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Liu, Qing-Ming. "A novel growth promoting activity in bovine milk." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250434.
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Lott, Whitney Meghan. "Influence of Growth Factors on Bovine Embryo Development." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34481.
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Many attempts have been made to improve the in vitro production of cattle embryos by refining in vitro maturation (IVM) and culture systems. Cysteine supplementation to IVM media of bovine oocytes increases cellular glutathione production, which reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similarly, beneficial effects of growth factors for improving the rate of blastocyst development have been reported, but combined effects are unknown. This study was conducted to determine the additive effect of the antioxidant cysteine with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/or insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on subsequent embryo development. Bovine oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in TCM-199 (control), with or without the addition of 0.6 mM cysteine (C) at 0 or 12 h of maturation. After in vitro fertilization, embryos were allocated to culture treatments containing synthetic oviductal fluid medium. Culture treatments included fetal calf serum (FCS, 4%) alone; IGF-I (100 ng/mL); EGF (10 ng/mL); and IGF-I+EGF (100 ng/mL+10 ng/mL) for all IVM treatments. Although rates for blastocysts development were not different among treatments, an increased proportion of embryos attaining morula formation was achieved when cysteine was added to the IVM media (12 h C IGF-I+EGF, 41.4%; 0 h C EGF, 40.0%) as compared to control (FCS: 34.6%). When cysteine treatments were combined, percent cleavage was greater for IGF-I+EGF (70.8%) compared to FCS (61.2%). The abundance of mRNA from the apoptotic genes, Bax and Bcl-2, and the oxidative stress genes, copper (Cu)-zinc (Zn) superoxide dismutase (SOD; SOD1) and manganese (Mn) SOD (SOD2) in embryos was assessed. No significant treatment effect was observed on the expression of apoptotic and oxidative stress genes. Bax was expressed strongly (4-fold) in morulae with the addition of IGF-I, but was less prevalent in all other morula and blastocyst groups relative to FCS. There was slightly less expression of both SOD1 and SOD2 with treatments compared to FCS in morulae and blastocysts, indicative of low mitochondrial activity and/or a low level of oxidative stress in treatments. There was no significant treatment effect on total cell number, apoptotic nuclei, or apoptotic index. In conclusion, supplementation of cysteine during IVM of oocytes, in conjunction with growth factors could effectively be used as a replacement for FCS.Master of Science
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Greene, Elizabeth Ann 1964. "The effects of growth factors on bovine satellite cells." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277202.
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This study examined the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) on the proliferation and differentiation of bovine satellite cells (BSC) in vitro. Cells were treated with serum-free defined media containing varying concentrations of bFGF, IGF-I and TGF-β. On day 3 of treatment total cell nuclei and myotube nuclei were determined. bFGF stimulated BSC proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion with half-maximal stimulation observed at a concentration of 5 ng/ml (p < .05). Similar results were found for IGF-I and TGF-β in the presence of FGF, with half-maximal stimulation observed at 5 ng/ml and 1 ng/ml, respectively. With regard to differentiation, TGF-beta inhibited myotube formation at concentrations above 0.05 ng/ml. IGF-I stimulated myotube formation at concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml (p < .05). These results demonstrate that proliferation and differentiation of BSC in vitro are affected by growth factors, and consequently, similar effects may be found in vivo. This information may prove to be useful in future methods of manipulating muscle growth in vivo.
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Stiening, Chad Michael. "GENOMIC REGULATION OF BOVINE MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1252%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Rawlings, Stephen Roy. "Intracellular mechanisms regulating growth hormone release from the bovine somatotroph." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315241.
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Sun, Qiang. "Alternative splicing of bovine growth hormone pre-mRNA in vitro." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1058216813.
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Beswick, Naomi Simone. "The influence of recombinant bovine growth hormone and growth hormone releasing factor on fat synthesis in primiparous Holstein cows." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq22570.pdf.
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Ingram, C. D. "Cellular control of bovine prolactin and growth hormone secretion in vitro." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373664.
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Hampton, James Howard. "Luteinizing hormone modulation of bovine ovarian follicular growth, selection and pathology /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3101022.
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Woad, Kathryn Jane. "The insulin-like growth factor system in the bovine corpus luteum." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23270.
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Bovine CL were collected on days 5, 10, and 15 of the oestrous cycle following synchronised oestrus. In addition, CL were collected following prostaglandin-induced luteolysis. In situ hybridisation detected luteal expression of IGF-I, -II and the type 1 IGF receptor mRNA throughout the oestrous cycle. IGF-I mRNA concentrations varied significantly during the cycle, increasing from low levels in the early luteal phase (day 5) to high levels in the late luteal phase (day 15). Concentrations were maximal 48 hours after exogenous prostaglandin. In contrast, there was no significant effect of day of the oestrous cycle on IGF-II and the type 1 IGF receptor mRNA concentrations in the corpus luteum. IGF-II mRNA expression was localised to a subset of steroidogenic luteal cells and was also associated with cells of the luteal vasculature. In addition, the relative abundance of IGF-II mRNA was greater than that of IGF-I mRNA. mRNA encoding the type 1 IGF receptor was widely expressed, in a pattern suggestive of large and small luteal cell expression. The actions of the IGFs are modulated by their association with members of a family of IGF-specific binding proteins (IGFBPs), which regulate the transport of IGFs and their presentation to specific receptors. In situ hybridisation detected mRNA encoding IGFBP-2, -3, and -4 in the bovine corpus luteum throughout the luteal phase. IGFBP-2 and -4 mRNA concentrations were low within the corpus luteum, and showed no temporal variation. In addition, a subset of large vessels in the periphery of the CL showed moderate to intense hybridisation for IGFBP-2 mRNA. IGFBP-3 mRNA concentrations were high throughout the luteal phase, and expression was localised to small luteal cells and cells of the luteal vasculature. These data demonstrate for the first time that the bovine CL is a site of IGF production, reception and regulation, and further support the hypothesis that the IGF system is important in regulating luteal function in the cow.
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McDonnell, Lisa. "The effects of growth hormone on primary bovine mammary cell models." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/868.
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The ability of exogenous growth hormone (GH) to increase milk yield through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) in dairy cows is well characterized. However, recent studies utilizing mammary epithelial cell lines indicate a direct effect of GH on mammary epithelial cells (MEC). To test if these observations are relevant in vivo and if this response differs between dairy breeds, three mammary models were utilized. Mammary explants from a lactating Jersey cow were cultured in classical lactogenic media (dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin) with 0 or 10 ng/mL of recombinant bovine GH for 12h. Primary MEC from lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were cultured in classical lactation media with 0 or 10 ng/mL of GH for 2, 4, and 7 days. And lastly, MEC isolated from pooled Holstein or pooled Jersey milk were cultured in the same conditions as primary MEC. The response to GH was quantified by the relative abundance of mRNA for two milk protein genes (α-lactalbumin and αS1-casein), the GH receptor, IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The abundance of α-lactalbumin mRNA in explants was increased in response to GH. After 2 days, Jersey primary MEC showed an increase in GH receptor mRNA, in addition to a noteworthy trend of increasing abundance of IGFBP-3 regardless of GH treatment. After 4 days, Holstein primary cells cultured with GH had decreased IGFBP-3 mRNA. After 7 days, primary cells isolated from Holstein and Jersey mammary tissue showed a slight response to GH. Mammary cells from milk mirrored the responses to GH observed in primary cells: MEC isolated from Holsteins had decreased IGFBP-3 mRNA after 4 days of treatment with GH and MEC isolated from Jerseys showed the same trend of increasing IGFBP-3 abundance between 2 and 4 days, but with no difference between GH treatments. These results indicate that the effect of GH may differ between breeds and indicate GH has a direct effect on mammary epithelial cells, possibly including effects on the abundance of IGFBP-3 mRNA.
