS was applied to study the different slenderness ratios (from50 to 150) of K-type external steel braced frames. The results showed that the lateral load and displacement curve can be divided into elastic stage, the buckling of the compressive brace-yield of the tensile brace stage and plastic stage. The overstrength of K-bracing is related to the potential bearing capacity of the frame when the compressive brace buckled, and the potential growth of the tensile brace. The overstrength coefficient increases with increasing of the brace slenderness ratio. The range of recommended values of slenderness ratios of K-type external steel braces and design values of unbalanced force of column sections are proposed.
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Catino, Francesco, Ilaria Colazzo, and Paola Stefanelli. "Skew left braces with non-trivial annihilator." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 18, no. 02 (February 2019): 1950033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498819500336.
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We describe the class of all skew left braces with non-trivial annihilator through ideal extension of a skew left brace. The ideal extension of skew left braces is a generalization to the non-abelian case of the extension of left braces provided by Bachiller in [D. Bachiller, Extensions, matched products, and simple braces, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 222 (2018) 1670–1691].
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Casares-López, Miriam, José J. Castro-Torres, Sonia Ortiz-Peregrina, Francesco Martino, and Carolina Ortiz. "Changes in Visual Performance under the Effects of Moderate‒High Alcohol Consumption: The Influence of Biological Sex." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136790.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in visual functions under the effects of moderate‒high breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs), and the influence of biological sex on visual deterioration, considering different factors. A total of 37 healthy habitual alcohol users were enrolled in the experiment. The participants underwent a baseline session and a second session after an intake of 450 mL of red wine, so that all of them reached a BrAC above 0.25 mg/L. Visual performance was assessed by measuring the contrast sensitivity function, the halo perception, the stereopsis, and finally the retinal image quality. A Visual Deterioration Score (VDS) was calculated using the deterioration of these visual variables. All visual functions analyzed were significantly impaired following alcohol consumption (p < 0.05). The VDS was associated with the BrAC (ρ = −0.476). The VDS was also significantly higher in females, with the BrAC having a significant effect on the variability of the VDS in males and females (p < 0.05). However, the body mass index showed no significant effect (p > 0.05). Visual functions were significantly impaired under the influence of alcohol, and this deterioration was greater in females. The deterioration depends on the BrAC reached, being the primary thing responsible for the differences observed between males and females.
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McAvoy, Richard, and Bernard Bible. "Sodium Silicate Sprays Reduce the Incidence of Bract Edge Burn in Poinsettia." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 772A—772. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.772a.
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Bract edge burn (BEB) starts as a necrosis on veins near the margins of mature bracts. Typically, BEB first appears at anthesis and symptoms progress over time. In 1993, the incidence of BEB on plants sprayed with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)—490 ppm Si at weekly intervals during bract development—was compared to unsprayed controls using the cultivar Supjibi. BEB appeared soon after anthesis on unsprayed plants, and, by 309 days post-anthesis, 11.5% of the bracts on unsprayed plants had BEB, but only 0.4% of the bracts on Na2SiO3-treated plants had symptoms. Calcium levels in bract margins were similar (0.194% in both treatments. In 1994, the following spray treatments were applied weekly from 31 Oct. to 5 Dec. (initial anthesis) to the cultivars Supjibi and V-17 Angelika White: CaCl2 (400 ppm Ca), Na2SiO3 (50, 100, 150, or 200 ppm Si), DI H2O (sprayed control), or unsprayed control. Both cultivars developed similar BEB symptoms and responded similarly to all treatments. One week post-anthesis, 5.7% of the bracts on unsprayed plants (averaged for both cultivars) developed BEB and 2.5% of the bracts on sprayed controls developed BEB, but only 0.19% of the bracts on CaCl2- or Na2SiO3-treated plants developed BEB symptoms. By 5 weeks post-anthesis, the incidence of BEB was similar for plants sprayed with CaCl2 and Na2SiO3 at 100, 150, or 200 ppm (1.1%, 6%, 6.7%, and 5.7%, respectively); but higher on sprayed controls (22%), and still higher on unsprayed plants (28.5%).
