Journal articles: 'Brachina Formation'

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Rajagopalan, S., P. W. Schmidt, and D. A. Clark. "Magnetic overprinting of the Brachina Formation/Ulupa Siltstone, Southern Adelaide Foldbelt, prior to Delamerian deformation." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 4 (June 2011): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2010.550936.

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Becker, D. L., and J. E. Cook. "Initial disorder and secondary retinotopic refinement of regenerating axons in the optic tract of the goldfish: signs of a new role for axon collateral loss." Development 101, no. 2 (October 1, 1987): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.2.323.

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The optic tract of the goldfish splits into two brachia just before it reaches the tectum, normal optic axons being distributed systematically between the two according to their retinal origins. The orderliness of this division, like that of the retinotectal projection itself, is conventionally attributed to a system of specific axonal guidance cues. However, the brachial distribution of regenerated axons is much less orderly; and, since there is evidence that these axons have many collateral branches in the nerve and tract, the gross order that remains after regeneration could potentially arise secondarily, in parallel with refinement of the retinotectal map, by a preferential loss of collaterals from the inappropriate brachium. The brachial paths of normal axons, and axons regenerated after optic nerve cut for periods ranging from 19 days to 5 years, were therefore studied by anterograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase from discrete retinal lesions or retrograde labelling of ganglion cells from a cut brachium. From 19 to 28 days, regenerating axons showed little or no preference for their normal brachium. During this period (which includes the first week of tectal synaptogenesis) an average of 46á3% of cells retrogradely labelled from a cut medial brachium were in dorsal retina, compared with only 1á45% in normal fish. Some preference for the normal brachium was evident at 35 days and significant order had returned by 42–70 days, when the average proportion of labelled cells in dorsal retina had fallen to 25á4% though the average number in the whole retina was unchanged. Thus a brachial refinement had occurred in parallel with refinement of the retinotectal map. These results support the idea of a selective loss of axon collaterals from the inappropriate brachium, though they do not exclude the possibility of some concurrent gain in the appropriate one. We suggest that refinement may depend on a process we term ‘sibling rivalry’: competition between different collaterals of the same axon to form a critical number of stable tectal synapses, in which the most- normally-routed branches have the best chance of succeeding and surviving. Developing normal axons might also make use of collateral formation and ‘sibling rivalry’ to generate and refine the complex interwoven patterns of the normal optic tract.

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Becker, D. L., and J. E. Cook. "Divergent axon collaterals in the regenerating goldfish optic tract: a fluorescence double-label study." Development 104, no. 2 (October 1, 1988): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.104.2.317.

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In the normal goldfish, optic axons are distributed between the two arms (brachia) of each optic tract, in such a way that each axon enters the tectum close to its retinotopic termination site. We have shown previously that regenerating axons at first express little or no preference for their normal brachium. Later, however, a partial refinement of the brachial pathway takes place, implying that some axons must have sent out divergent collateral branches and then eliminated the least appropriate. We have now studied the formation and subsequent loss of axon collaterals in regeneration using retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes. We labelled the axons in the medial brachium with Fast Blue and those in the lateral brachium with Diamidino Yellow in a way that avoided cross-contamination. In normal fish, yellow-labelled ganglion cells dominated the dorsal retina and blue-labelled ganglion cells the ventral, with only a narrow zone of overlap. Double-labelled cells were not found. In fish labelled early in regeneration, however, both dyes were spread over the entire retina in single- and double-labelled ganglion cells. As regeneration progressed, each dye again came to dominate its appropriate retinal region; but much less strongly, confirming previous results. At the same time, double-labelled cells became harder to find. From 60 days after nerve cut onwards they were rare, and largely confined to the boundary zone between dorsal and ventral retina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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da Silveira, Helson Freitas, Jalles Dantas de Lucena, Osvaldo Pereira da Costa Sobrinho, Roberta Silva Pessoa, Gilberto Santos Cerqueira, André de Sá Braga Oliveira, and Howard Lopes Ribeiro. "A Rare Case of Absence of the Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Forearm: Case Report." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 02 (April 17, 2019): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685224.

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Introduction Variations in the formation and in the branching pattern of the brachial plexus are common. Numerous anastomotic variations between the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) and the median nerve (MN) have been reported and could be implicated in a wide range of sensory and motor dysfunctions. Objective To report an uncommon case of an anastomotic variation between the MN and the MCN with a rare absence of the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm (LCNF). Material and Methods A dissection of a male cadaver was performed at the Morphology Department of the Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. The brachial plexus was exposed. Results It was observed that the MCN, after its origin in the lateral fasciculus of the brachial plexus, anastomoses with the MN in the middle third of the arm. It diverges from the most prevalent anatomical pattern, in which the MCN continues to pass distally beneath the brachii biceps, originating the LCNF. In this case, the MCN does not emit its main terminal branch, the LCNF, which innervates the lateral portion of the skin of the forearm. In the present case, the innervation of the lateral portion of the skin of the forearm is provided by radial nerve branches. The reported case has practical implications, since the absence of the LCNF could cause hypoesthesia in the skin of the forearm. Conclusion Thus, the knowledge of the formation and of the branching pattern of the brachial plexus is clinically important for the correct clinical interpretation of the sensory and motor disorders of the upper limbs caused by peripheral nerve injuries, as well as for planning surgical procedures to correct upper limb traumas.

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Satyanarayana, N., R. Guha, P. Sunitha, GN Reddy, G. Praveen, and AK Datta. "A rare variation in the formation of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus its embryological basis and clinical importance - a case report." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 6, no. 4 (August 30, 2012): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v6i4.6727.