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Granger, Paulnisha Davida. "Abundance and Localization of (Yes-associated protein) YAP in Prepubertal Bovine Mammary Tissue." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96240.
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Most mammary development is postnatal. Mammary growth that occurs before puberty is diminutive in amount but consequential for future milk production, especially in dairy heifers. With advanced knowledge on fundamental aspects that govern prepubertal mammary development, scientists and farmers alike can ensure that heifers perform their best once they become cows. The Hippo pathway has been identified as an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates organ size in many animal species; it might contribute to mammary growth in dairy heifers. This pathway is mediated by yes-associated protein (YAP) and through downstream gene transcription activation, results in cell proliferation. Because YAP has never been identified in bovine mammary tissue, questions examined in this body of work mainly focused on the abundance and localization of YAP in mammary tissue of prepubertal heifers. The first trial investigated effects of in vivo estradiol administration on YAP abundance and localization in prepubertal bovine mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells. While YAP was present in nuclei and cytoplasm of both cell types, it was also discovered that estrogen did not influence YAP abundance or location. The second research trial focused on determining the effects of in vivo estradiol blockade on YAP abundance and localization in prepubertal bovine mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Similar to the first experiment, results indicate that YAP abundance and localization was not influenced by estrogen blockade. Despite not being responsive to in vivo estradiol administration (experiment 1) or estradiol blockade (experiment 2) under the conditions of our experiments, YAP was present in nearly all mammary epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells of the 21 total prepubertal heifers examined. Its presence hints at an underlying biological function but that function was not ascertained here. It will be up to the next researcher to deduce what YAP contributes to mammary growth in prepubertal dairy heifers.MSLFS
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Ochoa, Mario Fontes. "Sex differences in bovine lipoprotein amplitude and its components during growth and development." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184397.
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Three (intact) Angus males and three females which were half-sibs and born within 21 days of each other were selected for this study. Each animal was bled and biopsied periodically from suckling calves to mature slaughter weights, to determine the qualitative composition of lipoproteins and to differentiate the lactate lipogenic activity of subcutaneous tissue during growth and development. At slaughtered, a sample of intramuscular adipose tissue was taken to determine the lactate lipogenic activity at this location. Two days later, one side of each carcass was separated into wholesale cuts. Each wholesale cut was dissected into separable bone and soft tissue and sampled for protein, lipid and moisture determinations. The elution profiles of lipoproteins were similar for all animals. Major peaks observed were (1) very low density (VLDL), (2) low density (LDL) and (3) high density lipoproteins (HDL). Triglycerides, cholesterol and protein were not significant (P < .05) between males and females for the VLDL. At one year of age, females had large (P < .05) amounts of protein for the HDL. In both groups of cattle, largest (P > .05) amounts of protein were greater in the HDL at 9 months of age. Profiles of HDL apoproteins at all ages showed that in both groups of cattle, a distinct band with a weight of about 28,000 was present representing apo-AI. Apo-protein components of pooled LDL fractions showed a protein which was unable to enter the acrylamide gel (7.5 – 20%) used. The component may represent apo-B with a molecular weight of about 250,000. The lactate lipogenic activity of subcutaneous adipose tissue was larger in the males and only significant (P < .05) at 9 months of age. The lipogenic activity was higher (P > .05) in the subcutaneous tissue when compared to the intramuscular tissue at slaughter. In both cases, males showed to use more (P > .05) lactate for fatty acid synthesis in intramuscular and subcutaneous tissue than the females. Magnitude of quality and yield for carcass traits were better for the males than females. Bone, meat and lean weights were significantly (P < .05) greater for the males, however, on a percentage basis per side weight, differences were eliminated. In addition, no significant (P > .05) effect was present between male and female wholesale and side carcass composition.
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Caires, Kyle Cody. "Investigating the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in bovine testis development." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2007/k_caires_050207.pdf.
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Fell, A. H. "Studies on the growth of Theileria infected bovine cells in immunodeficient mice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14831.
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The experiments described in this thesis investigated the growth of bovine cells infected with Theileria sp. macroschizonts in various strains of immunodeficient mice. It was hoped that it would be possible to create a system for the growth of Theileria infected cells in vivo without using bovine hosts. Previous work had shown that T.parva infected cells would establish as subcutaneous tumours in irradiated Swiss and nude mice (Irvin et al, 1977; Veterinary Parasitology 3, p.141-160). Most of the work in this thesis concerned the related parasite, T.annulata. T.anmilata infected cells were found to grow as subcutaneous tumours in irradiated Balb/c, irradiated NIMR and Balb/c nude, and unirradiated C.B-17 scid (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice. Infected cells failed to establish in C57 beige mice, with or without irradiation. The growth and survival of the tumours was dependent on the degree of immunosuppression of the host, and the size of the cell dose administered. In Balb/c mice, T.annulata tumours regressed as mice recovered from irradiation. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) showed differential susceptibility of B-cells, T-helper and cytotoxic T-cells to a sublethal dose of ionising radiation (46y). The numbers of these lymphocytes increased more rapidly after irradiation in tumour bearing mice than in those without tumours. In irradiated (46y) Balb/c nude and scid mice, subcutaneous T.annulata tumours failed to regress, despite the development of general haemorrhage and central necrosis. In scid mice, high doses (2xl07) of T.annulata infected cells injected intraperitoneally gave rise to ascites. However, low doses (2xl06 cells) did not. The presence of macroschizont infected cells in the peritoneal cavity was accompanied by a proliferation of macrophages. Several lines of evidence indicated that natural killer (NK) cells were not effective against T.annulata-infected cells in scid mice, but that macrophages were capable of controlling and eliminating the cells, particularly in the peritoneal cavity. In all the strains of mice examined, subcutaneous T.annulata tumours appeared to be damaged by natural immune mechanisms (macrophages) and neutrophils leading to haemorrhage and necrosis. However, the ability of the mice to completely reject the tumours depended on the presence of T and B-cells. Tumour Necrosis (TNF) was not detected in serum, or in tumour extracts. Attempts to induce tumour rejection using a preparation of rabbit TNF were not successful. Attempts to affect the growth of r.annu/ato-infected cells, injected i/p into scid mice, with human alpha and gamma interferons (HulFN-g, were also unsuccessful. The neutralisation of endogenous murine IFN-g with a monoclonal antibody allowed increased growth of T.annulata and 7".parva-infected cells in the intraperi-toneal site in scid mice. Of the mouse strains examined, the scid mouse was the most favourable host for Theileria-infected cells. Attempts to establish uninfected bovine cells in scid mice were not successful, and these results cast doubt on the use of scid mice as hosts for uninfected cells.
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Flood, Mark Randall. "Effect of Various Growth-Promoting Factors on Preimplantation Bovine Embryo Development in Vitro." DigitalCommons@USU, 1992. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4044.