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Daher, Murilo Tavares, Vinício Nunes Nascimento, Pedro Felisbino Jr, Nilo Carrijo Melo, Brenda Cristina Ribeiro Araújo, and Sérgio Daher. "RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THORACOLUMBAR STABILIZATION USING TWO DIFFERENT ORTHOSIS SYSTEMS." Coluna/Columna 17, no. 4 (December 2018): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-185120181704179128.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate radiographically the stability of the thoracolumbar junction comparing the two types of thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO) most used in our environment, the Jewett and the Boston braces. Methods: After approval by the institutional review board, nine participants were submitted to X-rays in the profile view, with the beam focused on T12, in the orthostatic position, maximal flexion without brace and maximal flexion with the Jewett and the Boston braces. The Cobb angle of the thoracolumbar junction (T10-L2) was measured and the values compared using the student T test (p <0.05). Results: The Boston brace promoted greater stabilization of the thoracolumbar junction during flexion of the trunk compared to the Jewett brace (p <0.05). In addition, there was no statistical difference in the Cobb angle of the thoracolumbar junction in the orthostatic (neutral) position and in flexion using the Boston brace. Conclusion: The Boston brace presented greater stabilization of the thoracolumbar region during flexion of the trunk compared to the Jewett brace. Level of Evidence II; Prospective comparative study.
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Kari, Amir, Mehdi Ghassemieh, and Baitollah Badarloo. "Development and design of a new self-centering energy-dissipative brace for steel structures." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 6 (February 10, 2019): 924–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19828502.
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Buckling-restrained braces are able to provide significant energy dissipation along with large ductile capacity through their excellent hysteretic behavior. However, due to their lack of recentering capability, buckling-restrained braced frames experience large residual drifts following a strong earthquake, leading to enormous repair costs. To overcome this shortcoming, super-elastic shape memory alloy braces with excellent recentering capacity have been introduced as a viable alternative to steel braces. Nevertheless, their energy dissipation capacity is usually low for seismic applications. This article proposes a robust self-centering energy-dissipative brace to be used in structural frames. The brace is capable of providing adequate energy dissipation capacity in the structure while simultaneously bringing the structure to its original configuration after the earthquake.
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McAvoy, Richard, and Bernard Bible. "Silicate Sprays as Effective as Calcium Sprays at Suppressing Bract Necrosis in Poinsettia." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 654e—654. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.654e.
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Bract necrosis (BN) first appears at anthesis, and symptoms become more numerous and severe with time. Previously, we reported that 3.6 mm sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) sprays, applied during bract development, were as effective as 10 mm CaCl2 sprays at suppressing BN on `Supjibi' and `Angelika White', but only for several weeks after initial anthesis. While applying Na2SiO3 during bract development dramatically suppressed BN (7.2% of bracts with BN 46 days after anthesis vs. 33.4% for untreated plants), applying Na2SiO3 after anthesis is ineffective (35.7% BN). In 1995, suppression of BN was evaluated on `Supjibi' plants sprayed with similar concentrations (2 or 4 mm) of Na2SiO3 and CaCl2; treatments were compared to unsprayed poinsettias, or plants sprayed with either deionized (DI) water, 4 mm SrCl2, 4 mm NaCl, 4 mm MgCl2, or a solution of Na2SiO3 plus CaCl2 (1 or 2 mm each). At harvest (38 days after initial anthesis), 40.6% of the bracts on unsprayed plants and 35.8% of the bracts on DI water sprayed plants had BN. In contrasts, only 5.3% of the bracts on the 4 mm CaCl2 treated plants and 5.9% of the bracts on 4 mm Na2SiO3 treated plants had BN. Plants sprayed with 4 mm SrCl2 or the combination of 2 mm Na2SiO3 plus 2 mm CaCl2 developed BN on 7.8% and 9.2% of bracts, respectively. NaCl and MgCl2 sprays (4 mm) were not as effective (29.6 and 26.4% BN) as Ca, Si, or Sr sprays at suppressing BN over the duration of this study.
