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1
Cipullo, Rafael Ishibashi, José Henrique Hildebrand Grisi-Filho, Ricardo Augusto Dias, Fernando Ferreira, José Soares Ferreira Neto, Vitor Salvador Picão Gonçalves, Fernando Silveira Marques, Rísia Lopes Negreiros, Raul Ossada, and Marcos Amaku. "Cattle movement network, herd size, and bovine brucellosis in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 5Supl2 (November 9, 2016): 3777. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5supl2p3777.
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The aims of the present study were to compare centrality and other measures of bovine movement networks in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in 2007, by examination of the positive and negative herds identified in the brucellosis survey conducted in 2003. In addition, we aimed to examine the association between herd size (measured by the number of females older than 24 months, denoted FEM24+) and animal trade between herds. We found a statistical association between brucellosis occurrence and both the total degree (number of traded animals) and out-degree (for the number of animals sold and the number of neighboring herds). This finding suggests that positive herds in the 2003 survey were trading (particularly selling) more frequently in 2007 than negative herds, thereby presumably increasing the risk of disease spread. Statistical differences observed (p-values) in the network of movements for reproduction purposes were more significant than those observed in other networks for average herd size; degrees of animals, batches, and neighbors; outdegree of neighbors; and betweenness. We found positive associations (p < 0.001) between the following variables: number of traded animals and the FEM24+ herd size; FEM24+ herd size and FEM24+ herd size of neighbors within the network of cattle movement; FEM24+ herd size of neighbors and number of traded animals; and weighted degree (animals) of neighbors and degree (animals) of the herd of origin. A comparison of positive and negative herds stratified by herd size (? 10 FEM24+; 11-50 FEM24+; and > 50 FEM24+), within the network of movements for reproduction purposes, revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the > 50 FEM24+ category only, for average herd size, total degree (animals, batches, and neighbors), outdegree (animals, batches, and neighbors), and outcloseness. Logistic regression analysis, in which average herd size and degree (animals) were both factors, showed that a tenfold increase in herd size and the number of animals traded would lead to an increased chance of a herd being positive by 41% (OR = 1.41 [1.01; 1.99]) and 39% (OR = 1.39 [1.05; 1.85]), respectively. We concluded that the presence of bovine brucellosis is associated with a larger herd size, which is consistent with other reports. We also found an association between the increased trade of bovines and the presence of bovine brucellosis. Furthermore, an association was noted between herd size and animal trade, both of which could contribute to the spread of brucellosis.
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Avalos, Amaias, Benoit Durand, José Naranjo, Victor Maldonado, Laetitia Canini, and Gina Zanella. "Analysis of cattle movement networks in Paraguay: Implications for the spread and control of infectious diseases." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): e0278999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278999.
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Beef exports represent a substantial part of Paraguay’s agricultural sector. Cattle movements involve a high risk due to the possible spread of bovine diseases that can have a significant impact on the country’s economy. We analyzed cattle movements from 2014 to 2018 using the networks analysis methodology at the holding and district levels at different temporal scales. We built two types of networks to identify network characteristics that may contribute to the spread of two diseases with different epidemiological characteristics: i) a network including all cattle movements to consider the transmission of a disease of rapid spread like foot and mouth disease, and ii) a network including only cow movements to account for bovine brucellosis, a disease of slow spread that occurs mainly in adult females. Network indicators did not vary substantially among the cattle and cow only networks. The holdings/districts included in the largest strongly connected components were distributed throughout the country. Percolation analysis performed at the holding level showed that a large number of holdings should be removed to make the largest strongly connected component disappear. Higher values of the centrality indicators were found for markets than for farms, indicating that they may play an important role in the spread of an infectious disease. At the holding level (but not at the district level), the networks exhibited characteristics of small-world networks. This property may facilitate the spread of foot and mouth disease in case of re-emergence, or of bovine brucellosis in the country through cattle movements. They should be taken into account when implementing surveillance or control measures for these diseases.
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Cardenas, Nicolas Cespedes, Pilar Pozo, Francisco Paulo Nunes Lopes, José H. H. Grisi-Filho, and Julio Alvarez. "Use of Network Analysis and Spread Models to Target Control Actions for Bovine Tuberculosis in a State from Brazil." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020227.