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Brachial plexus is the plexus of nerves, that supplies the upper limb.Variations in the branches of brachial plexus are common but variations in the roots and trunks are very rare. Here, we report one of the such rare variations in the formations of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus in the right upper limb of a male cadaver. In the present case the lower trunk was formed by the union of ventral rami of C7,C8 and T1 nerve roots. The middle trunk was absent. Upper trunk formation was normal. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal,2011,Vol-6,No-4, 49-52 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v6i4.6727

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B, Naveen Kumar, Sirisha V, Udaya Kumar P, and Kalpana T. "THE FORMATION OF LATERAL CORD OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND ITS BRANCHES – A CADAVERIC STUDY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 1.1 (January 5, 2018): 4836–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.478.

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Jatthavath, Jyothi, and A. Vijaya Lakshmi. "A STUDY ON ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND ITS BRANCHES." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 2.3 (June 5, 2018): 5364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.209.

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Natsis, Konstantinos, George Paraskevas, and Maria Tzika. "Five Roots Pattern of Median Nerve Formation." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 59, no. 1 (2016): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2016.52.

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An unusual combination of median nerve’s variations has been encountered in a male cadaver during routine educational dissection. In particular, the median nerve was formed by five roots; three roots originated from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus joined individually the median nerve’s medial root. The latter (fourth) root was united with the lateral (fifth) root of the median nerve forming the median nerve distally in the upper arm and not the axilla as usually. In addition, the median nerve was situated medial to the brachial artery. We review comprehensively the relevant variants, their embryologic development and their potential clinical applications.

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Lasch, E., M. Nazer, and L. Bartholdy. "Bilateral Anatomical Variation in the Formation of Trunks of the Brachial Plexus - A Case Report." Journal of Morphological Sciences 35, no. 01 (March 2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660485.

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AbstractThis study presents a bilateral variation in the formation of trunks of brachial plexus in a male cadaver. The right brachial plexus was composed of six roots (C4-T1) and the left brachial plexus of five roots (C5-T1). Both formed four trunks thus changing the contributions of the anterior divisions of the cervical nerves involved in the formation of the cords and the five main somatic motor nerves for the upper limb. There are very few case reports in the scientific literature on this topic; thus making the present study very relevant.

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Fazan, Valéria Paula Sassoli, André de Souza Amadeu, Adilson L. Caleffi, and Omar Andrade Rodrigues Filho. "Brachial plexus variations in its formation and main branches." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 18, suppl 5 (2003): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502003001200006.

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PURPOSE: The brachial plexus has a complex anatomical structure since its origin in the neck throughout its course in the axillary region. It also has close relationship to important anatomic structures what makes it an easy target of a sort of variations and provides its clinical and surgical importance. The aims of the present study were to describe the brachial plexus anatomical variations in origin and respective branches, and to correlate these variations with sex, color of the subjects and side of the body. METHODS: Twenty-seven adult cadavers separated into sex and color had their brachial plexuses evaluated on the right and left sides. RESULTS: Our results are extensive and describe a large number of variations, including some that have not been reported in the literature. Our results showed that the phrenic nerve had a complete origin from the plexus in 20% of the cases. In this way, a lesion of the brachial plexus roots could result in diaphragm palsy. It is not usual that the long thoracic nerve pierces the scalenus medius muscle but it occurred in 63% of our cases. Another observation was that the posterior cord was formed by the posterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks in 9%. In these cases, the axillary and the radial nerves may not receive fibers from C7 and C8, as usually described. CONCLUSION: Finally, the plexuses studied did not show that sex, color or side of the body had much if any influence upon the presence of variations.

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Shivakumar A H, Sumana R, and Maheshkrishna B.G. "Study of variations in the formation and branching pattern of lateral cord of brachial plexus- A detailed cadaveric study." IP Journal of Surgery and Allied Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jsas.2022.003.

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As the formation of brachial plexus involves numerous nerve roots, it is more common than rare to find variations in the formation and its branching pattern. Innumerable variations in the formation of lateral cord of brachial plexus and the branches of the lateral cord of brachial plexus are reported. This study is done with an intension to specifically look into the possible variations in the formation and branches of the lateral cord of brachial plexus only. The present study was carried on cadavers during undergraduate dissection, in the Department of Anatomy, Velammal Medical College, Annupanadi, Madurai, Tamilnadu India. In the present study The cadavers were dissected out to find the branching pattern of the Lateral cord and the observations were analysed, many variations in the branching patterns were observed, significant one being the musculocutaneous nerve being absent, coracobrachialis being supplied by branch from lateral root of median nerve, in another musculocutaneous nerve ends by supplying only coracobrachialis and the rest are supplied by the branches from median nerve. The frequency of anomalies found in the arrangement and distribution of lateral cord and its branches makes this anatomic region complicated with regard to surgical approaches.

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Hada, Shanta, Muna Kadel, Tinku Kumari Pandit, and Kishore Singh Basnet. "Variations in formation of median nerve: a cadaveric study." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 10, no. 3 (October 13, 2020): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v10i3.32048.

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Background: Median nerve is generally formed in axilla, as one of the branch of brachial plexus. It is formed by the union of medial and lateral roots which are the branches of medial and lateral cord respectively. The knowledge of origin, course and area of distribution of median nerve is important for the anatomist, the neurologist and also for correction of traumatic injuries that are related to brachial plexus. The main objective of this study is to observe different variations in median nerve formation in cadavers. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 25 formalin fixed adult human cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur Ethical approval was taken. Altogether, 50 specimens were enrolled in the study by convenient sampling method. The calculation was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 (SPSS). Results: In this study the formation of median nerve was observed to be normal in 78% of the cases. In 20% cases three roots were forming the median nerve and in 2% cases four roots were present. Among these variations in 18% cases the additional roots were observed to be given by the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. Conclusions: This study concludes that most of the median nerve forms in axilla by the union of two roots with few variations.

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Aragão, J., L. Melo, A. Barreto, A. Da Silva Leal, and F. Reis. "Variations in the formation of the trunks of brachial plexus." Journal of Morphological Sciences 31, no. 01 (January 2014): 048–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.ao063614.

