Academic literature on the topic 'Bovine urine'

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of dexamethasone at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) in a universal buffer series of pH 210 was studied using cyclic voltammetry. Based on the interfacial adsorptive character of dexamethasone onto the HMDE (electrode surface coverage 1.4 1010mol/cm2), a fully validated simple square-wave adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method is described for its determination in bulk form with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.1 109 M. The described method was successfully applied to analysis of dexamethasone in its pharmaceutical formulations (deltasone tablets and fortecortin ampule) and in spiked samples of human urine, bovine urine, and protein-free bovine milk. The achieved LODs of dexamethasone in human urine, bovine urine, and protein-free bovine milk were 1.5 108, 2 108, and 9 109 M, respectively. The mean percentage recoveries of 4 107 M dexamethasone in bulk form, spiked human urine, bovine urine, and bovine milk, based on the average of 3 replicate measurements, were 99.8 0.25, 100.4 0.96, 99.6 0.79, and 100.1 0.26, respectively.

Leptospira isolation allows definitive diagnosis of the infection. Contamination by microorganisms is one of the inconveniences of the culture. The objective of this study was to describe the isolation of Leptospira from dogs, bovine and swine naturally infected. Urine samples from 14 dogs and three bovines, and kidney, liver, ovary, and uterus body samples from 36 slaughtered sows with unknown health history, were used. The urine and organ samples were cultured in culture medium. Modified Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris medium (EMJH) culture medium was used with addition of 5-fluorouracil, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, nalidixic acid and neomycin. Incubation was performed at 28oC for 24 hours, followed by subculture in modified EMJH without antibiotics. The cultures were assessed weekly for up to eight weeks for the dog and swine samples and for up to 16 weeks for the bovine samples. With this methodology, Leptospira spp could be isolated from 11 dogs, two bovines and liver fragments from two sows.

Abstract Fluoride concentration in bovine urine is determined by using a selective ion electrode. Urine is buffered and measured against known fluoride (F) standards. The method is applicable to 2 to 40 mg F/L without further dilution. Typical normal urine contains less than 10 mg F/L. Concentrations greater than 10 mg/L support a clinical diagnosis of fluorosis in cattle. Repeatability coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 1.6 to 3.5℅ for F concentrations of 3.2-13 mg/L. Reproducibility CV ranged from 0.3 to 7.3℅ for F concentrations of 7.0-17.2 mg/L.

Abstract Natural occurrence of thiouracil in bovine and swine urine in Poland was investigated. Under the national residue control programme, 537 urine samples were tested. In 77 samples (14.3%) thiouracil was detected above decision limit CCα (0.91 μg L-1), including eight samples over the recommended concentration of 10 μg L-1. Of the bovine urine samples, 95 and 99 percentiles have thiouracil concentration below 4.50 and 14.85 μg L-1 ,and of porcine samples below 2.35 and 6.80 μg L-1, respectively.

Context Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a vital role in carbon (C) storage and agricultural sustainability. Additions of bovine urine to soils can cause positive priming of soil C decomposition and represents a pathway for SOM loss. However, data is limited to a few soils. Aims We investigated the priming response to bovine urine of 27 dairy grazed pasture soils from the North Island of New Zealand. Methods Soils from Allophanic, Gley, Recent and Brown soil orders were collected. 14C-labelled dairy cow urine was applied (1000 kg N ha−1) to undisturbed soil cores and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes measured (25°C) for 21 days. Urine applications were repeated, and CO2 measured for a further 21 days (25°C). Water was the control treatment. Key results CO2 fluxes rapidly increased after both urine additions by 86 ± 1% 24 h after the first urine addition, and 68 ± 4% after the second. Positive, negative and no priming were observed, and the mean absolute deviation of priming ranged between 200 and 1000 μg C g−1, and variability was greater after the second urine addition. Urine induced changes in pH and electrical conductivity (EC) had no effect on priming, and soil C contents were correlated to cumulative CO2, but not priming, and varied over time. Conclusions Factors affecting soil priming remain elusive and priming was highly variable within and between soil types. Implications The impacts of bovine urine on C pools requires further investigation to determine if, or when, urine patches are potential pathways for soil C loss.

Effects of bovine urine on microbial functional attributes within the carbon (C) cycle have not previously been investigated. The magnitude of urine effects on microbial populations may be mediated by the ability of a soil to buffer changes to pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in response to urine. We examined changes in the metabolism of C substrates by microbial communities subsequent to treatment with dairy cow urine in 27 dairy grazed soils across four soil orders. Untreated soils (baseline) and soil treated with urine or water were incubated (25°C) for 21 days then assessed for microbial function using MicroResp™. Urine addition decreased functional capacity, microbial diversity, and microbial biomass C at 21 days after urine addition, but did not affect basal respiration, compared with the water control. Urine addition also led to a shift in community-level physiological profiles. There were no indirect effects of soil pH or EC buffering capacity on the functional microbial parameters measured. Urine addition increased the utilisation of urea and may be a factor in losses of fertiliser nitrogen in dairy systems. The length of time that urine depresses catabolic function could have important implications for long-term soil organic matter cycling under urine patches.

Analytical strategies for the identification and quantification of up to 14 androgenic steroids and up to 17 corticosteroids have been evaluated and applied to bovine urine. The two classes ofsteroid have been analysed both as the native species and as Girard P hydrazone derivatives. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode, has permitted the development of methods that enable the simultaneous detection of a range ofandrogenic steroids and corticosteroids at the ng mL-1 level. For a non-targeted approach, screening for the presence of corticosteroids was performed on a time of flight mass spectrometer, where confirmation of the identities of corticosteroids was obtained from accurate mass information. Girard P hydrazone derivatives of androgenic steroids and corticosteroids are amenable to analysis by electrospray mass spectrometry. The presence of an ionic group at position C-3 ofthe steroids increases their response relative to the native species by up to 33 times for the androgenic steroids and up to 21 times for the corticosteroids. The derivatisation reaction has been shown to work effectively in bovine urine, with limits ofdetection determined as ::::; 1 ng mL-1 for both classes ofsteroid hydrazone. Ion trap mass spectrometry has proved to be an extremely powerful tool for the elucidation of dissociation pathways of steroids and their hydrazone derivatives. Analysis of androgenic steroids, androgenic steroid hydrazones and corticosteroid hydrazones using multistage tandem mass spectrometry has shown how the varying functionality of the steroids affects their dissociation pathways, and how comparisons between similar structures can aid the assignment of product ions. Multistage tandem mass spectrometry of the hydrazone derivatives provides a wealth of structure-specific product ions arising due to losses from either the steroid or hydrazine moiety, and detailed dissociation sequences have been established, enabling structure assignment. A complete method employing sample extraction and derivatisation followed by analysis using liquid chromatography-multistage tandem mass spectrometry has been developed to allow full characterisation and structure confirmation of the steroids present in urine.