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Livestock movements create complex dynamic interactions among premises that can be represented, interpreted, and used for epidemiological purposes. These movements are a very important part of the production chain but may also contribute to the spread of infectious diseases through the transfer of infected animals over large distances. Social network analysis (SNA) can be used to characterize cattle trade patterns and to identify highly connected premises that may act as hubs in the movement network, which could be subjected to targeted control measures in order to reduce the transmission of communicable diseases such as bovine tuberculosis (TB). Here, we analyzed data on cattle movement and slaughterhouse surveillance for detection of TB-like lesions (TLL) over the 2016–2018 period in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) in Brazil with the following aims: (i) to characterize cattle trade describing the static full, yearly, and monthly snapshots of the network contact trade, (ii) to identify clusters in the space and contact networks of premises from which animals with TLL originated, and (iii) to evaluate the potential of targeted control actions to decrease TB spread in the cattle population of RS using a stochastic metapopulation disease transmission model that simulated within-farm and between-farm disease spread. We found heterogeneous densities of premises and animals in the study area. The analysis of the contact network revealed a highly connected (~94%) trade network, with strong temporal trends, especially for May and November. The TLL cases were significantly clustered in space and in the contact network, suggesting the potential for both local (e.g., fence-to-fence) and movement-mediated TB transmission. According to the disease spread model, removing the top 7% connected farms based on degree and betweenness could reduce the total number of infected farms over three years by >50%. In conclusion, the characterization of the cattle network suggests that highly connected farms may play a role in TB dissemination, although being close to infected farms was also identified as a risk factor for having animals with TLL. Surveillance and control actions based on degree and betweenness could be useful to break the transmission cycle between premises in RS.
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Hirose, Shizuka, Kosuke Notsu, Satoshi Ito, Yoshihiro Sakoda, and Norikazu Isoda. "Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080922.
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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) caused by BVD virus (BVDV) leads to economic loss worldwide. Cattle that are persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are known to play an important role in viral transmission in association with the animal movement, as they shed the virus during their lifetime. In this research, the “hot spot” for BVD transmission was estimated by combining phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses for PI cattle and cattle that lived together on BVDV affected farms in Tokachi district, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Viral isolates were genetically categorized into BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire E2 region. In BVDV genotype 1, subgenotype b (BVDV-1b), cluster I was identified as the majority in Tokachi district. Network analysis indicated that 12 of the 15 affected farms had cattle movements from other facilities (PI-network) and farms affected with BVDV-1b cluster I consisted of a large network. It was implied that the number of cattle movements themselves would be a risk of BVD transmission, using the PageRank algorithm. Therefore, these results demonstrate that cattle movements would contribute to disease spread and the combination of virological and epidemiological analysis methods would be beneficial in determining possible virus transmission routes.
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Silva Júnior, José Lopes, Erivânia Camelo Almeida, Fabíola Nascimento Corrêa, Paula Regina Barros Lima, Raul Ossada, Fernando Silveira Marques, Ricardo Augusto Dias, et al. "Livestock markets play an important role in the cattle movement network in Pernambuco, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 54, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2017.124303.
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O comércio de animais é um importante fator de risco para a disseminação de doenças entre animais e rebanhos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a rede de movimentação de bovinos em Pernambuco, com base nas guias de trânsito animal (GTAs) de 2012 a 2013, e identificar a intensidade da relação comercial entre os estabelecimentos. Foram analisadas 737.950 GTAs emitidas, e as movimentações de bovinos totalizaram 3.481.185 animais (1.688.585 em 2012 e 1.792.600 em 2013). Um percentual de 52,57% (1.829.907/3.481.185) das movimentações de bovinos envolveu entrada ou saída de feiras de gado, indicando que as feiras desempenharam um papel importante na rede. Aproximadamente 20% dos estabelecimentos mais conectados foram responsáveis por aproximadamente 87% das movimentações relacionadas às vendas, e 95% das movimentações, relacionadas às compras. Considerando o importante papel das feiras e o intenso comércio de bovinos entre as propriedades, medidas de vigilância e controle podem ser mais eficientes se aplicadas em feiras e estabelecimentos altamente conectados, para prevenir a propagação de doenças infecciosas.