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Sui, Jie Yjing, and Wen Feng Liu. "Research on a New Type of Energy Dissipation Brace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3816.
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This paper presents one new configuration called little-character-toggle-brace. This paper analyses the effect of different toggle-brace position in the story and different angle of the toggle-brace to the magnification factor and provides the damping radio of the structure. Based on vibration control test of the structure with energy dissipation devices, the dynamic behavior and dynamic response of the structure with little-character brace, diagonal brace or little-character- toggle-brace have been investigated. The different control effects of the structure with the different energy dissipation braces have been studied. The result demonstrates that the little-character-toggle- brace is the best energy dissipation brace.
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Lou, E., J. V. Raso, D. L. Hill, J. K. Mahood, and M. J. Moreau. "Correlation between quantity and quality of orthosis wear and treatment outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 28, no. 1 (April 2004): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093640409167925.
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Orthotic treatment is the most commonly used non-surgical treatment method for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This study determined whether treatment outcome correlates with how often and how well children with AIS wear their orthoses. Eighteen (18) subjects (3M, 15F) who were diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis and had wom their orthoses from 6 months up to 1 year participated in this study. All subjects were prescribed Boston braces to be wom full time (23hrs/day). Twelve (12) subjects who completed their brace treatment were included in the data analysis. Three (3) treatment outcomes were classified as improvement, no change and deterioration. The quality of the brace wear was assessed by how often the brace was wom with zero force, below 80%, between 80 to 120%, and above 120% of the load level prescribed in the clinic. The quantity of brace wear was determined by how many hours per day they wore their brace. Subjects who wear their braces tighter and for more hours per day seem to have better outcomes.
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Mantha, Chris, Xi Chen, and Yi Liu. "Lateral torsional buckling of steel twin plate girder systems with torsional braces only." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 2 (February 2016): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0170.
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This paper presents results of both an experimental and a finite element study on the lateral torsional buckling behaviour and strength of twin plate girder systems with only discrete torsional braces. Two scaled twin-beam specimens with different arrangements of lateral and torsional braces were tested and results were used to validate the finite element model. The finite element study considered the effect of individual brace member stiffness and the number of braces. Results showed that for twin plate girders braced with only torsional braces, the critical buckling moment has the most significant increase when the number of interior braces increases from two to three. For a given girder section, the increase in the critical moment capacity by increasing the cross-frame member size is minimal. The lateral torsional buckling moment equation as well as the brace force design procedure contained in the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code were examined. A relationship between the ratio of provided-to-required torsional stiffness and the effective length factor was discussed.
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McAvoy, Richard, and Bernard Bible. "Benzyladenine and Daminozide Sprays Applied after Initial Anthesis Affect Bract Necrosis in Poinsettia." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 584e—584. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.584e.
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Bract necrosis (BN) in poinsettia is thought to be caused by a localized calcium deficiency in the margins of bracts. Both calcium and silicate sprays can suppress the post-anthesis development of BN if applied repeatedly during bract development. However, studies conducted in 1993 and 1994, with BN-susceptible scions (`Supjibi') grafted onto either `Supjibi' rootstock or the BN-resistant `Annette Hegg Dark Red' (AHDR) rootstock, failed to support the calcium hypothesis. In these studies, higher calcium concentrations were found in the margins of `Supjibi' bracts on `Supjibi' rootstock, then in `Supjibi' bracts on `AHDR' rootstock, even thought the incidence of BN was highest on plants with `Supjibi' rootstock. These studies suggested that non-nutritional factors (possibly hormonal factors) may play a role in BN. In 1995, `Supjibi' plants were produced in the greenhouse, and at initial anthesis, were sprayed once with either deionized (DI) water, benzyladenine (BA) (100 ppm), or daminozide (2000 ppm). At initial anthesis, plants in all treatment groups showed a low level of BN (0.75% of bracts with symptoms). Four weeks after initial anthesis, 18.5% of bracts on DI water sprayed plants and 38.7% of bracts on daminozide treated plants had developed BN; but BA treated plants developed BN on only 1% of bracts. At final harvest (38 days after treatments were applied), BN was evident on 3.4% of BA-treated bracts, 28.7% of DI-treated bracts, and 46.3% of daminozide-sprayed bracts.