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Abstract Background: The brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves that innervates the upper limbs. Variations in brachial plexus are common, as well as its relationships with other anatomical structures, gaining thus clinical and surgical importance. The aim of this study was to report variations in the formation of the trunks of brachial plexus. Material and Methods: Forty upper limbs from 20 human fetuses were used, fixed and kept in 10% formol solution. Fetal age was estimated from the hallux-calcaneus length and ranged from 20 to 37 weeks of gestation, with a mean of25.63 weeks. The plexus were dissected without the aid of optical instruments, and the access route for dissection began 2 cm below the mastoid process, followed the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle until the medial third of the clavicle, and then went through the deltopectoral groove until the arm. Results: Of the 40 plexuses investigated, 37 (92.5%) had the usual trunk formation, and 3 (7.5%) showed variation in its formation. Among these, in 2 (5%) plexuses of a single fetus, the upper trunk was formed by the C5, C6 and C7 roots, the middle trunk by the C8 root, and the lower trunk by the T1 root, both on left and right sides. In 1 (2.5%) plexus of another fetus, there was the formation of four trunks on the left side: the first trunk was formed by the C4 and C5 roots, the second by the C7 root, the third by the C8 root, and the forth by the T1 root. Conclusion: Studies on variations in brachial plexus should continue to draw the attention of different healthcare professionals who work directly or indirectly with this plexus in their daily routine.

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Ayidin, A. "Brachial plexus of the porcupine (Hystrix cristata)." Veterinární Medicína 48, No. 10 (March 30, 2012): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5783-vetmed.

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In this study, the brachial plexus of the porcupine (Hystrix cristata) was investigated. Four porcupines (two males and two females) were used and the brachial plexus of them were dissected. It was found that the brachial plexus of the porcupine was formed by rami ventralis of C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2. The rami ventralis of C5 and T2 were divided into two branches. The caudal branch of C5 and cranial branch of T2 contributed to the brachial plexus. The caudal branch of C5 and C6 constituted the cranial trunk and the caudal trunk was formed by a branch which came from cranial trunk, rami ventralis of C7, C8, T1 and the cranial branch of ventral ramus of T2. Contribution of C5 and T2 to the formation of the brachial plexus and division of the brachial plexus to the caudal and cranial trunks differ the brachial plexus of this species from those of rat, mouse and mammals.

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Mehta, Gyata, and Varsha Mokhasi. "Duplication in the formation of median nerve - a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 04, no. 01 (January 2015): 043–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401543.

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AbstractThe median nerve is formed in the axilla by fusion of the two roots from the lateral and medial cords. The present case report describes an anomalous presentation of double formation of median nerve and its relation with axillary and brachial arteries. The median nerve was formed in two stages at different levels, first in the axilla and then in the upper arm by receiving double contribution from the lateral root of the lateral cord, which fuse with the medial root of the medial cord to form the median nerve. The formation took place medial to the axillary artery in the axilla and antero-medial to the brachial artery in the arm. Such anatomical variations and their relation with the arteries are important for the surgeons and anesthesiologists and of great academic interest to the anatomists.

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Martin, A. G., M. Grasty, and P. A. Lear. "Haemodynamics of Brachial Arteriovenous Fistula Development." Journal of Vascular Access 1, no. 2 (April 2000): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112972980000100205.

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This study observes the development of brachial arteriovenous fistulae, and assesses methods of predicting potential usefulness for haemodialysis. Creation of an adequate brachial fistula causes significant changes in blood flow to the forearm and hand. A prospective study of fifteen consecutive patients undergoing brachial arteriovenous fistula formation for haemodialysis was undertaken. Clinical measurements and coloured flow Doppler measurements were performed pre operatively, immediately post operatively and at two and eight weeks after surgery. The morphology of the fistula was studied and the volume flow was measured. Digital pressure was measured pre and post exercise at each visit. Fourteen fistulae worked well by eight weeks. There was an immediate large increase in brachial artery blood flow and by two weeks all fistulae that went on to develop well had a brachial artery flow of more than 700 mls/minute. The cephalic vein mean diameter pre operatively was 2.39 mm and increased to 5.4 mm by two weeks post operatively. Fistulae with flows over 400 mls/minute at two weeks had a good outcome. There were significant differences in digital pressure after fistula formation (P ≤ 0.05). Digital mean arterial pressure dropped from 118 mm Hg pre-operatively to 98 mm Hg post operatively, at rest, and 89 mm Hg after exercise. Four patients developed forearm/hand claudication on exercise or signs of distal ischaemia. Three of these were diabetic with calcified vessels. All patients with a suitable cephalic vein should have attempted fistula formation rather than recourse to use of a synthetic graft. In diabetics creating a shunt in an already marginally competent vascular tree exposes the patient to risk of significant hand ischaemia.

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Shipolini, A. R., and J. H. N. Wolfe. "Fibromuscular dysplasia and aneurysm formation in the brachial artery." European Journal of Vascular Surgery 7, no. 6 (November 1993): 740–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-821x(05)80730-3.

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Roy, Rajat Dutta, Santona Thakuria, Debabani Bora, and Tarini Kanta Das. "Two stage formation of median nerve in North-East Indian cadavers." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 06, no. 02 (April 2017): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700738.

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Abstract Background and aims: The median nerve is formed by the union of the medial and lateral roots from the medial [C8, Tl] and lateral cords [C5, 6, 7] of brachial plexus respectively. The nerve is formed in the axilla embracing the axillary artery. Lateral root of median nerve is a terminal branch of lateral cord and medial root of median is a terminal branch of medial cord. Variations in the formation of the median nerve are common and have been reported by various authors. The aim of this study is to observe the variations in the formation of median nerve that would help in clinical evaluation. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Jorhat Medical College, Jorhat. Fifteen embalmed and formalin fixed cadavers were studied for variation of the median nerve. The dissections were carried out according to the Cunningham’s Manual of practical Anatomy. In total 30 upper limb specimens were used for the study. Results: Out of 30 upper limbs, in three limbs [10%] there was duplication in the formation ofthe median nerve. Among the three, two specimens were of right side and one from the left side. Conclusion: We know that brachial plexus is located in axilla and axillary region is important not only from anatomical point of view but also from various clinical aspects as well. Awareness about the many variations of brachial plexus is important in understanding nerve blocks, diagnostic imaging, trauma and surgery.