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The purpose of this research was to define the effects of various growth-promoting factors on in vitro embryonic development of in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. The control medium was a chemically defined medium which improves the possibility of closely determining the in vivo conditions the embryo is actually exposed to. The growth-promoting factors tested in this experiment included transferrin, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-one), IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor-two), TGF-a (transforming growth factor-alpha) , TGF-B1 (transforming growth factor-beta1) , PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), EGF (epidermal growth factor), NGF (nerve growth factor), and bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor). Transferrin was included at 10 micrograms/milliliter , while all other factors were utilized at 10 nanograms/milliliter in the control medium.
Bovine cumulus-oocytes were retrieved from slaughterhouse ovaries and were matured i n Medium-199 containing 10% feta l bovine serum for 24 hours at 39°C in a 5% C02 atmosphere. Frozen-thawed bull spe r m were s wim-up separated and capacitated in medium containing heparin for 3 hours prior to insemination. Gametes were co- incubated fo r 18 hours and then cumulus cells were stripped from the ova. Ova which did not cleave were removed from culture 36 hours after insemi nati on and were stained for evidence of fertilization. Embryos were cultured in one of the 10 conditions (including control) described above. A total of 150 total oocy.t.es were cultured per treatment for a tota l of 10 days. EGF improved embryo development, while TGF-Bl and TGF-a only slightly improved embryo development compared to the control. All other factors tested did not have a beneficial effect on embryo development in this culture medium.
In summary, EGF improved in vitro development of bovine embryos obtained from in vitro maturated and in vitro fertilized bovine oocytes. Other factors which were t est ed did not significantly improve in vitro bovine embryo development. Further experiments are necessary fo r determining the requirements of bovine embryos in vitro.
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Xie, Ming. "Additive effects among uterine paracrine factors in promoting bovine trophoblast cell proliferation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79562.
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Several uterine-derived paracrine factors have been implicated as critical regulators of conceptus development in cattle, but it remains unclear how these factors work together to establish and maintain pregnancies. The primary objectives of this work were to establish if cooperative interactions between epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) promote bovine trophoblast cell proliferation, and to decipher the intracellular signaling mechanisms employed by these growth factors to regulate cell proliferation. Pilot studies established effective concentrations for each growth factor on a bovine trophoblast cell line (CT1). The first set of studies examined how each factor worked individually or in conjunction with each other to impact CT1 proliferation. Mitotic index (percentage of EdU-positive nuclei after a 45 min challenge) was increased (P<0.05) by supplementation with 10 ng/ml EGF, 10 ng/ml FGF2, or 50 ng/ml IGF1 when compared with non-treated controls. In addition, a greater increase (P<0.05) was detected when all three factors were supplemented together. A follow-up study determined that supplementation of any two growth factors could not replicate the cooperative effect noted when all three factors were provided. A second set of studies was undertaken to examine how mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) signaling systems mediate the independent and cooperative effects of these paracrine factors. Both EGF and IGF1 transiently activated mitogen-activated protein kinase3/1 (MAPK3/1) in CT1 cells as determined by Western Blot analysis. By contrast, FGF2 did not affect MAPK3/1 phosphorylation status, but increased AKT phosphorylation status. Neither EGF nor IGF1 impacted AKT activity. Supplementation with a pharmacological inhibitor of MAPK3/1 (PD98059) prevented EGF-, IGF1-, and FGF2-dependent increases in CT1 cell proliferation. This inhibitor also completely abolished the increases in cell proliferation observed when all three factors were supplemented together. Supplementation with a pharmacological inhibitor of AKT (Wortmannin) reduced FGF2-stimulated CT1 proliferation, but did not impact EGF- and IGF1 effects. The AKT inhibitor partially attenuated the cooperative effects of all three factors on CT1 cell proliferation. A final study examined how the combination of EGF, FGF2, and IGF1 affect bovine embryo development. In vitro produced bovine blastocysts were cultured either with the combination of growth factors or vehicle only from day 8 to day 12 post-in vitro fertilization (IVF). The combination of EGF, FGF2, and IGF1 increased (P<0.05) the percentage of hatched blastocysts and outgrowth formation versus controls. Increased (P<0.05) diameters were detected in blastocysts treated with the combination of three growth factors on day 12 post-IVF when compared to controls. Treatment with the combination of EGF, FGF2, and also IGF1 increased (P<0.05) the change of diameter from day 8 to 12 post-IVF. In summary, these observations provide evidence that cooperative interactions of uterine-derived factors promote trophoblast proliferation and conceptus development in ways that may promote the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in cattle. The mechanisms utilized for these activities remain unresolved, but MAPK3/1 and PI3K/AKT signaling systems appear to play integral roles in some of these processes.Master of Science
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Vailes, McCauley T. "Post-Transfer Outcomes in Cultured Bovine Embryos Supplemented with Epidermal Growth Factor, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86273.
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The high incidence of pregnancy loss is a major issue facing the cattle industry. Use of in vitro fertilized (IVF) bovine embryos has become increasingly popular to help alleviate several of these reproductive issues and provide a means to enhance genetic gain for production traits. An uterine paracrine factor cocktail containing epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) (collectively termed EFI) was recently identified as a means for improving in vitro derived bovine embryo development and trophectoderm cell numbers. The objectives of this work were to determine if EFI treatment during in vitro bovine embryo culture improves transferable embryo quality and post-transfer placental and fetal development. For each replicate (3 total), slaughterhouse-derived bovine oocytes were matured and fertilized in vitro. At day 4 post-fertilization, ≥8 cell embryos were harvested, pooled, and exposed to either the EFI treatment (10ng/ml EGF, 10ng/ml FGF2, 50ng/ml IGF1) or carrier only (1% Bovine Serum Albumin). At day 7, individual embryos were transferred to estrous synchronized beef cattle. Artificial insemination (AI) was completed on a subset of cows. The EFI treatment increased (P<0.05) the percentage of transferable embryos. Pregnancy rate at day 28 post-estrus was similar among treatments. Circulating concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) were determined from plasma harvested at day 28, 42 and 56. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to measure fetal crown-rump length (CRL) at day 42 and 56 and to determine fetal sex at day 60. There were no main effect differences observed across days for PAG concentration. Fetus sex by ET/AI group interactions were absent at day 28 but existed at days 42 and 56 (P<0.05). At both days, this interaction reflected fetus sex-dependent changes within the ET control group, where PAG concentrations were greater (P<0.05) in male fetuses than female fetuses. No CRL differences or interactions existed among fetal sex and pregnancy group. In summary, addition of the EFI cocktail during bovine embryo culture improved the quality of transferable embryos, but did not affect placental function or embryonic/fetal development. Increasing the numbers of transferable embryos is of value given the cost of in vitro embryo production, but no apparent increases in embryo or placental competency were detected. The EFI treatment increased (P<0.05) the percentage of transferable embryos.Master of Science
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Carrick, Francine Ellen. "Characterization of bovine insulin like growth factor binding protein-2 : structure and function." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc3158.pdf.
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Fausto, Daiane Aparecida. "Transcriptome changes associated with muscle and intramuscular connective tissue growth in cull cows under different recovery gain rates." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-28032016-115422/.