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Aragão, Samuel C., Pier K. R. K. Ito, Silvana C. Paulan, Yuri T. Utsunomyia, José H. H. Grisi Filho, and Cáris M. Nunes. "Animal movement network analysis as a tool to map farms serving as contamination source in cattle cysticercosis." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 4 (April 2017): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400004.
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ABSTRACT: Bovine cysticercosis is a problem distributed worldwide that result in economic losses mainly due to the condemnation of infected carcasses. One of the difficulties in applying control measures is the identification of the source of infection, especially because cattle are typically acquired from multiple farms. Here, we tested the utility of an animal movement network constructed with data from a farm that acquires cattle from several other different farms to map the major contributors of cysticercosis propagation. Additionally, based on the results of the network analysis, we deployed a sanitary management and drug treatment scheme to decrease cysticercosis’ occurrence in the farm. Six farms that had commercial trades were identified by the animal movement network and characterized as the main contributors to the occurrence of cysticercosis in the studied farm. The identification of farms with a putative risk of Taenia saginata infection using the animal movement network along with the proper sanitary management and drug treatment resulted in a gradual decrease in cysticercosis prevalence, from 25% in 2010 to 3.7% in 2011 and 1.8% in 2012. These results suggest that the animal movement network can contribute towards controlling bovine cysticercosis, thus minimizing economic losses and preventing human taeniasis.
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Notsu, Kosuke, Anuwat Wiratsudakul, Shuya Mitoma, Hala El Daous, Chiho Kaneko, Heba M. El-Khaiat, Junzo Norimine, and Satoshi Sekiguchi. "Quantitative Risk Assessment for the Introduction of Bovine Leukemia Virus-Infected Cattle Using a Cattle Movement Network Analysis." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110903.
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The cattle industry is suffering economic losses caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the clinical condition associated with BLV infection. This pathogen spreads easily without detection by farmers and veterinarians due to the lack of obvious clinical signs. Cattle movement strongly contributes to the inter-farm transmission of BLV. This study quantified the farm-level risk of BLV introduction using a cattle movement analysis. A generalized linear mixed model predicting the proportion of BLV-infected cattle was constructed based on weighted in-degree centrality. Our results suggest a positive association between weighted in-degree centrality and the estimated number of introduced BLV-infected cattle. Remarkably, the introduction of approximately six cattle allowed at least one BLV-infected animal to be added to the farm in the worst-case scenario. These data suggest a high risk of BLV infection on farms with a high number of cattle being introduced. Our findings indicate the need to strengthen BLV control strategies, especially along the chain of cattle movement.
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Milne, Georgina, Jordon Graham, Adrian R. Allen, Angela Lahuerta-Marin, Carl M. McCormick, Eleanor Presho, Robin A. Skuce, and Andrew Byrne. "Characteristics of Northern Irish cattle herds without bovine tuberculosis infection." Veterinary Record 184, no. 25 (June 6, 2019): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105225.
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BackgroundDespite ongoing eradication efforts, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in cattle herds in Northern Ireland (NI). This disease has serious implications for the economy, farming and animal welfare. Previous research identified a population of herds which have remained free from bTB infection for 10 years (2004–2014). Understanding the characteristics of these herds may have important implications for eradication efforts, such as spatially targeted interventions.MethodsA cluster analysis and a retrospective case–control analysis was conducted to compare bTB- free herds with herds which experienced prolonged infection (ie, bTB breakdowns lasting more than ≥ 365 days).ResultsOnly small, localised clusters of herds which have remained free from bTB were revealed, thus limiting the potential for spatially targeted interventions. The results illustrated the importance of herd size to disease status; over 27 per cent of the bTB-free herds had up to 10 animals. However, the data also showed that there were no inward movements in the year before the bTB skin test in those herds which remained free from bTB.ConclusionsAttention should therefore be given to the cattle movement network in NI to better understand the risk associated with cattle purchasing.
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Michelet, Lorraine, Cyril Conde, Maxime Branger, Thierry Cochard, Franck Biet, and Maria Laura Boschiroli. "Transmission Network of Deer-Borne Mycobacterium bovis Infection Revealed by a WGS Approach." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120687.