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Labise, Chloe C., Geoffrey W. Rodgers, Gregory A. MacRae, and J. Geoffrey Chase. "Viscous and hysteretic damping." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 45, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.45.1.23-30.
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Capacity design, while protecting a structure against undesirable energy dissipations, has major implications on member sizes and overall cost. Furthermore, in some situations where protected elements possess some inelastic deformation capacity, it may be unwarranted. One of these situations is when the forces applied to the protected elements result from viscous dampers. This is because when viscous forces cause yielding in an element, the element deforms, so no deformation in the viscous damper is required. If no deformation is required, the velocity is zero, so there is no force. This implies that very little inelastic yielding is likely to occur in protected elements.
In order to investigate whether or not this is so, a single storey structure was designed and fitted with braces to reduce its response. Both hysteretic and viscous braces were used to obtain the same peak displacement response. The column strength was decreased by a fixed percentage and inelastic dynamic time history analysis was conducted. The amount of energy dissipated in the columns was then compared to determine whether hysteretic braces or viscous braces caused more column yielding so that appropriate over strength values could be developed for different brace types. It was found that the amount of energy absorbed by the column depends on the period but also on the brace design ductility. However, irrespective of the period or design ductility, the column hysteretic energy dissipated by a viscous brace was lower than that dissipated by a hysteretic brace. It follows that column yielding may be significantly less critical for viscous, rather than for hysteresis, braced structures.
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Lu, Zhiqiang. "Carpinus gigabracteatus, a new species from southeast Yunnan, China." PhytoKeys 145 (April 10, 2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.145.49488.
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Carpinus gigabracteatus Z. Qiang Lu, a new hornbeam species from southeast Yunnan of China, is described and illustrated in this study. It possesses extremely large bracts and is closely related to C. tsaiana Hu and C. tschonoskii Maxim., based on the characters of large bract size and bracts without lobes at the base of inner margins. Furthermore, morphological comparison suggested it was distinctly different from C. tschonoskii by a series of characters from leaf, infructescence, bract and nutlet and from C. tsaiana by its leaf length to width ratio (1.4–2.0 vs. 2.0–2.4), lateral veins significantly impressed adaxially, number of lateral veins on each side of midvein (9–14 vs. 14–17), bract length (3.9–4.8 vs. 2.5–3.2 cm) and bract length to width ratio (2.3–3.1 vs. 1.5–2.1). Therefore, this hornbeam, based on only one population from southeast Yunnan, is here erected as a new species, named as C. gigabracteatus.
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Pierson-Carey, Cheryl D., David A. Brown, and Christine A. Dairaghi. "Changes in Resultant Pedal Reaction Forces Due to Ankle Immobilization during Pedaling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 13, no. 3 (August 1997): 334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.13.3.334.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of limiting ankle motion on pedal forces. Sixteen adults pedaled an instrumented ergometer against constant cadence and frictional load while wearing hinged braces. Ankle motion was limited under four randomly assigned conditions: both braces unlocked (UL), only the preferred leg (PL) brace locked, only the nonpreferred leg (NPL) brace locked, and braces on both legs (BL) locked. Measurements of pedal force, crank, and pedal angles were sampled at 200/s for 20 s. With both braces locked, resultant force mean magnitude decreased during the downstroke, due to reduced radial crank force. Asymmetry between PL and NPL decreased during the power phase when only PL was braced but increased when only NPL was braced. It was concluded that constrained ankle motion, as may occur with ankle injury or hemiplegia, reduces the ability to transmit power during the downstroke while enhancing ability during the upstroke.
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He, Li Jun, Yong Yao, and Yun Peng Chu. "Based on ANSYS Buckling-Restrained Brace Frame Structure Shock Absorption Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.651.