During the last thirty years it has become increasingly apparent that pheromones play a major role in animal communication. Of economic interest to agriculturalists is the role pheromones play in signaling the state of estrus. The ability to efficiently detect estrus is becoming increasingly important, especially in the management of dairy and beef herds, where artificial insemination is used extensively. The understanding of pheromones may eventually provide a solution to this problem. The purpose of this study was to identify one or more compounds in the urine of cattle which undergo a change in concentration during the estrous cycle. In order to accomplish the objectives of this study, urine was obtained from cows exhibiting estrus and again 7 days post estrus. The urine was extracted with ether and the extract analyzed by gas chromatography. The area under each chromatographic peak was determined by integration. Areas were analyzed for variance between estrus and di-estrus. An attempt was made to identify each of the compounds represented by those peaks which proved to have statistically different concentrations . Two significant peaks were identified by coinjection with standards and found to represent propionic acid and iso-caproic acid. Three other statistically significant peaks were analyzed by mass spectrometry but concentrations were too low to determine the identities. Results indicate that propionic acid, iso-caproic acid and two of the unidentified compounds decrease in concentration during estrus. The third unidentified compound was found to increase during estrus. studies have not yet been done to show pheromonal properties, however, the first step to allow such studies has now been accomplished. Five compounds have been found which change in concentration during estrus. Because the changes reflect similar concentration changes in pheromones, it is believed that they may eventually prove to be pheromonal.

New Zealand is dominated by its agricultural industry with one of the most intensive farming practices being that of intensive dairying. New Zealand currently has approximately 5.3 million dairy cows that excrete up to 2.2 L of urine, per urination event, up to 12 times per day. This equates to 5.1 x10¹⁰ L per year or enough urine to fill over 1.2 million milk tankers. This sheer volume of urine and its associated N content has implications for the cycling of N within the pasture soils utilised, and New Zealand’s greenhouse gas budget due to the emission of N₂O from urine affected areas. The emission of nitric oxide (NO) from agricultural systems is also receiving increasing attention due to concerns about alterations in the balance of atmospheric trace gases and sinks. Worldwide there is a dearth of information with respect to the emissions of NO from urine-N deposition onto soils with only two in situ studies and no studies on the effects of soil pH, environmental variables or urine-N rate on NO fluxes. This present study has provided some fundamental information on the factors and processes affecting the emission of NO from bovine urine applied to pasture soils. Five experiments were performed in total; three laboratory experiments and two field experiments. The first laboratory experiment (chapter 4) examined the effect of the initial soil pH on NOx emissions from urine-N applied at 500 kg N ha⁻¹. Soil was treated to alter the initial soil pH over the range of 4.4 to 7.6. Initial soil pH affected rates of nitrification which in turn affected the decline in soil pH. Emissions of NO increased with increasing soil pH. However, a strong positive linear relationship was established between the NO-N flux, expressed as a percentage of the net NH4⁺-N depletion rate, and the level of soil acidity. The NO-N fluxes were higher under the more acidic soil conditions where N turnover was lower. The fluxes of N₂O did not follow the same pattern and were attributed to biological mechanisms. In experiment two (chapter 5) the objectives were to concurrently examine the effects of varying the soil temperature and the water-filled pore space (WFPS) on NOx emissions from urine-N. In this experiment increasing the soil temperature enhanced both the rate of nitrification and the rate of decrease in soil pH. The relationship between the net NO-N flux, expressed as a percentage of the net NH4⁺-N depletion rate, and the level of soil acidity was again demonstrated at the warmest soil temperature (22°C) where soil acidification had progressed sufficiently to enable abiotic NO formation. The NO-N fluxes increased with decreasing soil moisture and increasing soil acidity indicating abiotic factors were responsible for NO production. The Q10 response of the NO flux between 5 to 15°C decreased from 4.3 to 1.5 as WFPS increased from 11% to 87% respectively. Fluxes of N₂O increased with increasing WFPS and temperature indicating that denitrification was the dominant process. Results from experiments 2 and 3 indicated that the rate of nitrification had a direct bearing on the ensuing soil acidity and that it was this in conjunction with the available inorganic-N pools that affected NOx production. Therefore the third experiment examined the effect of urine-N rate on NOx emissions, with urine-N rate varied over 5 levels from 0 to 1000 kg N ha⁻¹, the highest rate being that found under maximal urine-N inputs to pasture. Rates of nitrification were diminished at the highest rates of urine-N applied and decreases in soil acidity were not as rapid due to this. Again significant but separate linear relationships were developed, for each urine-N rate used, between the NO-N flux, expressed as a percentage of the net NH4⁺-N depletion rate, and the level of soil acidity. The slope of these relationships increased with increasing urine-N rate. The NO-N flux, expressed as a percentage of the net NH4⁺-N depletion rate, versus soil acidity was higher under 1000 kg N ha⁻¹, despite the lower soil acidity in this treatment. This indicated that the enhanced inorganic-N pool was also playing a role in increasing the NO flux. The N₂O fluxes were of limited duration in this experiment possibly due to conditions being disadvantageous for denitrification. In the field experiments two urine-N rates were examined under both summer and winter conditions at two urine-N rates. The emission factors after 71 days for NO-N in the summer were 0.15 and 0.20% of the urine-N applied for the 500 and 1000 kg N ha⁻¹ rates respectively while the respective N₂O-N fluxes were 0.14 and 0.16%. Under winter conditions the emission factors after 42 days for NO-N were <0.001% of the urine-N applied regardless of urine-N rate while the N₂O-N fluxes were 0.05 and 0.09% for the 500 and 1000 kg N ha⁻¹ urine-N rates respectively. The relationships and predictors of NO-N flux determined in the laboratory studies did not serve as strong indicators of the NO-N flux under summer conditions. Low emissions from urine-N over winter were due to the low soil temperatures and high WFPS. These studies have demonstrated that soil chemical and environmental variables influence the production of NOx and N₂O emissions from urine-N applied to soil and that seasonal effects have a significant impact on the relative amounts of NO-N and N₂O-N emitted from urine patches. Suggestions for future work are also made.

O Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação de Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT) proposto pelo MAPA (Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento) adotou como medida central à vacinação com a B19 de todas as fêmeas das espécies bovina e bubalina, entre três e oito meses de idade. Embora a B19 seja capaz de conferir 65 a 70 % de proteção contra a maioria dos níveis de exposição de fêmeas bovinas, se utilizada na dose correta e na idade recomendada, o período de excreção e seu efeito sobre animais comunicantes e suscetíveis, incluindo o homem ainda são pouco conhecidos e por se tratar de uma vacina viva e virulenta deve-se atentar para o papel zoonótico no manejo dos animais excretores. O presente estudo avaliou a excreção da estirpe B19 pelo leite e urina, de 14 fêmeas bovinas de diferentes faixas etárias, que foram imunizadas dos três aos oito meses de idade, provenientes de um rebanho de exploração leiteira, empregando-se o diagnóstico bacteriológico e PCR, correlacionando-os com as fases hormonais de um ciclo reprodutivo completo. Todas as amostras positivas na PCR para Brucella spp. foram confirmadas como sendo da estirpe vacinal B19, sendo sua excreção predominantemente no momento do cio aos 150 dias de gestação e no pós-parto imediato (30 dias), ou seja, independentemente da fase hormonal. A persistência e excreção de B19 foi observada em fêmeas bovinas de até nove anos de idade.
The National Program of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Control and Eradication (PNCEBT) designed by MAPA (Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento) adapted as the central of vaccination by law with B19 the of all females of bovine and bubaline species, between three and eight months of age. However the B19 should be capable of verifying 65 - 70% of protection against a large number of levels of exposition of bovines if utilized in the correct dose and age recommended the period of excretion and your effect about communicant animals and bound to included men but are still not well known and for the subject of biovaccines of a high infectious should be watchful for the role of zoonotic in the handling of animals that?s eliminate these vaccines. This studies evaluated the excretion of B19 strain in milk and urine of 14 bovine females the different ages that was immunized at three and eight months of age originated from heads of milky exploration, based on the bacteriologic tests and polymerize chain reaction (PCR) diagnoses correlated with hormonal fases of complete reproductive cycle. All of positive samples in PCR for Brucella spp. was confirmed for B19 strain being its excretion predominantly at moment of cio about 150 pregnant days and the pos parturition (30 days) or else independently the hormonal fase. The persistence and excretion of B19 was observed in bovine females until nine years old.