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The renewal rate of stromal and myofibrillar proteins defines muscle growth, and can affect the quality of meat, by affecting collagen turnover and proteolytic rate. There is a lack of information on changes in the muscle protein remodeling process in response to the recovery weight gain rate observed during \"realimentation\" after undernutrition, which may be altered in older animals. Changes in muscle tissue during the recovery period may be indicated by the differential expression profile of genes after RNA sequencing. The objectives of this study were to evaluate transcriptome changes in the muscle of Nellore cull cows subjected to: 1) recovery weight gain under grazing conditions; and 2) recovery from undernutrition at different weight gain rates. In the first experiment, the animals were divided into two groups and subjected to one of two nutritional managements under grazing conditions: maintenance (maintenance of weight and high body condition score under grazing conditions) and recovery gain (recovery from low body condition score with moderate body weight gain of 0.6 kg/day under grazing conditions). In the second experiment, the animals were divided into three groups and subjected to one of three nutritional managements under feedlot conditions: control (slaughtered at low body condition score), moderate recovery gain (MG; 0.6 kg of daily live weight gain) during the dry season, and high recovery gain (HG; 1.2 kg of daily live weight gain) during the dry season. In both experiments, samples of longissimus dorsi muscle were collected after slaughter and immediately frozen until sequencing analysis could be performed. In the first experiment, genes related to inflammatory response, such as semaphorin 4A (SEMA4A), solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1), ficolin-2 (FCN2), and placental growth factor (PGF), were expressed at higher levels during recovery gain. In the second experiment, osteonectin (SPARC) and collagen type IV subunits 1 (COL4A1) were expressed at higher levels in both recovery gain and connective tissue remodeling. For MG, structural myofibrillar proteins such as myosin IE (MYO1E), myosin, heavy chain 11 (MYH11), myogenin (MYOG), and actinin, alpha 4 (ACTN4) were identified. In the HG treatment, the B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 (BCL9), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), and phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase, catalytic, and beta (PI4KB) genes indicated more deposition of adipose tissue. In summary, we observed that muscular deposition during recovery weight gain involved the regulation of expression of several genes related to the extracellular matrix (ECM), corroborating the inflammatory and -like models observed in mature animals. Moreover, in the HG group, genes related to collagen synthesis and fat deposition were also found, indicating the important contribution of connective tissue during muscle growth. These results are important for understanding tissue development as a whole, and will assist in the progress of scientific knowledge on muscle remodeling during recovery weight gain and its influence on protein structures and intracellular routes.A taxa de renovação do estroma e proteínas miofibrilares define o crescimento muscular, e pode afetar a qualidade da carne, afetando turnover de colágeno e taxa proteolítica. Há uma falta de informação sobre as mudanças no processo de remodelação de proteína muscular em resposta à taxa de recuperação do ganho de peso, observada durante a \"realimentação\" depois de subnutrição, o que pode ser alterado em animais mais velhos. Alterações no tecido muscular durante o período de recuperação pode ser indicada pelo perfil de expressão diferencial de genes, pela técnica de sequenciamento de RNA. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar as alterações do transcriptoma na musculatura de vacas de descarte Nelore submetidas a: 1) a recuperação do peso em condições de pastejo; e 2) a recuperação da desnutrição em diferentes taxas de ganho de pesos. No primeiro experimento, os animais foram divididos em: grupo de manutenção (manutenção de peso e de alta escore corporal); Recuperação do ganho (recuperação de baixo escore corporal com o ganho de peso corporal moderado em 0,6 kg / dia sob pastejo). No segundo experimento, os animais foram divididos em três grupos em confinamento: Controle (abatidos com baixo escore de condição corporal), ganho moderado (0,6 kg de ganho de peso vivo por dia) durante a estação seca e alta recuperação de ganho (1,2 kg de ganho de peso vivo por dia) durante a estação seca. Nos dois estudos, amostras do Longissimus dorsi foram coletadas após o abate e imediatamente congeladas até à análise de sequenciamento ser realizada. No primeiro experimento, os genes encontrados no tratamento de recuperação do ganho foram relacionados com a resposta inflamatória como: 4A semaphorin (SEMA4A), solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1), Ficolin 2 (FCN2) e placental growth factor (PGF). No segundo experimento, o osteonectina (SPARC), colágeno tipo IV subunidades 1 (COL4A1) foram alguns dos genes mais expressos para ambas as taxas de ganho de recuperação de remodelação do tecido conjuntivo. Para ganho moderado, foram identificadas proteínas miofibrilares estruturais como: Myosin IE (MYO1E), Myosin, Heavy Chain 11 (MYH11), (MYOG) and actinin, alpha 4 (ACTN4). No tratamento de alta recuperação de ganho, genes como CLL de célula B / 9 linfoma (BCL9), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) and Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase, Catalytic, Beta (PI4KB) indicam maior deposição de tecido adiposo. Em resumo, observou-se que a deposição muscular durante a recuperação do ganho de peso envolve a regulação da expressão de vários genes relacionados com a matriz extracelular (ECM), corroborando com modelos de inflamação e similar a fibrose observada em animais maduros. Além disso, no grupo HG, genes relacionados com a síntese de colágeno e a deposição de gordura, também foram encontrados, indicando contribuição do tecido conjuntivo durante o crescimento muscular. Estes resultados são importantes para a compreensão do desenvolvimento do tecido como um todo, e auxiliam no progresso do conhecimento científico sobre a remodelação muscular durante a recuperação do ganho de peso e sua influência sobre estruturas de proteínas e vias intracelulares.
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Sissom, Erin Kathryn. "Effects of Zilpaterol and melengestrol acetate on bovine skeletal muscle growth and development." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1259.
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Silva, Celia Costa Gomes da. "Effects of inhibin, activin and follistatin on the developmental competence of in vitro matured bovine oocytes." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266146.
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Moura, Ana Silvia A. M. T. "Components of growth and thermoregulation in MT-bGH transgenic mice /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842553.
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Bobrinetskiy, I. I., A. Y. Gerasimenko, L. Ichkitidze, O. R. Khrolova, R. V. Morozov, V. M. Podgaetsky, and S. V. Selishchev. "Nanocomposite Materials for Cell Growth." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35452.
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We propose a development of carbon nanotube (CNT)/albumin nanocomposite for 2D and 3D tissue organization by cell growth. The adhesion and proliferation for neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells have been investigated on films based on CNT/bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanocomposite. Single-walled car-bon nanotube (SWNT)/BSA composites can be used as a substrate for cell growth of different kind. The layers of nanocomposite properties growing method based on laser radiation action. Investigations of sta-bility, an adhesion and internal structure of layers were performed. Stabilizing properties of the described laser method of manufacture (laser nanoforming) of layers may be associated with the ability to obtain nanotube frame work in composite structure under action of electric field of directed laser radiation. The presence of a such frame creates the conditions for self-assembly of biomedical tissues.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35452
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Mills, Jason Adam. "Cytokine and growth factor networks associated with epidermal-mesenchymal cell interactions during keratinocyte-stem cell growth in the bovine claw." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 278 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1459902991&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jousan, Frank Dean. "Insulin-like growth factor-I and apoptosis as determinants of preimplantation bovine embryonic development." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015320.
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Huderson, Brandy Patrice. "The Role of Exogenous Somatotropin, Ovariectomy and Extracellular Matrix in Bovine Mammary Gland Development." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77150.