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Whether the design of new structure or reinforcement of the existing projects, structure earthquakereduction design is always the focus of research at home and abroad. The buckling restrained braces won the unanimous endorsement of the engineering sector with good energy dissipation capacity and simpleeasy construction process. This Paper based on the ANSYS analysis the structural response through simulated the bucklingrestrained brace frame structure and the general reinforced concrete frame on effect of the rare earthquake or design earthquake, and analysis the bucklingrestrained braces on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame structure. The analysis results show that the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame with bucklingrestrained braces well, it can effectively reduce the maximum story drift and control structural damage. Therefore, Bucklingrestrained Brace should be used extensively to reinforced concrete framework .
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Kliethermes, Stephanie, Timothy McGuine, Kevin Biese, David Bell, Andrew Watson, M. Alison Brooks, Eric Post, and Pamela Lang. "ANKLE BRACE USE AND RISK OF ACUTE LOWER EXTREMITY INJURY AMONG FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00265.
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Background: Lower extremity injuries (LEIs), particularly ankle sprains, are the most common injury reported among female volleyball players. Many athletes wear ankle braces to help prevent injury; however, it is unknown whether ankle brace use reduces the rate and severity of ankle and LEI in these athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: Determine if ankle brace use is associated with a reduced rate and severity of LEIs and ankle injuries among female high school volleyball players. Methods: 2073 female volleyball players from 78 high schools were prospectively followed for injury, including acute LEI, during their fall 2018 volleyball season. Baseline data was collected on each participant including ankle brace use and type worn. Brace type was classified as soft- (e.g. fabric) or hard-shell. Injury severity was measured as days lost from sport. Incidence rates are reported per 1000 athlete exposures. Results: 210 acute LEIs were observed during the season, of which 122 (58%) were ankle injuries. 76% of non-contact LEIs were due to jumping/landing or rotating around a planted foot. Similarly, 76% of contact LEIs were due to the floor or a teammate. The rate of LEI for athletes wearing soft-shell(SS) braces was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.72), compared to 0.53 (95% CI: 0.25, 1.10) for those wearing hard-shells (HS) and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.71) for those not wearing braces (NONE). The rate of a LEI for athletes wearing SS was 2.22 (95% CI: 1.31, 3.74) times as high as that for NONE (p=0.003). No association was found between LEI risk in athletes wearing HS versus NONE (IRR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.45, 2.30). Similarly, the rates of ankle injury for HS, SS and NONE were 0.08 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.530), 0.40 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.79), and 0.16 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.28), respectively. The rate of ankle injury was 2.5 times as great in participants wearing SS compared to NONE (p=0.04). No association was detected for HS braces (p=0.48). No difference in median days lost for LEI (HS: 2[IQR 1,13], SS: 4[1, 10] None: 3[1,9]) or ankle injury (HS: 7[IQR 2,13], SS: 5[1, 11] None: 3[1,10]) was detected by brace use (p=0.99, p=0.79, respectively). Conclusion: The use of SS braces resulted in an increased risk of LEI and ankle injury among female high-school volleyball players; moreover, HS braces were not found to be associated with injury risk nor did ankle brace use affect severity of LEI and ankle injury in this population.
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Weiss, Hans-Rudolf, Nicos Tournavitis, Xiaofeng Nan, Maksym Borysov, and Lothar Paul. "Workflow of CAD / CAM Scoliosis Brace Adjustment in Preparation Using 3D Printing." Open Medical Informatics Journal 11, no. 1 (October 24, 2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874431101711010044.
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Background: High correction bracing is the most effective conservative treatment for patients with scoliosis during growth. Still today braces for the treatment of scoliosis are made by casting patients while computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) is available with all possibilities to standardize pattern specific brace treatment and improve wearing comfort. Objective: CAD / CAM brace production mainly relies on carving a polyurethane foam model which is the basis for vacuuming a polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) brace. Purpose of this short communication is to describe the workflow currently used and to outline future requirements with respect to 3D printing technology. Method: Description of the steps of virtual brace adjustment as available today are content of this paper as well as an outline of the great potential there is for the future 3D printing technology. Results: For 3D printing of scoliosis braces it is necessary to establish easy to use software plug-ins in order to allow adding 3D printing technology to the current workflow of virtual CAD / CAM brace adjustment. Textures and structures can be added to the brace models at certain well defined locations offering the potential of more wearing comfort without losing in-brace correction. Conclusions: Advances have to be made in the field of CAD / CAM software tools with respect to design and generation of individually structured brace models based on currently well established and standardized scoliosis brace libraries.