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Baishya, Rupak Jyoti, Rubi Saikia, and Shobhana Medhi. "Abnormal formation of medial cord of brachial plexus - a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 05, no. 02 (April 2016): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401596.

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AbstractBrachial plexus is the plexus of nerves that supplies the upper limb. The anterior divisions of upper and middle trunks form lateral cord and that of the lower trunk form medial cord. Posterior divisions of all the three trunks form the posterior cord. Here we report a case of unilateral variation in the formation of medial cord of brachial plexus during dissection of a female perinatal cadaver of 34 weeks of gestation which was dissected as a part of Congenital Malformation Survey conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh with necessary ethical clearance. Medial cord was formed by the anterior division of lower trunk and this cord had a communication from the posterior division of middle trunk. It is very important to be aware of the variations of the cords of the brachial plexus during different invasive procedures in that region.

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S., Monica Diana, Ramesh Kumar Subramanian, and Senthil Kumar S. "A rare variation of formation of median nerve - a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 04, no. 02 (April 2015): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401556.

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AbstractMany variations have been reported regarding formation of the brachial plexus and its branches. Here the authors report a rare variation pertaining to lateral cord of median nerve. During routine dissection, at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, in the department of anatomy, in a male cadaver in the right upper limb, the authors found an additional lateral root from lateral cord joining the medial root to form the median nerve. Musculocutaneous nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis muscle instead it gave a direct branch to the muscle. Nerve supply to biceps and brachialis were of normal pattern. The musculo cutaneous nerve communicated with the median nerve before supplying other muscles. Median nerve was medial throughout the arm but about 7 cm above the level of medial epicondyle it crossed the brachial artery from medial to lateral. Morphometry of the nerves were studied by measurements. Knowledge of these variations and measurements will be helpful during surgical and anaesthetic procedures in the axilla.

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Salerno, Alessia, Marco Leopardi, Annamaria Maggipinto, and Marco Ventura. "Giant Brachial Aneurysm after Arteriovenous Fistula Ligation: A Review of the Different Surgical Approaches." Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis 10, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507427.

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The aim of this paper is to describe the case of a patient successfully treated for left brachial arterial aneurysm occurring 15 years after renal transplantation and consequent 8 years after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) ligation. We describe our experience and our surgical approach. A 45-year-old man presented to our attention for a large pulsatile formation on the volatile face of the left forearm, which he reported to have enlarged in the last year. He had a history of chronic renal impairment in 2000, then AVF for dialysis was realized, and he was finally addressed to kidney transplantation in 2004. In 2011 the AVF was ligated. We observed absence of radial pulse and direct flow on the ulnar artery; a large pulsatile formation was evident along the course of the left brachial artery, associated with forearm venous dilatation. Doppler ultrasound showed fusiform aneurysm of the brachial artery with 3.5 cm diameter and longitudinal extension of 5 cm up to the brachial bifurcation. We removed the brachial aneurysm, with a venous bypass on the ulnar artery. The patient was discharged in good general condition on the second postoperative day. At 1- and 6-month follow-up he had complete recovery with graft patency, without any neurological impairment and with a good esthetic result. An open surgical repair with great saphenous vein interposition seems to be the best choice in terms of patency and perioperative morbidity.

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Clunies, M., R. J. Etches, C. Fair, and S. Leeson. "Blood, intestinal and skeletal calcium dynamics during egg formation." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-056.

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An experiment was carried out to study the dynamics of various body-Ca pools in the hen during a single ovulatory cycle. One hundred 32-wk-old Single Comb White Leghorn hens were used. For experimental purposes the ovulatory cycle was divided into four periods: 1–6, 6–12, 12–18 and 18–24 h post-oviposition.At 0, 6, 12 and 18 h post-oviposition 25 hens each were intubated proventricularly with 15 μCi of 45Ca as CaCl2 solution. Approximately 1 mL of blood was collected from the leaf brachial vein, and the bird was subsequently placed in an individual cage. Red blood cells, labelled with 15Cr, were re-injected into the same bird from which it was collected. At 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h post-intubation with 45Ca, blood samples were taken from the right brachial vein of five hens and the birds were immediately killed, carcasses were dissected, the left femur and tibia-fibula were excised, and an egg, if present, was removed. Whole blood was assayed for 51Cr activity, and plasma, bones and shells were assayed for 45Ca activity and Ca concentration.Another five hens were injected in the right brachial vein with 15 μCi of 45Ca immediately following oviposition. Subsequently, the left brachial vein was catheterized and blood was sampled at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h post-injection.There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in blood volume or plasma-Ca concentration for the four periods assayed. Following intubation, plasma-45Ca activity decreased quadratically (P < 0.05) with time for all four periods assayed. Regression analysis showed that the biological half-life of plasma 45Ca was 3.30, 2.13, 1.80 and 1.77 h for periods 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. When birds were injected intravenously with 45Ca the half-life of plasma 45Ca was 0.116 h.There were no significant (P > 0.05) changes over time in ash or Ca content of bone ends (BE) or medullary bone (MB). Only MB accumulated 45Ca during the first 6 h of the cycle. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in 45Ca activity of either BE or MB over time in period 2. Only BE experienced a significant (P < 0.05) loss in 45Ca during period 4.There were no differences (P > 0.05) in total shell ash. shell Ca or 45Ca with time in period 1. Shell ash increased (P < 0.05) by 188, 348 and 237 mg h−1 and shell Ca increased by 69, 128 and 82 mg h−1 in periods 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Accumulation of shell 45Ca confirmed that the transfer of Ca was greatest during period 4 of the ovulatory cycle. Using 45Ca dynamics, we estimated that over the entire ovulatory period 1716 mg of Ca was absorbed from the digestive tract and 1704 mg was secreted as shell. Key words: Calcium-45 activity, calcium-45 half-life; plasma 45Ca, bone 45Ca, shell 45Ca, shell secretion, Ca absorption

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Aggarwal, Anjali, Nidhi Puri, Aditya K. Aggarwal, K. Harjeet, and Daisy Sahni. "Anatomical variation in formation of brachial plexus and its branching." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 32, no. 9 (June 3, 2010): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-010-0683-8.