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Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease, mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. France was declared officially TB free in 2001, however, the disease persists in livestock and wildlife. Among wild animals, deer are particularly susceptible to bovine TB. Here, a whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis was performed on strains with the same genetic profile—spoligotype SB0121, Multiple Loci VNTR Analysis (MLVA) 6 4 5 3 11 2 5 7—isolated from different types of outbreaks, including from deer or cattle herds, or zoological or hunting parks where the presence of infected deer was a common trait in most of them. The results of the phylogeny based on the SNP calling shows that two sub-clusters co-exist in France, one related to deer bred to be raised as livestock, and the other to hunting parks and zoos. The persistence over almost 30 years of sporadic cases due to strains belonging to these clusters highlights the deficiency in the surveillance of captive wildlife and the need for better monitoring of animals, especially before movement between parks or herds.
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Wu, Yiqi, Mei Liu, Zhaoyuan Peng, Meiqi Liu, Miao Wang, and Yingqi Peng. "Recognising Cattle Behaviour with Deep Residual Bidirectional LSTM Model Using a Wearable Movement Monitoring Collar." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081237.
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Cattle behaviour is a significant indicator of cattle welfare. With the advancements in electronic equipment, monitoring and classifying multiple cattle behaviour patterns is becoming increasingly important in precision livestock management. The aim of this study was to detect important cattle physiological states using a neural network model and wearable electronic sensors. A novel long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network model that uses two-way information was developed to accurately classify cattle behaviour and compared with baseline LSTM. Deep residual bidirectional LSTM and baseline LSTM were used to classify six behavioural patterns of cows with window sizes of 64, 128 and 256 (6.4 s, 12.8 s and 25.6 s, respectively). The results showed that when using deep residual bidirectional LSTM with window size 128, four classification performance indicators, namely, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, achieved the best results of 94.9%, 95.1%, 94.9%, and 94.9%, respectively. The results showed that the deep residual bidirectional LSTM model can be used to classify time-series data collected from twelve cows using inertial measurement unit collars. Six aim cattle behaviour patterns can be classified with high accuracy. This method can be used to quickly detect whether a cow is suffering from bovine dermatomycosis. Furthermore, this method can be used to implement automated and precise cattle behaviour classification techniques for precision livestock farming.
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Kimm, M. H., G. H. Curtis, J. A. Hardin, and D. G. Gall. "Transport of bovine serum albumin across rat jejunum: role of the enteric nervous system." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 266, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): G186—G193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.2.g186.
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To assess the mechanisms for movement of antigenically intact macromolecules across small intestinal mucosa, transport kinetics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) uptake and the effect of neural and metabolic inhibition were examined in stripped short-circuited rat jejunum. The mucosa was exposed to BSA, and, after a 50-min equilibration, mucosal-to-serosal movement of immunologically intact BSA was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and total BSA by radiolabeled 125I-BSA. Intact BSA uptake demonstrated saturable kinetics. Immunologically intact BSA crossed the intestinal mucosa as 4.5% of total 125I-BSA flux. Colchicine and 4 degrees C significantly reduced uptake of immunologically intact BSA. NaF significantly reduced uptake of immunologically intact BSA and 125I-BSA. Treatment with tetrodotoxin significantly reduced intact BSA uptake, but did not significantly alter total BSA uptake. The muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist atropine also significantly inhibited transport of intact BSA, whereas the nicotinic cholinoceptor antagonist hexamethonium had no effect. These findings indicate that transport of intact macromolecules across small intestinal mucosa is a saturable energy-dependent process that utilizes the microtubular network and is regulated by the enteric nervous system primarily through cholinergic nerves acting on muscarinic receptors.
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Fielding, Helen R., Trevelyan J. McKinley, Richard J. Delahay, Matthew J. Silk, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 191806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191806.
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Trading animals between farms and via markets can provide a conduit for spread of infections. By studying trading networks, we might better understand the dynamics of livestock diseases. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Our findings are consistent with variation in bTB risk associated with region, herd size, disease risk area and history of previous bTB incidents on the root farm and nearby farms. However, we also identified effects of both direct and indirect trading patterns, such that connections to more farms in the England High-Risk Area up to three movements away from the root farm increased the odds of a bTB incident, while connections with more farms in the England Low-Risk Area up to eight movements away decreased the odds. Relative to other risk factors for bTB, trading behaviours are arguably more amenable to change, and consideration of risks associated with indirect trading, as well direct trading, might therefore offer an additional approach to bTB control in Great Britain.