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The present work was developed based on two experiments. In the first one were used four castred Holstein steers, with initial average live weight of 445 kg, aiming to evaluate variations on the daily urinary excretion of creatinine, urea and purine derivatives, sampling during six consecutive days; and to evaluate the plasma N-urea concentration (NUP) for steers receiving diets with two levels of concentrate and two protein sources. The animals was distribuited in a 4x4 latin square, being the treatments defined by factorial outline 2x2, two urea levels (0 and 100%) replacing soybean meal and two levels of concentrate (0.75% and 1.25% of live weight - LW), the comparison between the evaluation days was lead using a split-plot design. The roughage, constituted of elephant grass silage (80%) and sorghum silage (20%), was supplied at libitum . The urine sampling were done during six consecutive days, using funnels collectors coupled in animals. The nitrogen microbial compounds synthesis was higher (P<0.05) for the higher use of concentrated and lower (P<0.05), when the protein from soybean meal was replaced by urea. There weren t found interaction (P>0.05) between the concentrate and urea levels for the concentration of NUP and urinary excretion of N-urea, neither effect (P>0.05) of urea levels. The urinary excretions of urea, allatoin, uric acid and total purine derivatives were not affected (P>0.05) by the days of urine sampling. In the same way, the amount of estimated microbial protein were not affected (P>0.05) by the days of urine sampling. The creatinine excretion were not affect by the days of urine sampling, presenting average values of 25,47 mg/kgLW, 117,92 mg/kg0.75 or 1,04 mmol/ kg0.75. The second experiment was aimed to determine variations in the daily urinary excretions of creatinine and nitrogen compounds, sampling during six consecutive days for dairy heifers, the effect of number of sampling days in the estimated microbial production was also evaluated. Eleven dairy Holstein heifers, with initial live weight of 280 kg, were used, being a simple sample of a population. To perform the comparison between the sampling days, the variance analyses method was used as a pure error isolation tool, adopting a model which considers the random effect of animal and the constant effect of the evaluation day. The roughage was composed by corn silage supplied at libitum . Daily 2 kg of concentrate ware supplied for each animal. The experimental period had a six day duration because the animals were adapted to the diet. To determine the daily urinary amount, No. 22 or 26 Folley catheters were used. The was not affected (P>0.05) by the days of urine sampling. The urinary excretion of creatinine, urea, allatoin, uric acid and the total purine derivatives excretions were not affected (P>0.05) by the days of urine sampling. The amount of estimated microbial protein were not affected (P>0,05) by the days of urine sampling either. The average value for the creatinine excretion was 30,5 mg/kgLW, 124,84 mg/kg0.75 or 1,1 mmol/kg0.75. Through the results of the two experiments, it can be inferred that the effect absence of the number of days on the creatinine excretion has a important practical application, because it reduces the long durations of sampling, as well as the research expenses, recommending urine samplings of 24-hour duration.
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de dois experimentos. No primeiro foram utilizados quatro animais, machos castrados, de grau de sangue predominantemente Holandês com peso inicial médio de 445 kg, objetivando-se estimar as variações nas excreções diárias de creatinina, uréia e de derivados de purinas na urina, utilizando coletas durante seis dias consecutivos; e avaliar as concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no plasma (NUP) em novilhos submetidos a dietas que continham dois níveis de concentrado e duas fontes de proteína. Os animais foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4X4, sendo os tratamentos definidos em esquema fatorial 2X2, sendo dois níveis de uréia (0 e 100%) em substituição ao farelo de soja e dois níveis de oferta de concentrado (0,75% e 1,25% do PV), e a comparação entre dias de avaliação foi conduzida em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. O volumoso, constituído de silagem de capim elefante (80%) e silagem de sorgo (20%), foi fornecido à vontade. As coletas de urina foram feitas durante seis dias consecutivos, utilizando-se funis coletores adaptados aos animais. A síntese de compostos nitrogenados microbianos foi maior (P<0,05) para a maior oferta de concentrado e menor (P<0,05), quando a proteína do farelo de soja foi substituída pela uréia. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre níveis de concentrado e de uréia para a concentração de NUP e a excreção de N-uréico na urina, nem efeito (P>0,05) de níveis de uréia. As excreções urinárias de uréia, alantoína, ácido úrico e derivados de purinas totais não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pelos dias de coleta de urina. Da mesma forma, a quantidade estimada de proteína microbiana não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os dias de coleta de urina. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na excreção de creatinina entre os dias de coleta de urina, apresentando o valor médio de 25,47 mg/kgPV, 117,92 mg/kg0,75 ou 1,04 mmol/kg0,75. No segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar as variações nas excreções diárias de creatinina e de uréia na urina, utilizando coletas durante seis dias consecutivos em novilhas de origem leiteira; avaliou-se também o efeito da duração do período de coleta sobre a estimativa da produção microbiana obtida a partir dos derivados de purinas na urina. Utilizaram-se onze novilhas de grau de sangue predominantemente Holandês, com peso inicial médio de 280 kg, considerando-se o grupo de animais como uma amostra aleatória simples da população. Para comparação entre dias de coletas, empregou-se análise de variância como ferramenta para isolamento do erro puro, adotando-se modelo constituído pelo efeito aleatório de animal e pelo efeito fixo de dia de avaliação. O volumoso foi constituído de silagem de milho fornecida à vontade. Diariamente foi fornecido 2,0 kg de concentrado por animal. O período experimental teve duração de seis dias, pois os animais já estavam adaptados à dieta. As coletas de urina foram realizadas utilizando-se sondas de Folley no 22 ou 26, sendo determinado o volume urinário diário. As excreções urinárias de creatinina, uréia, alantoína, ácido úrico e derivados de purinas totais também não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pelos dias de coleta de urina. Da mesma forma a quantidade estimada de proteína microbiana não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os dias de coleta de urina. O valor médio para a excreção de creatinina foi de 30,5 mg/kgPV, 124,84 mg/kg0,75 ou 1,1 mmol/kg0,75. Através dos resultados obtidos nos dois experimentos, pode-se concluir que a ausência de efeito de número de dias sobre a excreção de creatinina tem uma grande aplicação prática, pois além de reduzir o trabalho com tempos longos de coletas, permite a redução nos custos da pesquisa, recomendando-se coletas de urina com duração de 24 horas.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2015.
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Emissões antrópicas de gases de efeito estufa no Brasil podem ser provenientes de emissões de óxido nitroso (N2O) dos dejetos depositados em pastagens, e os microrganismos são os principais responsáveis pelas transformações do nitrogênio no solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto das excretas bovinas sobre os atributos microbiológicos do solo e as perdas gasosas de nitrogênio em áreas de pastagens sob Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (iLP) em Cerrado. Foram estabelecidas 48 parcelas, em um delineamento experimental de quatro blocos casualizados num esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, com três tratamentos (urina, fezes e controle); duas áreas de pastagem (Área 1- pastagem de três anos de Urochloa ruziziensis e Área 2 - pastagem de um ano de Urochloa. brizantha cv. Piatã), duas épocas de aplicação das excretas (seca e chuvosa), em dois anos de aplicações. Nas câmaras com excretas, foram aplicados 0,5 L de urina e 2 kg de fezes, os quais foram distribuídos uniformemente no interior das parcelas. As amostragens de gás foram feitas pelo método da câmara estática fechada. As avaliações ocorreram em sete dias consecutivos após a aplicação das excretas, posteriormente duas vezes por semana, e por fim quinzenalmente, durante 502 dias consecutivos no período seco e 388 durante o período chuvoso. Concomitantemente realizou-se amostragem de solo para verificação do espaço poroso saturado por água (EPSA), teores de nitrato e amônio no solo, e volatilização de amônia (NH3). Para a determinação dos atributos microbiológicos foram coletadas amostras de solo trinta dias após a aplicação das excretas, das quais determinou-se o carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (CBM e NBM), carbono (CT) e nitrogênio total (NT), respiração basal, relação NBM:NT, quociente microbiano (CBM:CT) e quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A deposição de excretas em pastagens sob iLP aumentou sensivelmente os fluxos de N2O do solo e de NH3 volatilizada, comparado ao controle. Na época seca, os fluxos de óxido nitroso estão associados à maior disponibilidade de amônio. Já na época chuvosa estes fluxos estão associados à disponibilidade de nitrato no solo e EPSA. Áreas com o componente pastagem mais recente no sistema iLP apresentam maiores perdas por volatilização de NH3 e menores de N2O quando a fonte de N é a urina bovina, independente da época do ano. Os maiores fatores de emissão de N2O são observados para a urina (0,32%) e na época chuvosa do ano (0,36%), porém estão bem abaixo do indicado pelo IPCC. As fezes de bovinos em áreas de pastagens sob iLP têm maior efeito sob os atributos microbiológicas do solo que a urina, quando estas são avaliadas trinta dias após a aplicação. Os atributos microbiológicos do solo tendem a aumentar gradualmente com o desenvolvimento do componente pastagem do sistema de iLP, associada à aplicações de excretas bovinas.
Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases in Brazil can be derived from nitrous oxide (N2O) of waste deposited in pastures, and microorganisms are the main responsible for the nitrogen transformations in soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of bovine excretas on microbiological soil properties and gaseous nitrogen losses in pastures under Crop-Livestock Integration (iCL) in the Cerrado. Fourty eight plots were established in four randomized complete block in a split-plot design with three treatments (urine, feces and control), two areas with pastures (Área 1 - Three years of pasture with Urochloa. ruziziensis e Área 2 – One years of pasture with Urochloa. brizantha cv. Piatã), two periods of excreta application (dry and wet seasons) repeated in time (two years of applications). For cameras with excretas, 0.5L of urine and 2 kg of faeces were applied, which were uniformly distributed inside the plots. The gas samples were taken by the method closed static chambers. Assessments were made in seven consecutive days after the application of excretas, then twice a week, and finally every fortnightly during 502 consecutive days during the dry season and 388 during the rainy season. Concurrently, soil sampling was carried out to verify the water filled pore space (WFPS), nitrate and ammonium concentrations and ammonia volatilization emissions (NH3). Soil samples were collected at thirty days after the application of excretas to determine the microbiological properties which were: microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN), total carbon (TC) and soil nitrogen (TN), basal respiration, ratio MBN:TN, microbial quocient (MBC:TC) and microbial metabolic quocient (MBC:TC). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The disposal of excretas in pastures under iCL significantly increased the flow of nitrous oxide in the soil and volatilized ammonia, compared to the control. In the dry season, the nitrous oxide flows are associated with greater ammonium availability. In the rainy season these flows are associated with the availability of nitrate in the soil and WFPS. Areas with the latest pasture component in the iCL system have higher losses by volatilization of NH3 and lower losses of N2O when the N source is cattle urine, regardless of the period of year. The largest nitrous oxide emission factors were obtained for urine (0.32%) and during the rainy season (0.36%), but these values are lower than those indicated by the IPCC. The bovine feces of iCL under pasture areas have greater effect on the microbiological soil properties than urine when they are evaluated at thirty days after the application. Microbiological soil attributes tend to gradually increase with the development of the pasture under iCL system, related to the bovine excreta applications.