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Ahmadpour, Shahriar, and Khadijeh Foghi. "Bilateral Unusual Course of the Median Nerve, Variation in Branching Pattern of the Brachial and Superficial Ulnar Arteries: A Rare Case Report of Multiple Neuroarterial Variation." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 03 (May 31, 2019): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691755.

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Introduction Bilateral unusual course of the median nerve accompanied with variations of the brachial artery branching pattern are uncommon. Materials and Methods During the routine educational dissection of an upper limb, an interesting neurovascular variation was found in a 45-year-old male cadaver. Results We found a bilateral unusual and variant course of the median nerve in the arm region. The right median nerve, after formation, descended from the medial to the brachial artery, crossed the brachial artery anteriorly from medial to lateral, then inferiorly and lied medially to the distal third of the brachial artery, while the left median nerve ran medial to the brachial artery, passing anteriorly from medial to lateral, and, at the distal end of the arm, it buried itself in the brachialis muscle. Another set of findings were absence of the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries, superficial ulnar artery in the forearm and common interosseus artery originated from radial artery. Conclusion These types of compound neurovascular variations are of great importance in orthopedic, vascular, reconstructive surgeries and even in routine nursing care.

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Thavarajah, D., and J. Scadden. "Iatrogenic postoperative brachial plexus compression secondary to hypertrophic non-union of a clavicle fracture." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 3 (April 2013): e1-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588413x13511609956174.

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The brachial plexus is related intimately to the clavicle such that injury can occur primarily and most commonly at the time of trauma through traction or it can occur secondarily, mainly owing to hypertrophic non-union with exuberant callus formation, causing compression of the plexus. The movement-dependent rearrangement of the subclavicular space is restricted with rigid internal fixation, thereby placing inappropriate pressure on the plexus from the deep hypertrophic tissue. This case highlights another cause of brachial plexopathy of which to be aware.

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Yang, Andrew E., Jamie M. Hall, Gilford S. Vincent, and Lowell Chambers. "Deep Brachial Artery Pseudoaneurysm Following Arthroscopic Shoulder Debridement." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 52, no. 5 (March 11, 2018): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574418762922.

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Vascular injuries resulting from arthroscopic surgeries are rare with a reported incidence of 0.005% of elective orthopedic procedures. We report a case of a 49-year-old male who developed a deep brachial artery pseudoaneurysm following an arthroscopic shoulder debridement and lysis of adhesions. He was successfully embolized with resolution of the pseudoaneurysm within 6 weeks of treatment. A review of the literature demonstrates that pseudoaneurysm formation after arthroscopic procedures is rare and pseudoaneurysms of the deep brachial artery have yet to be reported.

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Chen, Tsung-Yan, Chih-Cheng Wu, and Mu-Yang Hsieh. "Arterial compression by an adjacent venous stent graft in a patient undergoing dialysis." Journal of Vascular Access 21, no. 6 (December 11, 2019): 1042–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1129729819888419.

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Background: Stent graft is effective for management of balloon-angioplasty-related complications in hemodialysis access. These complications include post-angioplasty venous rupture, dissection/recoil, and acute formation of pseudoaneurysm. Case report: We report a stent-graft complication that caused immediate acute arterial insufficiency by external compression. An 84-year-old woman presented with acute arteriovenous graft thrombosis. During percutaneous balloon thrombectomy, a stent graft was placed because of persistent recoil and mural thrombus, but the flow into the arteriovenous graft immediately ceased. External compression of the brachial artery was observed. A nitinol self-expandable stent was deployed in the brachial artery to oppose the external compression. The flow in the arteriovenous graft was recovered. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the possibility of arterial compression by an adjacent venous stent graft, especially in a patient with a thin habitus and a brachial–brachial arteriovenous graft. Detailed identification of the outflow vein anatomy before stent implantation is mandatory to avoid such a complication.

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Huynh, Minh, Stewart Spence, and Johnny W. Huang. "Anatomical Variation of the Brachial Plexus: An Ancillary Nerve of the Middle Trunk Communicating with the Radix of the Median Nerve." University of Ottawa Journal of Medicine 8, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/uojm.v0i0.2170.

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Purpose: Variations in brachial plexus anatomy are common. As such, the knowledge of variations is essential for surgeons and anesthesiologists to decrease the risk of iatrogenic injuries. Moreover, brachial plexus variations often co-exist with aberrant vasculature. The median nerve is formed from contributions by the lateral and medial cords. This case report details a unique variant in the formation of the median nerve. Methods: The anatomical variant presented was identified during an upper-limb dissection of an adult cadaver.Results: The anatomical variant presented demonstrates a bifurcation of the middle trunk of the brachial plexus that coalesces to the radix of the median nerve. Although prior studies have demonstrated median nerve brachial plexus variations, the aforementioned variant arises directly from the middle trunk and communicates directly with the median nerve, while previously mentioned variants often connect to the medial or lateral cords. Conclusion: The communicating branch between the anterior division of the middle trunk and radix of the median nerve represents a unique and uncommon anatomical variation.

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Baishya, RupakJyoti, Rubi Saikia, and Shobhana Medhi. "Abnormal formation of medial cord of brachial plexus - A case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 5, no. 2 (2016): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-4025.298185.

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Rajeshwari, MS, and S. Vijay Kumar. "Incomplete formation of posterior cord of brachial plexus: A case report." International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 2, no. 4 (2013): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2319-5886.2.4.164.