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Hailemariam, D., S. Ibrahim, M. Hoelker, M. Drillich, W. Heuwieser, C. Looft, M. U. Cinar, E. Tholen, K. Schellander, and D. Tesfaye. "MicroRNA-regulated molecular mechanism underlying bovine subclinical endometritis." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 6 (2014): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd13027.
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An impaired uterine environment triggered by the incidence of subclinical endometritis often compromises fertility in the bovine. The uterus is a dynamic organ with tight regulation of specific genes at the transcriptional and translational levels. Herein, we hypothesised that subclinical endometritis alters the expression of uterine microRNAs (miRNAs), which may result in the dysregulation of corresponding target genes and biological pathways. To test this hypothesis, we used a genome-wide RT2 (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark) miRNA PCR array consisting of 354 miRNA primers and analysed miRNA expression in uterine cytobrush samples taken from cows with and without subclinical endometritis. The results revealed aberrant expression of 23 miRNAs in cows with subclinical endometritis compared with healthy cows. Furthermore, we designed an in vitro endometrial cell culture model challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to validate the differential regulation of miRNAs in cytobrush samples. Interestingly, we observed similar expression miRNA patterns in cytobrush samples taken from cows with or without subclinical endometritis and in vitro cultured endometrial cells challenged by LPS. To trace signalling pathways and biological functions potentially controlled by the aberrantly expressed miRNAs, we filtered high-ranking target genes from miRBase and analysed them using ingenuity pathway analysis. The gene networks, canonical pathways and biological functions strikingly converged to signalling pathways that mediate inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation, cell movement, the cell cycle and apoptosis in the bovine endometrium. In addition, expression analysis of key genes from the gene networks confirmed their presence and the potential regulation of these genes by uterine miRNAs. Furthermore, luciferase assay data substantiated the primary information from bioinformatic prediction that generated potential target genes for the dysregulated miRNAs in subclinical endometritis. Together, these data suggest the potential regulatory role of uterine miRNAs in the development and progression of bovine subclinical endometritis.
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Nolte, Martijn A., Jeroen A. M. Beliën, Inge Schadee-Eestermans, Wendy Jansen, Wendy W. J. Unger, Nico van Rooijen, Georg Kraal, and Reina E. Mebius. "A Conduit System Distributes Chemokines and Small Blood-borne Molecules through the Splenic White Pulp." Journal of Experimental Medicine 198, no. 3 (August 4, 2003): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021801.
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Access to the splenic white pulp is restricted to lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Here we show that movement of molecules from the blood into these confined areas is also limited. Large molecules, such as bovine serum albumin (68 kD), immunoglobulin G (150 kD), and 500 kD dextran are unable to enter the white pulp, whereas smaller blood-borne molecules can directly permeate this compartment. The distribution is restricted to a stromal network that we refer to as the splenic conduit system. The small lumen of the conduit contains collagen fibers and is surrounded in the T cell areas by reticular fibroblasts that express ER-TR7. It also contains the chemokine CCL21. Conversely, in B cell follicles the B cell–attracting chemokine CXCL13 was found to be associated with the conduit and absence of ER-TR7+ fibroblasts. These results show heterogeneity of reticular fibroblasts that enfold the conduit system and suggest that locally produced chemokines are transported through and presented on this reticular network. Therefore, the conduit plays a role in distribution of both blood-borne and locally produced molecules and provides a framework for directing lymphocyte migration and organization of the splenic white pulp.
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Pozo, Pilar, Kimberly VanderWaal, Anna Grau, Maria Luisa de la Cruz, Jesus Nacar, Javier Bezos, Andres Perez, Olga Minguez, and Julio Alvarez. "Analysis of the cattle movement network and its association with the risk of bovine tuberculosis at the farm level in Castilla y Leon, Spain." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 66, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13025.
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Cabrera, E., and J. C. de la Macorra. "Polymerization Shrinkage Influences Microtensile Bond Strength." Journal of Dental Research 86, no. 3 (March 2007): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910708600306.