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The highly regulated maturation of the mammary gland is poorly understood. Our studies were designed to further characterize the role of ovarian hormones, growth hormone (GH)/IGF axis proteins and extracellular matrix (ECM) in the growth and development of prepubertal mammary glands. Prepubertal heifers were injected with either exogenous GH or subjected to ovariectomy (OVX). Mammary parenchyma (PAR) and mammary fat pad (MFP) were harvested for DNA, protein, lipid, and western blot analysis. Remaining tissues were preserved for histological staining or snap frozen for quantitative real-time PCR. We examined 13 genes that work in conjunction with the extracellular matrix to regulate mammary proliferation and morphogenesis. Administration of GH, while impacting composition of MFP, had no effect on expression of the selected genes; there was a decrease in expression of fibronectin in PAR. Ovariectomy had no effect on gene expression in MFP but decreased expression of epimorphin, a potent regulator of morphogenesis, in PAR. In both experiments, the presence of a 55 kDa band corresponding to androgen converting enzyme aromatase was detected but its expression was unaffected. In another study, we used in vitro cell culture to evaluate the role of ECM in mammary gland maturation and employed quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate gene expression profiles of select genes involved in proliferation and differentiation. Expression of Rac1 was decreased in response to bovine insulin (BI) but increased on collagen I (Col). Expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase was decreased in BI and serum on plastic and on Col in the presence of BI. Expression of IGF binding proteins (BP) 3, -4, and -6 were decreased in the presence of serum on laminin (LM). Also, IGF-BP2 expression was decreased on Col while IGF-BP6 was increased on LM with BI. Clusterin, a ubiquitous non-adhesive ECM protein was not affected by ECM substrate but did increase over time. In conclusion, we propose that the mammary gland is not able to respond to GH at this age and that while OVX did effect the expression of some genes, the presence of aromatase maintained local estrogen concentrations. Furthermore, ECM alone is insufficient to regulate mammary gland development and growth.Ph. D.
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Woodward, Terry L. "Inhibition of cellular proliferation by retinoids and transforming growth factor-betas in bovine mammary cells correlates with increased connexin43 expression." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40283.
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Bovine fibroblasts and epithelial cells were isolated from surgically biopsied mammary tissue. Characterization of population doubling time, cytoskeletal intermediate filaments, cryopreservation survival, and viability were performed on all fibroblast and epithelial cells. Several clonal fibroblast cell lines were cotransfected with a plasmid bearing the SV-40 Large-T-antigen, and the pSV-2 neo plasmid. Transfected cells were subsequently selected with G418 sulfate and cloned.MAC-T cells and non-clonal primary bovine mammary epithelial cells proliferated in response to IGF-I, insulin, serum and serum albumin. MAC-T cells did not proliferate when cultured in EGF, estrogen, progesterone, estrogen+progesterone, growth hormone, prolactin, and only modest proliferation was obtained after TGF-$ alpha$ treatment. Subsequent experiments used serum, insulin or IGF-I (and its analogues) to stimulate cellular proliferation. Serum albumin was not added to serum-free media preparations since it stimulated cellular proliferation.
TGF-$ beta$ receptors were characterized in MAC-T cells and normal fibroblasts. Affinity labelling studies revealed that MAC-T and MF-2 cells contained type I, II, and III autoregulatable receptors. Fibroblast proliferation, was inhibited 50% by TGF-$ beta$. TGF-$ beta$ inhibited MAC-T cellular proliferation at concentrations among the lowest ever reported, ED$ sb{ rm 50}$ = 4 pm. TGF-$ beta$ was not cytotoxic at concentrations 1000-fold higher.
Retinoic acid (RA) also inhibited proliferation of MAC-T cells. Inhibition of proliferation did not occur when cells were growth stimulated by IGF-I analogues that do not bind IGFBPs. Unlike TGF-$ beta$, RA treatment increased IGFBP-2 and decreased IGFBP-3 protein expression by cells into media and on the cell's membrane. RA was cytotoxic at concentrations 10-fold higher than ED$ sb{100}$.
Fibroblasts and epithelial cells expressed the gap junction (GJ) protein, connexin43, with transformed fibroblasts expressing significantly less connexin43. Perinuclear and cell surface connexin43 was immunodetected in epithelial and fibroblasts cells. TGF-$ beta$, RA or cAMP, increased connexin43 protein expression, especially phosphorylated species. Only cAMP noticeably altered immunolocalization patterns of connexin43, causing a shift from perinuclear pools to the cell surface. None of the growth inhibitors affected GJ communication as measured by dye transfer. Therefore, mammary epithelial cells are growth inhibited by TGF-$ beta$ and RA by distinct mechanisms and both growth inhibitors significantly enhance the gap junction protein, connexin43, without increasing GJ communication.
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Jara, Adam. "Growth Hormone (GH) and the Cardiovascular System: Studies in Bovine GH Transgenic and Inducible, Cardiac-Specific GH Receptor Gene Disrupted Mice." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1395792687.
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Yao, Jianbo. "Molecular cloning of the bovine ornithine decarboxylase gene and the detection of trait-associated DNA polymorphisms in the bovine ornithine decarboxylase and growth hormone genes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq30422.pdf.
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La, Manna Vincenzo. "Microanatomy, structural macromolecules and growth factors expression in the laminar region of the bovine claw." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25497.
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Hennig, Mathias. "Effects of bovine growth hormone on the resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to vibriosis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq37547.pdf.
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Wu, Ching Hua William. "The characterization of the collagenase involved during chondrocyte maturation in the bovine fetal growth plate." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0016/NQ44630.pdf.
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Dirksen, Wessel Peter. "Determination of CIS-acting signals that control alternative splicing of bovine growth hormone pre-mRNA." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1057858900.
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王, 英泰. "Hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor selectively upregulate angiopoietin-2 in bovine microvascular endothelial cells." Kyoto University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150200.
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Robinson, Rose Marie. "Regulation of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Response by Autocrine IGF-I and by Collagen I." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26520.
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Understanding how insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling in mammary epithelial cells may be modified or interrupted by modifications in the cellular environment may lead to 1) methods to increase the growth and proliferation of normal mammary epithelial cells for an increase in the amount of milk produced on a per animal basis or to 2) the development of medical interventions to disrupt the growth and proliferation of cancerous mammary epithelial cells. IGF-I, a signaling protein provided by stromal cells and through the bloodstream, stimulates the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells and is crucial for mammary development. Collagen I is an extracellular matrix protein (ECM) found in skin and in other connective tissues throughout the body. The guiding question in this dissertation was how IGF-I signaling and how binding protein profile were influenced by autocrine IGF-I and by collagen I. The MAC-T cell line was chosen as the cell model utilized in these investigations because it is an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line known to retain hormonal responsiveness to IGF-I.