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Encarnacion, Manuel, Renat Nurmukhametov, Rossi Evelyn Barrientos, Dmitry Melchenko, Evgeniy Goncharov, Edwin Bernard, Jose Mogorron Huerta, et al. "Anatomical Variations of the Median Nerve: A Cadaveric Study." Neurology International 14, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14030054.

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Objectives: Variations in the morphological anatomy of the median nerve such as formation, distribution, and communication have been well documented. All these variations should be taken into account when practicing any surgical approach for the treatment of injuries affecting the median nerve. Furthermore, they are of the utmost importance for interpretation of the clinical presentation. Methods: The objective of this investigation was to determine the anatomical variations in the formation of the median nerve in cadavers at the Forensic Pathology department in Central Clinical Hospital of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation between January 2022 and April 2022. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective information source study was conducted on 42 anatomical bodies (corpses) and 84 brachial plexuses. Results: After analyzing the results obtained in this investigation, we concluded that the median nerve presented variation in its formation in 22.6% of the investigated cases. These variations were more common in males (81.8%) than females (18.2%). The anatomical variation was unilateral in 7.1% and bilateral in 19% of all anatomical bodies examined. Conclusions: The median nerve presented a great number of variations in its formation in roughly 23% of the anatomical bodies, with male being the predominant gender. Furthermore, the most frequent region of formation was the axillary region (92.9%). For clinicians, it is important to remember these variations during surgical procedures in this area and during brachial plexus block.

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Joseph, Jacob Rahul, Michael A. DiPietro, Deepak Somashekar, Hemant A. Parmar, and Lynda J. S. Yang. "Ultrasonography for neonatal brachial plexus palsy." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 14, no. 5 (November 2014): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.7.peds14108.

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Ultrasonography has previously been reported for use in the evaluation of compressive or traumatic peripheral nerve pathology and for its utility in preoperative mapping. However, these studies were not performed in infants, and they were not focused on the brachial plexus. The authors report a case in which ultrasonography was used to improve operative management of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). An infant boy was born at term, complicated by right-sided shoulder dystocia. Initial clinical evaluation revealed proximal arm weakness consistent with an upper trunk injury. Unlike MRI or CT myelography that focus on proximal nerve roots, ultrasonography of the brachial plexus in the supraclavicular fossa was able to demonstrate a small neuroma involving the upper trunk (C-5 and C-6) and no asymmetry in movement of the diaphragm or in the appearance of the rhomboid muscle when compared with the unaffected side. However, the supra- and infraspinatus muscles were significantly asymmetrical and atrophied on the affected side. Importantly, ultrasound examination of the shoulder revealed posterior glenohumeral laxity. Instead of pursuing the primary nerve reconstruction first, timely treatment of the shoulder subluxation prevented formation of joint dysplasia and formation of a false glenoid, which is a common sequela of this condition. Because the muscles innervated by proximal branches of the cervical nerve roots/trunks were radiographically normal, subsequent nerve transfers were performed and good functional results were achieved. The authors believe this to be the first report describing the utility of ultrasonography in the surgical treatment planning in a case of NBPP. Noninvasive imaging, in addition to thorough history and physical examination, reduces the intraoperative time required to determine the extent and severity of nerve injury by allowing improved preoperative planning of the surgical strategy. Inclusion of ultrasonography as a preoperative modality may yield improved outcomes for children with NBPP.

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Saito, Seiichi. "Twelve cases of venous loop formation with a subcutaneously-fixed superficial brachial artery and subcutaneously-fixed superficial brachial vein." Nihon Toseki Igakkai Zasshi 33, no. 5 (2000): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4009/jsdt.33.335.

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Magge, Suresh N., H. Isaac Chen, and Eric L. Zager. "Dystrophic Calcification and Infraclavicular Brachial Plexopathy: Case Report." Neurosurgery 58, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): E1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000215993.52924.fc.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE: Dystrophic calcification refers to heterotopic formation of calcium in soft tissue. There have been few reports that describe dystrophic calcification causing brachial plexopathies. We describe a unique case of dystrophic calcification that caused entrapment of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, something not previously described in the literature. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 43-year-old woman with a medical history of congenital lymphangiomas of the left chest wall and axilla, for which she had undergone multiple surgeries and radioactive seed implantation. She presented 41 years later with progressive left arm paresthesias, pain, and weakness. Neurological findings were confined to the distribution of the posterior cord of the plexus. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated a 3 × 3 × 4-cm calcified mass in the axilla and proximal arm. INTERVENTION: A careful neurolysis and mass resection was performed. At exploration, the posterior cord, proximal radial nerve, and brachial artery were found to be densely adherent to a calcified mass. Reconstruction of the brachial artery and free tissue transfer were required for healing of the severely scarred wound. Pathological examination revealed dense, calcified connective tissue consistent with dystrophic calcification. She made an excellent recovery. CONCLUSION: We describe a rare case of dystrophic calcification of the proximal arm causing symptomatic brachial plexopathy, with onset many years after surgery and radiation. Diagnostic evaluation and surgical management are discussed.

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McAllister, Richard M., and M. Harold Laughlin. "Short-term exercise training alters responses of porcine femoral and brachial arteries." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 1438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1438.