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O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de avaliar a excreção de creatinina para validação da coleta spot de urina, bem como as excreções de derivados de purinas (DP) e compostos nitrogenados (CN) e suas relações com a creatinina em novilhas Nelore suplementadas a pasto (Capítulo 1); objetivou-se também avaliar a recuperação da creatinina em função do tempo e de diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento (Capítulo 2). O experimento referente ao Capítulo 1, foi conduzido no setor de gado de corte da Universidade Federal de Viçosa/MG, utilizando-se cinco novilhas Nelore com peso corporal (PC) médio de 400 ± 15kg, distribuídas em quadrado latino 5x5. Os cinco tratamentos experimentais se basearam na suplementação proteico-energética (concentrado com 22% de proteína bruta na matéria seca (MS), fornecido às12h), baseada no PC (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 g/kg PC (PC0, PC3, PC6, PC9 e PC12, respectivamente)). Os animais receberam sal mineral ad libitum. Cada período experimental teve duração de 16 dias, sendo 12 de adaptação à dieta e quatro de coleta. A coleta total de urina e amostral de fezes, foi realizada em três dias, nos horários das 0h00-4h00, 4h00-8h00, 8h00-12h00, 12h00-16h00, 16h00-20h00 e 20h00-24h00. A coleta de spot de urina, foi realizada a cada 4 horas, assim como as coletas de líquido ruminal e sangue nos horários das 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 horas. Para a coleta total de urina, utilizou-se sonda de Folley no26, acoplada a mangueira de polietileno que conduziu a urina até uma bolsa coletora de urina por sistema fechado, que foi esvaziada a cada quatro horas. A amostragem da urina coletada foi realizada a cada 4 horas, nos mesmos horários descritos para a coleta de sangue, medindo- se o volume e retirando-se duas amostras, uma diluída com solução H2SO4 0,036N e outra não diluída. Para determinação da excreção fecal, utilizou-se o dióxido de titânio, fornecido na quantidade total diária de 15g, entre os dias 8o e 16o de cada período. Para estimativa do consumo de pasto, utilizou-se a fibra indigestível em detergente neutro (FDNi) como indicador interno. Realizou-se coleta de pasto pela técnica do quadrado para determinação da MS potencialmente digestível (MSpd) no terceiro dia de cada período experimental. Nos dias 13o e 16o de cada período, realizou-se simulação de pastejo para estimar a composição do pasto ingerido. Nas amostras de urina foram determinadas as concentrações de creatinina, nitrogênio total urinário (NU), ureia (NUreia), ácido úrico (AU) e alantoína (AL). Para análise estatística utilizou-se o programa estatístico Proc Mixed do SAS 9.4. A avaliação da adequação da melhor forma de coleta de urina foi realizada utilizando a raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro da predição (QMEP) entre as amostras de urina obtidas por meio da coleta spot. O experimento, referente ao Capítulo 2, foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da UFV. Foram utilizadas urina de vinte e cinco animais, dez provenientes da raça Nelore e quinze da raça Holandesa. As urinas (10 de Nelore e 10 de Holandês) foram diluídas em solução de H2SO4 0,036N, fracionadas e conservadas em temperatura ambiente, resfriadas (4oC) e congeladas (-20oC e a -40oC), analisadas em diferentes dias após a coleta (1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 dias). Imediatamente após a coleta, a urina foi diluída e seu pH corrigido para valor inferior a 3, e a urina foi analisada, dando origem ao valor de creatinina, resultado utilizado como valor de referência da concentração de creatinina na amostra. Este valor referência, foi utilizado como divisor dos valores de creatinina obtidos nos dias da análise, por amostra, obtendo-se o valor de creatinina relativa, o que permite a observação do aumento ou diminuição da concentração de creatinina ao longo do tempo. Para avaliar a conversão de creatina em creatinina na urina de bovinos, utilizou-se urina proveniente de cinco bovinos da raça Holandesa. Estas urinas também foram diluídas e tiveram seu pH corrigido para valor inferior a 3. Para avaliar o efeito da adição de creatina na urina, adicionou-se solução de creatina (concentrações de 20, 40 e 60 mg/dL) nos eppendorf contendo urina diluída. Estas urinas foram analisadas em diferentes dias após a coleta (1, 3, 7, 15, 30 e 45 dias), sendo armazenadas nas mesmas temperaturas descritas anteriormente. No capítulo 1 observou-se efeito linear positivo (P=0,001) sobre o consumo de MS total devido ao aumento nas quantidades de suplemento fornecido aos animais, porém observou-se efeito quadrático (P=0,018) sobre a ingestão de MS proveniente do pasto. A ingestão de N diferiu entre os tratamentos (P<0,05), causado pelo aumentou na ingestão de suplemento, o que possibilitou aumento (P=0,001) na ingestão de CN. O fornecimento de suplementação possibilitou efeito sobre a concentração de N amoniacal ruminal (P<0,05). A concentração de N uréico no soro (NUS) foi afetada (P<0,05) pelo fornecimento de concentrado no período de 24 horas, porém o tratamento PC0 não apresentou variação na concentração de NUS (P>0,05), em função da ausência de suplementação. A excreção de creatinina diária foi de 23,01 ± 0,19 (22,82 – 23,2) mg/kgPC. As excreções de AL, AU e DP, em mmol, foram influenciadas linearmente pelos tratamentos (P=0,002; P=0,004; P=0,003, respectivamente). A síntese de nitrogênio microbiano (NM) foi influenciada, assim como as excreções de DP, linearmente (P=0,001) pelos tratamentos. As relações entre AL, AU e DP com a creatinina, não foram influenciadas pelos dias de coleta, períodos de coleta, tratamentos e suas interações (P>0,05), apresentando média de relações de 1,36 para AL:creatinina, 0,121 para AU:creatinina e 1,48 para PD:creatinina. Além do efeito de tratamento sobre a excreção de NU e NUrea, a excreção de CN na urina foi influenciada (P<0,05) também pelos períodos de coleta. As relações NU:creatinina e NUreia:creatinina na urina não apresentaram efeito (P>0,05) de tratamento, dias e períodos de coleta. A avaliação comparativa da excreção de creatinina observada nas amostras obtidas a partir da coleta total de urina, a cada 4 horas por 3 dias, com as amostras spot de urina obtidas em momentos pontuais (às 12, 16, 20, 0, 4 e 8 horas), demonstrou não haver diferença (P>0,05) entre as duas formas de coleta estudadas. A observação das relações AL:creatinina e AU:creatinina, nos métodos de coleta avaliados neste estudo, possibilitou a observação de que não houve variação (P>0,05) entre as amostras obtidas na forma de coleta total ou spot de urina. Na análise das relações NU:creatinina e NUreia:creatinina, observou-se que os horários das amostras obtidas às 4, 8, 12, 16 e 20 horas, foram similares (P>0,05) independentemente do método de amostragem. Entretanto, no horário da meia noite (amostragem 20h00-24h00, coleta total/0 hora, coleta spot de urina), observou-se variação na excreção de NU (inclinação, P=0,03) e de NUreia (inclinação, P=0,01; e intercepto, P=0,03), indicando que coletas spot de urina realizadas neste horário, não representariam a excreção de CN ao longo do período de 24 horas. Conclui- se que a excreção de creatinina é constante em 24h e estima adequadamente o volume urinário em bovinos mantidos em pastejo; e que uma única amostra spot de urina obtida no pasto, em qualquer horário do dia, pode ser usada para estimar a excreção de derivados de purinas. Para a estimativa da excreção de CN na urina são necessárias duas amostras spot de urina, uma quatro horas antes e outra quatro após a suplementação, em bovinos em pastejo. Os principais resultados do capítulo 2 foram que, a recuperação da creatinina foi constante (P>0,05) até o décimo quinto dia de armazenamento, independente da temperatura utilizada. A partir do 30o dia de armazenamento houve efeito de tempo e/ou temperatura (P<0,05) na recuperação de creatinina na urina de bovinos. As amostras armazenadas em temperatura ambiente e a 4oC apresentaram aumento na concentração da creatinina relativa com o passar dos dias (P<0,05). As amostras congeladas (-20oC e a -40oC) mantiveram a recuperação constante (P>0,05). A adição de creatina na urina causou aumento (P<0,05) nas concentrações de creatinina nas amostras armazenadas a temperatura ambiente e em refrigeração, a partir de 30 dias de armazenamento. Nas amostras armazenadas em temperaturas de congelamento, não houve alteração na concentração de creatinina (P>0,05). Amostras de urina podem ser armazenadas em qualquer temperatura estudada até quinze dias após a coleta para determinação da concentração de creatinina. Amostras que necessitem tempos de armazenamentos superiores a quinze dias devem ser congeladas a -20oC ou -40oC.