It was hypothesized that the production of IGF-I by mammary epithelial cells (autocrine secretion) would alter the response of these cells to additional IGF-I by de-sensitizing the IGF-I receptor on the cell surface. The normal mammary epithelial cell does not produce IGF-I and responds to IGF-I supplied either by stromal cells (paracrine pathway) or through the bloodstream (endocrine pathway). The IGF-I secreting bovine mammary epithelial cell line was investigated for the response of the cells to autocrine IGF-I, and the response was compared to the normal, parental cell line. To examine the effect of autocrine IGF-I on the cells, IGF-I was added both to MAC-T cells and to cells transfected to secrete IGF-I (SV40-IGF-I). The cell response of the two cell lines was compared using microphysiometry, a tool that measures IGF-IR stimulation by detecting resultant extracellular acidification. It was found that the SV40-IGF-I cell line retains IGF-I receptor sensitivity, yet, unlike the parental cell line, does not proliferate in response to IGF-I. Both cell lines exhibited increased protein synthesis in response to IGF-I as measured by amino acid uptake (AIB incorporation), but the lack of a proliferation response to additional IGF-I in the SV40-IGF-I cell line suggested that the autocrine cell line exhibited an un-coupling of IGF-IR stimulation with downstream cell proliferation. Both autocrine IGF-I and added IGF-I increased the amount of IGFBP-3 secreted by the cells into growth media.
Additionally, it was hypothesized that the presence of collagen I, an important ECM protein, would alter the cell production of insulin-like binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), a protein that modulates IGF-I interaction with the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR). The literature reports that surface substrate can affect the phenotypic expression of cells, presumably via interaction with integrins, the cell surface receptors that connect cells to ECM proteins and that are responsible for cell adhesion and for cell migration. It was hypothesized that the MAC-T cells would interact with a collagen I surface (possibly via the a2b1 integrin) and that the stimulation of this transmembrane signaling molecule would in turn impact the IGF-I signaling pathway. Comparison studies on tissue culture plastic, collagen I BIOCOAT, and collagen I gel were performed. It was found that collagen I gel increased IGFBP-3 secretion and decreased insulin-like binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) secretion in MAC-T cells. The collagen I BIOCOAT did not induce this response.
Additional studies were performed to determine if there were differences in IGF-IR phosphorylation, exogenous IGF-I utilization, and IGFBP mRNA production by cells cultured on the three different substrates. IGF-IR phosphorylation was only evident following the addition of IGF-I to MAC-T cells on all three substrates. Measurement of residual IGF-I present in the cultured media of cells on all three substrates by radioimmunoassay did not reveal any differences in the amount of IGF-I present. Northern blot analysis revealed that the addition of IGF-I caused an increase in detected IGFBP-3 mRNA and a decrease in detected IGFBP-2 mRNA across all three surfaces. As measured by ligand blot analysis, cells cultured on all three surfaces showed an increase in IGFBP-3 protein in the media with IGF-I addition, and the collagen I gel showed more IGFBP-3 protein than the other two surfaces. However, cells cultured on collagen I gel showed a decrease in IGFBP-2 protein expression compared to cells cultured on tissue culture both with and without the addition of IGF-I. Cells cultured on tissue culture plastic and on collagen I BIOCOAT did not show a decrease in IGFBP-2 to correspond with the decreased IGFBP-2 mRNA detected in the presence of IGF-I on all three substrates. DNA assays to detect cell proliferation revealed no differences in cell DNA content in the absence of exogenous IGF-I and revealed similar increases in response to IGF-I addition on all three substrates.
In conclusion, it was found that autocrine IGF-I un-couples increased IGF-IR stimulation by exogenous IGF-I from a downstream cell proliferation response. IGFBP-3 inhibits the ability of IGF-I to interact with the IGF-IR in MAC-T cells and inhibits subsequent cell proliferation. Collagen I gel increases IGFBP-3 secretion and decreases IGFBP-2 secretion by MAC-T cells.
The relevance of this work is that it adds to the body of knowledge in understanding cellular function in mammary epithelial cells. It is known that the growth and the maintenance of living tissue are dependent on an intricate system of intercellular and intracellular responses which are orchestrated by the movement and secretion of proteins and other molecules. Goals of understanding mammary epithelial cell function include having the means to find ways to increase cell functionality via bioengineering and having the means to find ways to restore cells to normal function in disease processes such as cancer.Ph. D.
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Eleswarapu, Satyanarayana Venkata. "Developmental and Growth Hormone Regulation of the Expression of Liver-Enriched Transcription Factors in Bovine Liver." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42801.
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Liver gene expression changes during development and is affected by growth hormone (GH). These changes in gene expression may be due to the differential expression of the liver-enriched transcription factors (LETFs). To study the potential involvement of LETFs in the regulation of gene expression in the bovine liver, we cloned the cDNA fragments of nine bovine LETFs, including hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1Æ Ã , 1Æ Ã , 3Æ Ã , 3Æ Ã , 3Æ Ã , 6, albumin D-element binding protein (DBP), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) -Æ Ã and Æ Ã , and compared the expression levels of them between adult and fetal bovine liver and between GH-treated and untreated adult bovine liver. The mRNA abundance of the LETFs was determined by ribonuclease protection assay (RPA). The cloned bovine LETF cDNA sequences showed high degrees of similarity (79 % to 99 %) to the LETF sequences of other species. The mRNA levels of HNF-1Æ Ã , HNF-3Æ Ã , and HNF-6 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the fetal liver (n=3) than in the adult liver (n=7). There were significant increases (P < 0.05) in the mRNA expression of HNF-3Æ Ã and HNF-6 in the liver of cows 24 h (n=6) and 1w (n=6) after GH administration. The results of this study suggest that HNF-1Æ Ã , HNF-3Æ Ã , and HNF-6 may play a role in differential regulation of gene expression between the fetal and adult bovine liver and that HNF-3Æ Ã and HNF-6 may be also involved in GH regulation of gene expression in the bovine liver.Master of Science
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Takemura, Kaori. "Effects of bovine antibodies directed against ferric citrate receptor of Escherichia coli, feca, on bacterial iron acquisition, bacterial growth, and severity of experimentally induced bovine mastitis /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486459267521779.
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Akagi, Satoshi. "Developmental Potential of Bovine Nuclear Transfer Embryos Using Somatic Cells and Postnatal Growth of Cloned Calves." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148342.
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Schoeffling, James Robert 1959. "The financial and management implications of bovine somatotropin on the Arizona dairy industry." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276854.
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This study examines how Bovine Somatotropin (BST) may impact Arizona dairy producers. The results of dairy scientists experimenting with BST are summarized in terms of reported milk yields and possible changes in feeding and herd management. Dairy enterprize budgets representative of Arizona are constructed to examine how income statements may change if BST is approved. The effects of increased milk supply on Arizona milk prices are estimated using the institutional structure of the Central Arizona Order and the United Dairyman of Arizona. Results of experiments with BST in Arizona are used to generate net returns at several rates of adoption under changing milk prices for three dairy farms in Arizona.
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Khan, A. I. "The mechanism of hormone secretion and the role of arachidonic acid in the action of acetylcholine in the bovine anterior pituitary." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234862.
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Long, Ezhou. "Proliferation and apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells : roles of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E and Escherichia coli mastitis." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37766.