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Shrinkage results from a complex spatial strain network, producing movements within materials. The purpose of this study was to test whether microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of a light-curing resin composite to enamel depends on distance to the center of the curing mass. Labial surfaces of bovine incisors were ground flat, divided into 2 groups (n = 8), acid-etched, and coated with an unfilled resin bond. A resin-based composite was placed in one increment (group A) or separately at gingival, central, and incisal sites (group B), and light-cured. Teeth were sectioned, yielding stick-shaped specimens assigned to one of 9 groups according to distance to incisal edge of restoration (NDistanc). Microtensile bond strength was transformed to percentages of its maximum values within each tooth (PMPa). Comparisons within groups showed (group A) that mean PMPa decreased from central to gingival and from central to incisal (p < 0.01). Comparisons between groups showed that mean PMPa was significantly lower in group A compared with group B, only at gingival and incisal sites. Microtensile bond strength significantly decreased as the distance increased to the center of the curing mass.
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Green, Darren M., Victor J. del Rio Vilas, Colin P. D. Birch, Jethro Johnson, Istvan Z. Kiss, Noel D. McCarthy, and Rowland R. Kao. "Demographic risk factors for classical and atypical scrapie in Great Britain." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 3486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83225-0.
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Following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, the European Union has introduced policies for eradicating transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including scrapie, from large ruminants. However, recent European Union surveillance has identified a novel prion disease, ‘atypical’ scrapie, substantially different from classical scrapie. It is unknown whether atypical scrapie is naturally transmissible or zoonotic, like BSE. Furthermore, cases have occurred in scrapie-resistant genotypes that are targets for selection in legislated selective breeding programmes. Here, the first epidemiological study of British cases of atypical scrapie is described, focusing on the demographics and trading patterns of farms and using databases of recorded livestock movements. Triplet comparisons found that farms with atypical scrapie stock more sheep than those of the general, non-affected population. They also move larger numbers of animals than control farms, but similar numbers to farms reporting classical scrapie. Whilst there is weak evidence of association through sheep trading of farms reporting classical scrapie, atypical scrapie shows no such evidence, being well-distributed across regions of Great Britain and through the sheep-trading network. Thus, although cases are few in number so far, our study suggests that, should natural transmission of atypical scrapie be occurring at all, it is doing so slowly.
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Sánchez, J. M., I. Gómez-Redondo, J. A. Browne, B. Planells, A. Gutiérrez-Adán, and P. Lonergan. "55 Identification of microRNAs associated with sex determination in bovine amniotic fluid and maternal blood plasma." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab55.
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In most eutherian mammals, sex determination is the process through which a bipotential gonad (also known as genital ridges) develops into a testis or ovary depending on the sex chromosome content of the embryo, specifically by the presence of the SRY/Sry gene (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are involved in diverse functional roles including development, differentiation, apoptosis, and immunity. We hypothesised that the expression of miRNAs in amniotic fluid (AF) and maternal blood plasma (MP) would be affected by the sex of the embryo around the time of sex determination. Amniotic fluid and MP were collected from 6 crossbred beef pregnant heifers (3 carrying a single male and 3 carrying a single female embryo) following slaughter on Day 39 (when the peak of SRY expression occurs in cattle). All heifers had been synchronized and inseminated with semen from the same beef bull. A total of 12 samples (6 AF and 6 MP) were profiled using the miRCURY LNA miRNA Serum/Plasma Focus PCR Panel (Qiagen; 179 assays targeting relevant miRNAs). Data were analysed by GeneGlobe Data Analysis Center (Qiagen). A threshold cycle cut-off of 35 was applied and data were analysed using an unpaired t-test. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed using the WebGestaltR package to explore the possible functions of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs. In this study, DE miRNAs were identified in male vs. female AF (n=5; 3 upregulated and 2 downregulated; P<0.05) and MP (n=57; 54 upregulated and 3 downregulated; P<0.05). Although no enrichment was detected for DE miRNAs in AF (in either sex) or in MP in heifers carrying a female embryo, 37 biological processes were enriched by DE miRNAs in MP of heifers carrying a male embryo (false discovery rate<0.05). Interestingly, the top five most enriched biological processes were male gonad development, development of primary male sexual characteristics, signal transduction in absence of ligand, actomyosin structure organisation, and male sex differentiation, suggesting a potential role of these miRNAs in reproductive traits. Results from this study highlight unique aspects of sex determination in cattle such as the role of miRNAs in gonad development. Moreover, although it is well known that AF provides a protective space around the developing embryo/fetus that allows its movement and growth; here we provide evidence suggesting that its components may play important roles in fetal development. Finally, miRNAs in MP may offer new opportunities to investigate biomarkers for early prediction of embryo/fetal sex in commercial practice. This research was supported by the Science Foundation Ireland (13/IA/1983) and the European Union H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network project Biology and Technology of Reproductive Health - REP-BIOTECH - 675526.