Aimed to evaluate the creatinine excretion to validate the urine spot sampling technique, as well as the excretions of purine derivatives (PD) and nitrogen compounds (NC) and their relationship with creatinine in Nelore heifers supplemented on pasture (Chapter 1); Were also aimed evaluate the recovery of creatinine as a function of time and different storage temperatures (Chapter 2). The experiment related to Chapter 1 were conducted in the beef cattle department of the Federal University of Viçosa/MG, using five Nelore heifers with mean body weight (BW) of 400 ± 15 kg, distributed in 5x5 Latin square. The five experimental treatments were based on protein-energy supplementation (concentrate with 22% crude protein in dry matter (DM) bases) offered based on BW (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g/kg BW (BW0, BW3, BW6, BW9 and BW12, respectively)). Each experimental period had a duration of 16 days, 12d to diet adaptation and four to sampling of urine, feces, blood and ruminal fluid. The total collection of urine and spot of feces sample was performed in three days, from 0:00-4:00, 4:00-8:00, 8:00-12:00, 12:00-16:00, 16:00- 20:00 and 20:00-24:00. Sampling spot of urine was performed for 24 hours, as well as the collection of ruminal fluid and blood at the times of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 hours. For total urine collection, a Folley no26 probe was used, coupled with a polyethylene hose that carried the urine to a closed urine collection bag, which was emptied every four hours. Sampling of the urine was performed every 4 hours, at the same times as described for blood sampling, by measuring the volume and taking two samples, one diluted with 0.036N H2SO4 and one undiluted. To determine fecal excretion, titanium dioxide, supplied in the total daily amount of 15 g, was used between days 8th and 16th of each period. In order to estimate pasture consumption, indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) was used as the internal marker. Pasture was collected by the square technique to determine the potentially digestible DM (pdDM) on the third day of each experimental period. On the 13th and 16th days of each period, manual grazing simulation was performed to estimate the composition of the pasture. In the urine samples, the concentrations of creatinine, total urinary nitrogen (UN), urea (UreaN), uric acid (UA) and allantoin (AL) were determined. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS's 9.4 Proc Mixed statistical software. The evaluation of the adequacy of the best form of urine collection was performed using the square root of the mean square of the prediction error (MSPE) among the urine samples obtained through spot sampling. The experiment, referring to Chapter 2, was carried out at the Animal Science Department of the UFV. Urine of twenty-five animals, ten from the Nelore and fifteen from the Holstein, were used. Urine samples (10 from Nelore and 10 from Holstein) were diluted in 0.036N H2SO4, fractionated and stored at room temperature, cooled (4°C) and frozen (-20°C and -40°C), being analyzed different days after sampling (1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 days). Immediately after sampling, the urine was diluted, and its pH corrected to less than 3, and the urine was analyzed, giving a result used as a reference value of the creatinine concentration in the sample. This reference value was used as a divider of the creatinine values obtained on the days of the analysis, per sample, obtaining the relative creatinine value, which allows the observation of increase or decrease in creatinine concentration over time. To evaluate the conversion of creatine to creatinine in the urine of cattle, urine from five Holstein cows was used. These urines were also diluted and had their pH corrected below 3. To evaluate the effect of adding creatine to the urine, creatine solution (concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 mg/dL) was added to eppendorf containing diluted urine. These urines were analyzed on different days after sampling (1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days), being stored at the same temperatures described previously. In Chapter 1, a positive linear effect (P=0.001) was observed on the total DM intake due to the increase in the amount of supplementation provided to the animals. However, a quadratic effect (P=0.018) was observed on DM intake from pasture. Intake of N differed among treatments (P<0.05), caused by increased supplement intake, which allowed an increase (P=0.001) on the intake of N NC. The supply of supplementation influenced the ruminal ammoniacal N concentration (P<0.05). Serum urea N concentration (SUN) was affected (P<0.05) by the supply of concentrate in the 24-hour period, once the BW0 treatment did not show a variation in the SUN (P>0.05), as a function absence of supplementation. The creatinine excretion daily was 23.01 ± 0.19 (22.82 - 23.2) mg/kgBW. Excretions of AL, UA and PD, in mmol, were influenced by treatments (P=0.002, P=0.004, P=0.003, respectively). Microbial N synthesis (NM) was influenced, as well as the excretions of PD (P=0.001) by the treatments. The ratios between AL, UA and PD with creatinine were not influenced by collection days, collection periods, treatments and their interactions (P>0.05), with an average ratios of 1.36 for AL:creatinine, 0.121 for UA:creatinine and 1.48 for PD:creatinine. In addition to the treatment effect on UN and UreaN excretion, urine excretion of NC was also influenced (P<0.05) by collection periods. The UN:creatinine and UreaN:creatinine ratios showed no treatment effect (P>0.05), days and collection periods. The comparative evaluation of creatinine excretion observed in the samples obtained from the total collection of urine, sampling every 4 hours per 3 days, with the urine spot samples obtained at punctual moments (at 12, 16, 20, 0, 4 and 8 hours), showed no difference (P>0.05) between the two techniques of sampling. The observation of AL:creatinine and UA:creatinine of the two methods evaluated in this study allowed the observation that there was no variation (P>0.05) between the samples obtained in the form of total collection or urine spot. The analysis of the UN:creatinine and UreaN:creatinine ratios, it was observed that the sample times obtained at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hours were similar (P>0.05) regardless of the sampling method. However, at midnight (sampling 20h00-24h00, total collection/0h, urine spot collection), there was variation in the excretion of UN (slope, P=0.03) and UreiaN (slope, P=0.01, and intercept, P=0.03), indicating that urine spot collections performed at this time would not represent NC excretion over the 24-hour period. Concluded that creatinine excretion is constant in 24 hours and adequately estimates the urinary volume in beef cattle kept in pasture; and that a single urine spot sample obtained in the pasture, at any time of the day, can be used to estimate the purine derivatives excretion. However, two urine spot samples, one obtained four hours before and other four hours after supplementation, are required for the estimation of excretion of CN in urine in grazing cattle. The main results of Chapter 2 were that the creatinine recovery was constant (P>0.05) until the 15th day of storage, regardless of the temperature used. From the 30th day of storage there was a time and/or temperature effect (P<0.05) on the recovery of creatinine in bovine urine. Samples stored at room temperature and at 4oC showed an increase in relative creatinine concentration with the passage of days (P<0.05). Frozen samples (-20oC and -40oC) maintained the constant recovery (P>0.05). The addition of creatine in the urine caused an increase (P<0.05) on creatinine recovery in the samples stored at room temperature and in refrigeration, after 30 days of storage. In samples stored at freezing temperatures, there was no change in creatinine recovery (P>0.05). Urine samples can be stored at any temperature evaluated to 15 days after collection for determination of creatinine concentration. Samples requiring storage times greater than 15 days should be frozen at - 20°C or -40°C.

As emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) para atmosfera representam um dos principais desafios da população mundial atualmente. A pecuária contribui para as emissões antrópicas principalmente de metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O) à tmosfera. O Brasil possui o maior rebanho bovino comercial do mundo e assim, possui importante participação nas emissões destes gases. As emissões de CH4 são provenientes principalmente da fermentação entérica e da deposição de fezes nos solos sob pastagem,.as emissões de N2O são provenientes da urina. Os fatores de emissão utilizados para quantificar as emissões na pecuária foram desenvolvidos pelo Intergovernamental Panel of Climate Change baseados em pesquisas realizadas em regiões de clima temperado. Dessa maneira faz-se necessária a determinação de fatores específicos as condições tropicais brasileiras possibilitando exatidão na quantificação das emissões de GEE. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar as emissões de CH4 provenientes das fezes e de N2O provenientes da urina de bovinos de corte depositadas em solos sob pastagens, assim como verificar a interferência de diferentes manejos dos animais, fatores climáticos e fatores intrínsecos aos dejetos nestas emissões. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em propriedade privada (Agropecuária Nova Vida, localizada em Ariquemes, RO), produtora de bovinos de corte em sistemas de manejo à pasto e emi-confinamento. As emissões de CH4 e N2O foram quantificadas nos dejetos provenientes dos animais à pasto e em semi-confinamento, em duas áreas experimentais: pasto sem e com cobertura protegendo as amostras da insolação direta e precipitação pluvial. Durante o período de coleta dos gases (10 dias) foram verificados variações na umidade, temperatura e teor de carbono nas fezes, umidade e teor de nitrogênio no solo com adição de urina em diferentes profundidades (0-3 cm, 3-6 cm, 6-10 cm, 10-15 cm, 15-20 cm). Adicionalmente, foram quantificadas as emissões de CH4 e N2O provenientes do solo sem deposição de dejetos, como tratamento testemunha. Com relação às variáveis climáticas, verificou-se interação significativa da umidade das fezes com a produção de CH4 no bolo fecal. A produção de N2O é extremamente variável, apresentando variação temporal e sazonal. O efeito da dieta na produção dos gases nos dejetos não pode ser avaliado devido a problemas metodológicos. Os fatores de emissão encontrados foram: 0,6 kg C-CH4 animal-1 ano -1 e 0,05 kg N-N2O kg N aplicado-1, para fezes e urina depositadas no solo, respectivamente. O balanço das emissões de GEE na propriedade foi calculado considerando todas as fontes de emissão de CH4 e N2O e o estoque de C nas pastagens. A emissão líquida determinada foi de 5.350 Mg C-equivalente na propriedade no ano de 2009. Limitações metodológicas proporcionaram a geração de resultados considerados parciais. Futuras pesquisas são sugeridas para que o conhecimento das emissões de CH4 provenientes das fezes e N2O da urina de bovinos em clima tropical seja consolidado
Global warming and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere represent one of the major challenges to modern society. Livestock production contributes mainly to methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Brazil has the largest commercial cattle herd in the world and accordingly contributes a significant amount to global emissions levels of these gases. Methane emissions are mainly from enteric fermentation and feces deposition on soils under pastures. Nitrous oxide emissions occur from urine deposition on soils under pastures. Emission factors that are used to quantify livestock emissions were defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and were developed based on studies conducted in temperate regions. However, it is necessary to determine specific emission factors that reflect the reality of Brazilian tropical conditions allowing accurate GHG emissions quantification. This study aims to quantify CH4 emissions from feces and N2O from urine of beef cattle deposited on soils under pastures. It also intends to verify the interference of different animal managements, weather and intrinsic manure factors on emissions levels. The research was conducted on a private property (Agropecuária Nova Vida) located in Ariquemes, RO. The Farms main activity is beef cattle production based on grazing and semi-confinement systems. Emissions of CH4 and N2O are quantified on two experimental areas: pasture without coverage and pastures with coverage protecting the samples from direct sunlight and rainfall. In addition to gases sampling (10 days) on feces moisture, temperature and carbon content are monitored. Moisture and nitrogen content in the soil with urine deposition are monitored at different depths (0-3 cm, 3-6 cm, 6-10 cm, 10-15 cm, 15-20 cm). Additionally, we have quantified CH4 and N2O emissions from soil without manure deposition as a control treatment. We have found statistically different emissions levels between soils with and without manure. Moisture on feces had a statistical significant effect on CH4 emissions from feces. Nitrous oxide production is extremely variable with temporal and seasonal variations. The effect of diet on gases production in manure is not evaluated due to methodological problems. The estimations for emission factors are: 0.6 kg CH4-C animal-1 year-1 and 0.05 kg N2O-N kg N-1 for feces and urine deposited in the soil, respectively. The GHG balance of the whole farm is calculated considering all sources of emission and the C stocks in pastures. The annual net emissions for the farm are determined as 5350 Mg C equivalent. Methodological limitations provided partial results. Future research is suggested to achieve better estimations on CH4 and N2O emissions from beef cattle feces and urine in tropical climate