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Milk yield is dependent on both the number and secretory activity of mammary alveolar cells. The number of cells is controlled by their proliferation and death. In the first study, the effect of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) on the growth of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line, MAC-T, was investigated. Compared to the parental controls, overexpression of mouse wild-type (wt) eIF-4E in 11A, a subclone of MAC-T cells, increased the growth rate and saturation density (number of cells per well at confluence), whereas overexpression of a mutant eIF-4E (W56A) decreased growth rates and saturation densities. Furthermore, cyclin D1 expression among the 4E-overexpressing and parental cells was compared. Compared to the controls, the amounts of cyclin D1 mRNA and proteins were higher in the cells overexpressing wt eIF-4E but lower in the cells with mutant eIF-4E expression. Our results suggest that altered expression of eIF-4E leads to changes in cyclin D1 expression, which consequently modulate the growth properties of MAC-T 11A cells.Because of its unknown sequence, bovine eIF-4E cDNA was then cloned in the second study. Its coding region consists of 651 nucleotides which encode 217 amino acids (AAs). Bovine eIF-4E cDNA shares 94%, 89% and 94% homology with those of human, mouse and rabbit, respectively. Differences in protein sequences between bovine and human, mouse and rabbit eIF-4E are 2, 4, and 3 AAs, respectively. Furthermore, expression of eIF-4E in bovine mammary tissues at different physiological periods was investigated by Northern blot analysis, using the cloned cDNA as the probe. eIF-4E was not detectable at prepubertal period and expressed at a very low level at the third estrous cycle. In the lactating mammary tissues, eIF-4E was highly expressed. Differential expression of eIF-4E in bovine mammary gland at distinct physiological stages indicates its potential involvement in mammary development.
Cell proliferation and apoptosis were also studied in the Escherichia coli (E. coli)-infected bovine mammary glands in the last study. Both proliferation and apoptosis increased in the mastitic tissue, as determined by immunohistological assays. Compared to the controls, expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE), increased at 24 h and 72 h post-infection, whereas expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased only at 24 h post-infusion. Induction of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading enzymes, including matrix metal loproteinase-9 (MMP-9), stromelysin-1 (SL-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), was also observed in the mastitic tissue. Therefore, apoptosis may be mediated through pathways involving the actions of Bcl-2, Bax and ICE, and may partially be accounted by ECM breakdown.
Taken together, our study has demonstrated the effect of eIF-4E on bovine mammary cell proliferation. In addition, its involvement in bovine mammary gland development has been suggested. Finally, increased mammary cell apoptosis and proliferation during E. coli-induced mastitis has been revealed, in association with altered expression of apoptosis-related genes and ECM-degrading enzymes. Understanding the regulation of mammary cell proliferation and death may eventually lead to improvement of milk production.
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Sousa, Liza Margareth Medeiros de Carvalho. "Efeitos do VEGF e do bFGF sobre a expressão da aromatase P450 em cultivo de células placentárias provenientes de bovinos clonados e não clonados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-24072007-095129/.
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Os fatores de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) e o fibroblástico básico (bFGF) são reguladores importantes do desenvolvimento e função placentária. Os efeitos destes na expressão da enzima esteroidogênica aromatase P450 (P450arom) na placenta bovina em diferentes estágios gestacionais (90 a 270 dias) foram avaliados através de imunocitoquímica. Além disso, comparou-se a influência destes entre células placentárias de bovinos clonados e não clonados aos 270 dias. A aromatase P450 foi localizada exclusivamente no citoplasma das células trofoblásticas gigantes e sua expressão foi menor aos 150 dias de gestação, em relação às demais idades (p<0,05). O VEGF (50 ng/ml) influenciou significativamente a expressão da P450arom aos 150 e 270 dias, enquanto o bFGF (10 ng/ml) foi efetivo em estimular essa expressão particularmente no final da gestação (270 dias). Os dois fatores combinados (bFGF+VEGF) inibiram a expressão da P450arom no terço inicial (90 dias), mas, por outro lado, estimularam-na aos 150 e 270 dias (p<0,05). Nos clones, a expressão da P450arom, nos grupos controle e VEGF, foi semelhante a dos animais não clonados aos 270 dias de gestação, porém, o bFGF e os dois fatores combinados inibiram-na significativamente (p<0,05). Em todos os grupos analisados, a expressão da P450arom apresentou característica ascendente em função dos dias de cultivo, atingindo concentração máxima após 96 horas de incubação. Assim, o presente estudo demonstrou efeitos distintos e estágio-específicos dos fatores de crescimento bFGF e VEGF na secreção de estrógenos na placenta bovina via modulação da expressão da aromatase P450 in vitro. Conclui-se que estes fatores de crescimento agem como potentes moduladores de enzimas esteroidogênicas e que, sob as condições de cultivo estabelecidas, as células placentárias de bovinos clonados apresentam padrão de resposta distinto quando comparadas com células de bovinos não clonados de mesma idade gestacional.Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are important regulators of placental development and function. Their effects on the steroidogenic enzyme aromatase P450 (P450arom) expression from bovine placenta at different gestational stages (90 - 270 days) were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Moreover, we compared the effects of these growth factors on P450arom expression between cloned and non cloned bovine placental cells. P450arom was localized exclusively in trophoblast giant cells cytoplasm, and its expression reached lowest levels at day 150 of gestation in comparison to the remaining evaluated gestational stages. VEGF (50 ng/mL) influenced significantly P450arom expression at days 150 and 270, whereas bFGF (10 ng/mL) was effective in stimulating P450arom expression particularly during late gestation (day 270). The two factors combined (bFGF+VEGF) inhibited P450arom expression during early gestation (day 90), but, in contrast, stimulated it at days 150 and 270 of pregnancy (P<0.05). In cloned bovine placental cells, P450arom expression was similar to non-cloned cells in the control and VEGF groups, however, bFGF and both factors together inhibited it significantly (P<0.05). In all groups analyzed, P450arom expression presented rising pattern over the duration of the culture, reaching maximal values at 96 hours of incubation. Thus, the present study demonstrated distinct and stage-specific effects of these growth factors on bovine placenta P450arom expression in vitro. We concluded that these growth factors act as potent steroidogenic enzymes regulators, and, under the established culture conditions, placental cells from cloned bovines presented distinct answer pattern compared to non cloned placental cells at the same gestational stage.
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Yao, Ping. "Quantitative trait loci mapping and candidate gene analysis for growth and carcass traits on two bovine chromosomes." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4576.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on May 7, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Liu, Xingbo. "Cardiac Calcium Channel Expression in Heart Specific Growth Hormone (GH) Receptor Gene Disrupted Mice and Bovine GH Mice." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1397650862.
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Kobayashi, Yasuhiro. "Changes in the activity of growth hormone receptor promotor 1 in liver of cattle /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974648.
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Mills, Lisa Nicole. "Science and social context, the regulation of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) in the United States and Canada, 1982-1998." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0007/NQ41244.pdf.