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Popken, J., D. Koehler, A. Brero, A. Wuensch, T. Thormeyer, T. Guengoer, E. Wolf, V. Zakhartchenko, and T. Cremer. "67 CORRELATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL REPROGRAMMING OF NUCLEI DURING EMBRYONIC GENOME ACTIVATION OF EARLY BOVINE EMBRYOS GENERATED BY IVF AND SCNT." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 1 (2014): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv26n1ab67.
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Development of mammalian pre-implantation embryos provides an excellent model to explore interactions of nuclear organisation and nuclear functions. Based on light optical sectioning with confocal laser scanning microscopy and structured illumination microscopy, we performed a quantitative three-dimensional image analysis of nuclei in early bovine embryos generated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of bovine fibroblast nuclei. The same sequence of changes was observed in nuclei of both IVF and SCNT embryos during embryonic genome activation (EGA) is that typically achieved in embryos between 8 and 16 cells. In both pre-EGA IVF and SCNT embryos, chromosome territories (CT) were assembled as spatially distinct entities at the nuclear periphery, whereas the nuclear interior was typically occupied by a mostly chromatin free lacuna enriched with splicing factors. Detection of H3K4m3 demonstrates the presence of transcriptionally competent chromatin before EGA, which was correlated with large-scale movements of CT into the nuclear interior and a several-fold decrease of nuclear volumes. Post-EGA nuclei are characterised by a conventional nuclear architecture with chromatin distributed throughout the nuclear space, heterochromatin enriched with histone markers for transcriptionally silent chromatin beneath the nuclear lamina and around nucleoli, as well as heterochromatin clusters and chromocenters throughout the nuclear interior. Pre- and post-EGA nuclei were recorded with the superior resolution of structured illumination microscopy to allow a quantitative analysis of the nuclear topography of H3K4me3 and RNAP II signals. These signals were highly significantly enriched in the perichromatin region (PR) surrounding the compact, transcriptionally silent interior of megabase-sized chromatin domains, which form the basic structural units of CT. The PR is in direct contact with interchromatin compartment (IC) channels starting at nuclear pores, permeating the nuclear space and harboring nuclear bodies in IC lacunas. Our findings support a model for the functional nuclear architecture based on spatially distinct, but co-aligned three-dimensional networks of an active and an inactive nuclear compartment. The active nuclear compartment is built up from the structurally and functionally interacting IC and PR, whereas the inactive nuclear compartment consists of the compact, transcriptionally silent core of chromatin domain clusters. This work is supported by the DFG (ZA 425/1-3, CR 59/29-2).
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Cancian, R., M. Macelai, G. Tavares, R. S. Valente, E. S. Caixeta, A. Martins, R. Machado, et al. "48 GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF BOS INDICUS AND BOS TAURUS VITRIFIED EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab48.