Chemical signals that mediate communication within animals of a species have been referred to as ‘pheromone’ a Greek word comprised of ‘pheran’ (means to transfer) and ‘hormon’ (to excite). These chemical messengers are transported outside the body and have a direct developmental effect on hormone levels and behavior, and therefore, have a potential role in modulating animal behavior and reproductive management. The sources of these chemical messengers are urine, vaginal secretions, feces, saliva, milk, sweat, breath and specialized cutaneous glands including the odor produced from hair and wool. After their release, are perceived through the olfactory system, eliciting both behavioral and endocrine responses characterized by profound effects on reproductive activity via the hypothalamic system that generates pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Their potential to transform the animal behavior and reproduction management has led to development and use of synthetic pheromones to manipulate estrous cycle, enhance estrous behavior, determination of time of estrus, and also facilitating collection of semen. Pheromones can act as a marker to detect estrus, diagnosing early pregnancy in farm animals and used for improving sexual desire. There is huge scope of application of pheromones once chemically synthesized and characterized, and would be of great interest to livestock owners and consumers. This chapter will discuss in detail the role of chemical signaling in shaping the behavior, reproduction and understanding the ways of communication in bovines.

This paper presents the different unsupervised machine learning algorithms used for Ketosis detection, based on the color characteristics taken from the Ketocheck rapid colorimetric test. The level of ketone bodies in bovine’s urine is represented by three color categories, range of dark green (right ketone level), green (normal range ketone level) and yellow/orange (higher ketone level). The color image is converted into HSV color space for better color discrimination. The proposed technique enables detection of ketosis by clustering every pixel in the image using unsupervised K-means clustering and Fuzzy C Means (FCM) clustering algorithms. The results obtained have shown that K-means algorithm is faster and it also have low computational complexity. Two android application is developed. One with K-means clustering algorithm loaded in server and the other, directly programmed in android application.

The term zoonosis comes from the Greek: ζῷον (zoon) ‘animal’ and νόσος (nosos) ‘sickness’, and means an infection transmissible from animals to humans. Infected animals can be symptomatic or asymptomatic, and humans usually become accidental hosts through close contact with the reservoir animal. Six out of ten infections in humans globally are spread from animals, and 75% of emerging infections are zoonotic. Some occur worldwide e.g. E. coli O157:H7, whereas some are more restricted geographically, e.g. Ebola virus. The highest burden is in developing countries. There are various classifications of zoonoses. ● Causative pathogen: bacterial (anthrax, non-typhoidal Salmonelloses); viral (rabies, Yellow Fever, hantaviruses); parasitic (hookworm, Giardia, toxoplasmosis); fungal (dermatophytes, histoplasmosis); or prion (new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease). ● Mode of transmission (see Section 35.3 and Table 35.1 below) ● Distribution: endemic zoonoses are continually present in a population (e.g. leptospirosis, brucellosis); epidemic zoonoses occur intermittently (e.g. anthrax, Rift Valley Fever); emerging zoonoses are new infections, or existing infections that are increasing in incidence or geographical range (e.g. Nipah virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus). ● Direct contact: infectious particles are present on an infected animal, in its body fluids, and in its excreta. Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, and brucellosis may be acquired by direct contact with infected animals, particularly during parturition; cat-scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae, and Pasteurella spp. may be acquired by bites or scratches from cats, and rabies from canine bites. Many zoonoses are also transmitted via indirect animal contact through exposure to soil or water contaminated by infectious material, e.g. leptospirosis may be acquired when water contaminated with infected rats’ urine comes into contact with broken skin or mucous membranes. ● Ingestion: infection occurs by ingesting contaminated food or water, e.g. unpasteurized milk, poorly processed or undercooked meat, or by eating/ drinking after handling animals without handwashing. Listeria, bovine tuberculosis, and brucellosis may be transmitted by unpasteurized milk and dairy produce; Hepatitis E through processed pork, and Ebola and Marburg through bushmeat. ● Vector-borne: infection is transmitted through a biting arthropod vector. Examples include West Nile Virus and Japanese encephalitis from mosquitoes, Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever from ticks, and Rickettsia typhi from rat fleas.

Os parasitos influenciam de maneira significativa a bovinocultura no Brasil, sendo a aplicação de endectocidas da família das lactonas macrocíclicas umas das formas mais utilizadas para o controle, porém podem proporcionar contaminação ao ambiente, visto que sua eliminação é principalmente via fezes e urina. as altas concentrações destes fármacos excretadas nas fezes, principalmente nas primeiras semanas pós-tratamento, afetam as populações de fauna coprófaga que mantiveram contato com estas fezes e há espécies vulneráveis mesmo em concentrações mínimas destes fármacos sendo que a ivermectina possui um forte poder de adsorção ao solo e a matéria orgânica possuindo baixo potencial de dessorção e, consequentemente, baixo potencial de lixiviação. Portanto, os distúrbios que as lactonas macrocíclicas podem produzir em invertebrados não alvo e sobre a participação dos seus associados na degradação do esterco e reciclagem de elementos no solo são imprevisíveis, e podem influenciar negativamente a biodiversidade e a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas agrícolas.

The urinary bladder is an organ whose purpose is to store urine at low pressure and periodically expel it. This system normally operates at relatively low pressure to protect the kidneys from the deleterious effects of increased pressure. In certain pathologies, this organ can be subject to a decrease in compliance (“stiffening”) and an increase of the storage pressure which causes higher back pressure on the kidney and ultimately results in kidney damage if untreated. Clinically, these pathologies are exemplified in disorders such as myelomeningocele, posterior urethral valves, dysfunctional voiding, and disorders associated with spinal cord injuries. In these disorders, bladder structure is altered and the bladder becomes stiff and noncompliant.

Introdução: Nos túbulos renais ocorre um processo de seleção do filtrado glomerular. Algumas substâncias serão reabsorvidas de acordo com a necessidade do organismo do bovino. Só será eliminado na urina o que não é importante ou o que estiver em excesso. Substâncias grandes não são habitualmente filtradas porque são maiores que os poros das membranas glomerulares e por isso uma urina normal quase não apresenta proteínas em seu conteúdo. Um glomérulo que permite a passagem de proteínas não está desempenhando corretamente a sua função, e, esses danos à barreira glomerular de filtração podem resultar em doenças renais com diversas manifestações clínicas que serão abordadas neste artigo. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão de literatura sobre glomerulonefrites e suas implicações em bovinos para uso na prática da clínica de animais de grande porte. Material e métodos: O método utilizado para desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi uma busca refinada na literatura, de cunho qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, baseado na consulta em artigos científicos nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scielo, Google acadêmico e Periódico CAPES. Resultados: Os resultados dessa busca apontam que em bovinos, a glomerulonefrite afeta principalmente animais adultos e raramente se manifesta como uma doença clínica, com a maioria dos casos parecendo assintomáticos. E essa síndrome geralmente é causada por amiloidose renal. Conclusão: Resultados deste estudo, após ampla verificação na literatura, mostram que as glomerulonefrites nos bovinos ocorrem principalmente por deposição de imunocomplexos sendo a principal causa a Diarreia Viral Bovina – BVD, doença determinada por um vírus que pertence à família Flaviviridae, gênero pestivirus.