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McAllister, Richard M., and M. Harold Laughlin.Short-term exercise training alters responses of porcine femoral and brachial arteries. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(5): 1438–1444, 1997.—The primary purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that short-term exercise training enhances endothelium-dependent relaxation of porcine femoral and brachial arteries. Miniature swine ran on a treadmill for 1 h at 3.5 miles/h, twice daily, for 7 consecutive days (Trn; n = 8). Compared with sedentary controls (Sed; n = 7), Trn swine exhibited increased skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity ( P < 0.05). Vascular rings ∼3 mm in axial length were prepared from segments of femoral and brachial arteries, and responses to vasoactive agents were determined in vitro. Sensitivity to bradykinin (BK) was enhanced in brachial vascular rings from Trn swine compared with those from Sed swine, as indicated by lower concentration of vasorelaxing agent eliciting 50% of maximal response values [Sed, 8.63 ± 0.09 (−log M); Trn, 9.07 ± 0.13; P < 0.05]. This difference between groups was preserved in brachial rings in which formation of nitric oxide and vasodilator prostaglandins were inhibited [Sed, 8.57 ± 0.17 (−log M); Trn, 8.97 ± 0.13; P < 0.05]. Sensitivity to BK was not different between Sed and Trn in femoral arterial rings. Relaxation responses to the calcium ionophore A-23187 and sodium nitroprusside were not altered with training. Femoral and brachial arterial rings from Trn swine, compared with those from Sed swine, exhibited augmented vasocontraction across a range of concentrations and increased sensitivity to norepinephrine (all P < 0.05). These findings indicate that responses of porcine femoral and brachial arteries change in response to short-term training. Together with findings from previous studies involving longer term training, our data suggest that vascular adaptations may differ at different time points during long-term endurance exercise training.

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Khan, G., Deepak Kafle, Shekhar Yadav, Om Shrestha, Arun Dhakal, Sudeep Yadav, and Ranjit Guha. "Variation in brachial plexus formation, branching pattern and relation with major vessels." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2, no. 4 (2014): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20141165.

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Johnson, Elizabeth O., Marios Vekris, Theano Demesticha, and Panayotis N. Soucacos. "Neuroanatomy of the brachial plexus: normal and variant anatomy of its formation." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 32, no. 3 (March 2010): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-010-0646-0.

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Pan, Feng-Feng, Chan-Chan Xu, Ting-Jun Hu, Guo-Xiang Fu, and Yuan Zhong. "Carotid plague formation is associated with ankle–brachial index in elderly people." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 32, no. 11 (November 23, 2019): 2217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01415-z.

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Ikeda, Kazuo, Mitsuteru Yokoyama, Kazuko Okada, and Katsuro Tomita. "OBSTRUCTION OF THE RADIAL ARTERY PASSING BENEATH THE BICEPS BRACHII TENDON — A CASE REPORT." Hand Surgery 04, no. 01 (July 1999): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810499000083.

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A case is reported of obstruction of the radial artery passing beneath the biceps brachii tendon. It may cause symptoms such as cold intolerance and ulcer formation. An elongation of the biceps with Z-plasty improved the circulation of the distal forearm.

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Coutinho, L. L., J. Morris, H. L. Marks, R. J. Buhr, and R. Ivarie. "Delayed somite formation in a quail line exhibiting myofiber hyperplasia is accompanied by delayed expression of myogenic regulatory factors and myosin heavy chain." Development 117, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.2.563.

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A myofiber hyperplastic quail line P has been developed through selection for heavy body weight. Since the number of muscle fibers is determined early in development and skeletal muscle originates from somites, we compared somite formation and muscle-specific gene expression in P- and control C-line quail embryos. At 47 hours of incubation, C embryos had 18 somite pairs and P embryos had 14.3. By 72 and 120 hours, both lines appeared to be at the same stage of somite development. To determine whether the delay in the formation of the brachial somites was accompanied by alterations in muscle-specific gene expression, we conducted whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence studies. At 47 hours of incubation, C embryos were expressing qmf1 in the first 12 somites, while in P embryos only the first 7 somites showed qmf1 activation. Delays in expression were also observed for qmf3 at 43 hours and for all three myogenic factors (qmf1, qmf2 and qmf3) at 60 hours. At 65 hours, C embryos expressed myosin heavy chain in the first 15 somite pairs and P embryos in the first 7. At 72 hours, the transient delay in somite formation had disappeared and there was no lag in myosin heavy chain expression between the lines. The phase delay in brachial somite formation, myogenic factors and myosin heavy chain expression may be associated with the observed myofiber hyperplasia in P-line quail by allowing an increase in the muscle stem cell population.

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Maslarski, Ivan. "THE ARTERY BLOOD SUPPLY VARIANT OF THE UPPER LIMB." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 88, no. 4 (September 20, 2015): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-549.

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Variations of arterial patterns in the upper limb have represented the most common subject of vascular anatomy. Different types of artery branching pattern of the upper limb are very important for orthopedists in angiographic and microvascular surgical practice.The brachial artery (BA) is the most important vessel in the normal vascular anatomy of the upper limb. The classical pattern of the palmar hand region distribution shows the superficial palmar arch. Normally this arch is formed by the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and completed on the lateral side by one of these arteries: the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery, the princeps pollicis artery, the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery or the median artery.After the routine dissection of the right upper limb of an adult male cadaver, we found a very rare variant of the superficial arch artery – a division in a higher level brachial artery. We found this division at 10.4 cm from the beginning of the brachial artery. This superficial brachial artery became a radial artery and was not involved in the formation of the palm arch. In the forearm region, the artery variant was present with the median artery and the ulnar artery, which form the superficial palm arch.

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SEKI, H., S. SAITOH, Y. HATA, N. MURAKAMI, T. SHIMIZU, and K. TAKAOKA. "Callus Resection for Brachial Plexus Compression Following Stress-Induced First Rib Fracture." Journal of Hand Surgery 27, no. 3 (June 2002): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2002.0753.

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A 27-year-old man presented with a lower trunk brachial plexus injury due to excessive callus formation following a stress-induced first rib fracture. The callus, but not the first rib, was resected through a supraclavicular approach. His symptoms resolved in 2 months, and no recurrence was seen at 2 years follow-up.

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Stilwell, Jeffrey D., R. Ewan Fordyce, and Peter J. Rolfe. "Paleocene isocrinids (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from the Kauru Formation, South Island, New Zealand." Journal of Paleontology 68, no. 1 (January 1994): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000025658.