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The cryopreservation of in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos is one of the most challenging areas of the assisted reproductive biotechnologies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the global gene expression pattern of Bos indicus (Nellore) and Bos taurus (Simmental) IVP embryos after vitrification. Follicular aspiration was performed on Nellore (n = 14) and Simmental (n = 14) cows, and oocytes (n = 840 and 450; respectively) were submitted to in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization. Presumptive zygotes were denuded and cultured in SOFaa with 0.5% BSA and 2.5% FCS during 7 days under standard culture conditions. Blastocysts (grade 1 and 2) were vitrified, warmed, and cultured for an additional 12 h under the same conditions. Nellore (n = 8) and Simmental (n = 8) IVP blastocysts considered viable after vitrification, with re-expanded blastocoel, were submitted to total RNA extraction (PicoPure, Arcturus, Applied Biosystems®, Foster Dity, CA, USA), DNAse I treatment (Qiagen®, Valencia, CA, USA), and amplification (RiboAmp, Applied Biosystems®). Fragmented cRNA were obtained through 3′IVT Express Kit (Affymetrix®, Santa Clara, CA, USA) to perform the hybridization using GeneChip Bovine Genome Array (Affymetrix®). Microarray data analysis was performed using the FlexArray 1.6.1.1 software. Genes with at least a 1.5-fold change and a P-value of less than 0.05 were considered differentially expressed. Of the 1278 genes differentially expressed between Bos taurus and Bos indicus vitrified embryos, 1108 were annotated, with 1193 genes up-regulated and 85 genes down-regulated in Bos taurus compared with Bos indicus IVP vitrified embryos. Differentially expressed genes were associated with the functional networks of cell cycle, cellular movement and DNA replication, recombination and repair; RNA post-transcriptional modifications; gene expression, protein synthesis; RNA damage and repair; cellular function and maintenance; and cell death and survival. The top 6 canonical pathways generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® with the differentially expressed genes were ELF2 signalling, oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein ubiquitination pathway, mTOR signalling, and IGF-1 signalling. In conclusion, Bos taurus IVP embryos seem to trigger different cellular response mechanisms to the vitrification stress in comparison with Bos indicus IVP embryos. Differential response is mainly represented by different expression profiles of genes regulating important canonical pathways involved in cellular response to stress that could be related with the higher post-cryopreservation survival capacity observed in Bos taurus embryos.Research was supported by FAPESP, CNPq, FAPERGS, and LNBio – National Laboratory of Biosciences/MCT.
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Boonyayatra, Sukolrat, Yuanyuan Wang, Tawatchai Singhla, Apisek Kongsila, Kimberly VanderWaal, and Scott J. Wells. "Analysis of dairy cattle movements in the northern region of Thailand." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (October 4, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.961696.
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Dairy farming in northern Thailand is expanding, with dairy cattle populations increasing up to 8% per year. In addition, disease outbreaks frequently occur in this region, especially foot-and-mouth disease and bovine tuberculosis. Our goal was to quantify the underlying pattern of dairy cattle movements in the context of infectious disease surveillance and control as movements have been identified as risk factors for several infectious diseases. Movements at district levels within the northern region and between the northern and other regions from 2010 to 2017 were recorded by the Department of Livestock Development. Analyzed data included origin, destination, date and purpose of the movement, type of premise of origin and destination, and type and number of moved cattle. Social network analysis was performed to demonstrate patterns of dairy cattle movement within and between regions. The total numbers of movements and moved animals were 3,906 and 180,305, respectively. Decreasing trends in both the number of cattle moved and the number of movements were observed from 2010 to 2016, with increases in 2017. The majority (98%) of the animals moved were male dairy calves, followed by dairy cows (1.7%). The main purpose of the movements was for slaughter (96.3%). Most movements (67.4%) were shipments from central to northern regions, involving 87.1% of cattle moved. By contrast, 56% of the movements for growing and selling purposes occurred within the northern region, commonly involving dairy cows. Constructed movement networks showed heterogeneity of connections among districts. Of 110 districts, 28 were found to be influential to the movement networks, among which 11 districts showed high centrality measures in multiple networks stratified for movement purposes and regions, including eight districts in the northern and one district in each of the central, eastern, and lower northeastern regions of Thailand. These districts were more highly connected than others in the movement network, which may be important for disease transmission, surveillance, and control.
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Mekonnen, Getnet Abie, Gobena Ameni, James L. N. Wood, Stefan Berg, and Andrew J. K. Conlan. "Network analysis of dairy cattle movement and associations with bovine tuberculosis spread and control in emerging dairy belts of Ethiopia." BMC Veterinary Research 15, no. 1 (July 26, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1962-1.
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Tratalos, Jamie A., Helen R. Fielding, Jamie M. Madden, Miriam Casey, and Simon J. More. "Can Ingoing Contact Chains and other cattle movement network metrics help predict herd-level bovine tuberculosis in Irish cattle herds?" Preventive Veterinary Medicine, December 2022, 105816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105816.
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