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Kalra, Mayank, Ryan Bakker, Sebastian S. Tomescu, Anna M. Polak, Micah Nicholls, and Naveen Chandrashekar. "The effect of unloader knee braces on medial meniscal strain." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 43, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364618798173.
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Background: A medial meniscal tear is a common knee injury, especially following an anterior cruciate ligament injury. Decreasing the compressive force on the medial meniscus during dynamic activities using an unloader knee brace could reduce meniscal strain, effectively reducing injury risk and/or severity. Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of two unloader knee braces on medial meniscus strain during dynamic activities in intact & deficient anterior cruciate ligament states. Study design: Combined in vivo/in vitro study. Methods: In vivo knee kinematics and muscle force profiles from a healthy individual performing single/doubleleg squats and walking motions were simulated on 10 cadaveric specimens using a dynamic knee simulator system. Simulations were performed on knees in unbraced and braced scenarios, with and without the anterior cruciate ligament. Anterior and posterior medial meniscal strains were measured. Results: Two different braces each showed a significant reduction in the posteromedial meniscal strain ( p ⩽ 0.01) in an intact anterior cruciate ligament state. Neither brace mirrored this result for the anteromedial strain ( p > 0.05). In the deficient anterior cruciate ligament state, the braces had no significant effect on strain ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: Two unloader knee braces effectively reduced strain in the medial meniscus with an intact anterior cruciate ligament during dynamic activities. Neither brace made a significant reduction in strain for anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees. Clinical relevance Unloader knee braces could be used to reduce the medial meniscus strain following meniscal surgery and during rehabilitation in patients with an isolated medial meniscus injury. However, these braces cannot be recommended for this purpose in patients with an anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.
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Barbella, Peter, Lorraine Denby, and James M. Landwehr. "Beyond Exploratory Data Analysis: The Randomization Test." Mathematics Teacher 83, no. 2 (February 1990): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.83.2.0144.
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Suppose a company has created two types of knee braces designed to prevent knee injuries to football players. One knee brace might be more effective than the other, or both knee-brace designs might be equally effective, and thus the company could choose to market one knee brace over the other on the basis of cost or other considerations. Part of the decision will likely involve having football players wear each type of knee brace and then analyzing the number of knee injuries that occur.
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Fan, Xiao-Wei, Long-He Xu, Xing-Si Xie, Yu-Sheng Sun, and Zhong-Xian Li. "Hysteresis analysis of pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation braces using different models." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 12 (May 22, 2019): 2662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219849844.
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The ability of an idealized piecewise-linear restoring force model and a nonlinear mechanical model to describe the hysteretic performances of the pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation braces was evaluated based on experimental data. The hysteretic behaviors predicted by these two proposed models were compared with the experimental results of a typical prototype brace, and the results demonstrated that the two models can explain the brace force-time responses, and that the nonlinear mechanical model is more effective in describing the stiffness transition and energy dissipation of the brace. The two proposed models can be used for the design of the pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation brace specimens, and the nonlinear mechanical model may be more useful for designing the structures with the pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation braces. An orthogonal experiment was applied to analyze the influences of the key parameters on the performances of pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation braces based on the nonlinear mechanical model. The results indicate that the friction slip force of energy dissipation mechanism, the pre-pressed force of self-centering mechanism, and the post-activation stiffness significantly affect the hysteretic performances and equivalent viscous damping ratios of the bracing system, while the changes in other parameters only produce slight effects. The determination of the pre-pressed force of the self-centering mechanism should be coordinated with the friction slip force of the energy dissipation mechanism to achieve a better hysteretic performance of the pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation brace.