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Crinoids are reported from the New Zealand Paleocene for the first time and include rare articulated columnals and brachia with pinnules. These specimens of Metacrinus sp. (Isocrinidae) are present in basal, fossiliferous, coarse-grained, quartzose sediments of the Kauru Formation, a few centimeters above schist basement, in the Kakanui Valley, North Otago. The crinoid-bearing facies probably represents earliest onlap or a storm surge onto a wave cut platform; sedimentological and paleontological evidence indicates a moderate- to high-energy environment. The crinoids were most probably buried rapidly while alive or shortly after death. The presence of isocrinids in the Kauru Formation and younger Paleogene strata reveals that the supposed shift of some isocrinids from a shallower to a deeper environment actually occurred much later in the Paleogene, and not the Late Cretaceous as previously supposed. Associated molluscs indicate a mid to upper “Wangaloan” Stage (local), equivalent to mid Paleocene. A summary of the New Zealand crinoid fossil record is presented.

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Wiredu, Kwame, and Okyere Isaac. "Brachial Artery Embolectomy in a Polytrauma Patient: A Case Report." Journal Of Cardiovascular Emergencies 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jce-2022-0003.

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Abstract Introduction: The upper extremity is a frequent site of injury. Upper limb arterial thromboembolism, a rare complication of such injuries, may be missed if typical signs, such as pain, pulselessness, and sensory loss, cannot be ascertained or are overlooked by physicians, especially in the case of polytrauma or comatose patients. Case presentation: In this report, we present the case of a left brachial artery thromboembolism in a polytrauma patient for which brachial artery embolectomy was performed. Before surgery, the diagnosis was established with doppler ultrasonography of the upper limb vessels, performed upon suspicion of thrombus formation. Brachial artery arteriotomy and thrombo-embolectomy were performed using a size 6 Fr Fogarty catheter, after which 500 IU heparin was flushed to ensure adequate back and forward flow. Limb function and blood flow were restored immediately after the procedure. Conclusion: A high index of suspicion, timely assessment, and a prompt intervention can significantly reduce the rate of limb ischemia and/or amputations in polytrauma patients, especially in resource-limited settings.

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González Santander, R., M. V. Toledo Lobo, F. J. Martínez Alonso, G. Martínez Cuadrado, M. González-Santander Martínez, and M. Monteagudo. "Recognition-alignment and adhesion in myoblast fusion." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100140877.

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Myoblast fusion results from a sequence of different stages, previously demonstrated “in vitro”. After withdrawal from the cell cycle, myoblasts align forming long chains, in a process termed “recognition-alignment”. This stage is extracellular Ca2+ and N-Cadherin dependent. Alignment is followed by adhesion, defined as the stage prior to membrane fusion when aggegates are resistant to dispersal by EDTA. Adhesion is extracellular Ca2+-independent and N-CAM-dependent. Membrane fusion originates multinucleate myotubes.We have studied these stages of myoblast fusion at the brachial myotome of chick embryo from 51 to 105 h. of incubation. Samples were obtained by embryo microdissection and included the neural tube, the notochord and the brachial somites. These samples were embedded in araldite by conventional methods. Some samples were embedded in Unicryl, a recently formulated GMA derived resin.The first myoblasts clusters were observed in the ventral-lateral region of the brachial myotome in 22-24 Hamburger and Hamilton stages embryos. Clusters of pre-fusion myoblasts are usually surrounded by “electrondense blast cells” within a basal lamina in process of formation.

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Glover, G. W., R. Bowie, J. Stoves, D. Wilkinson, and K. G. Mercer. "Brachial plexus block for formation of arteriovenous fistula is associated with improved patency." Anaesthesia 62, no. 4 (March 21, 2007): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04943_2.x.

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Aggarwal, Anjali, K. Harjeet, Daisy Sahni, and Aditya Aggarwal. "Bilateral multiple complex variations in the formation and branching pattern of brachial plexus." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 31, no. 9 (April 22, 2009): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-009-0503-1.

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Watanabe, Kota, and Takashi Matsumura. "Late-Onset Brachial Plexus Paresis Caused by Subclavian Pseudoaneurysm Formation after Clavicular Fracture." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 58, no. 5 (May 2005): 1073–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000087649.78376.1b.

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Arora, L., and R. Dhingra. "Absence of musculocutaneous nerve and accessory head of biceps brachii: a case report." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 38, no. 02 (July 2005): 114–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699123.

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ABSTRACTDuring dissection of a 55-year-old female cadaver, we observed that three nerve roots contributed to the formation of Median nerve in her right upper limb. Along with this variation, absence of Musculocutaneous nerve was noticed. The muscles of front of arm i.e. Biceps Brachii, Brachialis and Coracobrachialis received their nerve supply from Median nerve. The Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm was derived from Median nerve. Also an accessory head of Biceps Brachii muscle was present in the right arm of the same cadaver. It is extremely important to be aware of these variations while planning a surgery in the region of axilla or arm as these nerves are more liable to be injured during operations.

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Bregel, L. V., A. O. Barakin, V. V. Shprakh, O. S. Efremova, A. E. Matyunova, G. V. Gvak, N. Yu Rudenko, I. A. Borishchuk, Ki O. Pak, and N. S. Drantusova. "KAWASAKI DISEASE WITH GIANT CORONARY AND SYSTEMIC ANEURYSMS, CEREBRAL ARTERITIS, AND MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION SYNDROME IN A 3-MONTHS-OLD CHILD." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 100, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2021-100-1-271-276.

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The article describes a unique observation of a child with Kawasaki disease (KD), started initially with fever and symptoms of meningoencephalitis, followed by appearance of diagnostic signs of complete form of KD, giant coronary and extracardial (bilateral axillary and brachial) aneurysms, asymptomatic myocardial infarction by the formation of a left ventricular aneurysm and hemophagocytic syndrome. Recovery occurred after the treatment by intravenous immunoglobulin 2,0 g/kg single dose, dexamethasone and cyclosporine.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Brachina Formation'

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