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Zhou, Yinli. "Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I on Milk Protein Gene Expression and Nutrient Uptake and Cell Proliferation in Clonal Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28940.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objective of this research was to further understand the mechanism by which growth hormone (GH) stimulates milk production in cattle. Three studies were conducted toward this objective. In the first study, the effects of GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a major mediator of GH action in vivo, on cell proliferation, nutrient transport, and milk protein gene expression in bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T cells were determined. GH increased (P < 0.01) expression of four major milk protein genes in MAC-T cells transfected with GHR expression plasmid. Cotransfection analyses indicated that GH also stimulated (P < 0.01) luciferase reporter gene expression from the promoters of the four milk protein genes in MAC-T cells. These findings together with the fact that GHR mRNA and protein are expressed in the epithelial cells of the bovine mammary gland suggest that GH may directly stimulate milk protein gene expression in the mammary gland. This study also showed that IGF-I increased the proliferation (P < 0.01) and amino acid transport (P < 0.05) in MAC-T cells. Because GH is known to stimulate IGF-I production in animals, IGF-I-mediated mammary epithelial cell proliferation and amino acid uptake may be additional mechanisms by which GH increases milk production in cattle. In the second study, the role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on IGF-I-stimulated proliferation of MAC-T cells was investigated. A microarray analysis revealed that IGF-I decreased CTGF mRNA expression in MAC-T cells (P < 0.01). This effect of IGF-I was further found to be mediated through the PI-3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway from the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR). CTGF alone stimulated MAC-T cell proliferation (P < 0.01). However, together with IGF-I, CTGF attenuated the proliferating effect of IGF-I on MAC-T cells, and this attenuation was reversed by additional IGF-I. Therefore, IGF-I inhibition of CTGF expression may benefit IGF-I stimulation of MAC-T cell proliferation. CTGF had no effect on IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of IGF-IR or total IGF-IR expression in MAC-T cells, suggesting that CTGF may attenuate IGF-I stimulation of MAC-T cell proliferation through a postreceptor inhibition of the IGF-IR signaling pathway. In the third study, whether a milk yield-associated T/A polymorphism in exon 8 of the bovine GHR gene affected GHR signaling was determined. It was found that the two corresponding GHR variants did not differ in mediating GH induction of gene expression, suggesting that the two GHR variants are not functionally different and hence are unlikely to mediate different effects of GH on milk production. In summary, the results of this dissertation research suggest that GH may directly stimulate milk protein gene expression and indirectly stimulate mammary epithelial cell proliferation and amino acid uptake through IGF-I, thereby stimulating milk production in cattle. The results also suggest that IGF-I stimulation of mammary epithelia cell proliferation may involve an inhibition of CTGF expression in the cells.Ph. D.
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Delgado, Juliana de Carvalho. "Influência do fator de crescimento fibroblástico 16 (FGF16) e da proteína morfogênica óssea 15 (BMP15) na aquisição da competência oocitária em bovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-23032015-154537/.
Full textAbstract:
A resposta da produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) é reduzida quando comparada à in vivo. O aprimoramento do conhecimento dos mecanismos de maturação de oócitos bovinos permite fornecer embasamento para incrementar os sistemas in vitro, aproximando-os do ideal fisiológico. O presente estudo visou investigar os efeitos da suplementação dos meios de maturação com FGF16 (10 ng/ml), BMP15 (100 ng/ml) e a interação de ambos sobre parâmetros relevantes ao desenvolvimento do complexo cumulus oócito (COC), tais como: expansão as células do cumulus (CC), fragmentação de DNA em CC e oócito, maturação nuclear oocitária, metabolismo energético e produção de progesterona. Os COC foram maturados em meios de tratamento (controle, FGF16, BMP15 e FGF16+BMP15) e avaliados em diferentes momentos da MIV (0 e 22 horas). A análise da expansão das CC demonstrou efeito positivo (p=0,0071) da BMP15 (11,34±1,09 unidade arbitrária/UA) e da combinação FGF16+BMP15 (11,34±0,61 UA) em relação ao grupo controle (8,73±0,44 UA) e ao suplementado com FGF16 (9,42±0,65 UA). A presença de fragmentação de DNA em CC (p=0,0015) e oócitos (p=0,036) foi significativamente menor em COC tratados com BMP15 (11,73±1,24 % e 3,81±2,76 %, respectivamente) em comparação ao grupo FGF16 (22,54±2,80 % e 31,13±7,81 %, respectivamente). Ainda, o FGF16 causou aumento na incidência de fragmentação de DNA em CC, quando relacionado ao controle (16,04±1,45 %). A taxa de maturação nuclear oocitária foi superior (p=0,014) no grupo suplementado com BMP15 (93,60±4,03 %) em comparação aos grupos controle (80,80±2,49 %) e FGF16 (76,75±2,28 %), aproximando-se da totalidade. De forma inédita, descrevemos ação da BMP15 (10,79±0,72 ng/ml) no incremento da produção de progesterona, sendo maior (p=0,0113) do que a produzida nos grupos controle (8,38±0,39 ng/ml) e FGF16 (8,84±0,45 ng/ml). Não foi evidenciado efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de glicose e a produção de lactato. O presente estudo reforça o envolvimento da BMP15 na foliculogênese e na diferenciação do COC. Deste modo, a adição da BMP15 (100ng/ml) aos convencionais protocolos de PIVE pode ser de grande valia para elevar a efetividade desta biotecnologia. A suplementação de FGF16 (10ng/ml) se mostrou indiferente ao processo de maturação, permitindo inferir que o FGF16 não tenha envolvimento nas etapas da maturação compreendidas pelo presente estudo in vitro. Não foi observada ação sinérgica entre o FGF16 e a BMP15.In vitro embryo production (IVEP) efficiency is reduced when compared to in vivo. Gaining knowledge of bovine oocyte maturation mechanisms will provide bases to improve in vitro systems. The present study assessed the in vitro effects of fibroblast growth factor 16 (FGF16), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and their interaction on relevant parameters to cumulus oocyte complex (COC) development, such as: cumulus cells (CC) expansion, oocyte and CC DNA fragmentation, nuclear maturation, energetic metabolism and progesterone production. COCs were matured in control or supplemented media containing, FGF16 (10ng/ml), BMP15 (100ng/ml), FGF16±BMP15 and analyzed at different times of IVM (0 and 22 hours). CC expansion evaluation demonstrated a positive effect (p=0.0071) of BMP15 (11.34±1.09 arbitrary unit/AU) and FGF16+BMP15 (11.34±0,61 AU) when compared to control (8.73±0.44 AU) and FGF16 groups (9.42±0.65 UA). The presence of DNA fragmentation in CC (p=0.0015) and oocytes (p=0.036) were lower in COCs treated in media supplemented with BMP15 (11.73±1.24 % and 3.81±2.76 %, respectively) in comparison to FGF16 group (22.54±2.80 % and 31.13±7.81 %, respectively). Moreover, FGF16 caused an increase in CC DNA fragmentation, when related to control (16.04±1.45 %). Oocyte nuclear maturation rate was higher (p=0.014) in groups supplemented with BMP15 (93.60±4.03 %) compared to control (80.80±2.49 %) and FGF16 treatments (76.75±2.28 %), almost reaching the totality of COCs. In an unprecedented way, we described the BMP15 increasing action on progesterone production (10.79±0,72 ng/ml; p=0.0113) when compared to control (8.38±0.39 ng/ml) and FGF16 groups (8.84±0.45 ng/ml). There were no differences in glucose consumption and lactate production. The present study reinforces BMP15 involvement in folliculogenesis and COC differentiation. FGF16 (10 ng/ml) media supplementation did not improve any of the outcomes measured, suggesting that FGF16 is not involved in the maturation steps analyzed in the present in vitro study. Thus, the inclusion of BMP15 (100 ng/ml) to conventional IVEP protocols can be valuable to increase the effectiveness of this biotechnology. Synergistic action between FGF16 and BMP15 was not observed.
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Harshman, Stephanie G. "Characterization of Immune Cell Populations in White Adipose Tissue of Wild Type and Bovine Growth Hormone Transgenic Mice." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1354123108.
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